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evaluation of antibacterial activity against salmonella enteritidis.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is a well-known pathogenic bacterium responsible for human gastrointestinal enteritis mainly due to the consumption of eggs and egg-products. the first aim of this work was to study several virulence factors of a strain isolated from egg content: seovo. first, bacterial growth was studied at several temperatures and cell morphology was observed by scanning electronic microscopy. these experiments showed salmonella's ability to grow at low temperatures and ...201121717317
salmonella enteritidis universal stress protein (usp) gene expression is stimulated by egg white and supports oviduct colonization and egg contamination in laying hens.salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar enteritidis has caused a worldwide egg-associated pandemic since the mid 1980s. the exact mechanisms causing this egg tropism are still largely unknown, and only a few salmonella genes have been implicated in the interaction with the oviduct or eggs. a in vivo expression technology screening performed previously, identified the uspa and uspb genes as being highly expressed in the chicken oviduct and in eggs. here, we demonstrate that uspa and uspb ...201121715109
survival of salmonella on cuts of beef carcasses subjected to dry aging.aims:ôçé the aim of this study was to determine the survival of 15 different strains of salmonella of selected serotypes during prolonged cold storage of beef. methods and results:ôçé fifteen strains of eight different serotypes of salmonella were spiked onto fresh cuts beef portions, and the survival was followed during storage in a laboratory cooling system. over a 14-day period, all strains were reduced significantly in numbers; however, strains of salmonella typhimurium dt104 and salmonella ...201121714838
protein tyrosine kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways contribute to differences in heterophil-mediated innate immune responsiveness between two lines of broilers.protein tyrosine phosphorylation mediates signal transduction of cellular processes with protein tyrosine kinases (ptks) regulating virtually all signalling events. the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) super-family consists of three conserved pathways that convert receptor activation into cellular functions: extracellular response kinases (erk), c-jun n-terminal kinases (jnk) and p38. previously conducted studies using two chicken lines (a and b) show line a heterophils are functionally m ...201121711188
the dynamics of salmonella occurrence in commercial laying hen flocks throughout a laying period.contaminated eggs and egg products have been recognized for many years as an important source of salmonella infections in humans in the european union and in the united states. longitudinal studies can help to increase our knowledge about the dynamics of the occurrence of salmonella in the course of a laying period. the total of 41 laying hen flocks-18 in belgium, six in denmark and 17 in germany-were followed during an entire laying period. samples taken from the empty cleaned and disinfected p ...201121711183
competition between substrates of the efflux pump system of salmonella enteritidis.to determine whether tetracycline competes with ethidium bromide (eb), used as substrate of efflux pumps, for extrusion by the efflux pump system of salmonella enteritidis nctc 13349 reference strain.201121709002
deletion of the acee gene (encoding a component of pyruvate dehydrogenase) attenuates salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) is a major food-borne pathogen. from a transposon insertion mutant library created previously using s. enteritidis 10/02, one of the mutants was identified to have a 50% lethal dose (ld(50) ) at least 100 times that of the parental strain in young chicks, with an attenuation in a poorly studied gene encoding a component of pyruvate dehydrogenase, namely the acee gene. evaluation of the in vitro virulence characteristics of the +öaceeôêàkan ...201121707778
[a case of salmonella-infected thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm making final diagnosis difficult].we report a case of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (taaa) due to salmonella enteritidis making final diagnosis difficult. a 63-year-old man with a history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cerebral infarction was seen elsewhere for a 40 degrees c fever, vomiting, and shaking on day 1 after onset. he was diagnosed with salmonella bacteremia and hospitalized by us for intensive care. computed tomography (ct), magnetic resonance imaging (mri), and ultrasound imaging did not, however, show c ...201121706850
effects of orally administered bdellovibrio bacteriovorus on the well-being and salmonella colonization of young chicks.bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is a bacterium which preys upon and kills gram-negative bacteria, including the zoonotic pathogens escherichia coli and salmonella. bdellovibrio has potential as a biocontrol agent, but no reports of it being tested in living animals have been published, and no data on whether bdellovibrio might spread between animals are available. in this study, we tried to fill this knowledge gap, using b. bacteriovorus hd100 doses in poultry with a normal gut microbiota or predosed ...201121705523
can salmonella enteritidis cause fatal necrotising fasciitis? a case report.this is a presentation of a case of mono microbial necrotising fasciitis due to the unusual organism salmonella enteritidis. the patient presented with swelling and blistering of the right calf. there are only five other such cases reported in the literature. this was the only case that had positive blood cultures for the organism. prompt and appropriate treatment was intuited but the patient died because of multi-organ failure.200921686336
reactive arthritis in a population exposed to an extensive waterborne gastroenteritis outbreak after sewage contamination in pirkanmaa, finland.objectives: to assess the occurrence, clinical picture, and triggering infections of reactive arthritis (rea) associated with a large waterborne gastroenteritis outbreak. methods: after an extensive sewage contamination of the water supply system, an estimated 8453 of the 30 016 inhabitants of the town of nokia fell ill. general practitioners and occupational physicians were advised to refer any patients with suspicion of new rea to rheumatological examination including faecal culture, human leu ...201121679096
salmonella enteritidis liver abscess. 201121677343
assessment of salmonella spp. in feces, cloacal swabs, and eggs (eggshell and content separately) from a laying hen farm.microbial pathogens of the genus salmonella are among the leading causes of foodborne illness in the world. the present study was done on a laying hen farm with a salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis-positive result according to the testing specified by european regulation 2160/2003. the aim of this study was to compare the salmonella contamination on a laying hen farm with the salmonella presence in the hen eggs. the strains were isolated by iso method 6579:2002 (standard method for the dete ...201121673175
sodium alginate oligosaccharides from brown algae inhibit salmonella enteritidis colonization in broiler chickens.the effects of sodium alginate oligosaccharides (sao) on growth performance, cecal microbiota, salmonella translocation to internal organs, and mucosal immune responses to challenge with salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in broiler chickens were investigated. we designed an experiment with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, in which 3 feed treatments with supplementation of sao at 0 (controls), 0.04, or 0.2% were provided in the diet for birds not challenged or challenged with salmonella ente ...201121673159
horizontal transmission of salmonella enteritidis in groups of experimentally infected laying hens housed in different housing systems.concerns regarding the welfare of laying hens have led to the ban of conventional battery cages in europe from 2012 onward and to the development of alternative housing systems that allow hens to perform a broader range of natural behaviors. limited information is available about the consequences of alternative housing systems on transmission of zoonotic pathogens such as salmonella enteritidis. however, salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis continues to be one of the leading causes of bacteri ...201121673153
multi-locus sequence typing of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis strains in japan between 1973 and 2004.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) was responsible for a worldwide pandemic during the 1980s and 1990s; however, changes in the dominant lineage before and after this event remain unknown. this study determined s. enteritidis lineages before and after this pandemic event in japan using multilocus sequence typing (mlst). thirty s. enteritidis strains were collected in japan between 1973 and 2004, consisting of 27 human strains from individual episodes, a bovi ...201121672260
modeling the thermal inactivation kinetics of heat-resistant salmonella enteritidis and oranienburg in 10 percent salted liquid egg yolk.there is no suitable model for predicting thermal inactivation kinetics of salmonella spp. for many types of liquid egg products, including salted liquid egg yolk, for use in updating u.s. department of agriculture (usda) pasteurization guidelines. this is because, in part, of the variations in salmonella strains and the changes in the processing of liquid egg products over the past 40 years. the objectives of the present study were to determine the thermal inactivation kinetics and to create a ...201121669063
septic arthritis of the adult ankle joint secondary to salmonella enteritidis: a case report.salmonella septic arthritis in healthy individuals is a rare phenomenon. however, septic arthritis of the native adult ankle joint in healthy patients has not been previously described in the published data. this is a case report of a 70-year-old farmer who presented with a 2-week history of a painful, swollen right ankle and an inability to bear weight. he had no history of ankle injury or any predisposing conditions. joint aspirations were positive for salmonella enteritidis that was successfu ...201121665492
in vitro and in vivo pathogenicity of salmonella enteritidis clinical strains isolated from north america.salmonella enteritidis is a leading cause of food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide. in this study, 48 strains of s. enteritidis isolated from clinical cases of salmonellosis in north america were tested for their virulence-associated traits including cell invasiveness, biofilm, motility, presence of a virulence plasmid, and virulence in orally challenged mice. the majority of strains exhibited high invasiveness (n = 45), whereas only few strains (n = 3) exhibited low invasiveness. all low-invasiv ...201121655947
picture quiz (answers).the mri scan reveals a shallow anterior epidural abscess at c5 / c6 level without cord compression. the recent history of diarrhea is suggestive of salmonella enteritidis.200521655532
heterophil functional responses to dietary immunomodulators vary in genetically distinct chicken lines.the effect of dietary supplementation of immunomodulators on in vitro chicken heterophil function was investigated using three diverse genetic lines of chickens (broiler, fayoumi, and leghorn). dietary supplementation with β-glucan, ascorbic acid, and corticosterone was fed from 8 to 11 weeks of age. heterophil function was evaluated weekly during supplementation using phagocytosis, bacterial killing, and heterophil extracellular traps (hets)-dna release. fayoumis fed the basal diet had signific ...201121645931
ryh: a minimal peptidic sequence obtained from beta-chain hemoglobin exhibiting an antimicrobial activity.bovine hemoglobin is an animal protein described as source of bioactive peptides. enzymatic hydrolysis of this protein results into some peptides exhibiting antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. in this study, a family of peptides from the beta chain (beta-114-145 derived peptides) obtained by peptic hydrolysis of bovine hemoglobin, was purified by reverse-phase hplc and characterized by different analytical techniques (mass spectrometry, circular dichroism). t ...201121645568
jejunal gene expression patterns correlate with severity of systemic infection in chicken.not much is known about the effect of salmonella enteritidis on changes in the developmental processes occurring in the intestine of young chicken. therefore we investigated the correlation of intestinal gene expression patterns with the severity of systemic salmonella infections.201121645319
genomic selection for carrier-state resistance in chicken commercial lines.salmonella propagation by apparently healthy chicken and subsequent food security concerns could be decreased by the selection and use of chicken lines more resistant to carrier-state. in the present study we applied the first steps of the genomic selection methodology to assess the interest of including genetic markers for the genetic evaluation of hen lines infected with salmonella enteritidis.201121645304
[investigation of salmonella serotype enteritidis isolates by plasmid profile analysis and pulsed field gel electrophoresis.]in this study a total of 122 salmonella serotype enteritidis stock strains selected from the culture collection of enterobacteriaceae laboratory of ankara university faculty of medicine, department of medical microbiology, were investigated by plasmid profile analysis with the method defined by kado and liu and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) according to world health organization protocols using spei and xbai macrorestriction enzymes, for better understanding of the molecular epidemiolo ...201121644064
salmonella enteritidis infection complicated by acute myocarditis: a case report and review of the literature.salmonella spp. is the cause of commonly encountered infections, with seasonal pattern of occurrence and worldwide distribution. some of the clinical manifestations such as gastroenteritis and bacteremia are common, whereas others like mycotic aneurysms and osteomyelitis are infrequent especially in immunocompetent patients. salmonella has been rarely described as a cause of myocarditis in the literature. we describe a case of an 18-year-old previously healthy male patient with myocarditis after ...201121637719
inhibition of nf-kb 1 (nf-kbp50) by rna interference in chicken macrophage hd11 cell line challenged with salmonellaenteritidis.the nf-kb pathway plays an important role in regulating the immunity response in animals. in this study, small interfering rnas (sirna) were used to specifically inhibit nf-kb 1 expression and to elucidate the role of nf-kb in the signal transduction pathway of the salmonella challenge in the chicken hd11 cell line. the cells were transfected with either nf-kb 1 sirna, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase sirna (positive control) or the negative control sirna for 24 h, followed by salmonella ...200921637513
sublingual vaccination with sonicated salmonella proteins and mucosal adjuvant induces mucosal and systemic immunity and protects mice from lethal enteritis.huang c-f, wu t-c, wu c-c, lee c-c, lo w-t, hwang k-s, hsu m-l, peng h-j. sublingual vaccination with sonicated salmonella proteins and mucosal adjuvant induces mucosal and systemic immunity and protects mice from lethal enteritis. apmis 2011; 119: 468-78. salmonella enteritidis is one of the most common pathogens of enteritis. most experimental vaccines against salmonella infection have been applied through injections. this is a new trial to explore the effect of sublingual administration of sa ...201121635554
expression of tlr4 and downstream effectors in selected cecal cell sub-populations of chicks resistant or susceptible to salmonella carrier-state.toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4), which recognizes lipopolysaccharide from gram negative bacteria plays a major role in resistance of mice and humans to salmonella infection. in chicken, salmonella may establish a carrier-state whereby bacteria are able to persist in the organism without triggering clinical signs. based on cellular morphological parameters, we developed a method, without using antibodies, to separate three cecal cell sub-populations: lymphocytes, enterocytes, and a population encompa ...201121628520
in vitro assay of the antimicrobial activity of kephir against bacterial and fungal strains.kephir is a fermented carbonated refreshing milk, with a slightly acidic aromatic taste and creamy foam composition which contains lactobacilli, leuconostocci, acetic acid bacteria, lactostreptococci and yeasts. recent studies have demonstrated its antibacterial, immunostimulating, antitumoral and cholesterol-lowering activities. purpose: the purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of kephir against bacillus subtilis spp. spizizenii atcc 6633, staphylococcus aureus at ...201121624484
mouse models to assess the efficacy of non-typhoidal salmonella vaccines: revisiting the role of host innate susceptibility and routes of challenge.non-typhoidal salmonella enterica (nts) serovars typhimurium and enteritidis are important causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in the usa and worldwide. in sub-saharan africa these two serovars are emerging as agents associated with lethal invasive disease (e.g., bacteremia, meningitis). the development of nts vaccines, based on mucosally administered live attenuated strains and parenteral non-living antigens, could diminish the nts disease burden globally. mouse models of s. typhimurium and s. ...201121616112
comprehensive analysis of salmonella sequence polymorphisms and development of a ldr-ua assay for the detection and characterization of selected serotypes.salmonella is a major cause of food-borne disease, and salmonella enterica subspecies i includes the most clinically relevant serotypes. salmonella serotype determination is important for the disease etiology assessment and contamination source tracking. this task will be facilitated by the disclosure of salmonella serotype sequence polymorphisms, here annotated in seven genes (sefa, safa, safc, biga, inva, fima, and phsb) from 139 s. enterica strains, of which 109 belonging to 44 serotypes of s ...201121611799
allb, allantoin utilisation and salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis and typhimurium colonisation of poultry and mice.natural variation in the presence or the absence of stm0517-0529 genes allowing allantoin utilisation has been described in field isolates of the multidrug resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium belonging to the phage type dt104. interestingly, s. enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhimurium dt104 is quite frequent in pigs and cattle, but rarely present in egg-laying hens. taking into account the different mode of allantoin metabolism in birds and mammals, we were interested in wh ...201121611691
sensitivity to disinfection of bacterial indicator organisms for monitoring the salmonella enteritidis status of layer farms after cleaning and disinfection.the present study evaluated escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, and enterococcus hirae as potential indicator organisms for the possible salmonella enteritidis (se) presence in layer farms after cleaning and disinfection by comparing their susceptibility to disinfection. a quantitative suspension disinfection test according to european standard en1656 was performed using disinfection products cid20 and virocid (both from cid lines, ieper, belgium). in a preliminary test, the sensitivity to ...201121597057
the population of a high-virulence strain of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in subcutaneously infected partridge: a quantitative time-course study using real-time pcr.this research was undertaken to determine the population of a high-virulence strain of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in partridge by a fluorescent quencher pcr assay and to correlate these findings with the results obtained from the immunohistochemical localization and histopathological examinations of selected salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis-infected tissues. to make the results meaningful, a side-by-side bacteriology method (indirect immuno-fluorescent antibody staining) was ...201121594642
[difference and variation of the sef14 operon gene clusters in s. enteritidis and closed serogroup-d salmonella].in order to reveal why sef14 fimbriae are restrictively expressed on strains of serogroup d salmonella, mainly s. enteritidis and s. dublin, the difference and variation of the sef14 operon gene clusters in s. enteritidis and related serogroup-d salmonella were analyzed.201121574391
subtyping salmonella serovar enteritidis isolates from different sources using sequence typing based on virulence genes and crisprs.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis is a major cause of foodborne salmonellosis in the united states. two major food vehicles for ser. enteritidis are contaminated eggs and chicken meat. improved subtyping methods are needed to accurately track specific strains of ser. enteritidis related to human salmonellosis throughout the chicken and egg food system. a sequence typing scheme based on virulence genes (fimh and ssel) and crisprs (clustered regularly interspaced short palind ...201121571881
growth of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium in the presence of quorum sensing signalling compounds produced by spoilage and pathogenic bacteria.the effect of acylated homoserine lactones (ahls) and autoinducer-2 (ai-2) signalling compounds present in the cell-free culture supernatants (cfs), of pseudomonas aeruginosa, yersinia enterocolitica-like gte 112, serratia proteamaculans 00612, y. enterocolitica city650 and y. enterocolitica city844, on the growth of two salmonella enteritidis and two s. typhimurium strains was assessed though monitoring of changes in conductance of the medium. detection times (t(det)), area and slope of conduct ...201121569946
association of attenuated mutants of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis with porcine peripheral blood leukocytes.in this study, we were interested in the association of attenuated mutants of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis with subpopulations of porcine white blood cells (wbc). the mutants included those with inactivated aroa, phop, rfal, rfag, rfac and flic genes and a mutant with five major pathogenicity islands removed (δspi1-5 mutant). using flow cytometry, we did not observe any difference in the interactions of the wild-type s. enteritidis, aroa and phop mutants with wbc. δspi1-5 and flic mut ...201121569080
[epidemiological characteristics of salmonellosis in new zagreb during the 1990-2009 period].in croatia, salmonellosis is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne diseases. the aim of the study was to determine the incidence of the disease, patient breakdown by age and sex, the most frequently isolated salmonella serotypes, the length of carriership, and the most frequent source of infection. it was a retrospective analysis, and the sources of data were reports and epidemiological questionnaires administered to those affected with the disease. during the 1990-2009 period, 4492 cases of ...201121568073
dry-resistance of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis is regulated by both sep22, a novel pathogenicity-related factor of salmonella, and nutrients.environmental isolates of salmonella enterica serover enteritidis (s. enteritidis) clones were grown to the logarithmic phase, washed and re-suspended in saline or luria-bertani (lb) medium, and then 10-µl aliquots of the suspensions were dried overnight at room temperature. the dried bacteria were mixed with 1 ml of ice-cold pbs, suspended and examined for colony-forming activity. all of the pathogenic clones with high levels of sep22, identical to salmonella dps, maintained good viability if s ...200921566364
immune response of chicken gut to natural colonisation by gut microflora and to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection.in commercial poultry production, there is a lack of natural flora providers since chickens are hatched in the clean environment of a hatchery. events occurring soon after hatching are therefore of particular importance and that is why we were interested in the development of the gut microbial community, the immune response to natural microbial colonisation and the response to salmonella enteritidis infection as a function of chicken age. the complexity of chicken gut microbiota gradually increa ...201121555397
septic arthritis of the ankle due to salmonella enteritidis.salmonella septic arthritis in healthy, immunocompetent patients is extremely rare. we present the case of a 70-year-old man who presented with a one-day history of painful swelling of his ankle from which was aspirated pus which subsequently grew salmonella enteritidis. there was no history of trauma or symptoms consistent with salmonella enterocolitis. our patient recovered fully after two weeks on intravenous ceftriaxone and six weeks on oral ciprofloxacin. salmonella is a notifiable disease ...201121549966
effect of native microflora on the growth kinetics of salmonella enteritidis strain 04-137 in raw ground chicken.effects of native microflora (nm) on growth kinetics of salmonella enteritidis strain 04-137 were studied in raw ground chicken. first, samples of ground chicken with high and low levels of nm (10(7.1) and 10(4.9) cfu/g, respectively) were spiked with salmonella at doses ranging from 10(1) to 10(4) cfu/g. the growth kinetics, including the rate constant of growth, r, and the lag period, were similar, but the maximum cell level, n(max), was higher at higher initial salmonella doses for both nm le ...201121549043
effect of vaccinating breeder chickens with a killed salmonella vaccine on salmonella prevalences and loads in breeder and broiler chicken flocks.the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of vaccination of breeder chickens on salmonella prevalences and loads in breeder and broiler chicken flocks. chickens housed on six commercial breeder farms were vaccinated with a killed salmonella vaccine containing salmonella typhimurium, salmonella enteritidis, and salmonella kentucky. unvaccinated breeders placed on six additional farms served as controls. eggs from vaccinated and unvaccinated breeder flocks were kept separately in the ...201121549042
enhancement of bacteriolysis of shuffled phage phix174 gene e.abstract: bacterial ghosts that are generated using the regulated phix174 lysis gene e offer a new avenue for the study of inactivated vaccines. here, we constructed a library of mutant gene e using a gene-shuffling technique. after screening and recombination with the prokaryotic non-fusion expression vector pbv220, two lysis plasmids were selected. among which, a novel mutant e gene (named me), consisting of a 74-bp non-encoding sequence at 5'-end and a 201-bp gene deltae, significantly increa ...201121548934
antibacterial activities of blueberry and muscadine phenolic extracts.phenolics are one category of phyto-antimicrobials that refer to the antimicrobial substances extracted from plant sources. this study was undertaken to determine the influence of blueberry and muscadine phenolic extracts on the growths of 2 important foodborne bacterial pathogens, salmonella enteritidis and listeria monocytogenes. cells of s. enteritidis (n = 4) or l. monocytogenes (n = 4) strains were inoculated (3 log cfu/ml) into tryptic soy broth (tsb) supplemented with 46.25 ppm of muscadi ...201121535771
characterization and antimicrobial activity of sweetpotato starch-based edible film containing origanum (thymus capitatus) oil.the objectives of this research were to characterize the mechanical and barrier properties of sweetpotato starch (sps)-based film (spsf) and to investigate the antimicrobial activity of spsf containing origanum oil (og) against foodborne pathogenic bacteria. the spsf was fabricated with the sps extracted from commercial sweetpotato roots. tensile strength (ts), percent elongation at break (e), and water vapor permeability (wvp) were determined to characterize the spsf fabricated with selected sp ...201121535647
metabolic activity and monoclonal antibody production of salmonella enteritidis o and h antigen specific hybridoma cells in static culture.the aim of the present work was to study the kinetics of two hybridomas that produce monoclonal antibody against salmonella enteritidis o (5a8) and h (d7) antigen. the hybridomas originated from the ag8x653 (5a8) and sp2/o (d7) myeloma cell lines. the relationship between the uptake of glucose and glutamine and the release of the lactate and ammonia and monoclonal antibody production into hybridoma growth were investigated in static culture with serum-containing dmem/f:12 medium for the determin ...201121529293
optimization of salmonella enteritidis recombinant heat shock protein 60 production.the aim of the study was to optimize conditions for producing salmonella enteritidis recombinant heat shock protein 60 (rhsp60). seven escherichia coli host strains (rosetta, turner, c41, c43, origami, bl21plys, rosetta plys) were transformed by a recombinant plasmid containing hsp60 gene from salmonella enteritidis, and then cultured and induced by isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside (iptg). the highest s. enteritidis rhsp60 yield was obtained using e. coli strain c41. induction of this stra ...201121528726
enhanced antigen processing of flagellin fusion proteins promotes the antigen-specific cd8+ t cell response independently of tlr5 and myd88.flagellin is a highly effective adjuvant for cd4(+) t cell and humoral immune responses. however, there is conflicting data in the literature regarding the ability of flagellin to promote a cd8(+) t cell response. in this article, we report that immunization of wild-type, tlr5(-/-), and myd88(-/-) adoptive transfer recipient mice revealed the ability of flagellin fusion proteins to promote ova-specific cd8(+) t cell proliferation independent of tlr5 or myd88 expression by the recipient animal. w ...201121515787
national outbreak of salmonella enteritidis phage type 14b in england, september to december 2009: case-control study.we conducted an unmatched retrospective case–control study to investigate an upsurge of non-travel-related sporadic cases of infection with salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype enteritidis phage type 14b with antimicrobial resistance to nalidixic acid and partial resistance to ciprofloxacin (s. enteritidis pt 14b nxcp(l)) that was reported in england from 1 september to 31 december 2009. we analysed data from 63 cases and 108 controls to determine whether cases had the same sources of in ...201121507321
laboratory-based surveillance of nontyphoidal salmonella infections in china.abstract foodborne infections are an important public health problem in china. in 2008, we conducted surveillance for laboratory-confirmed nontyphoidal salmonella to monitor trends for this infection in china and to build capacity for rapid detection and response to foodborne outbreaks. salmonella isolates from patients with diarrhea were sent from hospitals to local public health laboratories for confirmation, serotyping, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. a total of 126 hospitals in 44 ...201121492026
comparison of salmonella enteritidis phage types isolated from layers and humans in belgium in 2005.abstract objectives: the aim of this study was to investigate the available results for belgium of the european union coordinated monitoring program (2004/665 ec) on salmonella in layers in 2005, as well as the results of the monthly outbreak reports of salmonella enteritidis in humans in 2005 to identify a possible statistical significant trend in both populations. materials and methods: separate descriptive statistics and univariate analysis were carried out and the parametric and/or non-param ...201121492025
global monitoring of salmonella serovar distribution from the world health organization global foodborne infections network country data bank: results of quality assured laboratories from 2001 to 2007.abstract salmonella enterica is commonly acquired from contaminated food and is an important cause of illness worldwide. interventions are needed to control salmonella; subtyping salmonella by serotyping is useful for targeting such interventions. we, therefore, analyzed the global distribution of the 15 most frequently identified serovars of salmonella isolated from humans from 2001 to 2007 in laboratories from 37 countries that participated in world health organization global foodborne infecti ...201121492021
in vitro invasion of laying hen ovarian follicles by salmonella enteritidis strains.salmonella is the major foodborne bacterial pathogen worldwide. among numerous serotypes, salmonella enteritidis (se) is one of the most common salmonella serotypes responsible for human infections in the united states. the main source of se outbreaks is foods associated with raw or undercooked chicken eggs. salmonella enteritidis is the only serotype that routinely contaminates eggs. the transovarian transmission of se and subsequent contamination of the eggs before egg shell formation is consi ...201121489964
green fluorescent protein labeling of listeria, salmonella, and escherichia coli o157:h7 for safety-related studies.many food safety-related studies require tracking of introduced foodborne pathogens to monitor their fate in complex environments. the green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene (gfp) provides an easily detectable phenotype so has been used to label many microorganisms for ecological studies. the objectives of this study were to label major foodborne pathogens and related bacteria, including listeria monocytogenes, listeria innocua, salmonella, and escherichia coli o157:h7 strains, with gfp and charac ...201121483738
culling decisions of dairy farmers during a 3-year salmonella control study.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica-serotypes lead to periodically increased morbidity and mortality in cattle herds. the bacteria can also lead to serious infections in humans. consequently, denmark has started a surveillance and control programme in 2002. the programme focuses on salmonella dublin which is the most prevalent and most persistent serotype in the danish cattle population. a field study in 10 dairy herds with persistent salmonella infections was carried out over three years to gai ...201121481960
complicated congenital splenic cyst: saved by a splenunculus.a 12-year-old girl presented with a large congenital splenic cyst complicated by salmonella organisms. after failure of conservative management and percutaneous drainage, a splenectomy was performed. an incidental splenunculus was preserved. on follow up the splenunculus had increased to normal splenic size and there was no evidence of howell-jolly bodies, suggesting normal splenic function.201121478599
studies on the effects of phosphine on salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis in culture medium and in black pepper (piper nigrum).the effect of phosphine on salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis inoculated in culture medium and in black pepper grains (piper nigrum), as well as on the reduction of the microbial load of the dried and moisturized product, was verified. the postfumigation effect was verified in inoculated samples with 0.92 and 0.97 water activity (a(w)) exposed to 6 g/m(3) phosphine for 72 h, dried to 0.67 a(w), and stored for 24, 48, and 72 h. no decreases were observed in salmonella enteritidis population ...201121477485
quantifying the performance of pediococcus sp. (nrrl b-2354: enterococcus faecium) as a nonpathogenic surrogate for salmonella enteritidis pt30 during moist-air convection heating of almonds.pediococcus sp. nrrl b-2354 was investigated as a potential nonpathogenic surrogate for salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis phage type 30 (se pt30) on the surface of almonds subjected to moist-air heating. both microorganisms were subjected to various time, temperature, and humidity regimens on almonds processed in a computer-controlled, laboratory-scale, moist-air convection oven. overall, the mean log reductions for pediococcus sp. were 0.6 log and 1.4 log lower than those for se pt30 (p < ...201121477474
efficacy of uv light treatment for the microbiological decontamination of chicken, associated packaging, and contact surfaces.uv light was investigated for the decontamination of raw chicken, associated packaging, and contact surfaces. the uv susceptibilities of a number of campylobacter isolates (seven campylobacter jejuni isolates and three campylobacter coli isolates), escherichia coli atcc 25922, and salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis atcc 10376 in liquid media were also investigated. from an initial level of 7 log cfu/ml, no viable campylobacter cells were detected following exposure to the most intense uv do ...201121477470
[evolution of the molecular characterization profile of salmonellosis: the experience of sardinia, italy, 1994-2009].the epidemiology of salmonellosis in italy has clearly changed over the years. the circulation of human-specific genotypes has diminished while there has been an increase in genotypes of animal origin. in the years 1994-2009, 3727 salmonella genotypes were isolated and/or genotyped in sardinia (italy). the most frequent serotypes were salmonella enteritidis (29%) and salmonella typhimurium (25,7%). if we consider the years 2000-2009, 6.4% of isolated genotypes were found to be salmonellae with t ...201121468150
duration of immunity induced in chickens by an attenuated live salmonella enteritidis vaccine and an inactivated salmonella enteritidis/typhimurium vaccine.the aim of this study was to examine the duration of immunity of different vaccination schemes using the s. enteritidis live vaccine gallivac se and the s. enteritidis-s. typhimurium inactivated vaccine gallimune se+st. three groups of lohman brown chickens were used. group one was vaccinated three times orally with gallivac se at weeks one, seven and 13 of age. group two was vaccinated twice orally with gallivac se in weeks one and seven and once i.m. with gallimune se+st in week 14 of age. a t ...201121462861
antimicrobial activity of plant essential oils against bacterial and fungal species involved in food poisoning and/or food decay.the currative properties of aromatic and medicinal plants have been recognized since ancient times and, more recently, the antimicrobial activity of plant essential oils has been used in several applications, including food preservation. the purpose of this study was to create directly comparable, quantitative data on the antimicrobial activity of some plant essential oils prepared in the national institute of research-development for chemistry and petrochemistry, bucharest to be used for the fu ...201021462837
molecular characterization and resistance profile of salmonella enteritidis pt4 and pt9 strains isolated in brazil.a total of 41 salmonella enteritidis strains, including phago-types (pts) pt4 and pt9, were characterized by antimicrobial resistance profiles and pfge. of these strains, 34 were isolated from patients and foods, and 7 were of poultry origin. all strains were susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and 41.5?% (n?=?17) were resistant to nalidixic acid. pfge analysis using xbai and spei restriction enzymes resulted in x1s1 as the pre ...201121459909
genetic control of chicken heterophil function in advanced intercross lines: associations with novel and with known salmonella resistance loci and a likely mechanism for cell death in extracellular trap production.heterophils, the avian polymorphonuclear leukocyte and the counterpart of mammalian neutrophils, generate the primary innate response to pathogens in chickens. heterophil performance against pathogens is associated with host disease resistance, and heterophil gene expression and function are under genetic control. to characterize the genomic basis of heterophil function, heterophils from f(13) advanced intercross chicken lines (broiler × leghorn and broiler × fayoumi) were assayed for phagocytos ...201121455609
[contamination of some food products with salmonella in georgia].salmonella infections in georgia are usually caused by s. enderitidis and s. typhimurium. food products represent a leading vehicle in transmission of s. enderitidis, which predominates over other serotypes. the goal of our research was to study contamination of chickens and chicken eggs with s. enderitidis and s. typhimurium. overall 90 chicken eggs, obtained from various poultries, 100 eggs, sold by peasant and 30 chicken and their excrements were tested. cer test salmonella-immunchromatograph ...201121436477
roles of the spia gene from salmonella enteritidis in biofilm formation and virulence.salmonella enteritidis has emerged as one of the most important food-borne pathogens for humans, and the formation of biofilms by this species may improve its resistance to disadvantageous conditions. the spia gene of salmonella typhimurium is essential for its virulence in host cells. however, the roles of the spia gene in biofilm formation and virulence of s. enteritidis remain unclear. in this study we constructed a spia gene mutant with a suicide plasmid. phenotypic and biological analysis r ...201121415117
ovine serum immunoglobulin has immunomodulatory effects in growing rats gavaged with salmonella enteritidis.in this study, we aimed to determine whether orally administered ovine serum ig modulate aspects of immunity and associated gut microflora in growing rats challenged with salmonella enteritidis. the 4 groups consisted of rats fed a casein-based control diet (bd; ungavaged) and 3 groups of rats gavaged with 1 × 10(7) viable salmonella enteritidis and fed a bd diet, a bd diet containing freeze-dried ovine ig (fdoi), or a bd diet containing inactivated ovine ig (ioi). the rats were randomly allocat ...201121411611
redox proteomics of protein-bound methionine oxidation.we here present a new method to measure the degree of protein-bound methionine sulfoxide formation at a proteome-wide scale. in human jurkat cells that were stressed with hydrogen peroxide, over 2000 oxidation-sensitive methionines in more than 1600 different proteins were mapped and their extent of oxidation was quantified. meta-analysis of the sequences surrounding the oxidized methionine residues revealed a high preference for neighboring polar residues. using synthetic methionine sulfoxide c ...201121406390
transcriptional profiling of cecal gene expression in probiotic- and salmonella-challenged neonatal chicks.probiotics are currently used to improve health and reduce enteric pathogens in poultry. however, the mechanisms by which they reduce or prevent disease are not known. salmonella are intracellular pathogens that cause acute gastroenteritis in humans, and infections by nontyphoid species of salmonella also can result in diarrhea, dehydration, and depression in poultry. frequently, however, no clinical signs of infection are apparent in poultry flocks. in this study, day-of-hatch chicks were chall ...201121406379
evaluation of recombinant salmonella expressing the flagellar protein flic for persistence and enhanced antibody response in commercial turkeys.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se) is one of the most common causes of human foodborne illness in the united states. previous research indicates that antibodies against the flic protein can provide protection against salmonella challenge in mice. to generate a vaccine that effectively protects poultry against multiple salmonella serotypes, novel attenuated strains of se were developed to express a flic peptide sequence on the outer membrane protein lamb in association with an m2e (mark ...201121406359
use of a reduced set of single nucleotide polymorphisms for genetic evaluation of resistance to salmonella carrier state in laying hens.salmonella propagation by apparently healthy chickens could be decreased by the selection and use of chicken lines that are more resistant to carrier state. using a reduced set of markers, this study investigates, for the first time to the authors' knowledge, the feasibility of a genomic selection approach for resistance to carrier state in hen lines. in this study, commercial laying hen lines were divergently selected for resistance to salmonella carrier state at 2 different ages: young chicks ...201121406356
first description of qnrs1-incn plasmid in a st11 salmonella enteritidis clinical isolate from portugal.the presence of qnr and qepa genes was investigated among 300 nontyphoidal salmonella showing decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin obtained from different sources in portugal (2002-2004). the qnrs1 gene was located within a conjugative incn plasmid in a st11 salmonella enteritidis strain from human origin, a serotype commonly implicated in human infections and frequently encountered in poultry.201121396548
trends in phage types of salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis and typhimurium isolated in slovakia from 1995 to 2009.the phage typing of 3900 isolates of salmonella enteritidis and 1741 isolates of salmonella typhimurium has been carried out in the period 1995-2009. among salmonella enteritidis in individual years, the most prevalent phage type (pt) was 8. the most predominant pts of salmonella typhimurium were dt104 and u302.201121396545
molecular typing and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella enteritidis isolated from poultry, food, and humans in serbia.molecular typing and resistotyping coupled with gyra single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) of 60 salmonella enteritidis (se) isolates originated from poultry, food, and humans in serbia is described. molecular fingerprinting was performed by randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) using four primers, and the diversity index (d) was 0.688. in combination with resistotyping and gyra snp, d increased to 0.828. a total of 23 genetic groups were obtained. when four rapd primers were combined, epidem ...201121394475
listeria monocytogenes and salmonella enterica enteritidis biofilms susceptibility to different disinfectants and stress-response and virulence gene expression of surviving cells.disinfection of food contact surfaces is a challenging task, aggravated by bacteria's capacity to survive and/or resist antimicrobials by means of mechanisms not yet completely understood. this work evaluated the susceptibility of listeria monocytogenes and salmonella enterica biofilms to four disinfectants, and analyzed how those chemical agents influenced stress-response and virulence genes expression by surviving cells. three strains of each bacterial species mentioned were used, and their bi ...201121388333
an outbreak of foodborne salmonellosis in rural kwazulu-natal, south africa.salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis is a universally recognized cause of foodborne disease. in south africa, outbreaks of foodborne disease are generally under reported. we investigated the etiology of acute gastroenteritis in 216 patients who presented to a rural hospital in kwazulu-natal, south africa, after consuming a meal at a school function.201121388293
optimization of antimicrobial activity of surfactin and polylysine against salmonella enteritidis in milk evaluated by a response surface methodology.in this article, the sensitivity of salmonella enteritidis to surfactin and polylysine was observed, and the optimization of antimicrobial activity of surfactin and polylysine against s. enteritidis in milk was evaluated by a response surface methodology. results showed that s. enteritidis was very sensitive to them, whose minimal inhibitory concentrations were 6.25 and 31.25ôçë++g/ml, respectively. the optimization result indicated that s. enteritidis could be sterilized by 6 orders of magnitud ...201121381972
optimization of rapid salmonella enterica detection in liquid whole eggs by sybr green i-based real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.eggs and egg products have a high risk of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis contamination leading to gastroenteritis outbreaks in humans. thus, a rapid screening tool for viable salmonella enteritidis cells in the egg industry is needed. our objective was to rapidly and sensitively detect viable salmonella enteritidis from spiked liquid whole eggs (lwes) within 24 h using sybr green i-based real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) targeting the salmonella specific in ...201121381900
[low-titer cold agglutinin disease following salmonella gastroenteritis].we encountered a patient with cold agglutinin disease (cad) that worsened after salmonella gastroenteritis. a 52-year-old male complained pain in the left fingers with cyanosis and was admitted in a local hospital. after treatment for ischemia, he demonstrated diarrhea with fever. because of progressive anemia, he was referred to our hospital. salmonella gastroenteritis was diagnosed based on the results of microbiological examination. severe hemolysis was noted at admission, and coombs test was ...201121378480
isolation of lactobacillus salivarius 1077 (nrrl b-50053) and characterization of its bacteriocin, including the antimicrobial activity spectrum.lactobacillus salivarius 1077 (nrrl b-50053) was isolated from poultry intestinal materials, and in vitro anti-campylobacter jejuni activity was demonstrated. the isolate was then used for bacteriocin production and its enrichment. the protein content of the cell-free supernatant from the spent medium was precipitated by ammonium sulfate and dialyzed to produce the crude antimicrobial preparation. a typical bacteriocin-like response of sensitivity to proteolytic enzymes and resistance to lysozym ...201121378051
real-time monitoring of salmonella enterica in free-range geese.free-range geese were sampled longitudinally and salmonella isolates characterized to reveal highly diverging colonization dynamics. one flock was intermittently colonized with one strain of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis from 2 weeks of age, while in another, s. enterica serovar mbandaka appeared after 9 weeks, without dissemination but with multiple serovars appearing at later stages.201121378040
salmonella enteritidis surveillance by egg immunology: impact of the sampling scheme on the release of contaminated table eggs.design of surveillance programs to detect infections could benefit from more insight into sampling schemes. we address the effect of sampling schemes for salmonella enteritidis surveillance in laying hens. based on experimental estimates for the transmission rate in flocks, and the characteristics of an egg immunological test, we have simulated outbreaks with various sampling schemes, and with the current boot swab program with a 15-week sampling interval. declaring a flock infected based on a s ...201121375551
salmonella enteritidis with double deletion in phopflic--a potential live salmonella vaccine candidate with novel characteristics for use in chickens.salmonella enteritidis mutants with deletions in phop, flic or phopflic were tested for their virulence and their ability to induce parameters of the innate and adaptive immunity in addition to their potential for serological differentiation between vaccinated, non-vaccinated and infected chickens. the double phopflic deletion mutant was sufficiently attenuated but not diminished in its capability to inhibit the caecal colonisation and systemic invasion of homologous salmonella enteritidis short ...201121354250
a comparison of transmission characteristics of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis between pair-housed and group-housed laying hens.abstract: human cases of bacterial gastro-enteritis are often caused by the consumption of eggs contaminated with salmonella species, mainly salmonella enterica serovar enteriditis (salmonella enteritidis). to reduce human exposure, in several countries worldwide surveillance programmes are implemented to detect colonized layer flocks. the sampling schemes are based on the within-flock prevalence, and, as this changes over time, knowledge of the within-flock dynamics of salmonella enteritidis is ...201121345201
[evaluation of epidemic risk from pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria isolated from water of its various use types].the investigation was concerned with wild gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms (e. coli spp., klebsiella spp., salmonella spp., and the nonfermentative bacteria pseudomonas spp.) isolated from the waters of different types, as well as museum cultures (e. coli strain 1257, e. coli strain 675, salmonella enteritidis atcc 5765, staphylococcus aureus 906, and pseudomonas aeruginosa atcc 10145). the wild strains were isolated from water when conducting experimental and field studies; these ...201021341500
[epidemic hazard of water use in the reactivation of bacteria after disinfection].variability in the cultural and biochemical properties of indicator, opportunistic, and pathogenic bacteria and possibilities of their reactivation after exposure to chlorine-containing reagents and during photo-activated disinfection processes in the presence of photosensitizes were experimentally studied to enhance the epidemic reliability and adequacy of microbiological monitoring in the evaluation of the decontamination efficiency of water of its various use types. reactivation of coliform b ...201021341486
evaluation of commonly-used farm disinfectants in wet and dry models of salmonella farm contamination.two experimental models of salmonella contamination were used in an attempt to mimic the conditions of disinfectant use on farms. a wet model, for conditions such as boot dips, used disinfectant application to a slurry of poultry faeces inoculated with salmonella enteritidis or salmonella typhimurium. a dry model, for disinfectant application to surfaces and equipment with adherent or residual organic material, used salmonella-inoculated poultry faeces that were air-dried onto wooden dowels, imm ...201121331946
design of a combined process for the inactivation of salmonella enteritidis in liquid whole egg at 55°c.this paper is an evaluation of the lethal effectiveness of a successive application of pulsed electric fields (pefs) and heat treatment in liquid whole egg (lwe) in the presence of different additives on the population of salmonella serovar enteritidis. synergistic reductions of the salmonella enteritidis population were observed when lwe samples containing additives were treated with pef (25 kv/cm; 100 and 200 kj/kg), heat (55 °c), or pef followed by heat. the presence of additives, such as 10 ...201121329997
molecular epidemiology and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella isolated from poultry in kashmir.a total of 480 samples, comprising 429 faecal samples from healthy adult birds and 51 tissue samples from dead birds, were collected from four government poultry farms in the kashmir valley from september 2007 to april 2008. in all, 33 salmonella isolates were obtained. of these, 28 (84.85%) isolates were salmonella gallinarum, 3 (9.09%) were salmonella enteritidis and the remaining 2 (6.06%) were salmonella typhimurium. all the isolates harboured the inva, sefa, stn and spvc virulence-specific ...201021309466
[is safety for human and animal health the use of salmonella-based rodenticides?].we conducted a systematic search of the literature to identify publications on the safety of exposure to salmonella-based rodenticides by humans and animals. we included full-text publications that described the methods and presented their results satisfactorily. of 545 publications retrieved, 47 were reviewed in full text and from those 12 were selected. six reports featured cases of salmonellosis in humans, with fatal cases, associated with exposure to previous versions of this type of rodenti ...201021308199
salmonella septic arthritis following total knee arthroplasty for rheumatoid arthritis in a patient receiving etanercept. 201121301900
influence of the lipopolysaccharide structure of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis on interactions with pig neutrophils.the key process for immune response development is the recognition of bacteria by the immune system of the host based on the sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamp). one of the most important pamp is the lipopolysaccharide (lps) molecule, a complex molecule present in the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria. in this study we were interested in how different parts of the lps of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis are recognized by porcine neutrophils. to this aim, we con ...201121300486
antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of zinc oxide nanoparticles against campylobacter jejuni.the antibacterial effect of zinc oxide (zno) nanoparticles on campylobacter jejuni was investigated for inhibition and inactivation of cell growth. the results showed that c. jejuni was extremely sensitive to treatment with zno nanoparticles. the mic of zno nanoparticles for c. jejuni was determined to be 0.05 to 0.025 mg/ml, which is 8- to 16-fold lower than that for salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis and escherichia coli o157:h7 (0.4 mg/ml). the action of zno nanoparticles against c. jeju ...201121296935
the ferritin-like protein dps protects salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis from the fenton-mediated killing mechanism of bactericidal antibiotics.dps is a ferritin-like protein with dna-binding properties that is capable of affording protection during oxidative stress and during times of nutritional deprivation. here we present evidence that in exponentially growing salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis, dps is vital for protection against the common killing mechanism of bactericidal antibiotics, a mechanism manifested by hydroxyl radical production via the fenton reaction. a dps deletion mutant ('dps mutant') was hypersensitive to the ...201121295952
proportion of circulating chicken heterophils and cxcli2 expression in response to salmonella enteritidis are affected by genetic line and immune modulating diet.genetic line and diet affect chicken heterophil activity and gene expression, and the combination of these factors can enhance disease resistance. this study evaluated the effects of immune modulating diets on heterophil/lymphocyte (h/l) ratio and heterophil chemokine expression in distinct genetic lines. fayoumi and leghorn chickens were fed a basal diet or immune modulating diets enhanced with ß-glucans, ascorbic acid, or corticosterone. h/l ratios and heterophil gene expression in response to ...201121295352
cell invasion of poultry-associated salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis isolates is associated with pathogenicity, motility and proteins secreted by the type iii secretion system.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) is a major cause of food-borne gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. poultry and poultry products are considered the major vehicles of transmission to humans. using cell invasiveness as a surrogate marker for pathogenicity, we tested the invasiveness of 53 poultry-associated isolates of s. enteritidis in a well-differentiated intestinal epithelial cell model (caco-2). the method allowed classification of the isolates into low (n?=?7), mediu ...201121292746
effects of sexual maturation and salmonella infection on the expression of toll-like receptors in the chicken vagina.toll-like receptors (tlrs) are a critical component of the innate immune response in many vertebrates, including avian species. the recent findings of chicken tlrs (ctlrs) expression in ovarian follicles and in the chicken ovary in vivo, as well as the changes in their expression in response to lipopolysaccharide or salmonella enteritidis (se) infection, have broad implications for reproductive physiology and for the prevention of transmission of zoonotic diseases to humans through the consumpti ...201121292412
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