Publications

three transcription regulators of the nss family mediate the adaptive response induced by nitrate, nitric oxide or nitrous oxide in wolinella succinogenes.	sensing potential nitrogen-containing respiratory substrates such as nitrate, nitrite, hydroxylamine, nitric oxide (no) or nitrous oxide (n2 o) in the environment and subsequent upregulation of corresponding catabolic enzymes is essential for many microbial cells. the molecular mechanisms of such adaptive responses are, however, highly diverse in different species. here, induction of periplasmic nitrate reductase (nap), cytochrome c nitrite reductase (nrf) and cytochrome c n2 o reductase (cnos) ...	2016	26395430
differentiation of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli using multiplex-pcr and high resolution melt curve analysis.	campylobacter spp. are important causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans in developed countries. among campylobacter spp. campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni) and c. coli are the most common causes of human infection. in this study, a multiplex pcr (mpcr) and high resolution melt (hrm) curve analysis were optimized for simultaneous detection and differentiation of c. jejuni and c. coli isolates. a segment of the hippuricase gene (hipo) of c. jejuni and putative aspartokinase (asp) gene of c. c ...	2015	26394042
identification and biochemical characterization of the novel α2,3-sialyltransferase wbwa from pathogenic escherichia coli serotype o104.	the sialyl-t antigen sialylα2-3galβ1-3galnac is a common o-glycan structure in human glycoproteins and is synthesized by sialyltransferase st3gal1. the enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli serotype o104 has the rare ability to synthesize a sialyl-t antigen mimic. we showed here that the wbwa gene of the e. coli o104 antigen synthesis gene cluster encodes an α2,3-sialyltransferase wbwa that transfers sialic acid from cmp-sialic acid to galβ1-3galnacα-diphosphate-lipid acceptor. nuclear magnetic res ...	2015	26391208
proteomics of the organohalide-respiring epsilonproteobacterium sulfurospirillum multivorans adapted to tetrachloroethene and other energy substrates.	organohalide respiration is an environmentally important but poorly characterized type of anaerobic respiration. we compared the global proteome of the versatile organohalide-respiring epsilonproteobacterium sulfurospirillum multivorans grown with different electron acceptors (fumarate, nitrate, or tetrachloroethene [pce]). the most significant differences in protein abundance were found for gene products of the organohalide respiration region. this genomic region encodes the corrinoid and fes c ...	2015	26387727
the abundant free-living amoeba, acanthamoeba polyphaga, increases the survival of campylobacter jejuni in milk and orange juice.	campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of human bacterial diarrhea in most parts of the world. most c. jejuni infections are acquired from contaminated poultry, milk, and water. due to health care costs and human suffering, it is important to identify all possible sources of infection. unpasteurized milk has been associated with several outbreaks of c. jejuni infection. campylobacter has been identified on fresh fruit, and other gastrointestinal pathogens such as salmonella, e. coli o157:h7 and ...	2015	26387556
helicobacter pullorum isolated from fresh chicken meat: antibiotic resistance and genomic traits of an emerging foodborne pathogen.	meat and meat products are important sources of human intestinal infections. we report the isolation of helicobacter pullorum strains from chicken meat. bacteria were isolated from 4 of the 17 analyzed fresh chicken meat samples, using a membrane filter method. mic determination revealed that the four strains showed acquired resistance to ciprofloxacin; one was also resistant to erythromycin, and another one was resistant to tetracycline. whole-genome sequencing of the four strains and comparati ...	2015	26386065
motility defects in campylobacter jejuni defined gene deletion mutants caused by second-site mutations.	genetic variation due to mutation and phase variation has a considerable impact on the commensal and pathogenic behaviours of campylobacter jejuni. in this study, we provide an example of how second-site mutations can interfere with gene function analysis in c. jejuni. deletion of the flagellin b gene (flab) in c. jejuni m1 resulted in mutant clones with inconsistent motility phenotypes. from the flab mutant clones picked for further analysis, two were motile, one showed intermediate motility an ...	2015	26385289
proteomics of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans outer membrane vesicles.	aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is an oral and systemic pathogen associated with aggressive forms of periodontitis and with endocarditis. outer membrane vesicles (omvs) released by this species have been demonstrated to deliver effector proteins such as cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) and leukotoxin (ltxa) into human host cells and to act as triggers of innate immunity upon carriage of nod1- and nod2-active pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps). to improve our understanding of t ...	2015	26381655
visual detection of human antibodies using sugar chain-immobilized fluorescent nanoparticles: application as a point of care diagnostic tool for guillain-barré syndrome.	sugar chain binding antibodies have gained substantial attention as biomarkers due to their crucial roles in various disorders. in this study, we developed simple and quick detection method of anti-sugar chain antibodies in sera using our previously developed sugar chain-immobilized fluorescent nanoparticles (sfnps) for the point-of-care diagnostics. sugar chain structure on sfnps was modified with the sugar moieties of the gm1 ganglioside via our original linker molecule to detect anti-gm1 anti ...	2015	26378448
antibacterial activities of ankaferd hemostat (abs) on shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli and other pathogens significant in foodborne diseases.	ankaferd hemostat (ankaferd blood stopper®, abs)-induced pharmacological modulation of essential erythroid proteins can cause vital erythroid aggregation via acting on fibrinogen gamma. topical endoscopic abs application is effective in the controlling of gastrointestinal (gi) system hemorrhages and/or infected gi wounds. escherichia coli o157:h7, the predominant serotype of enterohemorrhagic e. coli, is a cause of both outbreaks and sporadic cases of hemorrhagic colitis. the aim of this study i ...	2017	26377624
enhanced biofilm formation and multi-host transmission evolve from divergent genetic backgrounds in campylobacter jejuni.	multicellular biofilms are an ancient bacterial adaptation that offers a protective environment for survival in hostile habitats. in microaerophilic organisms such as campylobacter, biofilms play a key role in transmission to humans as the bacteria are exposed to atmospheric oxygen concentrations when leaving the reservoir host gut. genetic determinants of biofilm formation differ between species, but little is known about how strains of the same species achieve the biofilm phenotype with differ ...	2015	26373338
antimicrobial susceptibilities of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli recovered from organic turkey farms in germany.	the popularity of food produced from animals kept under an organic regimen has increased in recent years. in germany, turkey meat consumption has increased. despite several studies assessing the susceptibility of campylobacters to various antibiotics in poultry, no sufficient data exists regarding the antimicrobial resistance of campylobacters in organic-reared turkeys. this study provides information about antibiotic resistance in campylobacter isolated from turkeys reared on organic farms in g ...	2015	26371330
campylobacter jejuni increases flagellar expression and adhesion of noninvasive escherichia coli: effects on enterocytic toll-like receptor 4 and cxcl-8 expression.	campylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of bacterium-induced gastroenteritis, and while typically self-limiting, c. jejuni infections are associated with postinfectious intestinal disorders, including flares in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (pi-ibs), via mechanisms that remain obscure. based on the hypothesis that acute campylobacteriosis may cause pathogenic microbiota dysbiosis, we investigated whether c. jejuni may activate dormant ...	2015	26371123
ecology of anti-biofilm agents ii: bacteriophage exploitation and biocontrol of biofilm bacteria.	bacteriophages are the viruses of bacteria. in the guise of phage therapy they have been used for decades to successfully treat what are probable biofilm-containing chronic bacterial infections. more recently, phage treatment or biocontrol of biofilm bacteria has been brought back to the laboratory for more rigorous assessment as well as towards the use of phages to combat environmental biofilms, ones other than those directly associated with bacterial infections. considered in a companion artic ...	2015	26371011
mouse siglec-1 mediates trans-infection of surface-bound murine leukemia virus in a sialic acid n-acyl side chain-dependent manner.	siglec-1 (sialoadhesin, cd169) is a surface receptor on human cells that mediates trans-enhancement of hiv-1 infection through recognition of sialic acid moieties in virus membrane gangliosides. here, we demonstrate that mouse siglec-1, expressed on the surface of primary macrophages in an interferon-α-responsive manner, captures murine leukemia virus (mlv) particles and mediates their transfer to proliferating lymphocytes. the mlv infection of primary b-cells was markedly more efficient than th ...	2015	26370074
composition of human faecal microbiota in resistance to campylobacter infection.	in mice, specific species composition of gut microbiota enhances susceptibility to campylobacter jejuni but little is known about the specific composition of the human gut microbiota in providing protection from infections caused by enteropathogens. healthy adult individuals, who travelled in groups from sweden to destinations with an estimated high risk for acquisition of campylobacter infection, were enrolled. faecal samples, collected before travelling and after returning home, were cultured ...	2016	26369602
the abcedcba-encoded abc transporter and the virb operon-encoded type iv secretion system of brucella ovis are critical for intracellular trafficking and survival in ovine monocyte-derived macrophages.	brucella ovis infection is associated with epididymitis, orchitis and infertility in rams. most of the information available on b. ovis and host cell interaction has been generated using murine macrophages or epithelial cell lines, but the interaction between b. ovis and primary ovine macrophages has not been studied. the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the b. ovis abcedcba-encoded abc transporter and the virb operon-encoded type iv secretion system (t4ss) during intracellular surv ...	2015	26366863
a case of systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as guillain-barré syndrome.	systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) is an autoimmune systemic disease with multiple organ involvement with high morbidity and mortality rate. among the severe potential fatal complications are those of the central and peripheral nervous system which usually develop during the course of the disease and very rarely from the outset of the disease. we are reporting a rare case of miller-fisher (mfs) variant of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) as the first manifestation of sle in a 41-year-old female who ...	2015	26366317
development of real-time pcr assays for the detection of moraxella macacae associated with bloody nose syndrome in rhesus (macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus (macaca fascicularis) macaques.	moraxella macacae is a recently described bacterial pathogen that causes epistaxis or so-called bloody nose syndrome in captive macaques. the aim of this study was to develop specific molecular diagnostic assays for m. macacae and to determine their performance characteristics.	2015	26365904
helicobacter pylori strains vary cell shape and flagellum number to maintain robust motility in viscous environments.	the helical shape of the human stomach pathogen helicobacter pylori has been suggested to provide mechanical advantage for penetrating the viscous stomach mucus layer. using single-cell tracking and quantitative morphology analysis, we document marked variation in cell body helical parameters and flagellum number among h. pylori strains leading to distinct and broad speed distributions in broth and viscous gastric mucin media. these distributions reflect both temporal variation in swimming speed ...	2016	26365708
helicobacter pylori strains vary cell shape and flagellum number to maintain robust motility in viscous environments.	the helical shape of the human stomach pathogen helicobacter pylori has been suggested to provide mechanical advantage for penetrating the viscous stomach mucus layer. using single-cell tracking and quantitative morphology analysis, we document marked variation in cell body helical parameters and flagellum number among h. pylori strains leading to distinct and broad speed distributions in broth and viscous gastric mucin media. these distributions reflect both temporal variation in swimming speed ...	2016	26365708
a novel dna-binding protein from campylobacter jejuni bacteriophage nctc12673.	we previously suggested that the double-stranded genomic dna of campylobacter jejuni bacteriophage nctc12673 was complexed with proteins. mass spectrometry of peptides obtained from tryptic digests of purified phage dna indicated that phage protein gp001 co-purified with the dna. gp001 is an acidic protein that lacks any obvious homology or conserved domains found in known dna-binding proteins. the dna-binding ability of recombinant gp001 was examined using an electrophoretic mobility shift assa ...	2015	26363017
chemoenzymatic assembly of bacterial glycoconjugates for site-specific orthogonal labeling.	the cell surfaces of bacteria are replete with diverse glycoconjugates that play pivotal roles in determining how bacteria interact with the environment and the hosts that they colonize. studies to advance our understanding of these interactions rely on the availability of chemically defined glycoconjugates that can be selectively modified under orthogonal reaction conditions to serve as discrete ligands to probe biological interactions, in displayed arrays and as imaging agents. herein, enzymes ...	2015	26352466
paraneoplastic guillain-barré syndrome in small cell lung cancer.	guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) is defined as an acute, autoimmune polyradiculoneuropathy. it is a rare disease that occurs at a rate of 1.11 cases per 100,000 person-years. however, once infected, up to 20%percnt; of patients develop severe disability, and approximately 5%percnt; die. there have been reports of gbs in different cancers. among them, there are 6 previous reports of gbs in small cell lung cancer. here, we report a case of a 52-year-old man who was diagnosed with gbs in the setting o ...	2015	26351437
variant guillain-barré syndrome in a patient with non-hodgkin's lymphoma.	we report a 72-year-old female patient with diffuse large b cell non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl) with previous treatment with standard chemotherapy presenting as an acute, ascending, sensorimotor polyneuropathy. nerve conduction studies and lumbar puncture supported a rare, but ominous, axonal variant of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) known as acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (amsan), which is distinguished from the more common, acute demyelinating forms of gbs. previous reports have largel ...	2015	26347834
the allosteric behavior of fur mediates oxidative stress signal transduction in helicobacter pylori.	the microaerophilic gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori is exposed to oxidative stress originating from the aerobic environment, the oxidative burst of phagocytes and the formation of reactive oxygen species, catalyzed by iron excess. accordingly, the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress defense have been repeatedly linked to the ferric uptake regulator fur. moreover, mutations in the fur protein affect the resistance to metronidazole, likely due to loss-of-function in the regulatio ...	2015	26347726
defects in polynucleotide phosphorylase impairs virulence in escherichia coli o157:h7.	polynucleotide phosphorylase (pnpase) is reported to regulate virulence in salmonella, yersinia sp. and campylobacter jejuni, yet its role in escherichia coli o157:h7 has not been investigated. to gain insights into its roles in e. coli o157:h7 virulence, pnp deletion mutants were generated and the major virulence factors were compared to their parental wild type strains. deletion of pnp in e. coli o157:h7 dramatically decreased stx2 mrna expression and stx2 protein production, and impaired lamb ...	2015	26347717
implications of lymphocyte anergy to glycolipids in multiple sclerosis (ms): inkt cells may mediate the ms infectious trigger.	immunogenic lipids may play key roles in host defenses against infection and in generating autoimmune inflammation and organ-specific damage. in multiple sclerosis (ms) there are unequivocal autoimmune features and vulnerability to aggravation or induction by microbial or viral infection. we have found glycolipid-driven anergy of circulating lymphocytes in ms indicating that this immune response is affected in ms and the robust effects of inkt activation with potent cellular and cytokine activit ...	2013	26347308
geranylgeranylacetone selectively binds to the hsp70 of helicobacter pylori and alters its coccoid morphology.	geranylgeranylacetone (gga) is used to treat patients suffering from peptic ulcers and gastritis. we examined the effect of gga on helicobacter pylori, which is a causative factor of gastrointestinal diseases. previously, we have reported that gga binds specifically to the molecular chaperone hsp70. in this paper, we report that gga bounds to h. pylori hsp70 (product of the dnak gene) with 26-times higher affinity than to human hsp70, and induced large conformational changes as observed from sur ...	2015	26345206
seasonality of campylobacter jejuni isolates associated with human campylobacteriosis in the manawatu region, new zealand.	a 9-year time-series of genotyped human campylobacteriosis cases from the manawatu region of new zealand was used to investigate strain-type seasonality. the data were collected from 2005 to 2013 and the samples were multi-locus sequence-typed (mlst). the four most prevalent clonal complexes (ccs), consisting of 1215 isolates, were cc48, cc21, cc45 and cc61. seasonal decomposition and poisson regression with autocorrelated errors, were used to display and test for seasonality of the most prevale ...	2016	26344515
microbiological food safety surveillance in china.	microbiological food safety surveillance is a system that collects data regarding food contamination by foodborne pathogens, parasites, viruses, and other harmful microbiological factors. it helps to understand the spectrum of food safety, timely detect food safety hazards, and provide relevant data for food safety supervision, risk assessment, and standards-setting. the study discusses the microbiological surveillance of food safety in china, and introduces the policies and history of the natio ...	2015	26343705
a probe-free four-tube real-time pcr assay for simultaneous detection of twelve enteric viruses and bacteria.	we aim to develop a multiplex real-time pcr assay to detect the most common pathogens causing community outbreaks of diarrhea.	2015	26342434
evolution of the selenoproteome in helicobacter pylori and epsilonproteobacteria.	by competing for the acquisition of essential nutrients, helicobacter pylori has the unique ability to persist in the human stomach, also causing nutritional insufficiencies in the host. although the h. pylori genome apparently encodes selenocysteine synthase (sela, hp1513), a key pyridoxal phosphate (plp)-dependent enzyme for the incorporation of selenium into bacterial proteins, nothing is known about the use of this essential element in protein synthesis by this pathogen. we analyzed the evol ...	2015	26342139
applying complement therapeutics to rare diseases.	around 350 million people worldwide suffer from rare diseases. these may have a genetic, infectious, or autoimmune basis, and several include an inflammatory component. launching of effective treatments can be very challenging when there is a low disease prevalence and limited scientific insights into the disease mechanisms. as a key trigger of inflammatory processes, complement has been associated with a variety of diseases and has become an attractive therapeutic target for conditions involvin ...	2015	26341313
campylobacter coli infection causing second trimester intrauterine growth restriction (iugr): a case report and review of the literature.	campylobacter is a gram-negative, microaerophilic, curved rod and a normal resident of the gastrointestinal flora and may be the cause of disease in animals. transmission to humans occurs by ingestion of contaminated food or by direct contact with infected animals. in the past few decades, an increasing number of reports have implicated the presence of this organism in human abortions as well. an infectious mechanism due to primary placental inflammatory damage followed by secondary damage to th ...	2015	26340229
differential distribution of type ii crispr-cas systems in agricultural and nonagricultural campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni isolates correlates with lack of shared environments.	crispr (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats)-cas (crispr-associated) systems are sequence-specific adaptive defenses against phages and plasmids which are widespread in prokaryotes. here we have studied whether phylogenetic relatedness or sharing of environmental niches affects the distribution and dissemination of type ii crispr-cas systems, first in 132 bacterial genomes from 15 phylogenetic classes, ranging from proteobacteria to actinobacteria. there was clustering of distinc ...	2015	26338188
high-throughput bacterial functional genomics in the sequencing era.	high-throughput functional genomic technologies are accelerating progress in understanding the diversity of bacterial life and in developing a systems-level understanding of model bacterial organisms. here we highlight progress in deep-sequencing-based functional genomics, show how whole genome sequencing is enabling phenotyping in organisms recalcitrant to genetic approaches, recount the rapid proliferation of functional genomic approaches to non-growth phenotypes, and discuss how advances are ...	2015	26336012
extraintestinal pathogenic escherichia coli, a common human pathogen: challenges for vaccine development and progress in the field.	extraintestinal pathogenic escherichia coli (expec) is the most common gram-negative bacterial pathogen in humans. expec causes the vast majority of urinary tract infections (utis), is a leading cause of adult bacteremia, and is the second most common cause of neonatal meningitis. increasing multidrug resistance among expec strains constitutes a major obstacle to treatment and is implicated in increasing numbers of hospitalizations and deaths and increasing healthcare costs associated with expec ...	2015	26333944
extraintestinal pathogenic escherichia coli, a common human pathogen: challenges for vaccine development and progress in the field.	extraintestinal pathogenic escherichia coli (expec) is the most common gram-negative bacterial pathogen in humans. expec causes the vast majority of urinary tract infections (utis), is a leading cause of adult bacteremia, and is the second most common cause of neonatal meningitis. increasing multidrug resistance among expec strains constitutes a major obstacle to treatment and is implicated in increasing numbers of hospitalizations and deaths and increasing healthcare costs associated with expec ...	2015	26333944
miller-fisher syndrome: is the ataxia central or peripheral?	a 50-year-old man presented with a brief history of slurred speech, unsteadiness, double vision and paraesthesia. he had been unwell for 12 days with campylobacter gastroenteritis. on examination, there was ophthalmoplegia, nystagmus, areflexia and lower limb and gait ataxia. serological testing was positive for gq1b antibody in keeping with the diagnosis of miller fisher syndrome (mfs). he was treated with two courses of intravenous immunoglobulins and made a good recovery, only displaying mild ...	2015	26331046
recombinant antibody production evolves into multiple options aimed at yielding reagents suitable for application-specific needs.	antibodies have been a pillar of basic research, while their relevance in clinical diagnostics and therapy is constantly growing. consequently, the production of both conventional and fragment antibodies constantly faces more demanding challenges for the improvement of their quantity and quality. the answer to such an increasing need has been the development of a wide array of formats and alternative production platforms. this review offers a critical comparison and evaluation of the different o ...	2015	26330219
nanoparticles as potential new generation broad spectrum antimicrobial agents.	the rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistant strains to conventional antimicrobial agents has complicated and prolonged infection treatment and increased mortality risk globally. furthermore, some of the conventional antimicrobial agents are unable to cross certain cell membranes thus, restricting treatment of intracellular pathogens. therefore, the disease-causing-organisms tend to persist in these cells. however, the emergence of nanoparticle (np) technology has come with the promising broad ...	2015	26329777
multifaceted roles of extracellular dna in bacterial physiology.	in textbooks, dna is generally defined as the universal storage material for genetic information in all branches of life. beyond this important intracellular role, dna can also be present outside of living cells and is an abundant biopolymer in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. the origin of extracellular dna in such ecological niches is diverse: it can be actively secreted or released by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by means of autolysis, apoptosis, necrosis, bacterial secretion systems o ...	2015	26328805
multifaceted roles of extracellular dna in bacterial physiology.	in textbooks, dna is generally defined as the universal storage material for genetic information in all branches of life. beyond this important intracellular role, dna can also be present outside of living cells and is an abundant biopolymer in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. the origin of extracellular dna in such ecological niches is diverse: it can be actively secreted or released by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by means of autolysis, apoptosis, necrosis, bacterial secretion systems o ...	2015	26328805
polymorphism of crispr shows separated natural groupings of shigella subtypes and evidence of horizontal transfer of crispr.	clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (crispr) act as an adaptive rna-mediated immune mechanism in bacteria. they can also be used for identification and evolutionary studies based on polymorphisms within the crispr locus. we amplified and analyzed 6 crispr loci from 237 shigella strains belonging to the 4 species groups, as well as 13 escherichia coli strains. the crispr-associated (cas) gene sequence arrays of these strains were screened and compared. the crispr sequences ...	2015	26327282
role of the tet38 efflux pump in staphylococcus aureus internalization and survival in epithelial cells.	we previously identified the protein tet38 as a chromosomally encoded efflux pump of staphylococcus aureus that confers resistance to tetracycline and certain unsaturated fatty acids. tet38 also contributes to mouse skin colonization. in this study, we discovered a novel regulator of tet38, named tetracycline regulator 21 (tetr21), that bound specifically to the tet38 promoter and repressed pump expression. a δtetr21 mutant showed a 5-fold increase in tet38 transcripts and an 8-fold increase in ...	2015	26324534
xenobiotics: interaction with the intestinal microflora.	the human body is host to 100 trillion gut microbes, approximately 10-times more than all human cells. it is estimated that the approximately 500-1000 species residing in the human gut encode 150-fold more unique genes than the human genome. the gut microbiota has important functions in metabolic processing, such as energy production, immune cell development, food digestion, and epithelial homeostasis. it has been increasingly recognized that a dysregulated gut microbiome contributes in a signif ...	2015	26323631
the altered schaedler flora: continued applications of a defined murine microbial community.	the gastrointestinal (gi) microbiota forms a mutualistic relationship with the host through complex and dynamic interactions. because of the complexity and interindividual variation of the gi microbiota, investigating how members of the microbiota interact with each other, as well as with the host, is daunting. the altered schaedler flora (asf) is a model community of eight microorganisms that was developed by r.p. orcutt and has been in use since the late 1970s. the eight microorganisms composi ...	2015	26323627
the cardioprotective power of leaves.	lack of physical activity, smoking and/or inappropriate diet can contribute to the increase of oxidative stress, in turn affecting the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. strong anti-oxidant properties of plant polyphenolic compounds might underlie their cardioprotective activity. this paper reviews recent findings on the anti-oxidant activity of plant leaf extracts and emphasizes their effects on blood platelets, leukocytes and endothelial cells - the targets orchestrating the developme ...	2015	26322095
antibiotic susceptibility of clinical isolates of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in ontario, canada during 2011-2013.	a total of 219 clinical isolates of campylobacter spp. including 180 campylobacter jejuni and 39 campylobacter coli were assessed for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility. resistance among c. coli was higher for ciprofloxacin (41% versus 30.80%), erythromycin (12.80% versus 3.90%) and lower for tetracycline (53.80% versus 64.60%) compared to c. jejuni.	2015	26320936
development of a novel chromogenic medium for improved campylobacter detection from poultry samples.	the presence of expanded-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl)-producing escherichia coli is a common problem in the isolation of campylobacter from poultry samples using conventional cefoperazone-based selective media. a novel chromogenic medium (cm-ht), based on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar (mccda), has been developed as a solution for improved campylobacter detection from poultry samples. although the basic components of cm-ht are the same as mccda, cm-ht uses both granular charcoal ...	2015	26319731
lectin-based analysis of fucosylated glycoproteins of human skim milk during 47 days of lactation.	glycoproteins of human milk are multifunctional molecules, and their fucosylated variants are potentially active molecules in immunological events ensuring breastfed infants optimal development and protection against infection diseases. the expression of fucosylated glycotopes may correspond to milk maturation stages. the relative amounts of fucosylated glycotopes of human skim milk glycoproteins over the course of lactation from the 2(nd) day to the 47(th) day were analyzed in colostrums, trans ...	2015	26318738
bile salts modulate the mucin-activated type vi secretion system of pandemic vibrio cholerae.	the causative agent of cholera, vibrio cholerae, regulates its diverse virulence factors to thrive in the human small intestine and environmental reservoirs. among this pathogen's arsenal of virulence factors is the tightly regulated type vi secretion system (t6ss). this system acts as an inverted bacteriophage to inject toxins into competing bacteria and eukaryotic phagocytes. v. cholerae strains responsible for the current 7th pandemic activate their t6ss within the host. we established that t ...	2015	26317760
[identification of zoonotic bacterial pathogens by the maldi tof ms method].	to verify whether the maldi tof ms method can be used for rapid identification of selected zoonotic bacterial pathogens isolated from various types of materials in the real conditions of routine laboratory work.	2015	26312374
haemophilus influenzae: using comparative genomics to accurately identify a highly recombinogenic human pathogen.	haemophilus influenzae is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that exclusively colonises humans and is associated with both acute and chronic disease. despite its clinical significance, accurate identification of h. influenzae is a non-trivial endeavour. h. haemolyticus can be misidentified as h. influenzae from clinical specimens using selective culturing methods, reflecting both the shared environmental niche and phenotypic similarities of these species. on the molecular level, frequent geneti ...	2015	26311542
oral campylobacter species: initiators of a subgroup of inflammatory bowel disease?	in recent years, a number of studies detected a significantly higher prevalence of campylobacter species such as campylobacter concisus (c. concisus) in intestinal biopsies and fecal samples collected from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) compared to controls. most of these campylobacter species are not of zoonotic origin but are human oral campylobacter species. bacterial species usually cause diseases in the location where they colonize. however, c. concisus and other oral campyl ...	2015	26309350
unconventional n-linked glycosylation promotes trimeric autotransporter function in kingella kingae and aggregatibacter aphrophilus.	glycosylation is a widespread mechanism employed by both eukaryotes and bacteria to increase the functional diversity of their proteomes. the nontypeable haemophilus influenzae glycosyltransferase hmw1c mediates unconventional n-linked glycosylation of the adhesive protein hmw1, which is encoded in a two-partner secretion system gene cluster that also encodes hmw1c. in this system, hmw1 is modified in the cytoplasm by sequential transfer of hexose residues. in the present study, we examined king ...	2015	26307167
the cell shape-determining csd6 protein from helicobacter pylori constitutes a new family of l,d-carboxypeptidase.	helicobacter pylori causes gastrointestinal diseases, including gastric cancer. its high motility in the viscous gastric mucosa facilitates colonization of the human stomach and depends on the helical cell shape and the flagella. in h. pylori, csd6 is one of the cell shape-determining proteins that play key roles in alteration of cross-linking or by trimming of peptidoglycan muropeptides. csd6 is also involved in deglycosylation of the flagellar protein flaa. to better understand its function, b ...	2015	26306031
rapid host switching in generalist campylobacter strains erodes the signal for tracing human infections.	campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are the biggest causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in the developed world, with human infections typically arising from zoonotic transmission associated with infected meat. because campylobacter is not thought to survive well outside the gut, host-associated populations are genetically isolated to varying degrees. therefore, the likely origin of most strains can be determined by host-associated variation in the genome. this is instructive for characte ...	2015	26305157
rapid host switching in generalist campylobacter strains erodes the signal for tracing human infections.	campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are the biggest causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in the developed world, with human infections typically arising from zoonotic transmission associated with infected meat. because campylobacter is not thought to survive well outside the gut, host-associated populations are genetically isolated to varying degrees. therefore, the likely origin of most strains can be determined by host-associated variation in the genome. this is instructive for characte ...	2015	26305157
anti-adhesion activity of thyme (thymus vulgaris l.) extract, thyme post-distillation waste, and olive (olea europea l.) leaf extract against campylobacter jejuni on polystyrene and intestine epithelial cells.	in order to survive in food-processing environments and cause disease, campylobacter jejuni requires specific survival mechanisms, such as biofilms, which contribute to its transmission through the food chain to the human host and present a critical form of resistance to a wide variety of antimicrobials.	2016	26304165
differential editosome protein function between life cycle stages of trypanosoma brucei.	uridine insertion and deletion rna editing generates functional mitochondrial mrnas in trypanosoma brucei. the mrnas are differentially edited in bloodstream form (bf) and procyclic form (pf) life cycle stages, and this correlates with the differential utilization of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation between the stages. the mechanism that controls this differential editing is unknown. editing is catalyzed by multiprotein ∼20s editosomes that contain endonuclease, 3'-terminal uridylyltrans ...	2015	26304125
non-enteric infections, antibiotic use, and risk of development of functional gastrointestinal disorders.	gastrointestinal infections are risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) and functional dyspepsia (fd). we investigated whether non-enteric infections and antibiotic exposure are also associated with the development of functional gastrointestinal disorders (fgids).	2015	26303310
mass spectrometry-based phyloproteomics (mspp): a novel microbial typing method.	maldi-tof-ms of microorganisms, which identifies microbes based on masses of high abundant low molecular weight proteins, is rapidly advancing to become another standard method in clinical routine laboratory diagnostics. allelic isoforms of these proteins result in varying masses of detectable biomarker ions. these variations give rise to a novel typing method for microorganisms named mass spectrometry-based phyloproteomics (mspp). the base of mspp is an amino acid sequence list of allelic isofo ...	2015	26303099
defects in nadph oxidase genes nox1 and duox2 in very early onset inflammatory bowel disease.	defects in intestinal innate defense systems predispose patients to inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). reactive oxygen species (ros) generated by nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (nadph) oxidases in the mucosal barrier maintain gut homeostasis and defend against pathogenic attack. we hypothesized that molecular genetic defects in intestinal nadph oxidases might be present in children with ibd.	2015	26301257
isolation and characterization of a novel helicobacter species, helicobacter jaachi sp. nov., from common marmosets (callithrix jaachus).	purpose-bred common marmosets from domestic sources housed in a us research facility, and used in multiple drug discovery programmes, were noted to have a high incidence of spontaneous inflammatory bowel disease and sporadic cholecystitis and cholangiohepatitis. inflammatory infiltrates increased in incidence and severity with age. because helicobacter spp. have been linked to gastrointestinal diseases, samples from the gastrointestinal tracts of 39 marmosets were screened for helicobacter spp. ...	2015	26297446
fleq coordinates flagellum-dependent and -independent motilities in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.	motility plays an essential role in bacterial fitness and colonization in the plant environment, since it favors nutrient acquisition and avoidance of toxic substances, successful competition with other microorganisms, the ability to locate the preferred hosts, access to optimal sites within them, and dispersal in the environment during the course of transmission. in this work, we have observed that the mutation of the flagellar master regulatory gene, fleq, alters bacterial surface motility and ...	2015	26296726
experimental evolution of enhanced growth by bacillus subtilis at low atmospheric pressure: genomic changes revealed by whole-genome sequencing.	knowledge of how microorganisms respond and adapt to low-pressure (lp) environments is limited. previously, bacillus subtilis strain wn624 was grown at the near-inhibitory lp of 5 kpa for 1,000 generations and strain wn1106, which exhibited increased relative fitness at 5 kpa, was isolated. genomic sequence differences between ancestral strain wn624 and lp-evolved strain wn1106 were identified using whole-genome sequencing. lp-evolved strain wn1106 carried amino acid-altering mutations in the co ...	2015	26296725
two-step ligand binding in a (βα)8 barrel enzyme: substrate-bound structures shed new light on the catalytic cycle of hisa.	hisa is a (βα)8 barrel enzyme that catalyzes the amadori rearrangement of n'-[(5'-phosphoribosyl)formimino]-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (profar) to n'-((5'-phosphoribulosyl) formimino)-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-ribonucleotide (prfar) in the histidine biosynthesis pathway, and it is a paradigm for the study of enzyme evolution. still, its exact catalytic mechanism has remained unclear. here, we present crystal structures of wild type salmonella enterica hisa (sehisa) in its ...	2015	26294764
molecular characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) produced by clinical isolates of acinetobacter baumannii in saudi arabia.	acinetobacter baumannii is a common opportunistic pathogen that causes major nosocomial infections in hospitals. in this study, we hypothesized a high prevalence of a. baumanni esbl (extended-spectrum beta-lactamase) among all collected isolates.	2015	26290183
a pas domain-containing regulator controls flagella-flagella interactions in campylobacter jejuni.	the bipolar flagella of the foodborne bacterial pathogen campylobacter jejuni confer motility, which is essential for virulence. the flagella of c. jejuni are post-translationally modified, but how this process is controlled is not well understood. in this work, we have identified a novel pas-domain containing regulatory system, which modulates flagella-flagella interactions in c. jejuni. inactivation of the cj1387c gene, encoding a yheo-like pas6 domain linked to a helix-turn-helix domain, resu ...	2015	26284050
regulation of oxidative stress resistance in campylobacter jejuni, a microaerophilic foodborne pathogen.	campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading bacterial causes of human gastroenteritis. due to the increasing rates of human campylobacteriosis, c. jejuni is considered as a serious public health concern worldwide. c. jejuni is a microaerophilic, fastidious bacterium. c. jejuni must overcome a wide range of stress conditions during foodborne transmission to humans, such as food preservation and processing conditions, and even in infection of the gastrointestinal tracts of humans. particularly, thi ...	2015	26284041
nadph-generating systems in bacteria and archaea.	reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (nadph) is an essential electron donor in all organisms. it provides the reducing power that drives numerous anabolic reactions, including those responsible for the biosynthesis of all major cell components and many products in biotechnology. the efficient synthesis of many of these products, however, is limited by the rate of nadph regeneration. hence, a thorough understanding of the reactions involved in the generation of nadph is required to ...	2015	26284036
antimicrobial activity of low-pressure plasma treatment against selected foodborne bacteria and meat microbiota.	the effects of helium and argon plasma treatments on inactivation of both pure bacterial cultures inoculated onto the surface of agarized media and the surface microbiota of meat were investigated. cold plasmas were generated by high voltage discharge at low pressure (20 kpa) for 2, 5, and 10 min. the number of viable microorganisms was determined using a plate count method. morphological changes were observed using scanning electron microscopy (sem). microbial log reduction depended on time of ...	2014	26273240
antimicrobial activity of low-pressure plasma treatment against selected foodborne bacteria and meat microbiota.	the effects of helium and argon plasma treatments on inactivation of both pure bacterial cultures inoculated onto the surface of agarized media and the surface microbiota of meat were investigated. cold plasmas were generated by high voltage discharge at low pressure (20 kpa) for 2, 5, and 10 min. the number of viable microorganisms was determined using a plate count method. morphological changes were observed using scanning electron microscopy (sem). microbial log reduction depended on time of ...	2014	26273240
role of the normal gut microbiota.	relation between the gut microbiota and human health is being increasingly recognised. it is now well established that a healthy gut flora is largely responsible for overall health of the host. the normal human gut microbiota comprises of two major phyla, namely bacteroidetes and firmicutes. though the gut microbiota in an infant appears haphazard, it starts resembling the adult flora by the age of 3 years. nevertheless, there exist temporal and spatial variations in the microbial distribution f ...	2015	26269668
inflammatory pouch disease: the spectrum of pouchitis.	restorative proctocolectomy with ileal-pouch anal anastomosis (ipaa) is the operation of choice for medically refractory ulcerative colitis (uc), for uc with dysplasia, and for familial adenomatous polyposis (fap). ipaa can be a treatment option for selected patients with crohn's colitis without perianal and/or small bowel disease. the term "pouchitis" refers to nonspecific inflammation of the pouch and is a common complication in patients with ipaa; it occurs more often in uc patients than in f ...	2015	26269664
structure and mechanism of an active lipid-linked oligosaccharide flippase.	the flipping of membrane-embedded lipids containing large, polar head groups is slow and energetically unfavourable, and is therefore catalysed by flippases, the mechanisms of which are unknown. a prominent example of a flipping reaction is the translocation of lipid-linked oligosaccharides that serve as donors in n-linked protein glycosylation. in campylobacter jejuni, this process is catalysed by the abc transporter pglk. here we present a mechanism of pglk-catalysed lipid-linked oligosacchari ...	2015	26266984
commensal microbiome promotes resistance to local and systemic infections.	in this review, to illustrate the resistance mechanism for pathogen insult, we discussed the role of the intestinal microbiome in promoting resistance to local gastrointestinal tract infections and to respiratory tract infections.	2015	26265621
new insights into the biological role of the osmoregulated periplasmic glucans in pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria.	this review emphasizes the biological roles of the osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (opgs). osmoregulated periplasmic glucans occur in almost all α-, β- and γ-proteobacteria. this polymer of glucose is required for full virulence. the roles of the opgs are complex and vary depending on the species. here, we outline the four major roles of the opgs through four different pathogenic and one symbiotic bacterial models (dickeya dadantii, salmonella enterica, pseudomonas aeruginosa, brucella abortus ...	2015	26265506
increased expression of duox2 is an epithelial response to mucosal dysbiosis required for immune homeostasis in mouse intestine.	dual oxidase 2 (duox2), a hydrogen-peroxide generator at the apical membrane of gastrointestinal epithelia, is up-regulated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) before the onset of inflammation, but little is known about its effects. we investigated the role of duox2 in maintaining mucosal immune homeostasis in mice.	2015	26261005
static self-directed sample dispensing into a series of reaction wells on a microfluidic card for parallel genetic detection of microbial pathogens.	a microfluidic card is described for simultaneous and rapid genetic detection of multiple microbial pathogens. the hydrophobic surface of native acrylic and a novel microfluidic mechanism termed "airlock" were used to dispense sample into a series of 64 reaction wells without the use of valves, external pumping peripherals, multiple layers, or vacuum assistance. this airlock mechanism was tested with dilutions of whole human blood, saliva, and urine, along with mock samples of varying viscositie ...	2015	26260693
dps and dpsl mediate survival in vitro and in vivo during the prolonged oxidative stress response in bacteroides fragilis.	bacteroides fragilis is a gram-negative anaerobe and member of the human intestinal tract microbiome, where it plays many beneficial roles. however, translocation of the organism to the peritoneal cavity can lead to peritonitis, intra-abdominal abscess formation, bacteremia, and sepsis. during translocation, b. fragilis is exposed to increased oxidative stress from the oxygenated tissues of the peritoneal cavity and the immune response. in order to survive, b. fragilis mounts a robust oxidative ...	2015	26260459
constitutive and inducible expression of the rrna methylase gene erm(b) in campylobacter.	macrolides are the antimicrobials of choice for treating human campylobacteriosis. the recent emergence of erm(b) in campylobacter bacteria threatens the utility of this class of antibiotics. here we report the constitutive and inducible expression of erm(b) in campylobacter isolates derived from diarrheal patients and food-producing animals. constitutive expression of erm(b) was associated with insertion and deletion in the regulatory region of the gene, providing the first documentation of the ...	2015	26259800
are campylobacters now capable of carbo-loading?	campylobacters are a leading cause of gastrointestinal morbidity worldwide and the majority of human infections are triggered by eating foods contaminated with campylobacter jejuni or campylobacter coli. campylobacters are equally notorious for their ability to mimic human glycoconjugate structures and for their capacity to synthesize both n- and o-linked glycoproteins. these species were once considered to be asaccharolytic, but it was recently shown that several strains possess a pathway for f ...	2015	26259768
gluten introduction, breastfeeding, and celiac disease: back to the drawing board.	this commentary by the leadership of the north american society for the study of celiac disease (nasscd) concerns recent research findings regarding infant feeding practices. celiac disease has increased markedly in recent decades, and seroprevalence studies indicate that this is a true rise, rather than one due to increased awareness and testing. prior studies have suggested that infant feeding practices and timing of initial gluten exposure are central to the development of celiac disease. two ...	2015	26259710
gluten introduction, breastfeeding, and celiac disease: back to the drawing board.	this commentary by the leadership of the north american society for the study of celiac disease (nasscd) concerns recent research findings regarding infant feeding practices. celiac disease has increased markedly in recent decades, and seroprevalence studies indicate that this is a true rise, rather than one due to increased awareness and testing. prior studies have suggested that infant feeding practices and timing of initial gluten exposure are central to the development of celiac disease. two ...	2015	26259710
aptamers against pathogenic microorganisms.	an important current issue of modern molecular medicine and biotechnology is the search for new approaches to early diagnostic assays and adequate therapy of infectious diseases. one of the promising solutions to this problem might be a development of nucleic acid aptamers capable of interacting specifically with bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. such aptamers can be used for the specific recognition of infectious agents as well as for blocking of their functions. the present review summarizes va ...	2015	26258445
aptamers against pathogenic microorganisms.	an important current issue of modern molecular medicine and biotechnology is the search for new approaches to early diagnostic assays and adequate therapy of infectious diseases. one of the promising solutions to this problem might be a development of nucleic acid aptamers capable of interacting specifically with bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. such aptamers can be used for the specific recognition of infectious agents as well as for blocking of their functions. the present review summarizes va ...	2015	26258445
the campylobacter jejuni marr-like transcriptional regulators rrpa and rrpb both influence bacterial responses to oxidative and aerobic stresses.	the ability of the human intestinal pathogen campylobacter jejuni to respond to oxidative stress is central to bacterial survival both in vivo during infection and in the environment. re-annotation of the c. jejuni nctc11168 genome revealed the presence of two marr-type transcriptional regulators cj1546 and cj1556, originally annotated as hypothetical proteins, which we have designated rrpa and rrpb (regulator of response to peroxide) respectively. previously we demonstrated a role for rrpb in b ...	2015	26257713
a cytolethal distending toxin gene-based multiplex pcr assay for campylobacter jejuni, c. fetus, c. coli, c. upsaliensis, c. hyointestinalis, and c. lari.	in this study, we devised a multiplex pcr assay based on the gene of cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) b subunit to simultaneously detect and discriminate campylobacter jejuni, c. fetus, c. coli, c. upsaliensis, c. hyointestinalis, and c. lari. species-specific pcr products were successfully obtained from all 38 c. jejuni, 12 c. fetus, 39 c. coli, 22 c. upsaliensis, 24 c. hyointestinalis, and 7 c. lari strains tested. on the other hand, no specific pcr products were obtained from other campyloba ...	2016	26255737
a new duck circovirus sequence, detected in velvet scoter (melanitta fusca) supports great diversity among this species of virus.	the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of circoviruses in wild bird populations, in poland. circoviruses possess immuno-suppressive properties and might interfere with the health of wild birds.	2015	26253134
neuroinflammation in the peripheral nerve: cause, modulator, or bystander in peripheral neuropathies?	the role of innate and adaptive inflammation as a primary driver or modifier of neuropathy in premorbidly normal nerves, and as a critical player in amplifying neuropathies of other known causes (e.g., genetic, metabolic) is incompletely understood and under-researched, despite unmet clinical need. also, cellular and humoral components of the adaptive and innate immune system are substantial disease modifying agents in the context of neuropathies and, at least in some neuropathies, there is an i ...	2015	26250643
neuroinflammation in the peripheral nerve: cause, modulator, or bystander in peripheral neuropathies?	the role of innate and adaptive inflammation as a primary driver or modifier of neuropathy in premorbidly normal nerves, and as a critical player in amplifying neuropathies of other known causes (e.g., genetic, metabolic) is incompletely understood and under-researched, despite unmet clinical need. also, cellular and humoral components of the adaptive and innate immune system are substantial disease modifying agents in the context of neuropathies and, at least in some neuropathies, there is an i ...	2015	26250643
intracellular uropathogenic e. coli exploits host rab35 for iron acquisition and survival within urinary bladder cells.	recurrent urinary tract infections (utis) caused by uropathogenic e. coli (upec) are common and morbid infections with limited therapeutic options. previous studies have demonstrated that persistent intracellular infection of bladder epithelial cells (bec) by upec contributes to recurrent uti in mouse models of infection. however, the mechanisms employed by upec to survive within bec are incompletely understood. in this study we aimed to understand the role of host vesicular trafficking proteins ...	2015	26248231
quercetin influences quorum sensing in food borne bacteria: in-vitro and in-silico evidence.	quorum sensing (qs) plays a vital role in regulating the virulence factor of many food borne pathogens, which causes severe public health risk. therefore, interrupting the qs signaling pathway may be an attractive strategy to combat microbial infections. in the current study qs inhibitory activity of quercetin and its anti-biofilm property was assessed against food-borne pathogens using a bio-sensor strain. in addition in-silico techniques like molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation ...	2015	26248208
functional activation of the flagellar type iii secretion export apparatus.	flagella are assembled sequentially from the inside-out with morphogenetic checkpoints that enforce the temporal order of subunit addition. here we show that flagellar basal bodies fail to proceed to hook assembly at high frequency in the absence of the monotopic protein swrb of bacillus subtilis. genetic suppressor analysis indicates that swrb activates the flagellar type iii secretion export apparatus by the membrane protein flip. furthermore, mutants defective in the flagellar c-ring phenocop ...	2015	26244495
antibacterial activity and mode of action of selected glucosinolate hydrolysis products against bacterial pathogens.	plants contain numerous components that are important sources of new bioactive molecules with antimicrobial properties. isothiocyanates (itcs) are plant secondary metabolites found in cruciferous vegetables that are arising as promising antimicrobial agents in food industry. the aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial activity of two isothiocyanates (itcs), allylisothiocyanate (aitc) and 2-phenylethylisothiocyanate (peitc) against escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcu ...	2014	26243895
antibacterial activity and mode of action of selected glucosinolate hydrolysis products against bacterial pathogens.	plants contain numerous components that are important sources of new bioactive molecules with antimicrobial properties. isothiocyanates (itcs) are plant secondary metabolites found in cruciferous vegetables that are arising as promising antimicrobial agents in food industry. the aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial activity of two isothiocyanates (itcs), allylisothiocyanate (aitc) and 2-phenylethylisothiocyanate (peitc) against escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcu ...	2014	26243895
bacillus cereus atcc 14579 rpon (sigma 54) is a pleiotropic regulator of growth, carbohydrate metabolism, motility, biofilm formation and toxin production.	sigma 54 is a transcriptional regulator predicted to play a role in physical interaction of bacteria with their environment, including virulence and biofilm formation. in order to study the role of sigma 54 in bacillus cereus, a comparative transcriptome and phenotypic study was performed using b. cereus atcc 14579 wt, a markerless rpon deletion mutant, and its complemented strain. the mutant was impaired in many different cellular functions including low temperature and anaerobic growth, carboh ...	2015	26241851