Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| multiplication in serratia of a bacteriophage originating from escherichia coli: lysogenization and host-controlled variation. | temperate bacteriophage p2, originally obtained from escherichia coli strain lisbonne, and usually grown on e. coli or shigella strains, is also able to multiply in some serratia strains. one of these has been shown to give stable lysogenic derivatives upon p2 infection. in passing from e. coli to serratia and vice versa, p2 undergoes host-controlled variation. the base ratio in the dna of the serratia strain used is typical of serratia strains (59% gc content) whereas that of p2 dna (50% gc con ... | 1967 | 18614062 |
| cefuroxime axetil. | cefuroxime is the first commercially-available second-generation cephalosporine to be widely used in therapy; it is a semi-synthetic cephalosporin obtained from the 7-cephalosporanic acid nucleus of cephalosporin c. cefuroxime axetil is the acetoxyethyl ester of cefuroxime. the majority of micro-organisms associated with respiratory infections are highly sensitive to cefuroxime. these include haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes and the other streptococci (exc ... | 1994 | 18611587 |
| lomefloxacin versus trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of adults with acute bacterial diarrhea. | this study compared the efficacy and safety of lomefloxacin with that of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx) in the treatment of adult patients with acute diarrhea of bacterial etiology. two centers enrolled a total of 133 patients; 99 (74%) presented with severe symptoms. the patients were randomized to receive either lomefloxacin 400 mg once daily (n=68) or tmp/smx 160/800 mg twice daily (n=65) for five days. bacteriologic success was achieved in 89.5% of evaluation lomefloxacin-treated pa ... | 1992 | 18611521 |
| antibiotic sensitivity of enteric pathogens in vietnam. | the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of 675 common enteropathogenic isolates from faecal specimens of patients with diarrhea (e. coli, shigella, salmonella and v. cholerae), and 568 e. coli isolates from faecal flora of healthy persons, which were collected as part of a national antibiotic resistance surveillance in vietnam, were determined. the agar dilution method was used for the following nine antibiotics: ampicillin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, kanamycin ... | 1991 | 18611498 |
| selective activation of human intestinal mast cells by escherichia coli hemolysin. | mast cells (mcs) are recognized to play an important role in bacterial host defense in the murine system. in this study, we studied the interaction of human mcs, isolated from the intestine and purified to homogeneity, with different escherichia coli and shigella flexneri strains. we show that alpha-hemolysin (hly)-producing e. coli strains induce the release of histamine, leukotrienes, and proinflammatory cytokines in intestinal mcs. in contrast, mcs were virtually unresponsive to s. flexneri a ... | 2008 | 18606698 |
| intracellular bacteriolysis triggers a massive apoptotic cell death in shigella-infected epithelial cells. | infected epithelial cells, which act as a first barrier against pathogens, seldom undergo apoptosis. rather, infected epithelial cells undergo a slow cell death that displays hallmarks of necrosis. here, we demonstrate that rapid intracellular lysis of shigella flexneri, provoked by either the use of a diaminopimelic acid auxotroph mutant or treatment of infected cells with antibiotics of the beta-lactam family, resulted in a massive and rapid induction of apoptotic cell death. this intracellula ... | 2008 | 18606244 |
| enteric bacteria isolated from acute diarrheal patients in the republic of korea between the year 2004 and 2006. | in an epidemiological survey of human enterobacterial infections in the republic of korea during three years from 2004 to 2006, we isolated 1,784 (6.2%, isolation rate of enteropathogens from stool samples) in 2004, 2,547 (9.5%) in 2005 and 3,506 bacteria (12.3%) from people who visited clinics. among the isolated bacteria, pathogenic escherichia coli, especially, eaec was the most frequently identified pathogen in both urban and rural regions followed by staphylococcus aureus, salmonella specie ... | 2008 | 18604503 |
| clinico-laboratory profile of haemolytic uremic syndrome. | to study the clinical profile, the spectrum of functional abnormalities, prognostic factors and outcome of children with haemolytic uremic syndrome (hus). | 2007 | 18604077 |
| shigella isolates of nepal: changes in the incidence of shigella subgroups and trends of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. | shigellosis is an important cause of bloody diarrhoea in all age groups, especially in children. a retrospective study was done to analyse the pattern of shigella isolates and the antimicrobial susceptibility trend of these shigella isolated at different hospitals of nepal from jan, 2003- dec, 2005. | 2007 | 18603983 |
| [electrical resistance of bacterial culture suspension as indicator of epidemic and sporadic variants of shigella]. | for the first time method of measurement of electric resistance of bacterial suspension was used for differentiation of "epidemic" and "sporadic" (further used without quotes) variants of shigella species. study of 40 strains of s. flexneri and s. sonnei revealed significant differences in electric resistance of cultures isolated during epidemic outbreaks after the growth during 1 or 6 hours - 18.1+/-8.3 kohm and 84.6+/-7.8 kohm respectively (increase in 4.9-fold; p<0.01), while non significant ... | 2008 | 18597992 |
| [sonnei dysentery--the next in stage of the shigelloses' evolution]. | 2008 | 18595478 | |
| [epidemic strains of different plasmidovars of bacteria from shigella genus]. | plasmid analysis of 46 strains of shigella species confirmed the view about heterogeneity and variability of plasmids composition in these microorganisms. on the other hand,the presence of low-molecular, multiplicated extrachromosomal replicons, which were stable, was shown. using them, it was possible to divide the shigella isolates into two major plasmidovars, characterize them according to repertoire of the most stable plasmids and determine epidemically significant variants during sporadic a ... | 2008 | 18595459 |
| anti-infectious effect of s-benzylisothiourea compound a22, which inhibits the actin-like protein, mreb, in shigella flexneri. | s-benzylisothiourea compound a22 induces coccoid forms in escherichia coli by inhibiting the function of the actin-like cytoskeletal protein, mreb. the minimum inhibitory concentration of a22 and the minimum concentration to induce coccoid forms for various pathogenic bacteria were determined. at 10 microg/ml, a22 induced coccoid forms in shigella flexneri but did not inhibit the growth. no alteration of coccoid forms in the gram-positive bacteria and anaerobic bacteria tested were observed foll ... | 2008 | 18591769 |
| vibrio cholerae vcib promotes iron uptake via ferrous iron transporters. | vibrio cholerae uses a variety of strategies for obtaining iron in its diverse environments. in this study we report the identification of a novel iron utilization protein in v. cholerae, vcib. the vcib gene and its linked gene, vcia, were isolated in a screen for v. cholerae genes that permitted growth of an escherichia coli siderophore mutant in low-iron medium. the vciab operon encodes a predicted tonb-dependent outer membrane receptor, vcia, and a putative inner membrane protein, vcib. vcib, ... | 2008 | 18586940 |
| combined physico-chemical treatments based on enterocin as-48 for inactivation of gram-negative bacteria in soybean sprouts. | enterocin as-48 was tested for decontamination of soybean sprouts against gram-negative bacteria. although treatment with bacteriocin alone had no effect on salmonella enterica, a synergistic antimicrobial effect was detected at ph 9.0 and in combination with moderate heat treatment. greatest inactivation was achieved for sprouts heated for 5 min at 65 degrees c in an alkaline (ph 9.0) enterocin as-48 solution of 25 microg/ml. bactericidal activity against s. enterica increased greatly when ente ... | 2008 | 18577412 |
| bacterial triggers and autoimmune rheumatic diseases. | autoimmune rheumatic diseases are generally considered as a multifactorial aetiology, mainly genetic susceptibility combined with environmental triggers of which bacteria are considered one of the most prominent. among the rheumatic diseases where bacterial agents are more clearly involved as triggers are: reactive arthritis (rea), rheumatic fever (rf) and lyme disease. the role of bacterial infections in inducing other seronegative spondyloarthritis and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome has be ... | 2008 | 18570749 |
| design, synthesis, characterization, antibacterial and antifungal activities of a novel class of 5,7-diaryl-4,4-dimethyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyridino[3,4-d]-1,2,3-selenadiazoles. | compound 26 is more potent against escherichia coli. and 24 is more active against staphylococcus aureus, beta-heamolytic streptococcus, vibreo cholerae, salmonella typhii, and shigella flexneri than the standard drug ciprofloxacin. moreover, of all the compounds tested, 26 is more effective against aspergillus flavus and mucor, than the standard drug fluconazole. | 2008 | 18569338 |
| molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant shigella species isolated from epidemic and endemic cases of shigellosis in india. | shigella species represent one of the growing numbers of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in developing countries. fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of shigella dysenteriae type 1 and shigella flexneri type 2a emerged in india during 2002 and 2003, respectively. sixty strains of shigella from different parts of india were analysed for antimicrobial susceptibility, the presence of the qnr plasmid, mutations in the quinolone resistance determining regions (qrdrs), fluoroquinolone accumulation, and ... | 2008 | 18566144 |
| description of an unusual class 2 integron in shigella sonnei isolates in senegal (sub-saharan africa). | 2008 | 18565971 | |
| reactive arthritis with conjunctivitis, urethritis and diarrhea in a child: immunological study of potential bacterial trigger. | 2008 | 18565268 | |
| a food borne outbreak of gastroenteritis due to shigella and possibly salmonella in a school. | on august 5, 2005, a private hospital reported a large number of students with gastrointestinal illness from the same school in bangkok, thailand. the bureau of epidemiology along with the bangkok metropolitan administration investigated this outbreak, to determine risk factors, identify the source of infection and possible causative organism, and recommend prevention and control strategies. a case was defined as a person who was studying or working at school a and who developed abdominal pain, ... | 2008 | 18564716 |
| [shigella spp. infections in getafe hospital between 2001 and 2006]. | shigella spp. is a bacterium that frequently causes diarrhoea in underdeveloped countries, but not so much in spain, where it has been published that its incidence has decreased in the last few years. | 2008 | 18559201 |
| shigella bacteraemia over a decade in soweto, south africa. | shigella infection rarely penetrates beyond the intestinal mucosa to cause bacteraemia. aids patients may be at increased risk. we investigated shigella bacteraemia rates over a decade in a south african population with a high hiv prevalence and analysed presentation and outcome. a retrospective cohort analysis was performed for hospitalized patients for 2003-2006. the rates were compared to those for 1996-1998. adult medical rates decreased from 0.195/1000 in 1996-1998 to 0.087/1000 admissions ... | 2008 | 18550134 |
| crystal structure of escherichia coli phage hk620 tailspike: podoviral tailspike endoglycosidase modules are evolutionarily related. | bacteriophage hk620 infects escherichia coli h and is closely related to shigella phage sf6 and salmonella phage p22. all three podoviridae recognize and cleave their respective host cell receptor polysaccharide by homotrimeric tailspike proteins. the three proteins exhibit high sequence identity in the 110 residues of their n-terminal particle-binding domains, but no apparent sequence similarity in their major, receptor-binding parts. we have biochemically characterized the receptor-binding par ... | 2008 | 18547389 |
| prevalence of different virulence factors and biofilm production in enteroaggregative escherichia coli isolates causing diarrhea in children in ifakara (tanzania). | this study investigated the prevalence of 19 virulence factors and biofilm production in 86 eaec isolates causing diarrhea in children less than 5 years of age from ifakara, tanzania. virulence factors were detected by pcr, whereas biofilm production was determined using a microtiter plate assay. no virulence factor, with the exception of the aat gene used to identify eaec, was detected in 11/86 isolates (12.8%). the most frequently detected virulence factor was the aggr gene in 53 (61.6%) eaec, ... | 2008 | 18541781 |
| the serine protease motif of pic mediates a dose-dependent mucolytic activity after binding to sugar constituents of the mucin substrate. | the pic gene is harbored on the chromosomes of three important pathogens: enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaec), uropathogenic e. coli (upec), and shigella flexneri. since pic is secreted into the intestinal lumen during eaec infection, we sought to identify intestinal-mucosal substrates for pic. pic did not damage epithelial cells, cleave fodrin, or degrade host defense proteins embedded in the mucus layer (siga, lactoferrin and lysozyme). however, by using a solid-phase assay to evaluate t ... | 2008 | 18538533 |
| viral, bacterial and parasitic etiology of pediatric diarrhea in gaza, palestine. | to determine the etiology of acute diarrhea in palestinian children under 5 years of age and to improve knowledge of the etiology of gastrointestinal pathogens using traditional and molecular diagnostic techniques. | 2008 | 18523397 |
| a hierarchical model for studying risk factors for childhood diarrhoea: a case-control study in a middle-income country. | to identify factors associated with diarrhoea occurrence in children in a city in a middle-income country, with high access to water and sanitation. | 2008 | 18515864 |
| the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and nutritional development of infants with acute diarrhoea, in north-eastern brazil. | in order to assess the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and changing nutritional status of infants suffering from acute diarrhoea, 103 infants with such diarrhoea and the same number of age-matched controls were investigated at the universidade federal do rio grande do norte's paediatric hospital, in north-eastern brazil. each child with diarrhoea was given oral rehydration or, in the severe cases, intravenous rehydration. each subject was checked for enteropathogens and his or her w ... | 2008 | 18510816 |
| etiology of childhood diarrhea in the northeast of brazil: significant emergent diarrheal pathogens. | in a study conducted in joão pessoa, northeast of brazil, 2344 escherichia coli isolated from 290 infants with diarrhea and 290 healthy matched controls were analyzed for virulence traits. enteroaggregative e. coli (eaec) was the most prevalent pathogen associated to acute diarrhea. based on the results of colony blot hybridization, serotyping, and hep-2 cell adherence assays, strains were separated in categories as typical enteropathogenic e. coli (epec) (1.7%), atypical epec (a-epec) (9.3%), e ... | 2010 | 18508227 |
| distinct isoforms of phospholipase a2 mediate the ability of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium and shigella flexneri to induce the transepithelial migration of neutrophils. | salmonella spp. and shigella spp. are responsible for millions of cases of enteric disease each year worldwide. while these pathogens have evolved distinct strategies for interacting with the human intestinal epithelium, they both induce significant proinflammatory responses that result in massive transepithelial migration of neutrophils across the intestinal mucosa. it has previously been shown with salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium that the process of neutrophil transmigration is mediat ... | 2008 | 18505810 |
| real-time pcrs and fingerprinting assays for the detection and characterization of salmonella genomic island-1 encoding multidrug resistance: application to 445 european isolates of salmonella, escherichia coli, shigella, and proteus. | salmonella genomic island-1 (sgi-1) harbors a cluster of genes encoding multidrug resistance (mdr). sgi-1 is horizontally transmissible and is therefore of significant public health concern. this study presents two novel realtime pcrs detecting three sgi-1 protein-coding genes and a sgi-1 fingerprinting assay. these assays were applied to 445 european enterobacterial isolates. results from real-time pcrs were comparable to those obtained from gelbased pcrs used for the detection of sgi-1, but we ... | 2008 | 18500919 |
| fast detection of salmonella infantis with carbon nanotube field effect transistors. | in this paper we report a fast, sensitive and label-free biosensor for the selective determination of salmonella infantis. it is based on a field effect transistor (fet) in which a network of single-walled carbon nantotubes (swcnts) acts as the conductor channel. anti-salmonella antibodies were adsorbed onto the swcnts and subsequently the swcnts were protected with tween 20 to prevent the non-specific binding of other bacteria or proteins. our fet devices were exposed to increasing concentratio ... | 2008 | 18495470 |
| enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli and shigella dysenteriae type 1-induced haemolytic uraemic syndrome. | haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus) can be classified according to the aetiology of the different disorders from which it is composed. the most prevalent form is that induced by shigatoxin producing escherichia coli (stec) and, in some tropical regions, by shigella dysenteriae type 1. stec cause a zoonosis, are widely distributed in nature, enter the food chain in different ways, and show regional differences. not all stec are human pathogens. enterohaemorrhagic e. coli usually cause attachment an ... | 2008 | 18493800 |
| post-infectious functional gastrointestinal disorders in children. | to investigate the development of functional gastrointestinal disorders (fgids) after an episode of acute bacterial gastroenteritis (age) in children. | 2008 | 18492522 |
| the response of type three secretion system needle proteins mxihdelta5, bsaldelta5, and prgidelta5 to temperature and ph. | the type iii secretion system (ttss) is a specialized supramolecular injectisome composed of 25 or more proteins which form basal and extracellular domains and share gross architectural similarities with bacterial flagella. the extracellular component of the "needle complex" is primarily composed of a single monomeric subunit organized in a helical array surrounding a hollow pore and protrudes from the bacterial membrane. it is through this surface appendage that virulence factors are translocat ... | 2008 | 18491382 |
| specific detection of escherichia coli isolated from water samples using polymerase chain reaction targeting four genes: cytochrome bd complex, lactose permease, beta-d-glucuronidase, and beta-d-galactosidase. | to develop a pcr-based method for reliable detection of escherichia coli that enables its differentiation from biochemically and phylogenetically related bacteria. | 2008 | 18489560 |
| crystal structure of spa40, the specificity switch for the shigella flexneri type iii secretion system. | the pathogenic bacterium shigella flexneri uses a type iii secretion system to inject virulence factors from the bacterial cytosol directly into host cells. the machinery that identifies secretion substrates and controls the export of extracellular components and effector proteins consists of several inner-membrane and cytoplasmic proteins. one of the inner membrane components, spa40, belongs to a family of proteins proposed to regulate the switching of substrate specificity of the export appara ... | 2008 | 18485071 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella isolates in eight asian countries, 2001-2004. | shigellosis is a major health problem in developing countries, causing 91 million episodes and 414,000 deaths in asia annually. because of increasing trends towards drug resistance, this study was undertaken to monitor local resistance patterns of shigella isolates from 8 asian countries. | 2008 | 18473096 |
| synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of d metal complexes of some 2-substituted-1h-benzimidazoles. | the metal complexes of nine 2-substituted-1h-benzimidazoles (i-ix) with ni(ii), pd(ii), cu(ii), ag(i), zn(ii) salts were synthesized. the compounds were characterized by melting point, analytical data, ir spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility. the antimicrobial activity of the compounds was determined by the disk diffusion method in mueller-hinton agar on staphylococcus aureusatcc 6538, staphylococcus epidermidis atcc 12228, escherichia coli atcc 8739, klebsiella pneumoniae atcc 4352, pseudom ... | 1999 | 18472907 |
| effect of lactoferrin on enteric pathogens. | much has been learned in recent years about the mechanisms by which breastfeeding improves child health and survival. however, there has been little progress in using these insights to improve pediatric care. factors that are important for protecting the breast fed infant might be expected to decrease the adverse effects of weaning on diarrhea, growth, and development. lactoferrin, an iron-binding protein with multiple physiological functions (anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulat ... | 2009 | 18472012 |
| safety and immunogenicity of wrsd1, a live attenuated shigella dysenteriae type 1 vaccine candidate. | among shigella serotypes shigella dysenteriae type 1 produces the most severe disease, including cases of hemolytic-uremic syndrome and pandemic outbreaks. wrsd1 is a live s. dysenteriae 1 strain attenuated by deletion of the virg(icsa) gene, which encodes a protein that mediates intercellular spread, and stxa and stxb, which encode the shiga toxin. in this phase i trial five groups of eight subjects ingested escalating doses of wrsd1 ranging from 10(3) to 10(7)cfu. no subject experienced fever ... | 2008 | 18468742 |
| identification of novel genomic islands associated with small rnas. | genome evolution in prokaryotes is assisted by integration of gene pools from phages and plasmids. regions downstream of trnas and tmrnas are considered as hot spots for the integration of these gene pools or genomic islands. till date, genomic islands have been identified only at trna/tmrna genes in the enterobacterial genomes. present work reports 10 distinct small rnas as potent integration sites for genomic islands. a known tool trnacc 1.0 has been used to identify genomic islands associated ... | 2007 | 18467773 |
| simple sequence repeats in different genome sequences of shigella and comparison with high gc and at-rich genomes. | simple sequence repeats (ssrs) are omnipresent in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and are found anywhere in the genome in both protein encoding and noncoding regions. in present study the whole genome sequences of seven chromosomes (shigella flexneri 2a str301 and 2457t, shigella sonnei, escherichia coli k12, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium leprae and staphylococcus saprophyticus) have downloaded from the genbank database for identifying abundance, distribution and composition of ssrs and ... | 2008 | 18464038 |
| immunological evidence for functional rather than structural mimicry by a shigella flexneri y polysaccharide-mimetic peptide. | an approach to vaccine design is the use of molecules that mimic the immunogenic element of interest. in this context, the interaction of mdwnmhaa, a peptide mimic of the shigella flexneri y o polysaccharide (ps), with an anti-carbohydrate monoclonal antibody, as studied previously by x-ray crystallography, suggested the presence of functional rather than structural mimicry and a bound peptide conformation that was not represented significantly in the free-ligand ensemble. the antibody response ... | 2008 | 18463226 |
| an intersubunit active site between supercoiled parallel beta helices in the trimeric tailspike endorhamnosidase of shigella flexneri phage sf6. | sf6 belongs to the podoviridae family of temperate bacteriophages that infect gram-negative bacteria by insertion of their double-stranded dna. they attach to their hosts specifically via their tailspike proteins. the 1.25 a crystal structure of shigella phage sf6 tailspike protein (sf6 tsp) reveals a conserved architecture with a central, right-handed beta helix. in the trimer of sf6 tsp, the parallel beta helices form a left-handed, coiled-beta coil with a pitch of 340 a. the c-terminal domain ... | 2008 | 18462681 |
| global epidemiology of infections due to shigella, salmonella serotype typhi, and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli. | 2008 | 18461719 | |
| what's the point of the type iii secretion system needle? | recent work by several groups has significantly expanded our knowledge of the structure, regulation of assembly, and function of components of the extracellular portion of the type iii secretion system (t3ss) of gram-negative bacteria. this perspective presents a structure-informed analysis of functional data and discusses three nonmutually exclusive models of how a key aspect of t3ss biology, the sensing of host cells, may be performed. | 2008 | 18458349 |
| mutagenesis of the shigella flexneri autotransporter icsa reveals novel functional regions involved in icsa biogenesis and recruitment of host neural wiscott-aldrich syndrome protein. | the icsa (virg) protein of shigella flexneri is a polarly localized, outer membrane protein that is essential for virulence. within host cells, icsa activates the host actin regulatory protein, neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp), which in turn recruits the arp2/3 complex, which nucleates host actin to form f-actin comet tails and initiate bacterial motility. linker insertion mutagenesis was undertaken to randomly introduce 5-amino-acid in-frame insertions within icsa. forty-seven l ... | 2008 | 18456802 |
| a global modulatory role for the yersinia enterocolitica h-ns protein. | the h-ns protein plays a significant role in the modulation of gene expression in gram-negative bacteria. whereas isolation and characterization of hns mutants in escherichia coli, salmonella and shigella represented critical steps to gain insight into the modulatory role of h-ns, it has hitherto not been possible to isolate hns mutants in yersinia. the hns mutation is considered to be deleterious in this genus. to study the modulatory role of h-ns in yersinia we circumvented hns lethality by ex ... | 2008 | 18451036 |
| deoxycholate interacts with ipad of shigella flexneri in inducing the recruitment of ipab to the type iii secretion apparatus needle tip. | type iii secretion (tts) is an essential virulence function for shigella flexneri that delivers effector proteins that are responsible for bacterial invasion of intestinal epithelial cells. the shigella tts apparatus (ttsa) consists of a basal body that spans the bacterial inner and outer membranes and a needle exposed at the pathogen surface. at the distal end of the needle is a "tip complex" composed of invasion plasmid antigen d (ipad). ipad not only regulates tts, but is required for the rec ... | 2008 | 18450744 |
| shigellosis: the current status of vaccine development. | shigellosis, a major form of bacillary dysentery, is caused by infection with shigella organisms. in poor countries, shigella-caused dysentery is endemic and causes an estimated 163 million illness episodes annually and more than one million deaths. although several strategies have been used to develop vaccines targeting shigellosis, none has been licensed for use outside china. owing to the wide range of shigella serotypes and subtypes, there is a need for a multivalent vaccine representing pre ... | 2008 | 18448978 |
| nonbloody, red stools from coadministration of cefdinir and iron-supplemented infant formulas. | cefdinir is an extended-spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin that may be used for treatment of acute otitis media in patients allergic to penicillin. when administered with iron-containing products, including infant formulas, cefdinir or one of its metabolites may bind to ferric ions, forming a nonabsorbable complex that imparts a reddish color to the stool. we describe a 9-month-old infant with failure to thrive and acute otitis media who developed an erythematous maculopapular rash during ... | 2008 | 18447664 |
| alternative hand contamination technique to compare the activities of antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial soaps under different test conditions. | antimicrobial hand soaps provide a greater bacterial reduction than nonantimicrobial soaps. however, the link between greater bacterial reduction and a reduction of disease has not been definitively demonstrated. confounding factors, such as compliance, soap volume, and wash time, may all influence the outcomes of studies. the aim of this work was to examine the effects of wash time and soap volume on the relative activities and the subsequent transfer of bacteria to inanimate objects for antimi ... | 2008 | 18441107 |
| ctx-m-15-producing shigella sonnei strain from a czech patient who traveled in asia. | 2008 | 18434554 | |
| virulent shigella flexneri subverts the host innate immune response through manipulation of antimicrobial peptide gene expression. | antimicrobial factors are efficient defense components of the innate immunity, playing a crucial role in the intestinal homeostasis and protection against pathogens. in this study, we report that upon infection of polarized human intestinal cells in vitro, virulent shigella flexneri suppress transcription of several genes encoding antimicrobial cationic peptides, particularly the human beta-defensin hbd-3, which we show to be especially active against s. flexneri. this is an example of targeted ... | 2008 | 18426984 |
| comparing the antimicrobial effectiveness of nacl and kcl with a view to salt/sodium replacement. | a study using a small range of pathogenic bacterial species (aeromonas hydrophila, enterobacter sakazakii, shigella flexneri, yersinia enterocolitica and 3 strains of staphylococcus aureus) has shown that potassium chloride has an equivalent antimicrobial effect on these organisms when calculated on a molar basis. combined nacl and kcl experiments were carried out and data was analysed using a modification to the lambert and lambert [lambert, r.j.w., and lambert, r., 2003. a model for the effica ... | 2008 | 18423764 |
| role of rna polymerase sigma-factor (rpos) in induction of glutamate-dependent acid-resistance of escherichia albertii under anaerobic conditions. | escherichia albertii is a potential enteric food-borne pathogen with poorly defined genetic and biochemical properties. acid resistance is perceived to be an important property of enteric pathogens, enabling them to survive passage through stomach acidity so that they may colonize the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. we analyzed glutamate-dependent acid-resistance pathway (gdar) in five e. albertii strains that have been identified so far. we observed that the strains were unable to induce gdar ... | 2008 | 18422618 |
| structure and genetics of shigella o antigens. | this review covers the o antigens of the 46 serotypes of shigella, but those of most shigella flexneri are variants of one basic structure, leaving 34 shigella distinct o antigens to review, together with their gene clusters. several of the structures and gene clusters are reported for the first time and this is the first such group for which structures and dna sequences have been determined for all o antigens. shigella strains are in effect escherichia coli with a specific mode of pathogenicity ... | 2008 | 18422615 |
| rupture, invasion and inflammatory destruction of the intestinal barrier by shigella: the yin and yang of innate immunity. | shigella is a gram-negative bacterial species of the family enterobacteriaceae that causes bacillary dysentery in humans. this acute colitis reflects the capacity of the microorganism to disrupt, invade and cause the inflammatory destruction of the intestinal epithelium. the pathogenesis of the shigella infection can be seen as a disruption of the homeostatic balance that protects the gut against inflammation in the presence of its commensal flora. this provides the unified view that enteroinvas ... | 2006 | 18418486 |
| development of a travelers' diarrhea vaccine for the military: how much is an ounce of prevention really worth? | infectious diarrhea is one of the many threats to the deployed military, and given limited resources, a decision to pursue a vaccine acquisition strategy should be based on best evidence that weighs costs and benefits compared to alternatives. an economic model was developed to estimate the marginal cost to avert a duty day lost due to diarrhea for a vaccine acquisition strategy compared to current clinical management, for both multiplex and pathogen-specific vaccines. vaccines against campyloba ... | 2008 | 18417259 |
| containment of tumor-colonizing bacteria by host neutrophils. | administration of facultative anaerobic bacteria like salmonella typhimurium, shigella flexneri, and escherichia coli to tumor-bearing mice leads to a preferential accumulation and proliferation of the microorganisms within the solid tumor. until now, all known tumor-targeting bacteria have shown poor dissemination inside the tumors. they accumulate almost exclusively in large necrotic areas and spare a rim of viable tumor cells. interestingly, the bacteria-containing necrotic region is separate ... | 2008 | 18413765 |
| analysis of bacterial dna in synovial tissue of tunisian patients with reactive and undifferentiated arthritis by broad-range pcr, cloning and sequencing. | bacteria and/or their antigens have been implicated in the pathogenesis of reactive arthritis (rea). several studies have reported the presence of bacterial antigens and nucleic acids of bacteria other than those specified by diagnostic criteria for rea in joint specimens from patients with rea and various arthritides. the present study was conducted to detect any bacterial dna and identify bacterial species that are present in the synovial tissue of tunisian patients with reactive arthritis and ... | 2008 | 18412942 |
| [the pathogens responsible for waterborne infections: the biological risk for agricultural laborer]. | the presence of microbiological agents in waters intended for human consumption, irrigation and recreational activity, is a significant risk for the human health. recent epidemiological data demonstrate an increase of the diseases caused by waterborne pathogens, especially of the gastroenteritis infections, in the industrialized countries. numerous studies have evidenced the contamination of deep and surface waters; bacteria within contaminated water represent a highly diversified group, that ar ... | 2007 | 18409935 |
| the emergence and fate of horizontally acquired genes in escherichia coli. | bacterial species, and even strains within species, can vary greatly in their gene contents and metabolic capabilities. we examine the evolution of this diversity by assessing the distribution and ancestry of each gene in 13 sequenced isolates of escherichia coli and shigella. we focus on the emergence and demise of two specific classes of genes, orfans (genes with no homologs in present databases) and hops (genes with distant homologs), since these genes, in contrast to most conserved ancestral ... | 2008 | 18404206 |
| characterisation of escherichia coli strains involved in transcytosis across gut epithelial cells exposed to metabolic and inflammatory stress. | translocation of normally non-pathogenic bacteria across the gut may drive inflammatory responses associated with sepsis and inflammatory bowel disease. recent evidence suggests translocation may not be purely passive, but occurs via novel transcellular pathways activated in enterocytes by inflammatory and metabolic stress. the specificity of this pathway with respect to different e. coli strains and other bacterial species, and possible molecular determinants of the "translocating" phenotype ha ... | 2008 | 18403240 |
| preliminary foodnet data on the incidence of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food--10 states, 2007. | the foodborne diseases active surveillance network (foodnet) of cdc's emerging infections program collects data from 10 u.s. states regarding diseases caused by pathogens commonly transmitted through food. foodnet quantifies and monitors the incidence of these infections by conducting active, population-based surveillance for laboratory-confirmed infections. this report describes preliminary surveillance data for 2007 and compares them with data for previous years. in 2007, the estimated inciden ... | 2008 | 18401330 |
| [multiplex real-time pcr detecting salmonella, shigella and diarrheagenic escherichia coli]. | to develop a multiplex real-time pcr for the detection of salmonella invasion protein a gene (inva), enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) heat-labile i enterotoxin gene (elt), and shigella or enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec) invasive plasmid antigen h gene (ipah). | 2007 | 18399125 |
| human-derived probiotic lactobacillus reuteri demonstrate antimicrobial activities targeting diverse enteric bacterial pathogens. | lactobacillus reuteri is a commensal-derived anaerobic probiotic that resides in the human gastrointestinal tract. l. reuteri converts glycerol into a potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound, reuterin, which inhibits the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. in this study, we compared four human-derived l. reuteri isolates (atcc 55730, atcc pta 6475, atcc pta 4659 and atcc pta 5289) in their ability to produce reuterin and to inhibit the growth of different enteric pathogens i ... | 2008 | 18396068 |
| a cost function analysis of shigellosis in thailand. | the purpose of this study was to develop a cost function model to estimate the public treatment cost of shigellosis patients in thailand. | 2008 | 18387071 |
| antimicrobial activity of 2,5-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone from embelia schimperi. | chromatographic separation of an ethyl acetate extract from embelia schimperi led to the isolation of a new compound identified as 2,5-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (1) on the basis of spectroscopic and physical data. the plant's crude extract and pure compound 1 were assayed for in vitro antimicrobial activity against clinical strains of salmonella spp., proteus spp., pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, escherichia coli, cryptococcus neoformans, shigella dysentriae and staphylo ... | 2008 | 18386487 |
| a pharmacokinetic study of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin after oral and intramuscular dosing of enrofloxacin in rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta). | enrofloxacin is used for treating shigellosis in non-human primates; however, there are no reports describing its pharmacokinetics in rhesus monkeys. pharmacokinetic data in intended target species (rhesus) help to determine the proper dose regimen. blood levels of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin (enrofloxacin's active metabolite), were determined after either intramuscular or oral dosing of enrofloxacin for 7 days in a cross-over study. levels of both antibiotics were determined by solid phase e ... | 2008 | 18384536 |
| antimicrobial resistance among salmonella and shigella isolates in five canadian provinces (1997 to 2000). | to describe rates of antimicrobial resistance (amr) among salmonella and shigella isolates reported in five canadian provinces, focusing on clinically important antimicrobials. | 2006 | 18382635 |
| ospf directly attenuates the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase during invasion by shigella flexneri in human dendritic cells. | shigella spp., gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, deliver various effector molecules into the host cell cytoplasm through their type iii secretion system to facilitate their invasive process and control the host innate immune responses. although the function of these effectors is well characterized in epithelial cells during shigella infection, it has not been elucidated in the dendritic cell (dc), a major antigen presenting cell playing an important role in the initiation of immune responses. i ... | 2008 | 18378312 |
| coiled-coil regions play a role in the function of the shigella flexneri o-antigen chain length regulator wzzphs2. | regulation of the length of the o-antigen (oag) chain attached to lps in shigella flexneri is important for virulence and is dependent on the inner-membrane protein wzz. a lack of high-resolution structural data for wzz has hampered efforts so far to correlate mutations affecting function of wzz with structure and describe a mechanism for chain length regulation. here we have used secondary structure prediction to show that the periplasmic domain of the wzz(phs2) protein has three regions of sig ... | 2008 | 18375803 |
| analysis of rho-gtpase mimicry by a family of bacterial type iii effector proteins. | microbial pathogens may hijack the actin cytoskeleton machinery to facilitate actin-based motility, cellular invasion, and intracellular trafficking through the endocytic pathway. of particular interest has been a large class of virulence factors collectively termed the type iii "effector" proteins. following contact with a eukaryotic cell, gram-negative bacterial pathogens employ a dedicated protein secretion apparatus termed type iii to translocate effector proteins into the cellular cytoplasm ... | 2008 | 18374161 |
| contamination of a blood culture with shigella sonnei. | 2008 | 18371521 | |
| [antigenic polysaccharides of bacteria: 40. the structures of o-specific polysaccharides from shigella dysenteriae types 3 and 9 and s. boydii type 4 revised by nmr spectroscopy]. | the reported structures of o-specific polysaccharides from three standard strains of shigella bacteria were corrected by modern nmr techniques. the revisions concerned the configuration of the o-glycoside linkage (s. dysenteriae type 3, structure 1), the positions of monosaccharide residue glycosylation and acetylation by pyruvic acid (s. dysenteriae type 9, structure 2), and the attachment position of the side monosaccharide chain (s. boydii type 4, structure 3) [struxture in text]. | 2008 | 18365747 |
| ctx-m-3 type beta-lactamase producing shigella sonnei isolates from pediatric bacillary dysentery cases. | in this study, 153 clinical isolates of shigella were screened for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) production by double-disk synergy test. after being confirmed by the combined disk-test and inhibitor-combined e-test strips, all positive isolates were tested for the bla gene by pcr and the enzymes by isoelectric focusing. dna sequencing of pcr products revealed that five shigella sonnei isolates had ctx-m-3 type esbl enzymes. all of them were resistant to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole and ... | 2008 | 18362404 |
| differential regulation by magnesium of the two msbb paralogs of shigella flexneri. | shigella flexneri, a gram-negative enteric pathogen, is unusual in that it contains two nonredundant paralogous genes that encode the myristoyl transferase msbb (lpxm) that catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of the lipid a moiety of lipopolysaccharide. msbb1 is encoded on the chromosome, and msbb2 is encoded on the large virulence plasmid present in all pathogenic shigellae. we demonstrate that myristoyl transferase activity due to msbb2 is detected in limited magnesium medium, but not in ... | 2008 | 18359815 |
| differential expression of ompc and ompf in multidrug-resistant shigella dysenteriae and shigella flexneri by aqueous extract of aegle marmelos, altering its susceptibility toward beta-lactam antibiotics. | steadily increasing resistance among shigella to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and tetracycline has compromised the utility of these commonly used antimicrobial agents. also, undesirable side effects of certain antibiotics have triggered immense interest in search of alternative therapies using medicinal plants. one such medicinal plant used since ancient times to cure diarrhea is aegle marmelos. the present study exemplifies the susceptibility of beta-lactam-resistant shigella dysenteriae and ... | 2008 | 18358664 |
| high rate of resistance to locally used antibiotics among enteric bacteria from children in northern ghana. | information on antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens is scarce in resource-poor settings. we determined the susceptibility of bacterial enteric pathogens and faecal escherichia coli isolates obtained from children in urban tamale, northern ghana, to antibiotics widely used in the that area [ampicillin or amoxicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (sxt) and chloramphenicol] and to alternative drugs. | 2008 | 18356156 |
| maturation of paneth cells induces the refractory state of newborn mice to shigella infection. | the intestinal tract of adult mice is naturally resistant to infection by shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery in humans. conversely, newborn mice are highly susceptible to intragastric shigella infection and develop inflammatory lesions of the jejunal mucosa, very similar to those observed in the colon of dysenteric patients. however, the susceptibility period is short and one week after birth, animals have acquired a status of resistance characteristic of adult animals. to iden ... | 2008 | 18354217 |
| cold shock exoribonuclease r (vacb) is involved in aeromonas hydrophila pathogenesis. | in this study, we cloned and sequenced a virulence-associated gene (vacb) from a clinical isolate ssu of aeromonas hydrophila. we identified this gene based on our recently annotated genome sequence of the environmental isolate atcc 7966(t) of a. hydrophila and the vacb gene of shigella flexneri. the a. hydrophila vacb protein contained 798 amino acid residues, had a molecular mass of 90.5 kda, and exhibited an exoribonuclease (rnase r) activity. the rnase r of a. hydrophila was a cold-shock pro ... | 2008 | 18344363 |
| prevalence of acute diarrhoea in kathmandu valley. | this retrospective study was conducted during january to september in the year 1997. three hundred and forty nine stool samples were collected from diarrhoea patients from different places of kathmandu valley and examined at national public health laboratory (nphl), teku, kathmandu. acute diarrhoea becomes epidemic in rainy season and is a major public health problem of the city. in this study, people with poor hygiene practice and poor education were infected more than other people. among the 3 ... | 2007 | 18340369 |
| prevalence of gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens in a population of zoo animals. | faecal prevalence of gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens, including campylobacter, escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, shigella, yersinia, as well as arcobacter, were examined in 317 faecal specimens from 44 animal species in belfast zoological gardens, during july-september 2006. thermophilic campylobacters including campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli and campylobacter lari, were the most frequently isolated pathogens, where members of this genus were isolated from 11 animal species (1 ... | 2008 | 18331520 |
| subversion of actin dynamics by espm effectors of attaching and effacing bacterial pathogens. | rho gtpases are common targets of bacterial toxins and type iii secretion system effectors. ipgb1 and ipgb2 of shigella and map of enteropathogenic (epec) and enterohemorrhagic (ehec) escherichia coli were recently grouped together on the basis that they share a conserved wxxxe motif. in this study, we characterized six wxxxe effectors from attaching and effacing pathogens: trca and espm1 of epec strain b171, espm1 and espm2 of ehec strain sakai and espm2 and espm3 of citrobacter rodentium. we s ... | 2008 | 18331467 |
| insecticidal properties and microbial contaminants in a spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (baculoviridae) formulation stored at different temperatures. | the spodoptera exigua (hübner) multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (semnpv) is currently being tested as a biological insecticide for use in greenhouse crops in southern spain. we performed a study in which semipurified semnpv occlusion bodies (obs) were formulated in phosphate-buffered saline, ph 6.5, with 5% (vol:vol) glycerol and 0.15% (wt:vol) sorbic acid, and they were stored at -20, 4, or 25 degrees c during 18 mo. initial aerobic counts (+/-se) averaged 1.4 (+/-0.17) x 10(7) colony-forming unit ... | 2008 | 18330114 |
| salmonellosis in lagos, nigeria: incidence of plasmodium falciparum-associated co-infection, patterns of antimicrobial resistance, and emergence of reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. | the present study was undertaken to examine the status of antimicrobial resistance in salmonella-associated diseases, by verifying possible emergence of reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones in salmonella isolates and determining the incidence of plasmodium falciparum-associated co-infection with salmonella serotypes. antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of salmonellae was examined for a 12-month period. four hundred and forty-one patients comprising two groups were recruited. grou ... | 2007 | 18330069 |
| pyrosequencing analysis of the gyrb gene to differentiate bacteria responsible for diarrheal diseases. | pathogens causing acute diarrhea include a large variety of species from enterobacteriaceae and vibrionaceae. a method based on pyrosequencing was used here to differentiate bacteria commonly associated with diarrhea in china; the method is targeted to a partial amplicon of the gyrb gene, which encodes the b subunit of dna gyrase. twenty-eight specific polymorphic positions were identified from sequence alignment of a large sequence dataset and targeted using 17 sequencing primers. of 95 isolate ... | 2008 | 18324428 |
| impact of infections and normal flora in nonhuman primates on drug development. | preclinical safety studies that are required for the marketing approval of a pharmaceutical include single and repeat dose studies in rodent and nonrodent species. the use of nonhuman primates (nhps), primarily macaques, as the nonrodent species has increased in recent years, in part due to the increase in development of biopharmaceuticals and immunomodulatory agents. depending on the source of the macaques, they may vary in genetic background, normal flora, and/or the incidence of preexisting p ... | 2008 | 18323580 |
| delivery of biologically active anti-inflammatory cytokines il-10 and il-1ra in vivo by the shigella type iii secretion apparatus. | pathogenicity of many gram-negative bacteria relies on a type iii secretion (t3s) apparatus, which is used for delivery of bacterial effectors into the host cell cytoplasm allowing the bacteria to manipulate host cell cytoskeleton network as well as to interfere with intracellular signaling pathways. in this study, we investigated the potential of the shigella flexneri t3sa as an in vivo delivery system for biologically active molecules such as cytokines. the anti-inflammatory cytokines il-10 an ... | 2008 | 18322242 |
| [new perspectives of the phage therapy]. | a solution to the problem of the increasing number of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains can be the use of rational phage therapy. in the past, bacteriophages (phages) were often used for the treatment and prevention of infections and unlike antibiotic therapy, phage therapy caused almost no serious side effects. while previously several preparations containing whole phage particles were available for phage therapy, currently, the isolation of well characterised and purified phage components ... | 2007 | 18320502 |
| ipgb1 and ipgb2, two homologous effectors secreted via the mxi-spa type iii secretion apparatus, cooperate to mediate polarized cell invasion and inflammatory potential of shigella flexenri. | type iii secretion systems (t3ss) are present in many pathogenic gram-negative bacteria and mediate the translocation of bacterial effector proteins into host cells. here, we report the phenotypic characterization of s. flexneri ipgb1 and ipgb2 mutants, in which the genes encoding the ipgb1 and ipgb2 effectors have been inactivated, either independently or simultaneously. like ipgb1, we found that ipgb2 is secreted by the t3ss and its secretion requires the spa15 chaperone. upon infection of sem ... | 2008 | 18316224 |
| nlrx1: friend or foe? | 2008 | 18311173 | |
| the o-polysaccharide of escherichia coli o112ac has the same structure as that of shigella dysenteriae type 2 but is devoid of o-acetylation: a revision of the s. dysenteriae type 2 o-polysaccharide structure. | the o-antigen structure of shigella dysenteriae type 2 was reinvestigated using chemical modifications along with high-resolution 2d (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy. the o-antigen was found to contain a pyruvic acid acetal, which was overlooked in an early study, and the following revised structure of the pentasaccharide repeating unit was established: where approximately 70% glcnac residues bear an o-acetyl group at position 3. the o-antigen of escherichia coli o112ac was found to have the same ... | 2008 | 18308298 |
| structures of the shigella flexneri type 3 secretion system protein mxic reveal conformational variability amongst homologues. | many gram-negative pathogenic bacteria use a complex macromolecular machine, known as the type 3 secretion system (t3ss), to transfer virulence proteins into host cells. the t3ss is composed of a cytoplasmic bulb, a basal body spanning the inner and outer bacterial membranes, and an extracellular needle. secretion is regulated by both cytoplasmic and inner membrane proteins that must respond to specific signals in order to ensure that virulence proteins are not secreted before contact with a euk ... | 2008 | 18304577 |
| a five-year antimicrobial resistance pattern of shigella isolated from stools in the gondar university hospital, northwest ethiopia. | shigellosis is a global health problem. however, developing countries, where there is poor hygiene and unsafe water supplies, are especially affected. in the last two decades shigella isolates have become increasingly resistant to many commonly used drugs. we investigated the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of shigella isolated from stool specimens processed over five years in the bacteriology laboratory of the university of gondar teaching hospital in northwest ethiopia. stool specimens were ... | 2008 | 18302868 |
| socioeconomic risk factors for bacterial gastrointestinal infections. | bacterial gastrointestinal infections cause considerable morbidity in industrialized countries, but little is known about socioeconomic factors affecting the risk of infection. | 2008 | 18300694 |
| geographic analysis of shigellosis in vietnam. | geographic and ecological analysis may provide investigators useful ecological information for the control of shigellosis. this paper provides distribution of individual shigella species in space, and ecological covariates for shigellosis in nha trang, vietnam. data on shigellosis in neighborhoods were used to identify ecological covariates. a bayesian hierarchical model was used to obtain joint posterior distribution of model parameters and to construct smoothed risk maps for shigellosis. neigh ... | 2008 | 18296100 |