Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| characterization of rabbit ileal receptors for clostridium difficile toxin a. evidence for a receptor-coupled g protein. | the purpose of this study was to characterize the surface receptor for toxin a, the enterotoxin from clostridium difficile, on rabbit intestinal brush borders (bb) and on rat basophilic leukemia (rbl) cells. purified toxin a was radiolabeled using a modified bolton-hunter method to sp act 2 microci/micrograms, with retention of full biologic activity. 3h-toxin a bound specifically to a single class of receptors on rabbit bb and on rbl cells with dissociation constants of 5.4 x 10(-8) and 3.5 x 1 ... | 1991 | 1905325 |
| molecular screening of clostridium difficile toxins a and b genetic determinants and identification of mutant strains. | three separate sets of polymerase chain reaction primers were designed to specifically detect the presence of a toxin a gene fragment, a toxin b gene fragment, and the entire toxin b gene. in addition toxin gene fragments that were amplified from well characterized toxic strains were tagged fluorescently and used as hybridization probes to screen c. difficile strains. a survey of 37 toxic strains and 10 non-toxic strains demonstrated that toxic strains normally contain the genetic composition fo ... | 1991 | 1903351 |
| purification and characterization of s layer proteins from clostridium difficile gai 0714. | the s layer of clostridium difficile gai0714 was shown to be composed of two proteins, of 32 kda and 45 kda, as determined by sds-page. the two proteins were extracted with 8 m-urea (ph 8.3) from a cell wall preparation and purified by deae-sepharose cl-6b chromatography followed by hplc gel filtration. when solubilized in 0.1 m-urea, both proteins appeared to exhibit dimeric forms, with respective molecular masses of about 61 kda and 99 kda, upon hplc. although the amino acid compositions of th ... | 1991 | 1901902 |
| treatment with intravenously administered gamma globulin of chronic relapsing colitis induced by clostridium difficile toxin. | we tested the hypothesis that children with chronic relapsing colitis induced by clostridium difficile toxin have defective antibody responses to c. difficile toxins as a cause of their underlying illness. six such children were tested for serum igg and iga antibody to c. difficile toxin a. these six children had lower igg anti-toxin a levels than 24 healthy children (p = 0.026) and 18 healthy adults (p = 0.0008). five patients treated with 400 mg intravenously administered gamma-globulin per ki ... | 1991 | 1901084 |
| binding kinetics of clostridium difficile toxins a and b to intestinal brush border membranes from infant and adult hamsters. | this study was undertaken to determine if the relative resistance of neonates and infants to clostridium difficile-associated intestinal disease can be related to age-dependent differences in intestinal receptors for c. difficile toxins a and b. brush border membranes (bbms) from the small intestines of adult and infant hamsters were examined for their ability to bind radiolabeled toxins a and b. [125i]toxin a bound to both infant and adult hamster bbms at physiological temperature, whereas [125 ... | 1991 | 1900806 |
| [antibiotic associated recurrent diarrhea cured with fecal streptococci]. | 1991 | 1900554 | |
| travelers' diarrhea among united states military personnel during joint american-egyptian armed forces exercises in cairo, egypt. | a study was conducted of travelers' diarrhea in a united states military population on deployment in cairo, egypt, during july and august 1987. acute diarrhea requiring medical attention developed in 183 (4%) of 4,500 troops. a possible etiologic agent was identified in 49% of all diarrhea cases. enteric pathogens associated with cases of diarrhea included: enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (17% st-producers, 13% lt-producers, and 3% lt/st-producers); shigella (9%); campylobacter spp. (2%); salmo ... | 1991 | 1900113 |
| protection against experimental pseudomembranous colitis in gnotobiotic mice by use of monoclonal antibodies against clostridium difficile toxin a. | the pathogenicity of clostridium difficile is due to the production of two toxins (toxins a and b). we prepared monoclonal antibodies against toxin a and determined whether axenic mice passively immunized with the monoclonal antibodies were protected against c. difficile disease. the mice were kept in an isolator and were given ascites fluid intravenously prior to challenge with a toxinogenic strain of c. difficile. control mice and mice receiving ascites fluid devoid of toxin antibody died with ... | 1991 | 1900059 |
| [bacterial enterotoxins: structure, mode of action]. | the enterotoxins are macro-proteins, produced by enterotoxic bacterial strains acting in the human or animal intestine during digestive infections. in most cases, they induce diarrhoea (associated or not with tissue damage). these molecules differ in their structure and mechanism of action. some of them (cholera toxin, escherichia coli lt) activate a cyclase system (adenylate or guanylate cyclase), inducing water and electrolyte flux in the gut. conversely, others (toxins a and b, clostridium di ... | 1991 | 1897866 |
| development and application of a multiple typing system for clostridium difficile. | a combination of bacteriocin, bacteriophage, and plasmid typing techniques was used to differentiate strains of clostridium difficile. a typing set of 20 bacteriocin-producing strains was established after 400 isolates of c. difficile were screened for the ability to produce bacteriocin. these strains were used to type a collection of 114 isolates of c. difficile. forty-six (40%) of the 114 isolates were typeable, and 31 typing patterns were distinguishable. plasmid typing of the same 114 isolat ... | 1991 | 1892377 |
| [secondary penetration of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt into the intestines. possible cause of a recurring sepsis?]. | we present a 28-year-old-patient with a severe head injury: skull fractures, epidural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, glasgow coma score 7, and aspiration following a motorbike accident. a systemic infection with symptoms of shock and staphylococcus aureus in blood culture specimens developed a few days after admission (later staphylococcus epidermidis was also cultured). a posttraumatic hydrocephalus was treated by a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt inserted at mini-laparotomy. in multiple microb ... | 1991 | 1883061 |
| [clostridium difficile: a typing method for epidemiological studies]. | one hundred and twenty two strains of clostridium difficile were studied: 33 strains were isolated from stools of neonates or children, 89 cases of antibiotic associated diarrhea. the strains were identified by biochemical tests and gaz liquid chromatography of the fermentation products. a typing scheme for clostridium difficile were proposed by using a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole cell proteins. we studied the correlation between this typing and the serogrouping scheme based on s ... | 1991 | 1881693 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis: a clinical analysis and review of literatures]. | clostridium difficile has been well known to be a pathogen of pseudomembranous colitis. it is characterized by the formation of elevated plaques and pseudomembranes which result in varying degree of diarrhea. this series analysed 20 cases of pseudomembranous colitis diagnosed at chang gung memorial hospital between january 1985 and december 1989. the male to female ratio was 1:3. their ages ranged between 13 and 81 years, with a mean of 53.7 years. sixteen of our patients claimed to have taken a ... | 1991 | 1878812 |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile in hospitalised patients with acute diarrhoea in calcutta. | during a 12-month period, clostridium difficile was isolated from 38 (11.1%) of 341 hospitalised patients suffering from acute diarrhoea and from five (3%) of 172 patients as control who were admitted with illnesses other than diarrhoea. it was the sole bacterial pathogen in 31 cases. 87% of the isolates obtained from patients with diarrhoea produced neutralisable cytotoxin. none of these patients had any history of previous treatment using antibiotics. no age or gender-specific high incidence w ... | 1991 | 1869797 |
| newly documented antimicrobial activity of quinolones. | the improved antimicrobial activity of newer fluoroquinolones and novel applications recently found for the drugs already marketed are reviewed. several new compounds are more active against gram-positive bacteria than the presently marketed fluoroquinolones. win 57273, the most potent compound in vitro on a weight basis, is 16 to 128 times more active than ciprofloxacin against various staphylococci, streptococci, enterococcus spp., corynebacterium spp., listeria monocytogenes and bacillus spp. ... | 1991 | 1864284 |
| acute abdomen as the first presentation of pseudomembranous colitis. | acute abdomen was the presenting manifestation of pseudomembranous colitis in six men who had previously been treated with antibiotics and presented with abdominal distention, pain, fever, and leukocytosis with absent or mild diarrhea. plain abdominal radiographs revealed megacolon in two, combined small and large bowel dilation in three, with one of them showing volvuluslike pattern, and isolated small bowel ileus in one. emergency colonoscopy was performed successfully in all patients and reve ... | 1991 | 1860633 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a induces a specific antisecretory factor which protects against intestinal mucosal damage. | peroral challenge with toxin a from clostridium difficile induced the formation of antisecretory factor in rats. the animals were given 100 micrograms of the toxin, which was followed by a pronounced diarrhoea and by the appearance of antisecretory factor in the pituitary gland. in electrofocusing, the induced antisecretory factor separated in two peaks (pi 5.4 and 5.0); both fractions showed a lectin-like binding to agarose. the pi 5.4 fraction inhibited cholera toxin as well as toxin a induced ... | 1991 | 1855687 |
| [response of the ird intestinal epithelial cell line to clostridium difficile toxins a and b in rats. effect of saccharomyces boulardii]. | in vivo, clostridium difficile acts by releasing 2 toxins: toxin a, an enterotoxin, and toxin b, a cytotoxin. this study was performed to determine: a) whether the rat epithelial intestinal cell line ird 98 responds to clostridium difficile toxin a and b; b) whether the yeast saccharomyces boulardii has an effect on this model. evaluation of 3h-thymidine incorporation into ird 98 cells exposed to toxin b revealed that dna synthesis was inhibited for low concentrations (10 ng/ml). for higher conc ... | 1991 | 1849105 |
| [generalized toxic symptoms caused by clostridium difficile infection in a patient with wilms' tumor]. | this case report describes a 15 months-old patient with wilms' tumor, who was treated with radical operation and chemotherapy. during hospitalization the patient suffered from recurrent lung infections, which were treated with appropriate antibiotics. subsequently, the patient developed severe abdominal affection with daily melena, liver and kidney involvement, and generalized edema and hypertension. cl. difficile and its cytotoxin was demonstrated in feces, and the patient was successfully trea ... | 1991 | 1848955 |
| oral vancomycin-induced rash: case report and review of the literature. | disseminated rash and pruritus are described in an 82-year-old woman with chronic renal failure following administration of oral vancomycin hydrochloride 125 mg q6h for the treatment of clostridium difficile colitis. renal function was estimated to be 0.27 ml/s based on a serum creatinine of 177 mumol/l. after eight days of therapy, she developed a slightly raised maculopapular rash on her legs and torso, which spread to her abdomen and arms with continued treatment. vancomycin was discontinued ... | 1991 | 1840008 |
| a family of clostridial and streptococcal ligand-binding proteins with conserved c-terminal repeat sequences. | analysis of the derived amino acid sequences of toxins a and b from clostridium difficile has identified an extraordinarily large number of repeat amino acid units in the c-terminal regions of the proteins. nearly one third of each of the proteins consist of repeating units which appear, at least in the case of toxin a, to be responsible for carbohydrate binding. similar repeat units are also found in the c-terminal region of four glucosyltransferases from streptococcus mutans and streptococcus ... | 1991 | 1830357 |
| antibiotic resistance of clostridium difficile isolates. | the activity of metronidazole, vancomycin, clindamycin and teicoplanin against clostridium difficile strains isolated from various origins in poland was investigated. mic was determined for metronidazole, clindamycin and teicoplanin. the disc-diffusion method was used for the vancomycin susceptibility test. three out of thirty-eight strains were resistant to vancomycin and twenty-eight were susceptible to teicoplanin. a widespread mic was observed for clindamycin and metronidazole. no correlatio ... | 1991 | 1828756 |
| in vitro activities of ramoplanin and four glycopeptide antibiotics against clinical isolates of clostridium difficile. | seventy strains of clostridium difficile, all isolated from symptomatic patients, were found to be uniformly susceptible to ramoplanin, a new glycolipodepsipeptide antibiotic, and to four glycopeptides (vancomycin, teicoplanin, and two semisynthetic teicoplanin derivatives). ramoplanin is recommended for further evaluation in the treatment of c. difficile-associated disease. | 1991 | 1826593 |
| toxigenicity and adherence in clostridium difficile strains isolated from patients with and without diarrhoea. | the mechanisms by which clostridium difficile causes diarrhoea are unknown. the expression of putative virulence factors by 44 clostridium difficile strains isolated from patients with and without diarrhoea was studied. toxins a and b were tested in cho and mrc-5 cells, respectively; adherence was measured in two substrates: hep-2 cells and polystyrene plates. the in vitro expression of toxins a and b by strains isolated from patients with diarrhoea was not significantly different from that by s ... | 1991 | 1819993 |
| colonization by clostridium difficile in hospitalized children: risk factors and typification of the isolated strains. | the frequency of colonization by clostridium difficile in 273 hospitalized children under 15 years of age was studied. feces were collected from patients attending the infectious disease service at the pediatric hospital imss, during a period of 11 months. no colonization was detected in 16 neonates; whereas 10 of 103 children (9.7%) under one year of age, 7 of 84 children (8.3%) from one to five years and 3 of 70 children (4.2%) from five to 15 years of age were colonized. the use of antibiotic ... | 1991 | 1819972 |
| isolation of a fibroblast mutant resistant to clostridium difficile toxins a and b. | a mutant of chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (don cells), resistant against clostridium difficile toxins a and b, was isolated after mutagenization with ethylmethanesulphonate and a two-step selection with toxin b. the mutant, termed cdtr-q, was 10(4) times more resistant to toxin b than wild-type cells and cross-resistant to toxin a (10(3) times more resistant). the resistance was overcome by increasing the dose of toxin. the resistance has been stable after cultivation for 40 generations in th ... | 1991 | 1816487 |
| clinical manifestation of clostridium difficile enteritis in calcutta. | 233 cases with acute diarrhoea investigated, clostridium difficile was isolated as a sole pathogen from 17 (7.3%) cases. the major clinical features of these cases were watery diarrhoea (82.4%), bloody stool (17.6%), vomiting (64.8%), fever (17.6%) and abdominal pain (2.5%). fourteen (82.4%) of 17 c difficile isolates were found to produce cytotoxin as detected by verocell assay. | 1991 | 1814901 |
| usefulness of semi-quantitative cultures in the diagnosis of clostridium difficile associated disease. | semi-quantitative stool cultures on ccfa were compared to cytotoxic assays for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile associated disease (cad). there was a significant correlation between the amount of clostridium difficile growth on ccfa, the presence of cytotoxin and a clinical diagnosis of cad in the 541 initial stool specimens tested. | 1991 | 1810735 |
| comparison of oral cefpodoxime proxetil and penicillin v potassium in the treatment of group a streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis. the cefpodoxime pharyngitis study group. | ninety-three patients with a diagnosis of acute pharyngitis/tonsillitis due to streptococcus pyogenes were randomly assigned to receive 100 mg of cefpodoxime proxetil orally with food every 12 hours or 250 mg of penicillin v potassium orally on an empty stomach every six hours. treatment efficacy was evaluated in 30 cefpodoxime-treated and 33 penicillin-treated patients. after 10 days of treatment, s pyogenes was eradicated from the throat culture in 29 of the 30 cefpodoxime-treated patients and ... | 1991 | 1799915 |
| clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in hospitalized children with acute diarrhea. | a total of 498 children, aged 0-14 years, admitted at the b.c. roy memorial hospital for children, calcutta, were investigated for the occurrence of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin. of the children in the investigation, 369 suffered from acute diarrhea. only 8.4% of these children had c. difficile in fecal samples and in vitro cytotoxin was demonstrated in 7%. in 27 (7.3%) of the patients with acute diarrhea c. difficile was isolated as the only pathogen. in contrast, among 129 control c ... | 1991 | 1797664 |
| detection of clostridium difficile from an enhancement broth by gas-liquid chromatography. | gas-liquid chromatography (glc) was used to detect the presence of isocaproic acid produced by clostridium difficile from 54 stool samples grown in cycloserine-cefoxitin broth. isocaproic acid was detected in 12 samples of which 5 were confirmed to be clostridium difficile by culture and biochemical tests. the detection of isocaproic acid by glc together with the presence of presumptive colonies on primary selective culture media provides a more rapid laboratory diagnosis for clostridium diffici ... | 1991 | 1795558 |
| morphological changes in adherent cells induced by clostridium difficile toxins. | 1991 | 1794484 | |
| [current status of clostridium difficile: recent advances in diagnostic materials and treatment of colitis and diarrheas associated with antibiotic therapy]. | clostridium difficile infection covers several clinical pictures which have been identified only recently. the majority are based upon imbalance in the intestinal ecosystem. major advances in recent years concerning this type of infection have involved: a) better knowledge of pathophysiological mechanisms, in particular the demonstration of a 2nd toxin, essential to the understanding of c. difficile infections; b) better codification of the management of these disorders. this is aimed today at t ... | 1991 | 1793250 |
| diarrheal disease due to clostridium difficile in general practice. | a total of 288 stool samples from patients attending their general practitioners was examined for the presence of clostridium difficile. c. difficile or its cytotoxin was found in 16 patients (5.5%) and was the most common enteric pathogen detected. most patients had only mild to moderate diarrhea but in the majority of patients the diarrhea was protracted. eleven of the 16 patients had received antimicrobial agents in the 3 mths preceding onset of diarrhea and there was good circumstantial evid ... | 1991 | 1784528 |
| use of the polymerase chain reaction for the specific and direct detection of clostridium difficile in human feces. | the polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection of clostridium difficile, the etiologic agent of antibiotic-associated colitis. an upstream primer identical to a coding region (segment i) of the c. difficile 16s rrna gene and a downstream primer complementary to a highly conserved region of eubacterial 16s rrna served to amplify a targeted 270-base-pair fragment of genomic dna. this technique allowed the detection of as few as 10 c. difficile organisms among 10(6) escherichia coli bacte ... | 1991 | 1775837 |
| nontoxigenic strains of clostridium difficile lack the genes for both toxin a and toxin b. | a total of 39 toxigenic and 20 nontoxigenic strains of clostridium difficile were tested for the presence of either toxin a or toxin b by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). all toxigenic strains produced cytotoxin as assayed by using highly sensitive fetal lung fibroblasts and were positive for toxin a as well as toxin b in the pcr assay. all nontoxigenic strains failed to produce toxin and were negative in the pcr assay. this study shows that nontoxigenic strains of clostridium difficile lack ... | 1991 | 1774285 |
| identification of the latex test-reactive protein of clostridium difficile as glutamate dehydrogenase. | computer analysis showed that the gene encoding the latex test-reactive protein of clostridium difficile exhibited high levels of homology with glutamate dehydrogenases from various sources. further analysis demonstrated that the recombinant protein possessed glutamate dehydrogenase activity. our results show that the protein that reacts in commercial latex tests for c. difficile is a glutamate dehydrogenase. | 1991 | 1774279 |
| evaluation of cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar and cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose broth for recovery of clostridium difficile from environmental sites. | cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (ccfa) and cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose broth (ccfb) containing either 500 or 250 micrograms of cycloserine per ml were compared for efficacy in the isolation of clostridium difficile from hospital ward environmental sites. a rodac imprint technique was used to inoculate prereduced ccfa. moistened swabs were used to inoculate prereduced ccfb from environmental sites immediately adjacent to the rodac sample sites. ccfa (6% positive) was significantly more sen ... | 1991 | 1774277 |
| evaluation of the proposed interaction of nucleic acid with clostridium difficile toxins a and b and the effects of nucleases on cytotoxicity. | both dna and rna were found to co-purify with clostridium difficile toxin b but not toxin a. dnaase treatment greatly reduced the cytotoxicity of toxin b but not of toxin a. rnaase had no effect on either toxin. the effects on toxin b were shown to be due to a contaminating protease and could be inhibited by the serine protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride. | 1991 | 1769556 |
| pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in children beyond the first year of life: manifestations and management. | beyond infancy, pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (pci) is rare. data concerning pathogenesis and treatment are limited. our experience with 12 children was examined to define predisposing factors, presentation, treatment, and outcome. nine children were immunosuppressed, thus identifying an important etiologic subgroup. presentation was variable but included abdominal pain, distention, diarrhea and hematochezia. clostridium difficile was found in 3 patients and cytomegalovirus in 1. radiograph ... | 1991 | 1765911 |
| clinical and microbiological observations on cdc group df-3, a gram-negative coccobacillus. | sequential stool cultures submitted for routine culture were screened for the presence of cdc group df-3. of 690 specimens, 11 (1.6%) yielded moderate to heavy growth of df-3. information on the 11 patients from whom these specimens were obtained showed that 4 had a history of prolonged diarrheal disease that resolved after specific therapy to eradicate df-3, while for the other 7 patients no clear role could be established. microbiological characterization of the stool isolates and 10 cdc strai ... | 1991 | 1761678 |
| development of a rapid enzyme immunoassay for clostridium difficile toxin a and its use in the diagnosis of c. difficile-associated disease. | a rapid (2.5 h) direct enzyme immunoassay (eia) for clostridium difficile toxin a was developed for clinical use. specimen centrifugation and filtration were not required. the eia detected toxin a levels in patient stool as low as 20 pg (2 ng/ml of stool). the test was 5,000 times more sensitive for toxin a than it was for toxin b and did not react with a panel of other bacterial species with the exception of one highly toxigenic strain of clostridium sordellii. the eia was compared with the cyt ... | 1991 | 1757540 |
| clostridium difficile in faecal flora after perioperative prophylaxis with ampicillin or ceftriaxone. | 1991 | 1753154 | |
| [antibiotic-induced gastrointestinal side effects]. | 1991 | 1752371 | |
| gastrointestinal carriage of clostridium difficile in cats and dogs attending veterinary clinics. | cats and dogs being treated at two veterinary clinics were investigated for gastrointestinal carriage of clostridium difficile using selective solid and enrichment media. thirty-two (39.5%) of 81 stool samples yielded c. difficile. there were significant differences in isolation rates between clinics, 61.0% of animals being positive at one clinic compared to 17.5% at the other (chi-square, p less than 0.005). of 29 animals receiving antibiotics, 15 (52.0%) harboured c. difficile while 11 (23.9%) ... | 1991 | 1752313 |
| relapse versus reinfection with clostridium difficile. | relapse of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea occurs in 15-20% of patients; however, whether relapse is due to an endogenous source of the organism or reinfection from the environment remains unclear. restriction enzyme analysis (rea) of chromosomal dna was used to type multiple isolates from ten patients who had experienced apparent relapses. more than half the relapses were due to infection with a new strain of c. difficile. the remaining patients were infected with the same strain, bu ... | 1991 | 1752311 |
| tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, and metronidazole. | the tetracyclines are effective in the treatment of chlamydia, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and rickettsial infections and also can be used for gonococcal infections in patients unable to tolerate penicillin. these drugs may cause gastrointestinal irritation, diarrhea, phototoxic dermatitis, and vestibular damage, and fatal reactions due to hepatotoxicity have occurred in pregnant women. chloramphenicol has a broad spectrum of bacteriostatic activity, but its association with suppression of the bone m ... | 1991 | 1749296 |
| clostridium difficile in children with malignant disease. | 1991 | 1742187 | |
| [debatable questions on clostridium difficile diarrhea]. | 1992 | 1734150 | |
| [cephalosporins--a common cause of nosocomial clostridium difficile diarrhea]. | 1992 | 1734138 | |
| clostridium difficile toxin b disrupts the barrier function of t84 monolayers. | the contribution of toxin b to clostridium difficile-associated infection is undefined. toxin b induces dramatic phenotypic alterations (cytotoxic effects) in cultured mesenchymal and nonintestinal epithelial cells, yet its effects on intestinal epithelial cells are not clearly understood. the alterations induced by toxin b in nonintestinal cells appear to be secondary to toxin-induced redistribution of filamentous actin. it has not been determined whether toxin b exerts similar effects on cultu ... | 1992 | 1732112 |
| [a lethal course in pseudomembranous enterocolitis during the parenteral administration of vancomycin and imipenem]. | a 48-year-old woman required mechanical ventilation after aortic valve replacement for decompensated aortic valve stenosis when bleeding complications developed and rethoracotomy had to be performed. acute renal failure necessitated haemodialysis. septic fever of unknown aetiology failed to respond to oxacillin, cefotaxim and tobramycin. the endotracheal cannula and central venous catheter were changed on the 24th postoperative day and the antibiotic treatment altered to 250 mg imipenem and 125 ... | 1992 | 1730214 |
| structural properties and evolutionary relationships of pspa, a surface protein of streptococcus pneumoniae, as revealed by sequence analysis. | analysis of the sequence for the gene encoding pspa (pneumococcal surface protein a) of streptococcus pneumoniae revealed the presence of four distinct domains in the mature protein. the structure of the n-terminal half of pspa was highly consistent with that of an alpha-helical coiled-coil protein. the alpha-helical domain was followed by a proline-rich domain (with two regions in which 18 of 43 and 5 of 11 of the residues are prolines) and a repeat domain consisting of 10 highly conserved 20-a ... | 1992 | 1729249 |
| effect of yogurt on clindamycin-induced clostridium difficile colitis in hamsters. | yogurt exhibits in vitro bactericidal activity against a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, including clostridium difficile. in the present studies, we tested whether yogurt ingestion could prevent or ameliorate antibiotic associated colitis in the clindamycin-treated hamster model. male golden syrian hamsters were given 5 mg/kg clindamycin subcutaneously 24 hr before and 6 hr following inoculation with 0.5 ml of less than 10, 10(3), 10(5), or 10(6) cfu/ml of c. difficile. hamsters in the con ... | 1992 | 1728517 |
| preparation of antibacterial and antitoxic clostridium difficile sera. | preparation of clostridium difficile antibacterial and antitoxic sera is presented. fifty one strains (72%) were typeable within delmee scheme. twenty strains (28%) belonged to new polish serogroups designated 18, 27, 70, 71, 72, 88, 89 and nich. supernatants of all toxigenic clostridium difficile strains were neutralized by gamma-globulin fraction of goat clostridium difficile antitoxin in neutralization assay when it was performed on mccoy cell line. only 8 toxigenic strains (21%) were positiv ... | 1991 | 1726616 |
| comparative studies of serotype-specific clostridium difficile strains. | the following properties of serotype-specific clostridium difficile strains were studied: toxigenicity, encapsulation, susceptibility to certain antibiotics, biochemical properties, enzymatic activity. no correlation between toxin titer and frequency of capsule production as well as serogroup affiliation and sensitivity to antibiotics was observed. the strain representative of serogroup c attracts attention because of its distinct properties. | 1991 | 1725096 |
| phosphorylation of cellular proteins in response to treatment with clostridium difficile toxin b and clostridium sordellii toxin l. | toxin b from clostridium difficile induces typical morphological changes of cultured cells consisting of rounding up and arborization, which are associated with a dramatic disruption of microfilaments. in this study, we show that toxin l, a cytotoxin produced by bacterial strain clostridium sordellii, has similar effects on cultured cells including the redistribution of f-actin and of the adhesion plaque protein vinculin. it has been assumed that the mechanisms involved in cytopathic effects of ... | 1991 | 1724754 |
| capsule-like structures in clostridium difficile strains. | fourteen strains of clostridium difficile, previously characterized by sds-page, were examined for the presence of surface structures. none of the strains were fimbriated but, when grown in the presence of glucose, all exhibited a thin ruthenium red-positive layer. two strains, belonging to different electrophoretic groups, were also observed after treatment with homologous and heterologous antisera. the strain belonging to the electrophoretic group 2, usually associated with the disease, showed ... | 1991 | 1723135 |
| an extracellular material observed in clostridium difficile strains. | some extracellular material-- "capsule" has been observed among clostridium difficile strains. c. difficile strains (44 examined) contain different proportions of cells with "capsule" and without "capsules". toxigenic strains contained fewer capsulated cells than non-toxigenic strains. | 1990 | 1715642 |
| antigenic cross-reactivity and functional inhibition by antibodies to clostridium difficile toxin a, streptococcus mutans glucan-binding protein, and a synthetic peptide. | a 10-amino-acid repeating sequence of the hemagglutinating portion of clostridium difficile toxin a has been synthesized and used to produce antisera in rabbits. antipeptide antibody inhibited toxin a-mediated hemagglutination and neutralized cytotoxic activity. immunoblot analysis with the antipeptide antibody revealed cross-reactivity with native toxin, a recombinant protein containing the toxin a repeats, and a glucan-binding protein from streptococcus mutans whose primary structure has repea ... | 1991 | 1715320 |
| cytotoxic effects of children's faeces: relation to diarrhoea due to clostridium difficile and other enteric pathogens. | cytotoxicity of faecal extracts was demonstrated in 47 of 88 children (54%) referred for microbiological investigation of stools. cytotoxic clostridium difficile and vertotoxigenic escherichia coli (vtec) were the pathogens identified most commonly but cytotoxicity was also found in association with campylobacter jejuni, salmonella spp, shigella sonnei, giardia lamblia, rotavirus, adenovirus and poliovirus type 1 which had been acquired by oral immunization. in two patients, one of whom had cyst ... | 1991 | 1715139 |
| non-radioactive restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) typing of clostridium difficile. | a typing method for clostridium difficile based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflp) is described. the technique utilizes commercially available escherichia coli ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rrna) as probe material. probe labelling, hybridization and detection was performed using the enhanced chemiluminescence (ecl) gene detection system. the probe labelling procedure was easy to perform, taking only 20 min. the complete typing method was comparatively simple, reproducible and read ... | 1991 | 1711990 |
| clostridium difficile invasion and toxin circulation in fatal pediatric pseudomembranous colitis. | the direct involvement of clostridium difficile in the lesional tissue of pseudomembranous colitis has not been demonstrated; the organism's effects have been assumed to be strictly toxin mediated. because c. difficile cytotoxin may be found incidentally in the intestinal lumina of asymptomatic infants, the role of the organism in a variety of pediatric intestinal diseases is uncertain. the authors studied seven cases of fatal pediatric pseudomembranous colitis in which the presence of c. diffic ... | 1990 | 1699407 |
| epidemiologic markers of clostridium difficile. | a wide range of epidemiologic markers have been identified for clostridium difficile. these markers are based on phenotypic characteristics of the organism, such as antibiotic resistance, bacteriocin or bacteriophage susceptibility, electrophoretic protein patterns, and immunologic markers. methods for determining genetic markers include plasmid and dna restriction endonuclease analysis and ribosomal rna restriction patterns. these methods have been applied to various degrees in epidemiologic st ... | 1990 | 1689505 |
| in-vitro activity of vancomycin, teicoplanin, daptomycin, ramoplanin, mdl 62873 and other agents against staphylococci, enterococci and clostridium difficile. | the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of different antibiotics were determined by a broth microdilution method for staphylococci, enterococci and clostridium difficile. the antimicrobial agents tested were vancomycin, teicoplanin, daptomycin, ramoplanin, mdl 62873, rifampicin and piperacillin, the latter limited to enterococci. in terms of mic90s, daptomycin (0.89 mg/l). mdl 62873 (0.99 mg/l), and teicoplanin (1.50 mg/l) were found to be highly active against methicillin-resistant staphyl ... | 1990 | 1688341 |
| candida spp. and clostridium difficile toxin-negative antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | 1991 | 1684608 | |
| an investigation into clostridium perfringens enterotoxin-associated diarrhoea. | an investigation was carried out to establish the incidence of diarrhoea associated with the presence of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens. the results indicate a high risk group, namely elderly hospitalized patients, who should be investigated for this organism in a similar way to clostridium difficile if symptoms occur. the significance of antibiotic association is suggested and cross-infection was shown to be a possibility. detection of the enterotoxin was accompanied in all cases by th ... | 1991 | 1680904 |
| role of candida in pathogenesis of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in elderly inpatients. | the part that candida plays in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea was investigated in 24 elderly inpatients (mean age 74 years) who tested negative for clostridium difficile toxin and other intestinal pathogens. 7 had intestinal overgrowth of candida species (greater than or equal to 10(5) cfu/ml). none of the 24 matched, antibiotic-treated controls without diarrhoea had candida overgrowth. all 5 patients with diarrhoea and candida overgrowth treated with oral nystatin responded with resolution of ... | 1991 | 1671890 |
| toxin a of clostridium difficile binds to the human carbohydrate antigens i, x, and y. | clostridium difficile causes pseudomembranous colitis in humans. the enterotoxin (i.e., toxin a) from this organism is believed to be responsible for the initial intestinal pathology associated with this disease. previous work shows that this toxin binds to carbohydrates that contain gal alpha 1-3gal beta 1-4glcnac. however, this carbohydrate is not present on normal human cells. therefore, this study was undertaken to identify potential receptors for toxin a that do exist on human intestinal ep ... | 1991 | 1670930 |
| [the diagnosis and treatment of clostridium difficile enterocolitis]. | sixteen strains of clostridium difficile (c.d) were isolated from 29 patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad). 9 of 14 c.d positive and 1 of 6 c.d negative fecal specimens were detected as cytotoxin positive. 10 aac patients received colonoscopy and 6 had congestion, edema and erosion of mucosa. three had yellow-white pseudomembrane on the surface of colon. in 17 clostridium difficile enterocolitis (cdec) was diagnosed by c.d isolation, cytotoxin detection and (or) colonoscopic findin ... | 1991 | 1667496 |
| clostridium difficile typhlitis associated with cecal mucosal hyperplasia in syrian hamsters. | a sudden increase in mortality occurred in a closed breeding colony of syrian hamsters (mesocricetus auratus). the colony consisted of approximately 40 hamsters, 8 of which were affected. four adult males died suddenly. one pregnant female and one weanling died after having been observed as depressed for 1 day and 2 weeks respectively. one weanling and one adult male were euthanized. all affected hamsters had signs of diarrhea. at necropsy, hemorrhagic fluid-filled ceca were noted in five of eig ... | 1991 | 1667196 |
| clostridium difficile infection in adult hamsters. | diarrhea was encountered in a group of adult female golden syrian hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) used for titrating the scrapie agent. ninety percent of the cases occurred in animals over 210 days old even though animals of all age groups lived in the colony concurrently. the cause of diarrhea was investigated in both uninoculated animals and those receiving greater than a limiting dilution of scrapie infectivity, i.e., animals that were not expected to contract the experimental scrapie disease ... | 1991 | 1667195 |
| [isolation of enteropathogenic microorganism from patients with infection of the digestive tract during 1976 to 1988 in tenri hospital]. | enteropathogenic microorganisms isolated from feces of 9,393 patients with diarrhea or enteritis in our hospital between 1976 and 1988 were analyzed. as the result of the examination of 5,443 outpatients, 1,811 strains of pathogens were isolated from 1,686 cases (31.0%). several species including salmonella spp., escherichia coli serotype, vibrio parahaemolyticus, were isolated before 1978, and the incidence of pathogens was low (14.8%). for the 10-year period since 1979, the incidence markedly ... | 1991 | 1655921 |
| tube feeding-related diarrhea in acutely ill patients. | acutely ill patients received tube feeding for an average of 15.8 days and, on average, 35% of those days were spent in the intensive care unit (icu). patients were prospectively assigned either a fiber-free formula (fff-osmolite hn, ross; n = 50) or a fiber-supplemented (soy polysaccharide 14.4 g/l) formula (fsf = jevity, ross; n = 50). diarrhea was defined as three or more loose or watery stools per day and occurred in 30% of all patients. diarrhea developed in 29 (41%) of the 71 patients who ... | 1991 | 1650854 |
| transfer of tn916 and tn916 delta e into clostridium difficile: demonstration of a hot-spot for these elements in the c. difficile genome. | the conjugative transposon tn916 and a derivative tn916 delta e was transferred from bacillus subtilis into clostridium difficile cd37 by filter mating. all the c. difficile transconjugants appeared to contain one copy of the transposon integrated into the same position in the genome. transposition from the original site of integration was not observed. like tn916 the transferable tetracycline resistance determinant (tc-cd) of c. difficile has a preferred site of integration in c. difficile and ... | 1991 | 1647998 |
| [antibiotic-induced diarrhea and its prevention]. | 1992 | 1631462 | |
| comparison of the vidas clostridium difficile toxin a immunoassay with c. difficile culture and cytotoxin and latex tests. | the vidas clostridium difficile toxin a immunoassay (cda) is a new, automated, enzyme-linked fluorescent-antibody assay for detection of c. difficile toxin a antigen in stool specimens. simultaneous, parallel testing was performed by using the vidas cda, the culturette brand cdt latex test for c. difficile antigens, and conventional laboratory cell culture tests for c. difficile, cytotoxicity and c. difficile culture. one hundred ninety-four consecutive fresh soft or liquid stool samples submitt ... | 1992 | 1629341 |
| sensitivity in culture of epithelial cells from rhesus monkey kidney and human colon carcinoma to toxins a and b from clostridium difficile. | the effect of toxins a and b from clostridium difficile on human colon carcinoma cells (ht-29, epithelial), rhesus monkey kidney cells (ma-104, epithelial) and green monkey kidney cells (vero, fibroblast) was studied. both toxins caused rounding of ht-29 cells and rounding with projections remaining attached to the substrate in ma-104 and vero cells; however, the sensitivity to each toxin varies considerably. toxin a was detected in ng by vero, pg by ht-29 and fractions of pg by ma-104 cells; fo ... | 1992 | 1626323 |
| typing of toxic strains of clostridium difficile using dna fingerprints generated with arbitrary polymerase chain reaction primers. | clostridium difficile is the causative agent for pseudomembranous colitis in humans. toxic strains of c. difficile produce two toxins, toxin a and toxin b. a reliable and definitive method of typing the toxic strains of c. difficile is needed since nosocomial cross infection is a primary concern in hospitals and other health care facilities. a method for typing toxic strains of clostridium difficile using arbitrary polymerase chain reaction (pcr) primers is presented in this study. the c. diffic ... | 1992 | 1624110 |
| review of the in vitro antibacterial activity of cefprozil, a new oral cephalosporin. | cefprozil is a newer oral cephalosporin with a spectrum of activity against organisms that include gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens. a review of published data shows that cefprozil is active (susceptibility, less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml; moderate susceptibility, 16 micrograms/ml; resistance, greater than or equal to 32 micrograms/ml) against gram-positive species such as streptococci, methicillin-susceptible staphylococci, and listeria monocytogenes; it may have marginal activi ... | 1992 | 1617037 |
| [bacterial gastrointestinal infections: acute gastroenteritis]. | the diagnosis of bacterial gastrointestinal infections is based on anamnesis, clinical signs and simple examinations of feces (fecal leucocytes, occult blood). thereby it can be decided, whether a microbial identification by culture or an antibiotic therapy is indicated. in case of noninvasive infections mediated by enterotoxins, an oral substitution of liquid will suffice. an antibiotic therapy is indicated in case of severe, febrile dysentery, shigellosis, cholera, typhoid fever as well as sev ... | 1992 | 1615459 |
| morphological changes of cultured endothelial cells after microinjection of toxins that act on the cytoskeleton. | clostridium novyi alpha-toxin and c. difficile toxins a and b (all 200 to 300 kda) and c. botulinum c2-i toxin (50 kda) caused a delayed and persistent retraction and rounding of microinjected cells. microinjected phalloidin acted fast and reversibly. unlike c2-i toxin, phalloidin passed through the intercellular junctions. specific antitoxin applied to the medium did not prevent the action of microinjected c. novyi or c. difficile toxin b. microinjected antitoxin protected against the toxins ap ... | 1992 | 1612768 |
| surgical abdomen due to clostridium difficile-induced colitis. | 1992 | 1612351 | |
| microbic superinfection in relapse of inflammatory bowel disease. | to assess the association between symptomatic relapse of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) and superinfection with enteropathogenic microorganisms, we determined prospectively the incidence of infections with enteropathogenic bacteria, protozoa, and helminths in patients with confirmed longstanding ibd. sixty-four patients with ibd (49 with crohn's disease [cd] and 15 with ulcerative colitis [uc]) were consecutively enrolled in the study when relapse occurred. multiple biopsies for histological a ... | 1992 | 1607606 |
| comparative sequence analysis of the clostridium difficile toxins a and b. | the six clones ptb112, ptb324, ptbs12, pcd122, pcd14 and pcd13 cover the tox locus of clostridium difficile vpi 10463. this region of 19 kb of chromosomal dna contains four open reading frames including the complete toxb and toxa genes. the two toxins show 63% amino acid (aa) homology, a relatedness that had been predicted by the cross-reactivity of some monoclonal antibodies (mab) but that is in contrast to the toxin specificity of polyclonal antisera. a special feature of toxa and toxb is thei ... | 1992 | 1603068 |
| influence of cefpirome on pharyngeal and faecal flora after single and multiple intravenous administrations of cefpirome to healthy volunteers. | the effect of single and multiple 2 g doses of i.v. cefpirome on pharyngeal and faecal flora was studied in ten male volunteers. there was no effect on pharyngeal flora. after a single dose, cefpirome had no effect on faecal flora but numbers of escherichia coli were reduced below the detection limit during multiple dose treatment. no strains of clostridium difficile were selected in this study and only a slight increase in the numbers of candida spp. were found. cefpirome, therefore, has little ... | 1992 | 1601763 |
| susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to tosufloxacin. | the in vitro activity of tosufloxacin against anaerobic cocci, propionibacterium acnes, clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, bacteroides fragilis, bacteroides spp. and fusobacteria was determined by the agar dilution method. this activity was compared with that of ciprofloxacin, piperacillin, cefoxitin, imipenem, clindamycin, metronidazole and chloramphenicol. tosufloxacin, imipenem, clindamycin, metronidazole and chloramphenicol were the most active agents tested. tosufloxacin has an ... | 1992 | 1597207 |
| evaluation of a new commercial clostridium difficile toxin a enzyme immunoassay using diarrhoeal stools. | a new, commercially available enzyme immunoassay for the detection of toxin a in stool specimens, the premier clostridium difficile toxin a test (meridian diagnostics), was evaluated using 228 diarrhoeal stool specimens. using a cytotoxin assay on hela cells as the reference method, this new test resulted in a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 95%. using the presence or absence of a toxigenic strain in the stools as the reference method, the sensitivity was similar to that of the cytotoxin ... | 1992 | 1597202 |
| massive haemorrhage due to rectosigmoid ulcers in a patient with extensive burns. | a 36-year-old white-skinned male was admitted with 45.5 per cent burns, mostly of full skin thickness. severe rectal bleeding from rectal ulcerations developed on postburn day 12. various conservative attempts at management failed, and after multiple transfusions, abdominoperineal resection was carried out with eventual complete recovery. complications during his acute phase included pseud. aeruginosa sepsis and clostridium difficile diarrhoea. extensive skin grafts were required. the cause of t ... | 1992 | 1590937 |
| proteolytic activity of clostridium difficile. | ten isolates of clostridium difficile expressing different degrees of toxigenicity and virulence in an animal model were assayed for the production of proteolytic enzymes by various methods. all strains demonstrated some activity in one or more of the assay systems. there was no direct correlation between toxigenic status and enzyme production. however, those strains known to be highly virulent in a hamster model were the most proteolytic. the most commonly detected enzyme was cell associated, a ... | 1992 | 1588579 |
| separate isolation of clostridium difficile spores and vegetative cells from the feces of newborn infants. | a modified taurocholate-cefoxitin-cycloserine-fructose agar medium, ph 5.5, on which vegetative cells alone could grow, was newly devised for separate isolation of clostridium difficile vegetative cells and spores from feces. the ratio of c. difficile-positive feces from healthy newborn infants younger than 10 days of the age was 30.8%, and 93.3% of feces from healthy infants older than 20 days were positive for c. difficile. c. difficile spores alone were detected in twenty-one samples (75%) of ... | 1992 | 1584078 |
| confirmation that the latex-reactive protein of clostridium difficile is a glutamate dehydrogenase. | 1992 | 1583152 | |
| measurement of fecal lactoferrin as a marker of fecal leukocytes. | while diarrheal illnesses are extremely common in communities and hospitals throughout the world, an etiologic diagnosis may be expensive and cost-ineffective. although the presence of fecal leukocytes are helpful in the diagnosis and specific therapy of inflammatory diarrheas, this requires prompt microscopic examination of fecal specimens (preferably obtained in a cup rather than a swab or diaper) by a trained observer. we developed a simple, sensitive test for the detection of leukocytes in f ... | 1992 | 1583125 |
| multicenter evaluation of a new enzyme immunoassay for detection of clostridium difficile enterotoxin a. | the premier clostridium difficile toxin a enzyme immunoassay (pta eia) (meridian diagnostics, inc., cincinnati, ohio) for rapid diagnosis of antibiotic-associated colitis (aac) was evaluated in a multicenter study. stool samples from 421 patients suspected of having aac were tested for toxin a by the pta eia and for toxin b by three tissue culture assays (tca) employing wi-38 cells (new england deaconess hospital) in conventional tubes or foreskin fibroblasts (children's hospital) or vero cells ... | 1992 | 1583104 |
| simultaneous detection of toxin a and toxin b genetic determinants of clostridium difficile using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction. | a multiplex polymerase chain reaction was developed to simultaneously detect the presence of toxin a and toxin b genes of clostridium difficile. a 1050-bp fragment of the toxin b gene and a 1217-bp fragment of the toxin a gene were amplified from 42 toxic strains of c. difficile; however, from 10 nontoxic strains the toxin gene fragments were not amplified; these data demonstrate that this multiplex polymerase chain reaction procedure can be used to differentiate between toxic and nontoxic strai ... | 1992 | 1581867 |
| evaluation of the latex agglutination test for detection of clostridium difficile. | we compared two clostridium difficile latex agglutination tests, meritec from meridian diagnostic (cincinnati, ohio) and cdt from becton-dickinson (cockeysville, md), on 289 specimens submitted for tissue culture cytotoxicity using mrc-5 cells. when compared with cdt, the meritec latex agglutination test had a sensitivity of 90% (26/29), a specificity of 97% (251/260), and a correlation of 96%. meritec was compared with tissue culture cytotoxicity on 357 specimens. meritec had a sensitivity of 7 ... | 1992 | 1580756 |
| clostridium difficile toxin-induced reactive arthritis in a patient with chronic reiter's syndrome. | the first case of clostridium difficile toxin-induced reactive arthritis in a patient with chronic reiter's syndrome is described and compared with previous cases of reactive arthritis associated with this organism. this case demonstrates how distinct clinical manifestations may develop at different times in reiter's syndrome, according to the infecting organism. diagnostic terminology is discussed in this context. clostridium difficile should now be considered a firmly established cause of reac ... | 1992 | 1563383 |
| diarrhea in hospitalized patients. | clostridium difficle has been associated with diarrhea in hospitalized patients receiving antibiotic therapy and may be nosocomially acquired. rehabilitation hospital inpatients may require frequent antibiotic intervention and are thus at risk, although few reports of epidemics at such centers have been published. this study describes the impact of c. difficle-related disease among rehabilitation hospital inpatients. a retrospective review was conducted of all inpatients evaluated for diarrhea i ... | 1992 | 1558730 |
| comparative study of immunological properties and cytotoxic effects of clostridium difficile toxin b and clostridium sordellii toxin l. | we compared the immunological properties and cytotoxic effects of clostridium difficile toxin b and clostridium sordellii toxin l. these two cytotoxins are immunologically related in that the cytotoxic effect of either toxin can be neutralized by the polyclonal antiserum prepared against either cytotoxin. on the other hand, polyclonal antiserum prepared against clostridium difficile enterotoxin a did not cross-react with the cytotoxins b and l when tested by cytotoxic neutralization test nor by ... | 1992 | 1557784 |
| lack of care giver hand contamination with endemic bacterial pathogens in a nursing home. | prevalences of clostridium difficile and multiply resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) were determined in nursing staff and residents of a 233-bed long-term care facility. twenty of 38 (52.6%) patients in the long-term care ward and three of 69 (4.3%) in the skilled-nursing ward were colonized with mrsa; 16 of 48 (33%) patients in the long-term care ward and seven of 52 (13%) in the nursing home ward were colonized with c. difficile. none of the 79 staff members whose hands were cultured had c ... | 1992 | 1554142 |