Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| in silico and in vitro evaluation of pcr-based assays for the detection of bacillus anthracis chromosomal signature sequences. | bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is a zoonotic pathogen that is relatively common throughout the world and may cause life threatening diseases in animals and humans. there are many pcr-based assays in use for the detection of b. anthracis. while most of the developed assays rely on unique markers present on virulence plasmids pxo1 and pxo2, relatively few assays incorporate chromosomal dna markers due to the close relatedness of b. anthracis to the b. cereus group strains. for ... | 2013 | 24005110 |
| two anthrax cases with soft tissue infection, severe oedema and sepsis in danish heroin users. | anthrax had become extremely rare in europe, but in 2010 an outbreak of anthrax among heroin users in scotland increased awareness of contaminated heroin as a source of anthrax. we present the first two danish cases of injectional anthrax and discuss the clinical presentations, which included both typical and more unusual manifestations. | 2013 | 24004900 |
| discovery of inhibitors of bacillus anthracis primase dnag. | primase dnag is an essential bacterial enzyme that synthesizes short ribonucleotide primers required for chromosomal dna replication. inhibitors of dnag can serve as leads for development of new antibacterials and biochemical probes. we recently developed a nonradioactive in vitro primase-pyrophosphatase assay to identify and analyze dnag inhibitors. application of this assay to dnag from bacillus anthracis (ba dnag), a dangerous pathogen, yielded several inhibitors, which include agents with dn ... | 2013 | 24004110 |
| key tissue targets responsible for anthrax-toxin-induced lethality. | bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax disease, is lethal owing to the actions of two exotoxins: anthrax lethal toxin (lt) and oedema toxin (et). the key tissue targets responsible for the lethal effects of these toxins are unknown. here we generated cell-type-specific anthrax toxin receptor capillary morphogenesis protein-2 (cmg2)-null mice and cell-type-specific cmg2-expressing mice and challenged them with the toxins. our results show that lethality induced by lt and et occurs thr ... | 2013 | 23995686 |
| bacillus anthracis diagnostic detection and rapid antibiotic susceptibility determination using 'bioluminescent' reporter phage. | genetically modified phages have the potential to detect pathogenic bacteria from clinical, environmental, or food-related sources. herein we assess an engineered 'bioluminescent' reporter phage (wß::luxab) as a clinical diagnostic tool for bacillus anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax. wß::luxab is able to rapidly (within minutes) detect a panel of b. anthracis strains by transducing a bioluminescent phenotype. the reporter phage displays species specificity by its inability, or signific ... | 2013 | 23994352 |
| structure of isochorismate synthase dhbc from bacillus anthracis. | the isochorismate synthase dhbc from bacillus anthracis is essential for the biosynthesis of the siderophore bacillibactin by this pathogenic bacterium. the structure of the selenomethionine-substituted protein was determined to 2.4 å resolution using single-wavelength anomalous diffraction. b. anthracis dhbc bears the strongest resemblance to the escherichia coli isochorismate synthase entc, which is involved in the biosynthesis of another siderophore, namely enterobactin. both proteins adopt t ... | 2013 | 23989140 |
| increasing the potency of an alhydrogel-formulated anthrax vaccine by minimizing antigen-adjuvant interactions. | aluminum salts are the most widely used vaccine adjuvants, and phosphate is known to modulate antigen-adjuvant interactions. here we report an unexpected role for phosphate buffer in an anthrax vaccine (sparvax) containing recombinant protective antigen (rpa) and aluminum oxyhydroxide (aloh) adjuvant (alhydrogel). phosphate ions bind to aloh to produce an aluminum phosphate surface with a reduced rpa adsorption coefficient and binding capacity. however, these effects continued to increase as the ... | 2013 | 23986317 |
| anthrax vaccines: present status and future prospects. | the management of anthrax remains a top priority among the biowarfare/bioterror agents. it was the bacillus anthracis spore attack through the us mail system after the september 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the usa that highlighted the potential of b. anthracis as a bioterrorism agent and the threat posed by its deliberate dissemination. these attacks invigorated the efforts toward understanding the anthrax pathogenesis and development of more comprehensive medical intervention strategies for ... | 2013 | 23984963 |
| effect of anthrax immune globulin on response to biothrax (anthrax vaccine adsorbed) in new zealand white rabbits. | development of anthrax countermeasures that may be used concomitantly in a postexposure setting requires an understanding of the interaction between these products. anthrax immune globulin intravenous (aigiv) is a candidate immunotherapeutic that contains neutralizing antibodies against protective antigen (pa), a component of anthrax toxins. we evaluated the interaction between aigiv and biothrax (anthrax vaccine adsorbed) in rabbits. while pharmacokinetics of aigiv were not altered by vaccinati ... | 2013 | 23979740 |
| evaluation of intravenous anthrax immune globulin for treatment of inhalation anthrax. | bacillus anthracis toxins can be neutralized by antibodies against protective antigen (pa), a component of anthrax toxins. anthrivig (human anthrax immunoglobulin), also known as aigiv, derived from plasma of humans immunized with biothrax (anthrax vaccine adsorbed), is under development for the treatment of toxemia following exposure to anthrax spores. the pharmacokinetics (pk) of aigiv was assessed in naive animals and healthy human volunteers, and the efficacy of aigiv was assessed in animals ... | 2013 | 23979731 |
| the interdependence of antibody c and v regions on specificity and affinity: significant implications for the engineering of therapeutic antibodies. | 2013 | 23979029 | |
| ecological niche modeling of bacillus anthracis on three continents: evidence for genetic-ecological divergence? | we modeled the ecological niche of a globally successful bacillus anthracis sublineage in the united states, italy and kazakhstan to better understand the geographic distribution of anthrax and potential associations between regional populations and ecology. country-specific ecological-niche models were developed and reciprocally transferred to the other countries to determine if pathogen presence could be accurately predicted on novel landscapes. native models accurately predicted endemic areas ... | 2013 | 23977300 |
| erythropoiesis suppression is associated with anthrax lethal toxin-mediated pathogenic progression. | anthrax is a disease caused by the bacterium bacillus anthracis, which results in high mortality in animals and humans. although some of the mechanisms are already known such as asphyxia, extensive knowledge of molecular pathogenesis of this disease is deficient and remains to be further investigated. lethal toxin (lt) is a major virulence factor of b. anthracis and a specific inhibitor/protease of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (mapkks). anthrax lt causes lethality and induces certain ... | 2013 | 23977125 |
| [four cases of cutaneous anthrax in diyarbakir, turkey]. | anthrax which is a rare disease in developed countries, is still a serious public health problem in countries like turkey where livestock is common. in this report, four cases of cutaneous anthrax detected in kirkira village of diyarbakir, southeast anatolia, turkey, were presented. three female and one male patients were admitted to our hospital with the complaints of skin lesions and high fever lasting for 10 days. their history indicated that they injured their fingers during slaughtering of ... | 2013 | 23971932 |
| [a severe cutaneous anthrax case complicated with sepsis in bursa, turkey]. | anthrax is a zoonotic infection caused by bacillus anthracis. although the incidence of disease has been decreasing in turkey, it is still endemic in some regions of the country. the cutaneous form of disease is the most common clinical form, usually benign and rarely causes bacteriemia and sepsis. in this report, a case of cutaneous anthrax complicated with sepsis where b.anthracis was isolated from blood and wound cultures, was presented. a 53-years-old male living in bursa province (northwest ... | 2013 | 23971931 |
| decontamination of a hospital room using gaseous chlorine dioxide: bacillus anthracis, francisella tularensis, and yersinia pestis. | this study assessed the efficacy of gaseous chlorine dioxide for inactivation of bacillus anthracis, francisella tularensis, and yersinia pestis in a hospital patient care suite. spore and vegetative cells of bacillus anthracis sterne 34f2, spores of bacillus atrophaeus atcc 9372 and vegetative cells of both francisella tularensis atcc 6223 and yersinia pestis a1122 were exposed to gaseous chlorine dioxide in a patient care suite. organism inactivation was then assessed by log reduction in viabl ... | 2013 | 23971883 |
| development of a comparative risk ranking system for agents posing a bioterrorism threat to human or animal populations. | various systems for prioritizing biological agents with respect to their applicability as biological weapons are available, ranging from qualitative to (semi)quantitative approaches. this research aimed at generating a generic risk ranking system applicable to human and animal pathogenic agents based on scientific information. criteria were evaluated and clustered to create a criteria list. considering availability of data, a number of 28 criteria separated by content were identified that can be ... | 2013 | 23971819 |
| mass spectrometric detection of protein-based toxins. | this review focuses on mass spectrometric detection of protein-based toxins, which are among the most toxic substances known. special emphasis is given to the bacterial toxins botulinum neurotoxin from clostridium botulinum and anthrax toxins from bacillus anthracis as well as the plant toxin ricin produced by ricinus communis. a common feature, apart from their extreme toxicity, is that they are composed of 2 polypeptide chains, one of which is responsible for cell uptake and another that has e ... | 2013 | 23971809 |
| genetic diversity of bacillus anthracis in europe: genotyping methods in forensic and epidemiologic investigations. | bacillus anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax, a zoonosis relatively common throughout the world, can be used as an agent of bioterrorism. in naturally occurring outbreaks and in criminal release of this pathogen, a fast and accurate diagnosis is crucial to an effective response. microbiological forensics and epidemiologic investigations increasingly rely on molecular markers, such as polymorphisms in dna sequence, to obtain reliable information regarding the identification or source of a ... | 2013 | 23971802 |
| a generic open-source software framework supporting scenario simulations in bioterrorist crises. | since the 2001 anthrax attack in the united states, awareness of threats originating from bioterrorism has grown. this led internationally to increased research efforts to improve knowledge of and approaches to protecting human and animal populations against the threat from such attacks. a collaborative effort in this context is the extension of the open-source spatiotemporal epidemiological modeler (stem) simulation and modeling software for agro- or bioterrorist crisis scenarios. stem, origina ... | 2013 | 23971799 |
| thermally modulated porous silica multispectral filters and their application in remote imaging. | we report a thermally tunable multispectral imaging filter based on reversible condensation of volatile organic fluids within a nanoporous one-dimensional photonic crystal. the photonic crystal (optical rugate filter) comprises oxidized porous silicon, prepared by electrochemical etch of silicon and subsequent air oxidation (porous silica rugate filter, psif). the reflectance spectrum of the psif is designed and constructed to match two of the red emission bands of the luminescent complex europi ... | 2013 | 23968219 |
| dual effects of single-walled carbon nanotubes coupled with near-infrared radiation on bacillus anthracis spores: inactivates spores and stimulates the germination of surviving spores. | bacillus anthracis is a pathogen that causes life-threatening disease--anthrax. b. anthracis spores are highly resistant to extreme temperatures and harsh chemicals. inactivation of b. anthracis spores is important to ensure the environmental safety and public health. the 2001 bioterrorism attack involving anthrax spores has brought acute public attention and triggered extensive research on inactivation of b. anthracis spores. single-walled carbon nanotubes (swcnts) as a class of emerging nanoma ... | 2013 | 23965258 |
| high throughput detection of human neutrophil peptides from serum, saliva, and tear by anthrax lethal factor-modified nanoparticles. | human α defensins human neutrophil peptide 1-3 (hnp 1-3) are potential prognostic cancer biomarkers. metalloprotein anthrax lethal factor (alf) binds to hnp 1-3 in a zn2+-dependent manner. we conjugated alf to the surface of magnetic nanoparticles (mnp) to magnetically isolate the hnps, and used zn2+ to control the capture and release hnps. | 2013 | 23965149 |
| monitoring the kinetics of the ph-driven transition of the anthrax toxin prepore to the pore by biolayer interferometry and surface plasmon resonance. | domain 2 of the anthrax protective antigen (pa) prepore heptamer unfolds and refolds during endosome acidification to generate an extended 100 å β barrel pore that inserts into the endosomal membrane. the pa pore facilitates the ph-dependent unfolding and translocation of bound toxin enzymic components, lethal factor (lf) and/or edema factor, from the endosome to the cytoplasm. we constructed immobilized complexes of the prepore with the pa-binding domain of lf (lfn) to monitor the real-time pre ... | 2013 | 23964683 |
| menaquinone analogs inhibit growth of bacterial pathogens. | gram-positive bacteria cause serious human illnesses through combinations of cell surface and secreted virulence factors. we initiated studies with four of these organisms to develop novel topical antibacterial agents that interfere with growth and exotoxin production, focusing on menaquinone analogs. menadione, 1,4-naphthoquinone, and coenzymes q1 to q3 but not menaquinone, phylloquinone, or coenzyme q10 inhibited the growth and to a greater extent exotoxin production of staphylococcus aureus, ... | 2013 | 23959313 |
| equivalent t cell epitope promiscuity in ecologically diverse human pathogens. | the hla (human leukocyte antigen) molecules that present pathogen-derived epitopes to t cells are highly diverse. correspondingly, many pathogens such as hiv evolve epitope variants in order to evade immune recognition. in contrast, another persistent human pathogen, mycobacterium tuberculosis, has highly conserved epitope sequences. this raises the question whether there is also a difference in the ability of these pathogens' epitopes to bind diverse hla alleles, referred to as an epitope's bin ... | 2013 | 23951341 |
| anthrax toxin-induced rupture of artificial lipid bilayer membranes. | we demonstrate experimentally that anthrax toxin complexes rupture artificial lipid bilayer membranes when isolated from the blood of infected animals. when the solution ph is temporally acidified to mimic that process in endosomes, recombinant anthrax toxin forms an irreversibly bound complex, which also destabilizes membranes. the results suggest an alternative mechanism for the translocation of anthrax toxin into the cytoplasm. | 2013 | 23947891 |
| adenylate cyclases involvement in pathogenicity, a minireview. | cyclic amp (camp), one of the most important secondary messengers, is produced by adenylate cyclase (ac) from adenosine triphosphate (atp). ac is a widespread enzyme, being present both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. although they have the same enzymatic activity (atp cyclization), the structure of these proteins varies, depending on their function and the producing organism. some pathogenic bacteria utilize these enzymes as toxins which interact with calmodulin (or another eukaryote activator), ... | 2015 | 23947014 |
| receptor-directed chimeric toxins created by sortase-mediated protein fusion. | chimeric protein toxins that act selectively on cells expressing a designated receptor may serve as investigational probes and/or antitumor agents. here, we report use of the enzyme sortase a (srta) to create four chimeric toxins designed to selectively kill cells bearing the tumor marker her2. we first expressed and purified: (i) a receptor recognition-deficient form of diphtheria toxin that lacks its receptor-binding domain and (ii) a mutated, receptor-binding-deficient form of anthrax-protect ... | 2013 | 23945077 |
| co-infection of an animal with more than one genotype can occur in anthrax. | during the routine fingerprinting of outbreak strains of bacillus anthracis of european and african origin by means of a 31-marker multi-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (mlva), four cultures, two from the etosha national park (enp), namibia, and two from an outbreak in the pyrenees in 1997, were found to harbour different genotypes (gts). to investigate this further, isolates from 10 samples of blood-soaked soil from beneath anthrax carcasses and 18 clinical swabs taken from car ... | 2013 | 23937393 |
| field-based pcr for rapid diagnosis of cutaneous anthrax in the deployed setting using the joint biological agent identification and diagnostic system. | anthrax is occasionally encountered by u.s. military physicians in the deployed setting, where limited resources make it difficult to obtain laboratory confirmation. we present a case of cutaneous anthrax diagnosed using a ruggedized polymerase chain reaction device in austere combat conditions. | 2013 | 23929060 |
| d-cycloserine or similar physiochemical compounds may be uniquely suited for use in bacillus anthracis spore decontamination strategies. | as observed in the aftermath of the anthrax attacks of 2001, decontamination and remediation of a site contaminated by the accidental or intentional release of bacillus anthracis spores is difficult, costly and potentially damaging to the environment. the identification of novel strategies that neutralize the threat of spores while minimizing environmental damage remains a high priority. we investigated the efficacy of d-cycloserine (dcs), an antibiotic and inhibitor of the spore-associated enzy ... | 2013 | 23927578 |
| biophysical characterization and immunization studies of dominant negative inhibitor (dni), a candidate anthrax toxin subunit vaccine. | dominant negative inhibitor (dni) is a translocation-deficient homolog of recombinant protective antigen of bacillus anthracis that is a candidate for a next generation anthrax vaccine. this study demonstrates that the biophysical characteristics of the dni protein stored in lyophilized form at 4°c for 8 y were similar to recombinant protective antigen (rpa). to provide information on the accelerated stability of dni, samples in the lyophilized form were subjected to thermal stress (40°c and 70° ... | 2013 | 23925275 |
| periocular cutaneous anthrax in jimma zone, southwest ethiopia: a case series. | anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by bacillus anthracis. naturally occurring human infection is rare and is generally the result of contact with anthrax-infected animals or animal products. | 2013 | 23924443 |
| nucleotidyl cyclase activity of particulate guanylyl cyclase a: comparison with particulate guanylyl cyclases e and f, soluble guanylyl cyclase and bacterial adenylyl cyclases cyaa and edema factor. | guanylyl cyclases (gcs) regulate many physiological processes by catalyzing the synthesis of the second messenger cgmp. the gc family consists of seven particulate gcs (pgcs) and a nitric oxide-activated soluble gc (sgc). rat sgc α1β1 possesses much broader substrate specificity than previously assumed. moreover, the exotoxins cyaa from bordetella pertussis and edema factor (ef) from bacillus anthracis possess nucleotidyl cyclase (nc) activity. pgc-a is a natriuretic peptide-activated homodimer ... | 2013 | 23922959 |
| investigation of an outbreak of cutaneous anthrax in banlu village, lianyungang, china, 2012. | after notification of a suspected case of anthrax following the slaughtering of a sick cow in banlu village, an area that has not had any anthrax cases for decades, we aimed to confirm the outbreak, determine the transmission mechanism and implement control measures. | 2012 | 23908932 |
| anthrax lethal toxin induces acute diastolic dysfunction in rats through disruption of the phospholamban signaling network. | anthrax lethal toxin (lt), secreted by bacillus anthracis, causes severe cardiac dysfunction by unknown mechanisms. lt specifically cleaves the docking domains of mapkk (meks); thus, we hypothesized that lt directly impairs cardiac function through dysregulation of mapk signaling mechanisms. | 2013 | 23907041 |
| reverse transcription-pcr-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for rapid detection of biothreat and common respiratory pathogens. | electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (esi-ms) analysis of reverse transcription (rt)-pcr amplicons from human respiratory samples allows for broad pathogen identification approximately 8 h after collection. we investigated the performance characteristics of a high-throughput rt-pcr-coupled esi-ms assay for distinguishing biothreat (bt) agents from common bacterial, fungal, and viral respiratory pathogens in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid specimens from subjects with suspected respirator ... | 2013 | 23903543 |
| assessing agreement of repeated binary measurements with an application to the cdc's anthrax vaccine clinical trial. | cohen's kappa coefficient, which was introduced in 1960, serves as the most widely employed coefficient to assess inter-observer agreement for categorical outcomes. however, the original kappa can only be applied to cross-sectional binary measurements and, therefore, cannot be applied in the practical situation when the observers evaluate the same subjects at repeated time intervals. this study summarizes six methods of assessing agreement of repeated binary outcomes under different assumptions ... | 2013 | 23898025 |
| regulation of bacillus subtilis bacillithiol biosynthesis operons by spx. | bacillithiol is the major low molecular mass thiol produced by many firmicutes bacteria, including the model organism bacillus subtilis and pathogens such as bacillus anthracis and staphylococcus aureus. we have previously shown that four genes (bsha, bshb1, bshb2 and bshc) are involved in bacillithiol biosynthesis. here, we report that these four genes are encoded within three, unlinked operons all expressed from canonical σ(a)-dependent promoters as determined by 5'race (rapid amplification of ... | 2013 | 23894131 |
| differentiation of strains from the bacillus cereus group by rflp-pfge genomic fingerprinting. | bacillus mycoides, bacillus pseudomycoides, bacillus weihenstephanensis, bacillus anthracis, bacillus thuringiensis, and bacillus cereus belong to the b. cereus group. the last three species are characterized by different phenotype features and pathogenicity spectrum, but it has been shown that these species are genetically closely related. the macrorestriction analysis of the genomic dna with the noti enzyme was used to generate polymorphism of restriction profiles for 39 food-borne isolates (b ... | 2013 | 23893780 |
| identification of a ligand on the wip1 bacteriophage highly specific for a receptor on bacillus anthracis. | tectiviridae is a family of tailless bacteriophages with gram-negative and gram-positive hosts. the family model prd1 and its close relatives all infect a broad range of enterobacteria by recognizing a plasmid-encoded conjugal transfer complex as a receptor. in contrast, tectiviruses with gram-positive hosts are highly specific to only a few hosts within the same bacterial species. the cellular determinants that account for the observed specificity remain unknown. here we present the genome sequ ... | 2013 | 23893110 |
| present-day conservative treatment retinopathy of prematurity. | retinopathy of prematurity occurs in prematurely born babies. etiology of disease is multifactorial and frequency of retinopathy of prematurity diagnosis increases. retinopathy is one of causes for major loss of vision and amaurosis in newborns around the world. low efficacy of treatment leads to necessity for looking for new solutions and modern therapy use in treatment of this disease. so far, therapies used are: laser and cryotherapy and cases of retina detachment, the course is combined with ... | 2013 | 23882745 |
| anthrax: has the clinical milieu changed since 2001? | since the anthrax attacks of 2001 (amerithrax), several important improvements in the knowledge of bacillus anthracis and the clinical condition it causes have occurred. while much remains to be known about the optimal management of anthrax patients, several approaches that were not widely utilized, available, or known in 2001 would be used in the treatment of critically ill anthrax patients in 2012. | 2012 | 23882372 |
| in vitro and in vivo activities of recombinant anthrax protective antigen co-expressed with thioredoxin in escherichia coli. | because of the central role it plays in the formation of lethal toxin and edema toxin, protective antigen (pa) is the principal target for the development of vaccines against anthrax. in the present study, we explored and compared the in vitro and in vivo activities of recombinant anthrax protective antigen (rpa) and receptor binding domain of protective antigen (pa4). as a result, the fully soluble rpa and pa4 proteins were successfully expressed in escherichia coli by co-expression with thiore ... | 2013 | 23880942 |
| structural and functional insight into an unexpectedly selective n-methyltransferase involved in plantazolicin biosynthesis. | plantazolicin (pzn), a polyheterocyclic, n(α),n(α)-dimethylarginine-containing antibiotic, harbors remarkably specific bactericidal activity toward strains of bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax. previous studies demonstrated that genetic deletion of the s-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent methyltransferase from the pzn biosynthetic gene cluster results in the formation of desmethylpzn, which is devoid of antibiotic activity. here we describe the in vitro reconstitution, mutational ... | 2013 | 23878226 |
| toxin inhibition of antimicrobial factors induced by bacillus anthracis peptidoglycan in human blood. | here, we describe the capacity of bacillus anthracis peptidoglycan (bapgn) to trigger an antimicrobial response in human white blood cells (wbcs). analysis of freshly isolated human blood cells found that monocytes and neutrophils, but not b and t cells, were highly responsive to bapgn and produced a variety of cytokines and chemokines. this bapgn-induced response was suppressed by anthrax lethal toxin (lt) and edema toxin (et), with the most pronounced effect on human monocytes, and this corres ... | 2013 | 23876807 |
| engineering biomaterial-associated complement activation to improve vaccine efficacy. | the complement system plays an important role in innate and adaptive immunity, which suggests that complement activation could be exploited as a potential strategy for vaccine adjuvants. here we explored the potential of chitosan-based microparticles (cs-nh2 mps) as a vaccine adjuvant with an active surface for complement activation due to the abundance of amino groups. in vaccination studies, using recombinant anthrax protective antigen as a model antigen, compared with the control microparticl ... | 2013 | 23875970 |
| transcriptomic and phenotypic analysis of paralogous spx gene function in bacillus anthracis sterne. | spx of bacillus subtilis is a redox-sensitive protein, which, under disulfide stress, interacts with rna polymerase to activate genes required for maintaining thiol homeostasis. spx orthologs are highly conserved among low %gc gram-positive bacteria, and often exist in multiple paralogous forms. in this study, we used b. anthracis sterne, which harbors two paralogous spx genes, spxa1 and spxa2, to examine the phenotypes of spx null mutations and to identify the genes regulated by each spx paralo ... | 2013 | 23873705 |
| an electrochemiluminescence assay for the detection of bio threat agents in selected food matrices and in the screening of clostridium botulinum outbreak strains associated with type a botulism. | specific screening methods for complex food matrices are needed that enable unambiguous and sensitive detection of bio threat agents (btas) such as bacillus anthracis spores and microbial toxins (e.g. staphylococcal enterotoxin b (seb) and clostridial botulinum neurotoxins (bonts)). the present study describes an image-based 96-well meso scale discovery (msd) electrochemiluminescence (ecl) assay for simultaneous detection of btas in dairy milk products. | 2014 | 23873138 |
| characterization of amiba2446, a novel bacteriolytic enzyme active against bacillus species. | there continues to be a need for developing efficient and environmentally friendly treatments for bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax. one emerging approach for inactivation of vegetative b. anthracis is the use of bacteriophage endolysins or lytic enzymes encoded by bacterial genomes (autolysins) with highly evolved specificity toward bacterium-specific peptidoglycan cell walls. in this work, we performed in silico analysis of the genome of bacillus anthracis strain ames, using a ... | 2013 | 23872558 |
| optimizing snp microarray probe design for high accuracy microbial genotyping. | microarrays to characterize single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) provide a cost-effective and rapid method (under 24h) to genotype microbes as an alternative to sequencing. we developed a pipeline for snp discovery and microarray design that scales to 100's of microbial genomes. here we tested various snp probe design strategies against 8 sequenced isolates of bacillus anthracis to compare sequence and microarray data. the best strategy allowed probe length to vary within 32-40 bp to equalize ... | 2013 | 23871857 |
| validation of potential inhibitors for srta against bacillus anthracis by combined approach of ligand-based and molecular dynamics simulation. | the development of srta inhibitors targeting the biothreat organism namely bacillus anthracis was achieved by the combined approach of pharmacophore modeling, binding interactions, electron transferring capacity, adme, and molecular dynamics studies. in this study, experimentally reported ba-srta inhibitors (pyridazinone and pyrazolethione derivatives) were considered for the development of enhanced pharmacophoric model. the obtained aaahr hypothesis was a pure theoretical concept that accounts ... | 2014 | 23869520 |
| ground anthrax bacillus refined isolation (gabri) method for analyzing environmental samples with low levels of bacillus anthracis contamination. | in this work are reported the results of a qualitative analytical method capable of detecting bacillus anthracis spores when they are present in very low concentration in the soil. the ground anthrax bacillus refined isolation (gabri) method, assessed in our laboratory, was compared with the classic method. the comparison involved artificially anthrax-contaminated soil samples (500 spores/7.5 grams soil) and naturally contaminated soil samples collected in bangladesh during a field investigation ... | 2013 | 23865983 |
| constant domains influence binding of mouse-human chimeric antibodies to the capsular polypeptide of bacillus anthracis. | our laboratory previously described the binding characteristics of the murine igg3 monoclonal antibody (muab) f26g3. this antibody binds the poly-glutamic acid capsule (pga) of bacillus anthracis, an essential virulence factor in the progression of anthrax. f26g3 igg3 muab binds pga with a relatively high functional affinity (10 nm), produces a distinct "rim" quellung reaction, and is protective in a murine model of pulmonary anthrax. this study engineered an igg subclass family of f26g3 mouse-h ... | 2013 | 23863605 |
| a human/murine chimeric fab antibody neutralizes anthrax lethal toxin in vitro. | human anthrax infection caused by exposure to bacillus anthracis cannot always be treated by antibiotics. this is mostly because of the effect of the remaining anthrax toxin in the body. lethal factor (lf) is a component of lethal toxin (letx), which is the major virulence of anthrax toxin. a murine igg monoclonal antibody (mab) against lf with blocking activity (coded lf8) was produced in a previous study. in this report, a human/murine chimeric fab mab (coded lf8-fab) was developed from lf8 by ... | 2013 | 23861692 |
| inhibitors of bacillus anthracis edema factor. | edema factor (ef) is a calmodulin (cam)-activated adenylyl cyclase (ac) toxin from bacillus anthracis that contributes to anthrax pathogenesis. anthrax is an important medical problem, but treatment of b. anthracis infections is still unsatisfying. thus, selective ef inhibitors could be valuable drugs in the treatment of anthrax infection, most importantly shock. the catalytic site of ef, the ef/cam interaction site and allosteric sites constitute potential drug targets. to this end, most effort ... | 2013 | 23850654 |
| novel strategies for enhanced removal of persistent bacillus anthracis surrogates and clostridium difficile spores from skin. | removing spores of clostridium difficile and bacillus anthracis from skin is challenging because they are resistant to commonly used antimicrobials and soap and water washing provides only modest efficacy. we hypothesized that hygiene interventions incorporating a sporicidal electrochemically generated hypochlorous acid solution (vashe(®)) would reduce the burden of spores on skin. | 2013 | 23844234 |
| designed azolopyridinium salts block protective antigen pores in vitro and protect cells from anthrax toxin. | several intracellular acting bacterial protein toxins of the ab-type, which are known to enter cells by endocytosis, are shown to produce channels. this holds true for protective antigen (pa), the binding component of the tripartite anthrax-toxin of bacillus anthracis. evidence has been presented that translocation of the enzymatic components of anthrax-toxin across the endosomal membrane of target cells and channel formation by the heptameric/octameric pa63 binding/translocation component are r ... | 2013 | 23840407 |
| high temperature unfolding of a truncated hemoglobin by molecular dynamics simulation. | heme containing proteins are associated with peroxidase activity. the proteins like hemoglobin, myoglobins, cytochrome c and micro-peroxidase other than peroxidases have been shown to exhibit weak peroxidase-like activity. this weak peroxidase-like activity in hemoglobin-like molecules is due to heme moiety. we conducted molecular dynamics (md) studies to decipher the unfolding path of ba-glb (a truncated hemoglobin from bacillus anthracis) and the role of heme moiety to its unfolding path. the ... | 2013 | 23839248 |
| the use of complementary and alternative medicine among dermatology outpatients in eastern turkey. | over the past decade, complementary and alternative medicine (cam) has become increasingly popular around the world. | 2014 | 23836839 |
| new generation of oral mucosal vaccines targeting dendritic cells. | as most infectious organisms gain entry at mucosal surfaces, there is a great deal of interest in developing vaccines that elicit effective mucosal immune responses against pathogen challenge. targeted vaccination is one of the most effective methods available to prevent and control infectious diseases. mucosal vaccines can offer lower costs, better accessibility, needle free delivery, and a higher capacity for mass immunizations during pandemics. both local mucosal immunity and robust systemic ... | 2013 | 23835515 |
| antxr1, a stem cell-enriched functional biomarker, connects collagen signaling to cancer stem-like cells and metastasis in breast cancer. | cancer stem-like cells are thought to contribute to tumor recurrence. the anthrax toxin receptor 1 (antxr1) has been identified as a functional biomarker of normal stem cells and breast cancer stem-like cells. primary stem cell-enriched basal cells (cd49f(+)/epcam(-)/lin(-)) expressed higher levels of antxr1 compared with mature luminal cells. cd49f(+)/epcam(-), cd44(+)/epcam(-), cd44(+)/cd24(-), or aldefluor-positive subpopulations of breast cancer cells were enriched for antxr1 expression. cd4 ... | 2013 | 23832666 |
| biowarfare and bioterrorism. | bioterrorism is not only a reality of the times in which we live but bioweapons have been used for centuries. critical care physicians play a major role in the recognition of and response to a bioterrorism attack. critical care clinicians must be familiar with the diagnosis and management of the most likely bioterrorism agents, and also be adequately prepared to manage a mass casualty situation. this article reviews the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of the most likely agents of biowarfa ... | 2013 | 23830660 |
| a new murine model for gastrointestinal anthrax infection. | the scientific community has been restricted by the lack of a practical and informative animal model of gastrointestinal infection with vegetative bacillus anthracis. we herein report the development of a murine model of gastrointestinal anthrax infection by gavage of vegetative sterne strain of bacillus anthracis into the complement-deficient a/j mouse strain. mice infected in this manner developed lethal infections in a dose-dependent manner and died 30 h-5 d following gavage. histological fin ... | 2013 | 23825096 |
| engineering unnatural variants of plantazolicin through codon reprogramming. | plantazolicin (pzn) is a polyheterocyclic natural product derived from a ribosomal peptide that harbors remarkable antibiotic selectivity for the causative agent of anthrax, bacillus anthracis. to simultaneously establish the structure-activity relationship of pzn and the substrate tolerance of the biosynthetic pathway, an escherichia coli expression strain was engineered to heterologously produce pzn analogues. variant pzn precursor genes were produced by site-directed mutagenesis and later scr ... | 2013 | 23823732 |
| genetic diversity of korean bacillus anthracis isolates from soil evaluated with a single nucleotide repeat analysis. | bacillus (b.) anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax, is one of the most genetically monomorphic bacteria species in the world. due to the very limited genetic diversity of this species, classification of isolates of this bacterium requires methods with high discriminatory power. single nucleotide repeat (snr) analysis is a type of variable-number tandem repeat assay that evaluates regions with very high mutation rates. to subtype a collection of 21 isolates that were obtained during a b. a ... | 2013 | 23820210 |
| direct proteolytic cleavage of nlrp1b is necessary and sufficient for inflammasome activation by anthrax lethal factor. | inflammasomes are multimeric protein complexes that respond to infection by recruitment and activation of the caspase-1 (casp1) protease. activated casp1 initiates immune defense by processing inflammatory cytokines and by causing a rapid and lytic cell death called pyroptosis. inflammasome formation is orchestrated by members of the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (nlr) or aim2-like receptor (alr) protein families. certain nlrs and alrs have been shown to function as direct re ... | 2013 | 23818853 |
| cbrne tc3: a hybrid approach to casualty care in the cbrne environment. | the implementation of tactical combat casualty care (tccc) guidelines for the operation enduring freedom and operation iraqi freedom contingency operations has dramatically reduced preventable combat deaths. a study of these principles and their application to medical treatment in the chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-yield explosives (cbrne), weapons of mass destruction (wmd) environment is presented as a potential readiness and force multiplier for units engaged in this are ... | 2013 | 23817878 |
| 3-substituted indole inhibitors against francisella tularensis fabi identified by structure-based virtual screening. | in this study, we describe novel inhibitors against francisella tularensis schus4 fabi identified from structure-based in silico screening with integrated molecular dynamics simulations to account for induced fit of a flexible loop crucial for inhibitor binding. two 3-substituted indoles, 54 and 57, preferentially bound the nad(+) form of the enzyme and inhibited growth of f. tularensis schus4 at concentrations near that of their measured ki. while 57 was species-specific, 54 showed a broader sp ... | 2013 | 23815100 |
| analysis of the errors in the electrostatically embedded many-body expansion of the energy and the correlation energy for zn and cd coordination complexes with five and six ligands and use of the analysis to develop a generally successful fragmentation strategy. | in the present paper, we apply the electrostatically embedded many-body expansion of the correlation energy (ee-mb-ce) to the calculation of zinc-ligand and cadmium-ligand bond dissociation energies, and we analyze the errors due to various fragmentation schemes in a variety of neutral, positively charged, and negatively charged zn(2+) and cd(2+) coordination complexes. as a result of the analysis, we are able to present a new, simple, and unambiguous fragmentation strategy. following this strat ... | 2013 | 23814509 |
| inhalational anthrax in a vaccinated soldier. | 2013 | 23813313 | |
| rapid identification of bacillus anthracis spores in suspicious powder samples by using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms). | rapid and reliable identification of bacillus anthracis spores in suspicious powders is important to mitigate the safety risks and economic burdens associated with such incidents. the aim of this study was to develop and validate a rapid and reliable laboratory-based matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) analysis method for identifying b. anthracis spores in suspicious powder samples. a reference library containing 22 different bacillus sp. s ... | 2013 | 23811517 |
| rapid detection and identification of bacillus anthracis in food using pyrosequencing technology. | the development of advanced methodologies for the detection of bacillus anthracis has been evolving rapidly since the release of the anthrax spores in the mail in 2001. recent advances in detection and identification techniques could prove to be an essential component in the defense against biological attacks. sequence based such as pyrosequencing, which has the capability to determine short dna stretches in real-time using biotinylated pcr amplicons, has potential biodefense applications. using ... | 2013 | 23810955 |
| suspect vector transmission of human cutaneous anthrax during an animal outbreak in southern italy. | during an outbreak of sheep anthrax in basilicata, southern italy, the owner of a flock located about 3 km away from the affected farm developed skin lesions attributable to cutaneous anthrax. the dna extracted from the human scabs confirmed the diagnosis, and a 15-loci multiple locus variable number tandem repeat (vntr) analysis (mlva) following single-nucleotide repeat (snr) analysis yielded the same genotype as that found in the dead sheep. the breeder, who had not had contact with infected o ... | 2013 | 23808978 |
| a preliminary study on the insect fauna of al-baha province, saudi arabia, with descriptions of two new species. | a preliminary study was carried out on the insect fauna of al-baha province, south-western part of saudi arabia. a total number of 582 species and subspecies (few identified only to the genus level) belonging to 129 families and representing 17 orders were recorded. two of these species are described as new, namely: monomorium sarawatensis sharaf & aldawood, sp. n. [formicidae, hymenoptera] and anthrax alruqibi el-hawagry sp. n. [bombyliidae, diptera]. another eight species are recorded for the ... | 2013 | 23794807 |
| de novo asymmetric synthesis of oligo-rhamno di- and tri-saccharides related to the anthrax tetrasaccharide. | an asymmetric synthesis of the di- and trisaccharide portion of the naturally occurring anthrax tetrasaccharide from acetylfuran has been developed. the construction of the di- and trisaccharide subunits is based upon our previously disclosed route to anthrax tetrasaccharide. the approach uses iterative diastereoselective palladium-catalyzed glycosylations, luche reductions, diastereoselective dihydroxylations, and regioselective protections for the assembly of the rhamno- di- and tri-saccharide ... | 2013 | 23794755 |
| immuno capture pcr for rapid and sensitive identification of pathogenic bacillus anthracis. | immuno capture pcr (ipcr) is a technique capable of detecting the pathogens with high specificity and sensitivity. rapid and accurate detection of bacillus anthracis was achieved using anti-ea1 antibodies to capture the cells and two primer sets targeting the virulence factors of the pathogen i.e., protective antigen (pag) and capsule (cap) in an ipcr format. monoclonal antibodies specific to b. anthracis were generated against extractable antigen 1 protein and used as capture antibody onto 96 w ... | 2013 | 23793942 |
| zinc regulates the activity of kinase-phosphatase pair (basprkc/basprpc) in bacillus anthracis. | bacillus anthracis ser/thr protein kinase prkc (basprkc) is important for virulence of the bacterium within the host. homologs of prkc and its cognate phosphatase prpc (basprpc) are the most conserved mediators of signaling events in diverse bacteria. basprkc homolog in bacillus subtilis regulates critical processes like spore germination and basprpc modulates the activity of basprkc by dephosphorylation. so far, biochemical and genetic studies have provided important insights into the roles of ... | 2013 | 23793375 |
| protective-antigen (pa) based anthrax vaccines confer protection against inhalation anthrax by precluding the establishment of a systemic infection. | an intense effort has been launched to develop improved anthrax vaccines that confer rapid, long lasting protection preferably with an extended stability profile amenable for stockpiling. protective antigen (pa)-based vaccines are most favored as immune responses directed against pa are singularly protective, although the actual protective mechanism remains to be unraveled. herein we show that contrary to the prevailing view, an efficacious pa-based vaccine confers protection against inhalation ... | 2013 | 23787486 |
| differentiation of springtime vegetation indices associated with summer anthrax epizootics in west texas, usa, deer. | anthrax outbreaks in white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus, are frequent in west texas, usa, particularly across the edwards plateau. however, the outbreak severity varies among years. we summarize the outbreak history in white-tailed deer at a ranch north of del rio, texas, from 2001 to 2010 and compare mortality rates to remotely sensed vegetation indices derived from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer satellite data. it has long been posited that the occurrence of mid- to high- ... | 2013 | 23778625 |
| anthracimycin, a potent anthrax antibiotic from a marine-derived actinomycete. | licensed to kill: a new antibiotic, anthracimycin (see scheme), produced by a marine-derived actinomycete in saline culture, shows significant activity toward bacillus anthracis, the bacterial pathogen responsible for anthrax infections. chlorination of anthracimycin gives a dichloro derivative that retains activity against gram-positive bacteria, such as anthrax, but also shows activity against selected gram-negative bacteria. | 2013 | 23776159 |
| increased camp in monocytes augments notch signaling mechanisms by elevating rbp-j and transducin-like enhancer of split (tle). | in cells of the innate immune system, pathological increases in intracellular camp attenuate immune responses and contribute to infections by bacteria such as bacillus anthracis. in this work, camp from b. anthracis edema toxin (et) is found to activate the notch signaling pathway in both mouse macrophages and human monocytes. et as well as a cell-permeable activator of pka induce notch target genes (hes1, hey1, il2ra, and il7r) and are able to significantly enhance the induction of these notch ... | 2013 | 23775085 |
| small-molecule inhibitors of lethal factor protease activity protect against anthrax infection. | bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, manifests its pathogenesis through the action of two secreted toxins. the bipartite lethal and edema toxins, a combination of lethal factor or edema factor with the protein protective antigen, are important virulence factors for this bacterium. we previously developed small-molecule inhibitors of lethal factor proteolytic activity (lfis) and demonstrated their in vivo efficacy in a rat lethal toxin challenge model. in this work, we show that th ... | 2013 | 23774434 |
| detection of protective antigen, an anthrax specific toxin in human serum by using surface plasmon resonance. | in this study, surface plasmon resonance (spr) technology was used for the sensitive detection of protective antigen (pa), an anthrax specific toxin in spiked human serum samples. a monoclonal antibody raised against bacillus anthracis pa was immobilized on carboxymethyldextran-modified gold chip, and its interaction with pa was characterized in situ by spr. by using kinetic evaluation software, kd (equilibrium constant) and bmax (maximum binding capacity of analyte) were found to be 20 fm and 1 ... | 2013 | 23773677 |
| razor ex anthrax air detection system for detection of bacillus anthracis spores from aerosol collection samples: collaborative study. | the razor ex anthrax air detection system was validated in a collaborative study for the detection of bacillus anthracis in aerosol collection buffer. phosphate-buffered saline was charged with 1 mg/ml standardized dust to simulate an authentic aerosol collection sample. the dust-charged buffer was spiked with either b. anthracis ames at 2000 spores/ml or bacillus cereus at 20 000 spores/ml. twelve collaborators participated in the study, with four collaborators at each of three sites. each coll ... | 2013 | 23767365 |
| live attenuated tularemia vaccines: recent developments and future goals. | in the aftermath of the 2001 anthrax attacks in the u.s., numerous efforts were made to increase the level of preparedness against a biological attack both in the us and worldwide. as a result, there has been an increase in research interest in the development of vaccines and other countermeasures against a number of agents with the potential to be used as biological weapons. one such agent, francisella tularensis, has been the subject of a surge in the level of research being performed, leading ... | 2013 | 23764535 |
| total synthesis of the ribosomally synthesized linear azole-containing peptide plantazolicin a from bacillus amyloliquefaciens. | 2013 | 23761292 | |
| transient lipopolysaccharide-induced resistance to aerosolized bacillus anthracis in new zealand white rabbits. | previous studies have demonstrated that prior infection by various bacterial pathogens induces nonspecific resistance to subsequent infection by other gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial pathogens. in the present study, we evaluated whether underlying inflammation enhanced host resistance to inhalational bacillus anthracis infection in new zealand white rabbits (spf; bordetella- and pasteurella-free). accordingly, rabbits were pretreated with either the inflammagen bacterial lps (60,000 eu ... | 2013 | 23759528 |
| cross-functionalities of bacillus deacetylases involved in bacillithiol biosynthesis and bacillithiol-s-conjugate detoxification pathways. | bshb, a key enzyme in bacillithiol biosynthesis, hydrolyses the acetyl group from n-acetylglucosamine malate to generate glucosamine malate. in bacillus anthracis, ba1557 has been identified as the n-acetylglucosamine malate deacetylase (bshb); however, a high content of bacillithiol (~70%) was still observed in the b. anthracis ∆ba1557 strain. genomic analysis led to the proposal that another deacetylase could exhibit cross-functionality in bacillithiol biosynthesis. in the present study, ba155 ... | 2013 | 23758290 |
| characterization of bacillus anthracis persistence in vivo. | pulmonary exposure to bacillus anthracis spores initiates inhalational anthrax, a life-threatening infection. it is known that dormant spores can be recovered from the lungs of infected animals months after the initial spore exposure. consequently, a 60-day course antibiotic treatment is recommended for exposed individuals. however, there has been little information regarding details or mechanisms of spore persistence in vivo. in this study, we investigated spore persistence in a mouse model. th ... | 2013 | 23750280 |
| cleavage of the junb transcription factor by caspases generates a carboxyl-terminal fragment that inhibits activator protein-1 transcriptional activity. | the activator protein-1 (ap-1) family transcription factor, junb, is an important regulator of proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and the immune response. in this report, we show that junb is cleaved in a caspase-dependent manner in apoptotic anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive, anaplastic large cell lymphoma cell lines and that ectopically expressed junb is cleaved in murine raw 264.7 macrophage cells treated with the nalp1b inflammasome activator, anthrax lethal toxin. in both cases, w ... | 2013 | 23749999 |
| straight talk with... tom inglesby. interview by kevin jiang. | when letters containing anthrax spores were mailed to several us senators and media offices in september 2001, just one week after the 9/11 attacks, bioterrorism catapulted to the national stage. political leaders and public health officials, desperate for guidance on this once-theoretical scenario, turned to experts including tom inglesby, then deputy director of the johns hopkins center for civilian biodefense strategies, a bioterrorism research and analysis think tank in baltimore. in the yea ... | 2013 | 23744137 |
| thermal effects on surface structures and properties of bacillus anthracis spores on nanometer scales. | bacterial spores, one of the hardiest forms of life known, can survive severe environmental stresses such as high temperature. using thermal atomic force microscopy (afm), we show that the surface structures and properties of bacillus anthracis spores when exposed to elevated temperatures undergo substantial changes on nanometer scales. thermal-blister-like nanostructures, which grow in size with increasing temperature, are formed on the spore surface when it is heated by a thermal tip. although ... | 2013 | 23742662 |
| the sepsis model: an emerging hypothesis for the lethality of inhalation anthrax. | inhalation anthrax is often described as a toxin-mediated disease. however, the toxaemia model does not account for the high mortality of inhalation anthrax relative to other forms of the disease or for the pathology present in inhalation anthrax. patients with inhalation anthrax consistently show extreme bacteraemia and, in contrast to animals challenged with toxin, signs of sepsis. rather than toxaemia, we propose that death in inhalation anthrax results from an overwhelming bacteraemia that l ... | 2013 | 23742651 |
| mapping the epitopes of a neutralizing antibody fragment directed against the lethal factor of bacillus anthracis and cross-reacting with the homologous edema factor. | the lethal toxin (lt) of bacillus anthracis, composed of the protective antigen (pa) and the lethal factor (lf), plays an essential role in anthrax pathogenesis. pa also interacts with the edema factor (ef, 20% identity with lf) to form the edema toxin (et), which has a lesser role in anthrax pathogenesis. the first recombinant antibody fragment directed against lf was scfv 2lf; it neutralizes lt by blocking the interaction between pa and lf. here, we report that scfv 2lf cross-reacts with ef an ... | 2013 | 23741517 |
| genomic copy number variants: evidence for association with antibody response to anthrax vaccine adsorbed. | anthrax and its etiologic agent remain a biological threat. anthrax vaccine is highly effective, but vaccine-induced igg antibody responses vary widely following required doses of vaccinations. such variation can be related to genetic factors, especially genomic copy number variants (cnvs) that are known to be enriched among genes with immunologic function. we have tested this hypothesis in two study populations from a clinical trial of anthrax vaccination. | 2013 | 23741398 |
| systemic use of fluoroquinolone in children. | fluoroquinolones are an important class of antibiotics that are widely used in adult patients because of their broad spectrum of activity, good tissue penetration, and oral bioavailability. however, fluoroquinolone use in children is limited because juvenile animals developed arthropathy in previous experiments on fluoroquinolone use. indications for fluoroquinolone use in patients younger than 18 years, as stated by the u.s. food and drug administration, include treatment of complicated urinary ... | 2013 | 23741232 |
| bacillus anthracis cell wall peptidoglycan but not lethal or edema toxins produces changes consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation in a rat model. | disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic) appears to be important in the pathogenesis of bacillus anthracis infection, but its causes are unclear. although lethal toxin (lt) and edema toxin (et) could contribute, b. anthracis cell wall peptidoglycan (pgn), not the toxins, stimulates inflammatory responses associated with dic. | 2013 | 23737601 |
| evaluation of ambulance decontamination using gaseous chlorine dioxide. | we evaluated gaseous chlorine dioxide (clo2) decontamination of an ambulance using a variety of bacterial biological agents. | 2013 | 23734992 |