Publications

comparison of cetirizine, ebastine and loratadine in the treatment of immediate mosquito-bite allergy.	people frequently experience whealing and delayed papules from mosquito bites. whealing is mediated by antisaliva immunoglobulin (ig)e antibodies and histamine. cetirizine, ebastine and loratadine have earlier shown effects on mosquito-bite reactions but no comparative studies exist.	2002	12028119
vector infection determinants of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus reside within the e2 envelope glycoprotein.	epizootic subtype iab and ic venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses (veev) readily infect the epizootic mosquito vector aedes taeniorhynchus. the inability of enzootic subtype ie viruses to infect this mosquito species provides a model system for the identification of natural viral determinants of vector infectivity. to map mosquito infection determinants, reciprocal chimeric viruses generated from epizootic subtype iab and enzootic ie veev were tested for mosquito infectivity. chimeras containi ...	2002	12021373
highly-substrate active isoenzyme acetylcholinesterase-ii, in rosy eye mutant of aedes aegypti mosquito.	insecticide bioassays were carried out on larvae and adults of rosy eye mutant and wildtype strains of a. aegypti. both the strains were equally susceptible to ddt, malathion and deltamethrin. biochemical assays showed an increase in acetylcholinesterase enzyme (ache) activity in all the stages of mutant strain with both the substrates i.e. acetylthiocholine iodide and s-butyrylthiocholine iodide. however, there was no difference in the percent inhibition of enzyme activity with propoxur in thes ...	2001	12018585
ecdysteroids and oocyte development in the black fly simulium vittatum.	oocyte development was studied in the autogenous black fly, simulium vittatum (diptera, nematocera), a vector of onchocerca volvulus, the causative agent of onchocerciasis.	2002	12015816
glucosamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase: gene characterization, chitin biosynthesis and peritrophic matrix formation in aedes aegypti.	glucosamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (gfat) catalyses the formation of glucosamine 6-phosphate and is the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. the final product of the hexosamine pathway, udp-n-acetyl glucosamine, is an active precursor of numerous macromolecules containing amino sugars, including chitin in fungi and arthropods. chitin is one of the essential components of insect cuticle and peritrophic matrix. the peritrophic matrix is produced in ...	2002	12000639
an isolate of bacillus circulans toxic to mosquito larvae.	a new strain of bacillus circulans isolated from a larva of culex quinquefasciatus showed larvicidal activity on 3 mosquitoes of medical importance. compared to bacillus sphaericus strain 2362, this b. circulans isolate proved less toxic to cx. quinquefasciatus and anopheles gambiae but was 107 times more toxic to aedes aegypti. moreover, in comparison to other studies, b. circulans was at least as pathogenic as b. thuringiensis var. israelensis in ae. aegypti. the tests have showed that the tox ...	2002	11998934
survey of aedes aegypti eggs in and around homes in tucson, arizona.	the abundance and location of eggs of aedes aegypti were evaluated through inspection of 24 tucson homes during the winter of 1998-99 to assess the potential of the mosquitoes to overwinter in this area. eggs were found either indoors or outdoors in 46% of residences surveyed. after immersion in water, about 23% of eggs found indoors hatched, and about 5% of eggs found outdoors hatched.	2002	11998933
indoor thermal fogging against vector mosquitoes with two bacillus thuringiensis israelensis formulations, vectobac abg 6511 water-dispersible granules and vectobac 12as liquid.	bioefficacy of thermal fogging application of 2 bacillus thuringiensis israelensis formulations, vectobac abg 6511 water-dispersible granules (3,000 international toxic unit [itu]/mg) and vectobac 12as liquid (1,200 itu/mg), was assessed for larvicidal activities against aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, anopheles dirus, and culex quinquefasciatus. portable agrofog af35 sprayers were used to apply the 2 formulations indoors in residential premises on penang island, malaysia. vectobac abg 6511 sho ...	2002	11998931
an inexpensive intervention for the control of larval aedes aegypti assessed by an improved method of surveillance and analysis.	a sampling method coupled with statistical calibration factors was developed to accurately assess the numbers of larvae and pupae of aedes aegypti in large water-storage containers of variable capacities and water levels. aedes aegypti productivity in different types of breeding sites found in an urban study area in central colombia was assessed and compared. in this study, water-storage tanks and drums were found to comprise 79% of the containers positive for larval ae. aegypti, which contribut ...	2002	11998929
do plasmodium ookinetes invade a specific cell type in the mosquito midgut?	recent debate in plasmodium ookinete invasion has been centered on whether the parasite chooses a specific cell type to cross the midgut epithelium in the mosquito. a few publications have described the mosquito midgut being composed of complex surface-structures, histochemically and biochemically diverse cell types, and have proposed that plasmodium gallinaceum ookinetes prefers a specific cell type (ross cell) in aedes aegypti for crossing the midgut epithelium. two recent publications reporte ...	2002	11998702
two isoforms of the early e74 gene, an ets transcription factor homologue, are implicated in the ecdysteroid hierarchy governing vitellogenesis of the mosquito, aedes aegypti.	in the anautogenous mosquito, aedes aegypti, vitellogenesis is under the strict control of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20e), which is produced via a blood meal-activated hormonal cascade. several genes of the ecdysteroid-regulatory hierarchy are conserved between vitellogenesis in mosquitoes and metamorphosis in drosophila. we report characterization of two isoforms of the mosquito early e74 gene (aae74), which have a common c-terminal ets dna-binding domain and unique n-termini. they exhibited a high l ...	2002	11997188
hospital-based diagnosis of hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and hepatitis in cambodian children.	surveillance was conducted for three clinical syndromes (hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and hepatitis) in cambodian children admitted to the national pediatric hospital in phnom penh from july 1996 through september 1998. acute- and convalescent-phase sera, and cerebrospinal fluid, when applicable, underwent diagnostic evaluation for infections with dengue virus (denv), japanese encephalitis virus (jev), and hepatitis a, b, c, and e viruses. of 621 children admitted with hemorrhagic fever, 499 ...	2002	11996683
development and applications of transgenesis in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti.	transgenesis technology has been developed for the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. successful integration of exogenous dna into the germline of this mosquito has been achieved with the class ii transposable elements, hermes, mariner and piggybac. a number of marker genes, including the cinnabar(+) gene of drosophila melanogaster, and fluorescent protein genes, can be used to monitor the insertion of these elements. the availability of multiple elements and marker genes provides a powerful ...	2002	11985858
potential application of nonstructural protein ns1 serotype-specific immunoglobulin g enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the seroepidemiologic study of dengue virus infection: correlation of results with those of the plaque reduction neutralization test.	an ns1 serotype-specific indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to differentiate primary and secondary dengue virus infections and serotypes of primary dengue virus infection. for this report, we carried out retrospective seroepidemiologic studies on serum samples collected from residents of liuchiu hsiang, pingtung county, an isolated island in southern taiwan during 1997-1998. the results demonstrated that good correlation existed between dengue virus ns1 serotype-spe ...	2002	11980973
the d7 family of salivary proteins in blood sucking diptera.	the d7 subfamily of salivary proteins is widespread in blood sucking diptera and belongs to the superfamily of pheromone/odourant binding proteins. although d7 proteins are among the most abundant salivary proteins in adult female mosquitoes and sand flies, their role in blood feeding remains elusive. in the present work we report the sequence of seventeen novel d7 proteins, and propose an evolutionary scenario for the appearance of the several forms of this protein, based on a total of twenty-o ...	2002	11966880
germ line transformation of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, mediated by transpositional insertion of a piggybac vector.	mosquito-vectored diseases such as yellow fever and dengue fever continue to have a substantial impact on human populations world-wide. novel strategies for control of these mosquito vectored diseases can arise through the development of reliable systems for genetic manipulation of the insect vector. a piggybac vector marked with the drosophila melanogaster cinnabar (cn) gene was used to transform the white-eyed khw strain of aedes aegypti. microinjection of preblastoderm embryos resulted in fou ...	2002	11966878
isolation of cdna clones encoding putative odourant binding proteins from the antennae of the malaria-transmitting mosquito, anopheles gambiae.	one way of controlling disease transmission by blood-feeding mosquitoes is to reduce the frequency of insect-host interaction, thus reducing the probability of parasite transmission and re-infection. a better understanding of the olfactory processes responsible for allowing mosquitoes to identify human hosts is required in order to develop methods that will interfere with host seeking. we have therefore initiated a molecular approach to isolate and characterize the genes and their products that ...	2002	11966877
dengue virus infection rate in field populations of female aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus in singapore.	we developed a single-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) followed by a semi-nested pcr using an upstream consensus primer and four type-specific primers within the non-structural protein gene (ns3) of dengue viruses to type dengue viruses in field populations of female aedes mosquitoes. this yielded diagnostic fragments of 169, 362, 265 and 426 base pairs for dengue virus types 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. from 1997 to 2000, 54 (6.9%) of 781 aedes aegypti and 67 (2.9%) ...	2002	11952948
effect of the synergist, piperonyl butoxide, on the development of deltamethrin resistance in yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti l. (diptera: culicidae).	the larvae and adults of aedes aegypti were tested for the potential to develop resistance to the synthetic pyrethroid, deltamethrin, alone or a combination of deltamethrin with the synergist, piperonyl butoxide (pbo). although continuous larval selection for 40 generations resulted in 703-fold resistance, the resistance ratio in the adults was only 1.3. similarly, adult selections with deltamethrin showed a resistance ratio of less than four after 40 generations, indicating differential respons ...	2002	11948970
dengue in cuba: mobilisation against aedes aegypti.		2002	11937420
investigation of the larvicidal activity of pothomorphe peltata and isolation of the active constituent.	the insecticidal activity of the leaves of pothomorphe peltata (piperaceae) was evaluated on aedes aegypti larvae. the active methanol extract was subjected to a bioactivity-directed fractionation, monitored by the larvicidal assay, and led to the isolation of a catechol derivative, 4-nerolidylcatechol. this compound was quite potent against aedes aegypti larvae (lc(50) = 9.1 microg/ml).	2002	11933144
epidemiological significanceof subterranean aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) breeding sites to dengue virus infection in charters towers, 1993.	the objective of this study wasto determine the epidemiological significance of subterranean mosquito breeding sites to the 1993 outbreak of dengue fever (type 2) in the northern queensland town of charters towers, australia. in recent studies on subterranean mosquito breeding, containers such as wells and service manholes have been shown to be important breeding sites to australia's only dengue vector, aedes aegypti (l.). this study demonstrates a direct epidemiological association between subt ...	2002	11931248
winter intervention against aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) larvae in subterranean habitats slows surface recolonization in summer.	at semiarid charters towers, north queensland, australia, the importance of aedes aegypti (l.) in wells was assessed in relation to the colonization of surface habitats during the wet season. from april to july 1999, 10 wells (five positive for ae. aegypti) were monitored to assess their status and larvae population numbers therein. all surface containers located within a 100 m radius of each well were removed, treated with s-methoprene or sealed to prevent the utilization of these containers by ...	2002	11931036
characterization of the aeahp gene and its expression in the mosquito aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).	the sequence and tissue expression of the gene encoding a peptide hormone aea-hp-i, known to inhibit host-seeking behavior, has been characterized for the yellowfever mosquito, aedes aegypti (l.). the open reading frame reveals a prepropeptide that would be processed into three identical peptides. the gene contains four short introns and exists as a single genomic copy. transcripts of the gene were present in the brain, terminal ganglion, and midgut of adults, and in females, its expression prof ...	2002	11931033
specific detection of chikungunya virus using a rt-pcr/nested pcr combination.	chikungunya (chik) virus is enzootic in many countries in asia and throughout tropical africa. in asia the virus is transmitted from primates to humans almost exclusively by aedes aegypti, while various aedine mosquito species are responsible for human infections in africa. the clinical picture is characterized by a sudden onset of fever, rash and severe pain in the joints which may persist in a small proportion of cases. although not listed as a haemorrhagic fever virus, illness caused by chik ...	2002	11911593
carbonic anhydrase in the midgut of larval aedes aegypti: cloning, localization and inhibition.	the larval mosquito midgut exhibits one of the highest ph values known in a biological system. while the ph inside the posterior midgut and gastric caeca ranges between 7.0 and 8.0, the ph inside the anterior midgut is close to 11.0. alkalization is likely to involve bicarbonate/carbonate ions. these ions are produced in vivo by the enzymatic action of carbonic anhydrase. the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of this enzyme in the alkalization mechanism, to establish its presence ...	2002	11907049
microsatellite markers for population genetic studies in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) from côte d'ivoire: evidence for a microgeographic genetic differentiation of mosquitoes from bouaké.	in west africa, aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) (linnaeus, c., 1762. zweyter theil, enhalt beschreibungen veschiedener wichtiger naturalien. in: hasselquist, f. (ed.), reise nach palastina in den jahren von 1749 bis 1752, rostock, germany, pp. 267-606) represents the principal vector of yellow fever. this study reports the use of microsatellite markers to characterise various a. aegypti populations from côte d'ivoire according to a north-south transect, and to perform a temporal genetic surve ...	2002	11904102
larvicidal activity of isobutylamides identified in piper nigrum fruits against three mosquito species.	the insecticidal activity of materials derived from the fruits of piper nigrum against third instar larvae of culex pipiens pallens, aedes aegypti, and a. togoi was examined and compared with that of commercially available piperine, a known insecticidal compound from piper species. the biologically active constituents of p. nigrum fruits were characterized as the isobutylamide alkaloids pellitorine, guineensine, pipercide, and retrofractamide a by spectroscopic analysis. retrofractamide a was is ...	2002	11902925
observations on the breeding habitat of aedes species in the steel township, rourkela.	prompted by report of large number of dengue fever cases in township of rourkela steel plant, entomological surveys were carried out to know the distribution and extent of aedes breeding in and around the dengue fever affected areas. out of 2062 water containers searched, 819 were positive for aedes larvae. the house index (hi), container index (ci) and breteau index (bi) were 53.4, 39.7 and 118.5 respectively. 27.9% of the houses had single breeding habitats. the breateau index of single storey ...	2001	11898460
nk t cells are a source of early interleukin-4 following infection with third-stage larvae of the filarial nematode brugia pahangi.	infection of c57bl/6 mice with the third-stage larvae of brugia pahangi results in a rapid expansion of nk1.1(+) t cells in the spleen and draining lymph nodes. nk t cells produced interleukin-4 in the spleen within 24 h of infection, and these cells were cd4(-).	2002	11895990
dengue: an update.	this review is an update of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever (dhf) based on international and cuban experience. we describe the virus characteristics and risk factors for dengue and dhf, and compare incidence and the case fatality rates in endemic regions (southeast asia, western pacific, and the americas). the clinical picture and the pathogenesis of the severe disease are explained. we also discuss the viral, individual, and environmental factors that determine severe disease. much more re ...	2002	11892494
cloning and molecular characterization of two mosquito iron regulatory proteins.	iron regulatory proteins (irps) control the synthesis of various proteins at the translational level by binding to iron responsive elements (ires) in the mrnas. iron, infection, and stress can alter irp/ire binding activity. insect messenger rnas for ferritin and succinate dehydrogenase subunit b have ires that are active translational control sites. we have cloned and sequenced cdnas encoding proteins from the irp1 family for the mosquitoes, aedes aegypti and anopheles gambiae. both deduced ami ...	2002	11891134
aedes aegypti peritrophic matrix and its interaction with heme during blood digestion.	a large amount of heme is produced upon digestion of red cell hemoglobin in the midgut of mosquitoes. the interaction between heme and the peritrophic matrix (pm) was studied in aedes aegypti. by light microscopy, the pm appeared as a light brownish layer between the intestinal epithelium and the alimentary bolus. this natural color can be attributed to the presence of heme bound to the matrix. in histochemical studies, a diffuse peroxidase activity of the heme molecules was clearly observed bet ...	2002	11891128
organization and developmental expression of the mosquito vitellogenin receptor gene.	vitellogenin is a precursor of the major yolk protein, vitellin. it is internalized by developing oocytes via receptor-mediated endocytosis. previously, we characterized the vitellogenin receptor (vgr) from oocytes of the mosquito aedes aegypti [sappington, t.w., kokoza,v.a., cho,w.l. and raikhel,a.s. (1996) molecular characterization of the mosquito vitellogenin receptor reveals unexpected high homology to the drosophila yolk protein receptor. proc natl acad sci usa 93: 8934-8939]. the vgr rece ...	2001	11881811
msqtc3, a tc3-like transposon in the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti.	a novel transposon, msqtc3-aa, has been discovered in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. evidence of its past mobility is presented. there are approximately 100 copies of msqtc3-aa in a. aegypti, eight of which have been isolated and sequenced. all sequenced copies are more than 99% identical to their consensus, indicating recent mobilization. the msqtc3-aa consensus contains imperfect terminal inverted repeats (tirs) and an open reading frame (orf) interrupted by an intron. sequence, str ...	2001	11881806
aedes aegypti transducing densovirus pathogenesis and expression in aedes aegypti and anopheles gambiae larvae.	aedes aegypti densovirus (aednv) is a small dna virus that has been developed into an expression and transducing vector for mosquitoes [afanasiev et al. (1994) exp parasitol 79: 322-339; afanasiev et al. (1999) virology 257: 62-72; carlson et al. (2000) insect transgenesis: methods and applications (handler, a.m. & james, a.a., eds), pp. 139-159. crc press, boca raton]. virions carrying a recombinant genome expressing the gfp gene were used to characterize the pathogenesis of the virus in 255 in ...	2001	11881803
dengue virus infections.	dengue is the most important arthropod-borne viral disease of public health significance. its geographic distribution includes more than 100 countries worldwide, where more than 2.5 billion people are at risk for dengue infections. most people will have asymptomatic infections, but the disease manifestations range from an influenza-like disease known as dengue fever to a severe, sometimes fatal disease characterized by hemorrhage and shock, known as dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome ...	2002	11880737
transfer rna-dependent amino acid biosynthesis: an essential route to asparagine formation.	biochemical experiments and genomic sequence analysis showed that deinococcus radiodurans and thermus thermophilus do not possess asparagine synthetase (encoded by asna or asnb), the enzyme forming asparagine from aspartate. instead these organisms derive asparagine from asparaginyl-trna, which is made from aspartate in the trna-dependent transamidation pathway [becker, h. d. & kern, d. (1998) proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 95, 12832-12837; and curnow, a. w., tumbula, d. l., pelaschier, j. t., min, ...	2002	11880622
3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase identity with alanine glyoxylate transaminase. a probable detoxification protein in aedes aegypti.	this study describes the functional characterization of a specific mosquito transaminase responsible for catalyzing the transamination of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-hk) to xanthurenic acid (xa). the enzyme was purified from aedes aegypti larvae by ammonium sulfate fractionation, heat treatment, and various chromatographic techniques, plus non-denaturing electrophoresis. the purified transaminase has a relative molecular mass of 42,500 by sds-page. n-terminal and internal sequencing of the purified p ...	2002	11880382
characterization of cyt2bc toxin from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. medellin.	we cloned and sequenced a new cytolysin gene from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. medellin. three is240-like insertion sequence elements and the previously cloned cyt1ab and p21 genes were found in the vicinity of the cytolysin gene. the cytolysin gene encodes a protein 29.7 kda in size that is 91.5% identical to cyt2ba from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and has been designated cyt2bc. inclusions containing cyt2bc were purified from the crystal-negative strain spl407 of b. thuringiensi ...	2002	11872472
yellow fever: an update.	yellow fever, the original viral haemorrhagic fever, was one of the most feared lethal diseases before the development of an effective vaccine. today the disease still affects as many as 200,000 persons annually in tropical regions of africa and south america, and poses a significant hazard to unvaccinated travellers to these areas. yellow fever is transmitted in a cycle involving monkeys and mosquitoes, but human beings can also serve as the viraemic host for mosquito infection. recent increase ...	2001	11871403
plant growth regulatory effect and insecticidal activity of the extracts of the tree of heaven (ailanthus altissima l.).	there is an urgent need to explore and utilize naturally occurring products for combating harmful agricultural and public health pests. secondary metabolites in the leaves of the tree of heaven, ailanthus altissima l. have been reported to be herbicidal and insecticidal. the mode of action, however, of the active compounds in a. altissima are not understood. in this paper, we report the chemical characteristics of the herbicidal and insecticidal components in this tree, and will discuss the effe ...	2002	11860616
monoclonal antibody against the plasmodium falciparum chitinase, pfcht1, recognizes a malaria transmission-blocking epitope in plasmodium gallinaceum ookinetes unrelated to the chitinase pgcht1.	to initiate invasion of the mosquito midgut, plasmodium ookinetes secrete chitinases that are necessary to cross the chitin-containing peritrophic matrix en route to invading the epithelial cell surface. to investigate chitinases as potential immunological targets of blocking malaria parasite transmission to mosquitoes, a monoclonal antibody (mab) was identified that neutralized the enzymatic activity of the sole chitinase of plasmodium falciparum, pfcht1, identified to date. this mab, designate ...	2002	11854247
naturally exposed populations differ in their t1 and t2 responses to the circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium falciparum.	t-cell responses directed against the circumsporozoite protein (cs) of plasmodium falciparum can mediate protection against malaria. we determined the frequency of t cells reactive to different regions of the cs in the blood of donors naturally exposed to p. falciparum by examining t1 (gamma interferon [ifn-gamma] elispot assay), t2 (interleukin 4 [il-4] elispot assay), and proliferative t-cell responses. the proliferative responses were weak, which confirmed previous observations. the responses ...	2002	11854234
screening of some romanian plants for their activity against medically important insects.	the effects of the action of extracts from 82 plant species included in 39 families of indigenous flora against the larvae and adults of house fly (musca domestica), the mosquitoes (aedes aegypti and anopheles atroparvus) and the german cockroach (blattella germanica) are presented. some of the extracts were prepared from air-dried and ground plant material which was exhaustively extracted with successive solvents of different polarity: ethyl ether, ethyl alcohol and water. other extracts were p ...	2000	11850879
toxicity and synergism in transgenic escherichia coli expressing four genes from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.	the genes cyt1aa and p20, encoding, respectively, cytolytic and accessory proteins of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, were introduced into previously constructed clones expressing cry4aa and cry11aa in escherichia coli (ben-dov et al., 1995). fifteen clones with all possible combinations of the four genes were obtained and found to express the genes included. two new combinations, pve4-adrc and pve4-arc, expressing cyt1aa, p20 and cry4aa, with or without cry11aa, respectively, were mo ...	2001	11846773
dengue in children: critical points in management.	dengue fever (df) is endemic and occasionally epidemic in many tropical and subtropical areas inhabited by the mosquito vector aedes aegypti. infection with dengue may present with varied clinical manifestations. significant morbidity and mortality can result if early recognition and monitoring of its severe forms (dhf and dss) is not done and if appropriate medical intervention is delayed. this article reviews several critical points in the basic evaluation and management of dengue in the pedia ...	2001	11845665
a cluster of four d7-related genes is expressed in the salivary glands of the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae.	four genes expressed in the anopheles gambiae adult female salivary glands and similar in sequence to the aedes aegypti d7 gene were identified. the genes, called d7-related (d7r), are included in a single cluster encompassing approximately six kilobases on chromosome arm 3r. the deduced proteins contain secretory signals and they are probably injected by the mosquito into the host with the saliva during blood feeding. the region of similarity to d7 encompasses the carboxy-terminal part of the a ...	2002	11841502
[the community and the control of aedes aegypti: perception and behavior regarding temephos larvicide].	given the persistence of aedes aegypti foci in the santiago de cuba municipality in 1998, a survey was made among the dwellers of the houses to find out their acceptance and behaviour in relation with temephos, to precise over the reasons why the product was not kept in water containers and to know the aspects associated with the existence of foci and their control. it was found that there were filled water tanks in houses where there was daily water supply so that dirt can deposit and water be ...	2001	11826537
[high esterases as mechanism of resistance to organophosphate insecticides in aedes aegypti strains].	five strains of aedes aegypti l. one from cuba and 4 from venezuela were evaluated to determine their resistance to organophosphate insecticides (temephos, chlorpiriphos and pirimiphos methyl). in the venezuelan strains only apure showed resistance to temephos. in tachira and miranda moderate resistance values were noted (fr50 5 to 10x) for chlorpiriphos and high levels of resistance (fr > 10x) to this insecticide were found in aragua. all the venezuelan strains showed high levels of resistance ...	2009	11826536
[adaptation of microtitration plate methods for quantification of the activity of esterases and glutathione-s-transferase in aedes aegypti].	the detection techniques for the activity of non-specific esterases and glutathione-s-transferase in culex quinquefasciatus were modified to detect such enzymes in aedes aegypti(l). the optimal concentration values of substrate (saturating concentration) and the optimum reading time for reaction were determined for each enzyme by using 4 aedes aegypti strains: one from cuba 2 from venezuela and one susceptible reference strain. the frequency of non-specific esterases turned out to be 0.76 in mir ...	2009	11826535
[incidence of aedes (s) aegypti and other culicidae in the municipality of playa, la habana city].	an analysis was made on the incidence of culicidae present in playa municipality, havana city, during the intensive stage of the anti-aegypti campaign from june to july, 1997, according to its requirements. culex quinquefasciatus was the predominant species with a total of 269 focuses. it was collected in all the people's councils and in every type of repository, excepting clay repositories. the second most abundant species was the aedes aegypti with 199 focuses, followed by aedes mediovittatus ...	2000	11826519
larval occurrence, oviposition behavior and biting activity of potential mosquito vectors of dengue on samui island, thailand.	a 1995 outbreak of dengue haemorrhagic fever (dhf) occurred on samui island in thailand with an incidence of almost 500 cases/100,000 population. to find and develop effective strategies to control this disease through cost-effective vector control programs, entomological studies were carried out on the island between 1996 and 1998. there were two species of dhf vectors, aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus prevailing on the island, and the population of ae. aegypti remained relatively constant thro ...	2001	11813654
educational campaign versus malathion spraying for the control of aedes aegypti in colima, mexico.	to evaluate the effect of an educational campaign for reducing the breeding places of aedes aegypti, the principal vector of dengue; and to compare its effects with the ones obtained by spraying of malathion at ultralow volume.	2002	11812816
coexpression of chitinase and the cry11aa1 toxin genes in bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis.	at the spore stage, a cloned chitinase gene was coexpressed with the regulatory gene p19 and the toxin gene cry11aa1 in the hosts bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis strains 4q2-72 and c4q2-72. the chitinase gene was derived from a high-chitinase producer, bacillus licheniformis tp-1. two transcriptional fusion plasmids between the p19 or p19-cry11aa1 genes and the promoterless chitinase gene were constructed. in transcription order, the p16-19chi construct contained the p19 gene together ...	2001	11812119
platelet-activating-factor-hydrolyzing phospholipase c in the salivary glands and saliva of the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus.	a phospholipase c activity specific for platelet-activating factor (paf), named paf phosphorylcholine hydrolase, was found in the salivary glands and saliva of the human-feeding mosquito culex quinquefasciatus. the enzymatic activity was demonstrated by inhibition of paf-induced platelet aggregation, and by identification of substrate consumption and production of diacyl glyceride by electrospray-ionisation mass spectrometry. the activity has a neutral optimal ph and an apparent molecular mass o ...	2001	11807106
survey of container-breeding mosquitoes from the florida keys, monroe county, florida.	a survey of container-breeding mosquitoes was conducted on urban islands (big coppitt key, rockland key, key west, and stock island) and rural islands (big pine key, cudjoe key, little torch key, no name key, ramrod key, saddlebunch keys, sugarloaf key, and summerland key) within the florida keys. five mosquito species were collected: aedes aegypti, culex nigripalpus, cx. quinquefasciatus, cx. salinarius, and ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus. plastic buckets, trash cans, and discarded plastic contain ...	2001	11804461
evaluation of the efficacy of lambda-cyhalothrin applied as ultra-low volume and thermal fog for emergency control of aedes aegypti in honduras.	an extended-duration formulation of lambda-cyhalothrin (demand cs) applied as either an ultra-low volume (ulv) or thermal fog spray from a new handheld sprayer (terrier) against aedes aegypti was evaluated in honduras. spray applications were made at the front door for 1 min or to each room for 15 sec, both for the ulv and thermal fog applications to houses in separate blocks for each treatment. the efficacy and duration of effectiveness of the spray was determined from sentinel caged mosquito m ...	2001	11804457
a sensitive and rapid assay for homologous recombination in mosquito cells: impact of vector topology and implications for gene targeting.	recent progress in insect transgenesis has been dramatic but existing transposon-based approaches are constrained by position effects and potential instability. gene targeting would bring a number of benefits, however progress requires a better understanding of the mechanisms involved. much can be learned in vitro since extrachromosomal recombination occurs at high frequency, facilitating the study of multiple events and the impact of structural changes among the recombining molecules. we have i ...	2001	11801182
a comparative genomic analysis of two distant diptera, the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster, and the malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae.	genome evolution entails changes in the dna sequence of genes and intergenic regions, changes in gene numbers, and also changes in gene order along the chromosomes. genes are reshuffled by chromosomal rearrangements such as deletions/insertions, inversions, translocations, and transpositions. here we report a comparative study of genome organization in the main african malaria vector, anopheles gambiae, relative to the recently determined sequence of the drosophila melanogaster genome. the ances ...	2002	11779831
functional expression and characterization of aedes aegypti dopachrome conversion enzyme.	a full-length mosquito dopachrome conversion enzyme (dce) and its truncated form lacking the last 54 carboxyl-terminal amino acid residues are expressed using a baculovirus/insect cell expression system. the full-length recombinant dce displayed multiple bands during native page with substrate staining, but only one active band was detected when the truncated recombinant dce was analyzed under identical analysis conditions. our data suggest that the last 50 some carboxyl-terminal residues are in ...	0	11779167
cloning and characterization of the crystal protein-encoding gene of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. yunnanensis.	molecular cloning and characterization of a novel cry gene, cry32aa, of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. yunnanensis was carried out. the cry32aa protein was predicted to have a molecular mass of 139.2 kda and was found to have an unusual 42-amino-acid-long tail at the c terminus. the cry32aa gene was localized on the 103-mda plasmid of the organism. bioassays showed no toxicity against several moths and mosquitoes. however, it exhibited weak toxicity against larvae of the diamondback moth, plutell ...	2002	11772653
oviposition attractancy of an infusion from a wood inhabiting fungus for vector mosquitoes.	review of literature indicates that none of the chemicals so far studied for oviposition attractancy was found to be promising for operational use. efforts are being made to find an effective substance to corner a large number of ovipositing females to selective breeding sites for ease of control operation. this will reduce insecticidal consumption and will be cost-effective. this study is aimed to evaluate the oviposition attractancy of aqueous infusion from a wood inhabiting fungus (polyporus ...	2001	11762202
stereochemical effects in an insect repellent.	racemic 1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl]-2-methylpiperidine repels blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes, chiggers, and ticks. the compound contains two asymmetric carbon atoms and the racemate consists of four stereoisomers. quantitative mosquito bioassays using aedes aegypti (l.) showed that (1s,2's) and (1r,2's) configurations were 2.8-3.1 and 1.6-1.8 times more effective, respectively, than the other two stereoisomers in reducing mosquito bites. (1s,2's) was 2.5 more repellent than the ra ...	2001	11761378
recent advances in insect olfaction, specifically regarding the morphology and sensory physiology of antennal sensilla of the female sphinx moth manduca sexta.	the antennal flagellum of female manduca sexta bears eight sensillum types: two trichoid, two basiconic, one auriculate, two coeloconic, and one styliform complex sensilla. the first type of trichoid sensillum averages 34 microm in length and is innervated by two sensory cells. the second type averages 26 microm in length and is innervated by either one or three sensory cells. the first type of basiconic sensillum averages 22 microm in length, while the second type averages 15 microm in length. ...	2001	11754510
identification of novel plasmodium gallinaceum zygote- and ookinete-expressed proteins as targets for blocking malaria transmission.	the development of transmission-blocking vaccines is one approach to malaria control. to identify novel plasmodium zygote- and ookinete-secreted proteins as targets of blocking malaria transmission, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were produced against parasite-secreted proteins found in plasmodium gallinaceum ookinete culture supernatants. four mabs-1a6, 2a5, 2b5, and 4b6-were identified that bound to p. gallinaceum zygotes and ookinetes in diverse patterns in terms of spatial localization on para ...	2002	11748169
dengue fever in pregnancy: a case report.	background: dengue, a mosquito-borne flavivirus infection, is endemic in southeast asia. currently, the incidence has been increasing among adults. case presentation: a 26-year-old thai woman, g1p0 31 weeks pregnancy, presented with epigastric pain for 1 day. she also had a high-grade fever for 4 days. the physical examination, complete blood counts as well as serology confirmed dengue fever. the patient was under conservative treatment despite severe thrombocytopenia. she was well at the 3rd da ...	2001	11747474
alkalinization by chloride/bicarbonate pathway in larval mosquito midgut.	the midgut of mosquito larvae maintains a specific lumen alkalinization profile with large longitudinal gradients (ph approximately 3 units*mm(-1)) in which an extremely alkaline (ph approximately 11) anterior midgut lies between near-neutral posterior midgut and gastric cecum (ph 7-8). a plasma membrane h(+) v-atpase energizes this alkalinization but the ion carriers involved are unknown. capillary zone electrophoresis of body samples with outlet conductivity detection showed a specific transep ...	2001	11742083
malathion resistance and prevalence of the malathion carboxylesterase mechanism in populations of mosquito vectors of disease in sri lanka.	to determine the levels of malathion resistance and prevalence of the malathion carboxylesterase mechanism among mosquitoes in sri lanka.	2001	11731814
invasions by insect vectors of human disease.	nonindigenous vectors that arrive, establish, and spread in new areas have fomented throughout recorded history epidemics of human diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, typhus, and plague. although some vagile vectors, such as adults of black flies, biting midges, and tsetse flies, have dispersed into new habitats by flight or wind, human-aided transport is responsible for the arrival and spread of most invasive vectors, such as anthropophilic fleas, lice, kissing bugs, and mosquitoes. from th ...	2002	11729075
candidate odorant receptors from the malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae and evidence of down-regulation in response to blood feeding.	olfaction plays a major role in host preference and blood feeding, integral behaviors for disease transmission by the malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (henceforth a. gambiae). we have identified four genes encoding candidate odorant receptors from a. gambiae that are selectively expressed in olfactory organs, contain approximately seven transmembrane domains, and show significant similarity to several putative odorant receptors in drosophila melanogaster. furthermore, one ...	2001	11724964
kinetics of dengue virus-specific serum immunoglobulin classes and subclasses correlate with clinical outcome of infection.	the kinetics of dengue virus (den)-specific serum immunoglobulin classes (immunoglobulin m [igm] and iga) and subclasses (igg1 to igg4) were studied in patients suffering from dengue fever (df), dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf), and dengue shock syndrome (dss). serum samples from non-den febrile patients were included as controls. igm, igg1, and igg3 serum antibodies were the predominant immunoglobulins throughout the course of illness in all three patient groups. in contrast, iga antibodies were ...	2001	11724841
[simplifying the sampling method for evaluating the larval density of aedes aegypti in são paulo state, brazil].	to suggest changes in the sampling procedures for estimating the larval density of aedes aegypti in the state of são paulo, brazil, by assessing the efficacy and level of complexity of the current procedures.	2001	11723519
[emergence of aedes albopictus in artificial containers].	to estimate the potential of daily average emergence of aedes albopictus adult females. since this species is very close to aedes aegypti, although it has not been implicated in the spread of dengue in brazil.	2001	11723517
horizontal and vertical transmission of dengue virus type 2 in highly and lowly susceptible strains of aedes aegypti mosquitoes.	isofemale lines of aedes aegypti mosquitoes highly and lowly susceptible to dengue type 2 (den-2) virus (den(h) and den(l), respectively) were established by oral feeding and individual rearing. the susceptibility at f13 generation was found to be 61% and 25% for the den(h) and den(l) line, respectively. the virus-infected mosquito females were allowed to probe on bovine albumin phosphate saline ph 7.2 (baps) through membrane feeders. the presence of virus in the probed baps was determined eithe ...	2001	11719984
expression, purification, characterization and clinical relevance of raed a 1--a 68-kda recombinant mosquito aedes aegypti salivary allergen.	accurate diagnosis of mosquito allergy has been precluded by the difficulty of obtaining salivary allergens. in this study, we expressed, purified, characterized and investigated the clinical relevance of a recombinant aedes aegypti salivary allergen, raed a 1. two cdna segments were ligated together to form the full-length aed a 1 gene. raed a 1 was expressed using a baculovirus/insect cell system, and purified using a combination of anion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. the purifie ...	2001	11717185
population genetic structure and competence as a vector for dengue type 2 virus of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus from madagascar.	starch gel electrophoresis was used to assess the polymorphism of 7 isoenzymes in single mosquitoes (field-collected f0 or f1 generation) for aedes albopictus (8 strains) from northern madagascar. mosquitoes of the f2 generation (3 strains of aedes aegypti and 10 strains of ae. albopictus) were tested for oral susceptibility to dengue type 2 virus. aedes aegypti was less susceptible to viral infection than ae. albopictus. the genetic differentiation was less high between ae. albopictus populatio ...	2001	11716103
a live attenuated recombinant dengue-4 virus vaccine candidate with restricted capacity for dissemination in mosquitoes and lack of transmission from vaccinees to mosquitoes.	2adelta30 is a live dengue-4 virus vaccine candidate with a 30-nucleotide deletion in its 3'-untranslated region. to assess the transmissibility of 2adelta30 by mosquitoes, we compared its in vivo replication in mosquitoes with that of its wild type den-4 parent. both the vaccine candidate and wild type virus were equally able to infect the mosquito toxorhynchites splendens after intrathoracic inoculation. relative to its wild type parent, 2adelta30 was slightly restricted in its ability to infe ...	2001	11716092
recovery of infectious pariacoto virus from cdna clones and identification of susceptible cell lines.	pariacoto virus (pav) is a nodavirus that was recently isolated in peru from the southern armyworm, spodoptera eridania. virus particles are non enveloped and about 30 nm in diameter and have t=3 icosahedral symmetry. the 3.0-a crystal structure shows that about 35% of the genomic rna is icosahedrally ordered, with the rna forming a dodecahedral cage of 25-nucleotide (nt) duplexes that underlie the inner surface of the capsid. the pav genome comprises two single-stranded, positive-sense rnas: rn ...	2001	11711613
the availability of potential hosts as a determinant of feeding behaviours and malaria transmission by african mosquito populations.	a simple model for the influence of host availability on vector bloodmeal choice is applied to estimate the relative availabilities of humans, cattle and other host populations to malaria vectors in african communities, using published human blood indices and ratios of cattle to humans. cattle were bitten < 0.01, 0.021 +/- 0.11, 1.61 +/- 0.16 and 1.61 +/- 0.46 times as often as humans by anopheles funestus, an. gambiae sensu stricto and an. arabiensis in segera, tanzania, and an. gambiae sensu l ...	2001	11706651
interleukin-4 receptor-stat6 signaling in murine infections with a tissue-dwelling nematode parasite.	interleukin-4 (il-4) has been shown to be crucial in parasite expulsion in several gastrointestinal nematode infection models. data from both epidemiological studies with humans and experimental infections in animals imply a critical role for the type ii helper response, dominated by il-4, in host protection. here we utilized inbred mice on two distinct backgrounds to document the involvement of il-4 in the clearance of a primary infection of brugia from the murine host. our data from infections ...	2001	11705956
use of a computer model to identify potential hotspots for dengue fever in new zealand.	to describe the areas of potential dengue fever risk in new zealand for present climatic conditions and projected scenarios of climate change.	2001	11700749
a predictor variable for efficacy of lagenidium giganteum produced in solid-state cultivation.	lagenidium giganteum was cultivated on solid media in the absence of free water and evaluated for efficacy against second-instar aedes aegypti mosquito larvae in 100-ml bioassays. bioassay variables included level of media addition, co(2) evolution rate (cer) and cell density. logistic regression was performed on bioassay infection observations to determine if the tested variables were correlated to the probability of attaining at least 80% infection. both cer (p=0.003) and number of cells (p=0. ...	2001	11687931
identification of entomopathogenic bacillus isolated from simulium (diptera, simuliidae) larvae and adults.	entomopathogenic bacteria isolated from simulium larvae and adults from breeding sites in the states of são paulo and rio de janeiro, brazil, were identified as 18 strains of bacillus thuringiensis and one of b. sphaericus. most of these strains were serotyped according to their flagellar antigens. however, nine of the b. thuringiensis samples, could not be serotyped and were designated as "autoagglutinating"; they were also shown to be toxic in preliminary tests against aedes aegypti larvae. ad ...	2001	11685272
development and evaluation of serotype- and group-specific fluorogenic reverse transcriptase pcr (taqman) assays for dengue virus.	five fluorogenic probe hydrolysis (taqman) reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) assays were developed for serotypes 1 to 4 and group-specific detection of dengue virus. serotype- and group-specific oligonucleotide primers and fluorogenic probes were designed against conserved regions of the dengue virus genome. the rt-pcr assay is a rapid single-tube method consisting of a 30-min rt step linked to a 45-cycle pcr at 95 and 60 degrees c that generates a fluorogenic signal in positive samples. assays ...	2001	11682539
[yellow fever epidemiology in brazil].	we have carried out a meticulous time-space-analysis of the incidence of yellow fever in humans in brazil from 1954 to 1972 and especially from 1973 to 1999. this study has added to our knowledge of the epidemiology of yellow fever and enabled us to redefine epidemiological zones and determine their geographical limits. the endemic area is located within the amazon basin; here cases are scattered and generally limited in number. however, there are also "foci of endemic emergence" within this are ...	2001	11681224
transcriptional regulation of the mosquito vitellogenin gene via a blood meal-triggered cascade.	in anautogenous mosquitoes, a blood meal is required for activation of genes encoding yolk protein precursors (ypp). vitellogenin (vg), the major ypp gene, is transcribed at a very high level following blood meal activation. it is expressed exclusively in the female fat body, the tissue producing most of mosquito hemolymph and immune proteins. in this paper, we analyzed the upstream region of the aedes aegypti vg gene in order to identify regulatory elements responsible for its unique expression ...	2001	11674997
aedes aegypti glutamine synthetase: expression and gene structure.	the peritrophic matrix (pm) is the first natural barrier a mosquito-borne parasite faces when ingested with a blood meal; consequently, understanding the biology of pm formation could provide novel transmission control strategies. because the pm is composed of chitin (a molecule of repeating units of n-acetyl glucosamine), glycoproteins and glucose, characterizing the regulation of enzymes involved in chitin production should provide information concerning factors that influence pm formation. we ...	2001	11674996
dengue virus and insecticide susceptibility status of aedes aegypti mosquitoes from belagola village, mandya district, karnataka state: during and post-epidemic investigations.	aedes aegypti mosquitoes collected during and after dengue virus epidemic season were exposed to diagnostic dosages of insecticides. mosquitoes collected during the epidemic showed resistance to ddt only, while mosquitoes collected after the control measures showed tolerance to malathion and low resistance to ddt. since there was no indication of malathion resistance in the mosquitoes collected during the epidemic, the second batch was subjected to malathion selection pressure for 8 generations ...	2000	11668935
[frequency of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus larvae and pupae in traps, brazil].	to evaluate the monthly frequency of larvae and pupae of aedes albopictus, aedes aegypti and other mosquitoe species in tires, and the influence of environmental factors on that.	2001	11600929
tackling the most difficult diseases. genetics and genomics open new strategies to fight vector-borne diseases.		0	11600446
biosynthetic pathway of insect juvenile hormone iii in cell suspension cultures of the sedge cyperus iria.	in most insect species, juvenile hormones regulate critical physiological processes such as metamorphosis and reproduction. in insects, these sesquiterpenoids are synthesized by retrocerebral endocrine organs, the corpora allata, via the classical mevalonate (mva) pathway. one of these compounds, juvenile hormone iii (jh iii), has also been identified in the sedge cyperus iria. in higher plants, biosynthesis of the sesquiterpenoid backbone may proceed through two distinct pathways: the mva pathw ...	0	11598232
tsetse immune responses and trypanosome transmission: implications for the development of tsetse-based strategies to reduce trypanosomiasis.	tsetse flies are the medically and agriculturally important vectors of african trypanosomes. information on the molecular and biochemical nature of the tsetse/trypanosome interaction is lacking. here we describe three antimicrobial peptide genes, attacin, defensin, and diptericin, from tsetse fat body tissue obtained by subtractive cloning after immune stimulation with escherichia coli and trypanosomes. differential regulation of these genes shows the tsetse immune system can discriminate not on ...	2001	11592981
ross river virus transmission, infection, and disease: a cross-disciplinary review.	ross river virus (rrv) is a fascinating, important arbovirus that is endemic and enzootic in australia and papua new guinea and was epidemic in the south pacific in 1979 and 1980. infection with rrv may cause disease in humans, typically presenting as peripheral polyarthralgia or arthritis, sometimes with fever and rash. rrv disease notifications in australia average 5,000 per year. the first well-described outbreak occurred in 1928. during world war ii there were more outbreaks, and the name ep ...	2001	11585790
efficient transformation of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti using the piggybac transposable element vector pbac[3xp3-egfp afm].	we report efficient germ-line transformation in the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti accomplished using the piggybac transposable element vector pbac[3xp3-egfp afm]. two transgenic lines were established and characterized; each contained the vg-defensin a transgene with strong eye-specific expression of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) marker gene regulated by the artificial 3xp3 promoter. southern blot hybridization and inverse pcr analyses of genomic dna demonstrated a precise ...	2001	11583926
evaluation of biological and chemical insecticide mixture against aedes aegypti larvae and adults by thermal fogging in singapore.	to improve the operational efficiency of dengue vector control in singapore, larvicide and adulticide were applied together by thermal fog generator (agrofog af40). the mixture consisted of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (vectobac 12 as) as biological larvicide at 1.5 l/ha and pirimiphos-methyl (actellic 50 ec) as adulticide at 100 g ai/ha, diluted 10-fold with water. aerosol of this mixture was evaluated against the mosquito aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) in bioassays using ca ...	2001	11583451
evolutionary relationships and systematics of the alphaviruses.	partial e1 envelope glycoprotein gene sequences and complete structural polyprotein sequences were used to compare divergence and construct phylogenetic trees for the genus alphavirus. tree topologies indicated that the mosquito-borne alphaviruses could have arisen in either the old or the new world, with at least two transoceanic introductions to account for their current distribution. the time frame for alphavirus diversification could not be estimated because maximum-likelihood analyses indic ...	2001	11581380
detection of dengue viral rna in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) exposed to sticky lures using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.	active surveillance for dengue (den) virus infected mosquitoes can be an effective way to predict the risk of dengue infection in a given area. however, doing so may pose logistical problems if mosquitoes must be kept alive or frozen fresh to detect den virus. in an attempt to simplify mosquito processing, we evaluated the usefulness of a sticky lure and a seminested reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay (rt-pcr) for detecting den virus rna under laboratory conditions using exper ...	2001	11580045
stable, germ-line transformation of culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae).	a hermes-based transposable element transformation system incorporating an enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) marker was used to produce two transgenic lines of culex quinquefasciatus (say). the transformation frequency was approximately 12% and transformation of culex was shown to be dependent on the presence of hermes transposase. injected culex embryos were treated with four different heat shock regimes, two of which produced transformed individuals. these individuals were mated with w ...	2001	11580043
precipitation and temperature effects on populations of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae): implications for range expansion.	we investigated how temperature and precipitation regime encountered over the life cycle of aedes albopictus (skuse) affects populations. caged populations of a. albopictus were maintained at 22, 26, and 30 degrees c. cages were equipped with containers that served as sites for oviposition and larval development. all cages were assigned to one of three simulated precipitation regimes: (1) low fluctuation regime - water within the containers was allowed to evaporate to 90% of its maximum before b ...	0	11580037