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novel two-step hierarchical screening of mutant pools reveals mutants under selection in chicks.contaminated chicken/egg products are major sources of human salmonellosis, yet the strategies used by salmonella to colonize chickens are poorly understood. we applied a novel two-step hierarchical procedure to identify new genes important for colonization and persistence of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium in chickens. a library of 182 s. typhimurium mutants each containing a targeted deletion of a group of contiguous genes (for a total of 2,069 genes deleted) was used to identify regi ...201626857572
[genetic evaluation of control variants of strains salmonella typhimurium, used in the test salmonella/microsome (ames test)].there were analyzed data of controls with solvents (dmso and distilled water) of experiments performed in the laboratory of genetic monitoring in 2004-2014 on salmonella typhimurium ta 100, ta 98 and ta 97 strains in the versions without and in the presence of metabolic activation. for all strains there was no revealed effect of the either solvent or system of metabolic activation on the average number of colonies of revertants in control. generalized parameters (historical control) of the avera ...201526856154
biofilm-associated bacterial amyloids dampen inflammation in the gut: oral treatment with curli fibres reduces the severity of hapten-induced colitis in mice.a disruption of epithelial barrier function can lead to intestinal inflammation. toll-like receptor (tlr) 2 activation by microbial products promotes intestinal epithelial integrity and overall gut health. several bacterial species, including enteric bacteria, actively produce amyloid proteins as a part of their biofilms. recognition of amyloid fibres found in enteric biofilms, termed curli, by the toll-like receptor (tlr)2/1 complex reinforces barrier function. here, we investigated the effect ...201726855788
novel small rna (srna) landscape of the starvation-stress response transcriptome of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.small rnas (srnas) are short (∼50-200 nucleotides) noncoding rnas that regulate cellular activities across bacteria. salmonella enterica starved of a carbon-energy (c) source experience a host of genetic and physiological changes broadly referred to as the starvation-stress response (ssr). in an attempt to identify novel srnas contributing to ssr control, we grew log-phase, 5-h c-starved and 24-h c-starved cultures of the virulent salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhimurium strai ...201626853797
phenotypic characteristics and genotypic correlation between salmonella isolates from a slaughterhouse and retail markets in yangzhou, china.an epidemiological investigation of salmonella spp. in pig and pork samples from one slaughterhouse and its downstream retail markets in yangzhou, jiangsu province, china, was conducted from october 2013 to march 2014. a total of 71.8% (155/216) and 70.9% (78/110), respectively, of the slaughterhouse and retail market samples were recovered positive for salmonella. all salmonella isolates were characterized using serotyping, antimicrobial resistance detection, multilocus sequence typing (mlst), ...201626851738
antibacterial flavonoids from medicinal plants covalently inactivate type iii protein secretion substrates.traditional chinese medicines (tcms) have been historically used to treat bacterial infections. however, the molecules responsible for these anti-infective properties and their potential mechanisms of action have remained elusive. using a high-throughput assay for type iii protein secretion in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, we discovered that several tcms can attenuate this key virulence pathway without affecting bacterial growth. among the active tcms, we discovered that baicalein, a ...201626847396
future of bacterial therapy of cancer.bacterial therapy of cancer has a centuries-long history and was first-line therapy at the hospital in new york city that would become memorial sloan-kettering cancer center, under dr. william b. coley. however, after coley's death in 1936, bacterial therapy of cancer ceased in the clinic until the present century. clinical trials have been recently carried out for strains of the obligate anaerobe clostridium novyi with the toxin gene deleted, and on an attenuated strain of salmonella typhimuriu ...201626846811
salmonella typhimurium a1-r and cell-cycle decoy therapy of cancer.cancer cells in g0/g1 are resistant to cytotoxic chemotherapy agents which kill only cycling cancer cells. salmonella typhimurium a1-r (s. typhimurium a1-r) decoyed cancer cells in monolayer culture and in tumor spheres to cycle from g0/g1 to s/g2/m, as demonstrated by fluorescence ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator (fucci) imaging. s. typhimurium a1-r targeted fucci-expressing subcutaneous tumors, and tumors growing on the liver, growing in nude mice and also decoyed quiescent cancer cel ...201626846810
methods for tumor targeting with salmonella typhimurium a1-r.salmonella typhimurium a1-r (s. typhimurium a1-r) has shown great preclinical promise as a broad-based anti-cancer therapeutic (please see chapter 1 ). the present chapter describes materials and methods for the preclinical study of s. typhimurium a1-r in clinically-relevant mouse models. establishment of orthotopic metastatic mouse models of the major cancer types is described, as well as other useful models, for efficacy studies of s. typhimurium a1-r or other tumor-targeting bacteria, as well ...201626846809
visualization of anticancer salmonella typhimurium engineered for remote control of therapeutic proteins.tumor-targeting bacteria are studied for their ability to carry therapeutic molecules to tumors or, when designed as imaging probes, to visualize the infection pathway. the present protocol describes a method to achieve remote control of therapeutic gene expression in bacteria which are also engineered to visualize the therapeutic process. this strategy may increase the safety of bacteria used to deliver therapeutic genes to tumors in vivo.201626846808
tumor-targeting salmonella typhimurium a1-r: an overview.the present chapter reviews the development of the tumor-targeting amino-acid auxotrophic strain s. typhimurium a1 and the in vivo selection and characterization of the high-tumor-targeting strain s. typhimurium a1-r. efficacy of s. typhimurium a1-r in nude-mouse models of prostate, breast, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer, as well as sarcoma and glioma in orthotopic mouse models is described. also reviewed is efficacy of s. typhimurium a1-r targeting of primary bone tumor and lung metastasis of h ...201626846797
flagellin encoded in gene-based vector vaccines is a route-dependent immune adjuvant.flagellin has been tested as a protein-based vaccine adjuvant, with the majority of studies focused on antibody responses. here, we evaluated the adjuvant activity of flagellin for both cellular and humoral immune responses in balb/c mice in the setting of gene-based immunization, and have made several novel observations. dna vaccines and adenovirus (ad) vectors were engineered to encode mycobacterial protein ag85b, with or without flagellin of salmonella typhimurium (flic). dna-encoded flagelli ...201626844553
salmonella employs multiple mechanisms to subvert the tlr-inducible zinc-mediated antimicrobial response of human macrophages.we aimed to characterize antimicrobial zinc trafficking within macrophages and to determine whether the professional intramacrophage pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s typhimurium) subverts this pathway. using both escherichia coli and s typhimurium, we show that tlr signaling promotes the accumulation of vesicular zinc within primary human macrophages. vesicular zinc is delivered to e. coli to promote microbial clearance, whereas s. typhimurium evades this response via salmonel ...201626839376
aim2 contributes to the maintenance of intestinal integrity via akt and protects against salmonella mucosal infection.the mechanism regulating the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier remains poorly understood. we herein demonstrate that absent in melanoma-2 (aim2) contributes to the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity and defense against bacterial infection. aim2-deficient mice displayed an increased susceptibility to mucosal but not systemic infection by salmonella typhimurium, indicating a protective role for aim2 in the gastrointestinal tract. in a salmonella colitis model, compared with wild-type mi ...201626838050
immunogenicity of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) m gene delivered by attenuated salmonella typhimurium in mice.attenuated salmonella typhimurium (s. typhimurium) was selected as a transgenic vehicle for the development of live mucosal vaccines against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) based on the m gene. an approximate 1.0 kb dna fragment, encoding for glycoprotein m, was amplified by rt-pcr and cloned into eukaryotic expression vector pvax1. the recombinant plasmid pvax-m was transformed by electroporation into attenuated s. typhimurium sl7207, and the expression and translation of the pvax-m ...201626837896
label-free impedimetric biosensor for salmonella typhimurium detection based on poly [pyrrole-co-3-carboxyl-pyrrole] copolymer supported aptamer.the gram-negative bacterium, salmonella typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is a food borne pathogen responsible for numerous hospitalisations and deaths all over the world. conventional detection methods for pathogens are time consuming and labour-intensive. hence, there is considerable interest in faster and simpler detection methods. polypyrrole-based polymers, due to their intrinsic chemical and electrical properties, have been demonstrated to be valuable candidates for the fabrication of chemo/bio ...201626836649
a diva vaccine for cross-protection against salmonella.swine are often asymptomatic carriers of salmonella spp., a leading cause of human bacterial foodborne disease. vaccination against salmonella is effective for protecting animal health and enhancing food safety. however, with >2500 salmonella serovars, current vaccines for swine offer limited cross-protection against heterologous serovars. also, existing vaccines can interfere with surveillance programs that monitor the salmonella status of swine herds. to overcome salmonella vaccine limitations ...201626836212
on-chip acoustophoretic isolation of microflora including s. typhimurium from raw chicken, beef and blood samples.pathogen analysis in food samples routinely involves lengthy growth-based pre-enrichment and selective enrichment of food matrices to increase the ratio of pathogen to background flora. similarly, for blood culture analysis, pathogens must be isolated and enriched from a large excess of blood cells to allow further analysis. conventional techniques of centrifugation and filtration are cumbersome, suffer from low sample throughput, are not readily amenable to automation and carry a risk of damagi ...201626835844
salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium exploits inflammation to modify swine intestinal microbiota.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is an important zoonotic gastrointestinal pathogen responsible for foodborne disease worldwide. it is a successful enteric pathogen because it has developed virulence strategies allowing it to survive in a highly inflamed intestinal environment exploiting inflammation to overcome colonization resistance provided by intestinal microbiota. in this study, we used piglets featuring an intact microbiota, which naturally develop gastroenteritis, as model for sal ...201526835435
[epidemiological and laboratory investigations on an infant case with diarrhea caused by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium]. 201526833017
tatc-dependent translocation of pyoverdine is responsible for the microbial growth suppression.infections are often not caused by a colonization of pseudomonas aeruginosa alone but by a consortium of other bacteria. little is known about the impact of p. aeruginosa on the growth of other bacteria upon coinfection. here, cell-ree culture supernatants obtained from p. aeruginosa suppressed the growth of a number of bacterial strains such as corynebacterium glutamicum, bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus, and agrobacterium tumefaciens, but had little effect on the growth of escherichia ...201626832668
[determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and mutagenicity of mainstream smoke and heavy metals in tobacco filler of cigarettes of a brand in japan and cigarettes of the same brand imported privately from other asian countries].some japanese smokers imported japanese cigarette brands from other asian countries for personal use because of the increase in tobacco tax in 2010, which meant that privately importing the cigarettes was cheaper than purchasing them in japan. we assumed that the health hazards of locally made cigarettes were different from those of privately imported cigarettes, despite the brands being the same. in this study, we carried out a comparative toxicological analysis of domestic and privately import ...201626832621
host-microbiota interactions in the pathogenesis of antibiotic-associated diseases.improved understanding of the interplay between host and microbes stands to illuminate new avenues for disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. here, we provide a high-resolution view of the dynamics between host and gut microbiota during antibiotic-induced intestinal microbiota depletion, opportunistic salmonella typhimurium and clostridium difficile pathogenesis, and recovery from these perturbed states in a mouse model. host-centric proteome and microbial community profiles provide a nua ...201626832403
characterization of slya in shigella flexneri identifies a novel role in virulence.the slya transcriptional regulator has important roles in the virulence and pathogenesis of several members of the enterobacteriaceae family, including salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and escherichia coli. despite the identification of the slya gene in shigella flexneri nearly 2 decades ago, as well as the significant conservation of slya among enteric bacteria, the role of slya in shigella remains unknown. the genes regulated by slya in closely related organisms often are absent from or ...201626831468
molecular analysis of the adaptive response in salmonella typhimurium after starvation in salty conditions.the pathogenic bacterium salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium elicits a variety of genetic programs to adapt to stress conditions encountered within hostile environments such as host phagocytes and preserved food.201626829540
development of functional microfold (m) cells from intestinal stem cells in primary human enteroids.intestinal microfold (m) cells are specialized epithelial cells that act as gatekeepers of luminal antigens in the intestinal tract. they play a critical role in the intestinal mucosal immune response through transport of viruses, bacteria and other particles and antigens across the epithelium to immune cells within peyer's patch regions and other mucosal sites. recent studies in mice have demonstrated that m cells are generated from lgr5+ intestinal stem cells (iscs), and that infection with sa ...201626820624
correction: the autophagy receptor tax1bp1 and the molecular motor myosin vi are required for clearance of salmonella typhimurium by autophagy.[this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005174.].201626820152
in vitro effects of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside on salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and escherichia coli k88.although thymol is bactericidal against many pathogens in vitro, its in vivo effectiveness against pathogens in the lower gastrointestinal tract is limited because of its rapid absorption in the proximal gut. thymol-β-<small>d</small>-glucopyranoside (β-thymol), a conjugated form of thymol, can deliver thymol to the lower gastrointestinal tract and has shown antibacterial effects. in the present study, we examined the in vitro effects of β-thymol on salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (st) a ...201626818992
prevalence of nontyphoidal salmonella and salmonella strains with conjugative antimicrobial-resistant serovars contaminating animal feed in texas.the objective of this study was to characterize 365 nontyphoidal salmonella enterica isolates from animal feed. among the 365 isolates, 78 serovars were identified. twenty-four isolates (7.0%) were recovered from three of six medicated feed types. three of these isolates derived from the medicated feed, salmonella newport, salmonella typhimurium var. o 5- (copenhagen), and salmonella lexington var. 15+ (manila), displayed antimicrobial resistance. susceptibility testing revealed that only 3.0% ( ...201626818979
isolation, identification, and evaluation of novel probiotic strains isolated from feces of breast-fed infants.to isolate, identify, and evaluate the probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from the feces of breast-fed infants.201626817236
pharmaco-phylogenetic investigation of methyl gallate isolated from acacia nilotica (l.) delile and its cytotoxic effect on nih3t3 mouse fibroblast.present exploration deals with the therapeutic perspective of methyl gallate isolated from the leaf extract of acacia nilotica (l.) delile in contrast to food-borne bacterial pathogen's viz., escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, salmonella typhimurium, pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus aureus with their evolutionary succession. the extract was subjected to phytochemical analysis and isolated compound was identified as methyl gallate using uv-vis, ir and nmr spectra. it was found most ...201626813302
a novel contribution of spvb to pathogenesis of salmonella typhimurium by inhibiting autophagy in host cells.salmonella plasmid virulence genes (spv) are highly conserved in strains of clinically important salmonella serovars. it is essential for salmonella plasmid-correlated virulence, although the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated. autophagy has been reported to play an important role in host immune responses limiting salmonella infection. our previous studies demonstrated that salmonella conjugative plasmid harboring spv genes could enhance bacterial cytotoxicity by inhibiting autophagy. in t ...201626811498
protein acetylation is involved in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium virulence.salmonella causes a range of diseases in different hosts, including enterocolitis and systemic infection. lysine acetylation regulates many eukaryotic cellular processes, but its function in bacteria is largely unexplored. the acetyltransferase pat and nad(+)-dependent deacetylase cobb are involved in the reversible protein acetylation in salmonella typhimurium. here, we used cell and animal models to evaluate the virulence of pat and cobb deletion mutants in s. typhimurium and found that pat is ...201626810370
evaluation of probiotic properties of lactobacillus plantarum wlpl04 isolated from human breast milk.lactobacillus plantarum wlpl04, a specific strain isolated from human breast milk, was investigated for its survival capacity (acid and bile salt tolerance, survival in simulated gastrointestinal tract, inhibition of pathogens, antibiotic susceptibility, yield of exopolysaccharides) and probiotic properties (antiadhesion of pathogens, protection from harmful effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and antiinflammatory stress on caco-2 cells). the results showed that lb. plantarum wlpl04 had broad-spec ...201626805974
trogocytosis-associated cell to cell spread of intracellular bacterial pathogens.macrophages are myeloid-derived phagocytic cells and one of the first immune cell types to respond to microbial infections. however, a number of bacterial pathogens are resistant to the antimicrobial activities of macrophages and can grow within these cells. macrophages have other immune surveillance roles including the acquisition of cytosolic components from multiple types of cells. we hypothesized that intracellular pathogens that can replicate within macrophages could also exploit cytosolic ...201626802627
antibiofilm formation and anti-adhesive property of three mediterranean essential oils against a foodborne pathogen salmonella strain.plant extracts, and their essential oils (eos) are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial properties. our aim was to determine the bioactive compound in three mediterranean essential oils belonging to lamiaceae family, satureja montana l., thymus vulgaris l. and rosmarinus officinalis l., and to assess their antimicrobial, antibiofilm and anti-adhesive potentials against a foodborne pathogen salmonella strain. the antibacterial activity of eos and its biofilm inhibiti ...201626802522
β-glucans from coriolus versicolor protect mice against s. typhimurium challenge by activation of macrophages.the effects of β-glucans from coriolus versicolor (cvp), which are extracted from a well-known immune stimulator c. versicolor, have been demonstrated extensively in vitro and in vivo. however, until now, the phagocytic activity has not been elucidated. hence, the objective of the present study was to identify the antibacterial activity of cvp or cvp-treated macrophages by an analysis of cell cytotoxicity, phagocytic activity, intracellular bacterial survival, macrophage activation, production o ...201626802244
in vitro antimicrobial and anti-proliferative activities of plant extracts from spathodea campanulata, ficus bubu, and carica papaya.african medicinal plants represent a prominent source of new active substances. in this context, three plants were selected for biological investigations based on their traditional uses.201626799575
intermittent fasting favored the resolution of salmonella typhimurium infection in middle-aged balb/c mice.intermittent fasting (if) reportedly increases resistance and intestinal iga response to salmonella typhimurium infection in mature mice. the aim of this study was to explore the effect of aging on the aforementioned improved immune response found with if. middle-aged male balb/c mice were submitted to if or ad libitum (al) feeding for 40 weeks and then orally infected with s. typhimurium. thereafter, infected animals were all fed al (to maximize their viability) until sacrifice on day 7 or 14 p ...201626798034
comparative evaluation of the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of smoke condensate derived from korean cigarettes.cigarette smoking is associated with carcinogenesis owing to the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of cigarette smoke. the aim of this study was to evaluate the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of korean cigarettes using in vitro assays.201526796893
loop-to-helix transition in the structure of multidrug regulator acrr at the entrance of the drug-binding cavity.multidrug transcription regulator acrr from salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium str. lt2 belongs to the tetracycline repressor family, one of the largest groups of bacterial transcription factors. the crystal structure of dimeric acrr was determined and refined to 1.56å resolution. the tertiary and quaternary structures of acrr are similar to those of its homologs. the multidrug binding site was identified based on structural alignment with homologous proteins and has a di(hy ...201626796657
a conditionally lethal mutant of salmonella typhimurium induces a protective response in mice.here we present the design of a conditionally lethal mutant of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) which growth depends on tetracycline (tet). four mutants of s. typhimurium, with tet-conditional growth, were created by inserting the tetra cassette. three of the mutants presented a conditional-lethal phenotype in vitro. one mutant in the yabb gene remained conditional inside cells and did not persisted after 24 h in cell cultures. the capacity of s. typhimurium yabb::tetra t ...201626792728
an outbreak of monophasic and biphasic salmonella typhimurium, and salmonella derby associated with the consumption of dried pork sausage in castellon (spain).an outbreak of s.typhimurium occurred in several towns and cities in the province of castellon (spain) between 23 february and 27 may 2011. on april 5, the microbiology laboratory of a hospital in castellon alerted the health authorities to the increase in s.typhimurium isolated in fecal culture of children with gastroenteritis. the serotype and phage-type of 83 positive cases of s.typhimurium isolated in these period included 49 monophasic/biphasic s.typhimurium phage type 138, phage type 193, ...201626790900
dual rna-seq unveils noncoding rna functions in host-pathogen interactions.bacteria express many small rnas for which the regulatory roles in pathogenesis have remained poorly understood due to a paucity of robust phenotypes in standard virulence assays. here we use a generic 'dual rna-seq' approach to profile rna expression simultaneously in pathogen and host during salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection and reveal the molecular impact of bacterial riboregulators. we identify a phop-activated small rna, pint, which upon bacterial internalization temporally ...201626789254
phenolic compounds, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of pomace extracts from four virginia-grown grape varieties.grape pomace is a potential source of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. phenolic compounds, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of pomace extracts from four virginia-grown grape varieties were investigated. white grape pomaces had higher (p < 0.05) solvent extraction yield than red varieties. concentrations of total phenolic (tpc), total flavonoid (tfc), total anthocyanin (tac), tannins, condensed tannins (ct), as well as antioxidant capacities (dpph• and abts•+free radical sca ...201626788319
genes required for the fitness of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium during infection of immunodeficient gp91-/- phox mice.salmonella enterica causes systemic diseases (typhoid and paratyphoid fever), nontyphoidal septicemia (nts), and gastroenteritis in humans and other animals worldwide. an important but underrecognized emerging infectious disease problem in sub-saharan africa is nts in children and immunocompromised adults. a current goal is to identify salmonella mutants that are not pathogenic in the absence of key components of the immune system such as might be found in immunocompromised hosts. such attenuate ...201626787719
thai generic-brand dry canine foods: mutagenicity and the effects of feeding in vivo and in vitro.the commercial pet-food industry and the market value of the pet industry have increased. most owners are concerned about their pets' health, and prefer commercial pet foods as their regular diet. this study thus aimed to determine whether a selection of local generic-brand dry canine foods had any potential to promote chronic disease.201626785914
pseudomonas putida strain fstm2 isolated from shark skin: a potential source of bacteriocin.bacteriocin-producing pseudomonas putida strain fstm2 isolated from shark showed broad range of antibacterial activity against all pathogens tested except bacillus subtilis atcc11774, mrsa n32064, proteus mirabilis atcc12453, enterococcus faecalis atcc14506, salmonella typhimurium atcc51312, salmonella mutan atcc25175, and aeromonas hydrophila wbf314. of the three growth media tested in this study, tsb was observed to support the bacteriocin activity the most. while the highest bacteriocin activ ...201326782985
differential effect of lactobacillus johnsonii bfe 6128 on expression of genes related to tlr pathways and innate immunity in intestinal epithelial cells.probiotics have been shown to enhance immune defenses, but their mechanisms of action are only partially understood. we investigated the modulation of signal pathways involved in innate immunity in enterocytes by lactobacillus johnsonii bfe 6128 isolated from 'kule naoto', a maasai traditional fermented milk product. this lactobacillus sensitized ht29 intestinal epithelial cells toward recognition of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium by increasing the il-8 levels released after challenge w ...201026781315
evaluation of in vitro probiotic potential of pediococcus pentosaceus ozf isolated from human breast milk.this study was conducted to evaluate the probiotic properties of pediococcus pentosaceus ozf isolated from human breast milk. the results obtained so far suggest that the strain is resistant to low ph, bile salt, pepsin and pancreatin, so it could survive while passing through the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract and reveal its potential probiotic action on host organism. the strain was non-pathogenic (γ-hemolytic), produced anti-listerial bacteriocin, exhibited a strong autoaggregating ...201026781239
the magnesium transporter a is activated by cardiolipin and is highly sensitive to free magnesium in vitro.the magnesium transporter a (mgta) is a specialized p-type atpase, believed to import mg(2+) into the cytoplasm. in salmonella typhimurium and escherichia coli, the virulence determining two-component system phoq/phop regulates the transcription of mgta gene by sensing mg(2+) concentrations in the periplasm. however, the factors that affect mgta function are not known. this study demonstrates, for the first time, that mgta is highly dependent on anionic phospholipids and in particular, cardiolip ...201626780187
photoexcited quantum dots for killing multidrug-resistant bacteria.multidrug-resistant bacterial infections are an ever-growing threat because of the shrinking arsenal of efficacious antibiotics. metal nanoparticles can induce cell death, yet the toxicity effect is typically nonspecific. here, we show that photoexcited quantum dots (qds) can kill a wide range of multidrug-resistant bacterial clinical isolates, including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, carbapenem-resistant escherichia coli, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing klebsiella pneu ...201626779882
a plant-produced bacteriophage tailspike protein for the control of salmonella.the receptor binding domain of the tailspike protein gp9 from the p22 bacteriophage was recently shown to reduce salmonella colonization in the chicken gut. in this study, we transiently expressed the receptor binding domain of the gp9 tailspike protein in nicotiana benthamiana, and targeted it to the endoplasmic reticulum (er) or to the chloroplasts. gp9 was also fused to either an elastin-like polypeptide (elp) or hydrophobin i tag, which were previously described to improve accumulation level ...201526779243
analysis of two complementary single-gene deletion mutant libraries of salmonella typhimurium in intraperitoneal infection of balb/c mice.two pools of individual single gene deletion (sgd) mutants of s. typhimurium 14028s encompassing deletions of 3,923 annotated non-essential orfs and srnas were screened by intraperitoneal (ip) injection in balb/c mice followed by recovery from spleen and liver 2 days post infection. the relative abundance of each mutant was measured by microarray hybridization. the two mutant libraries differed in the orientation of the antibiotic resistance cassettes (either sense-oriented kan(r), sgd-k, or ant ...201526779130
infiltration of matrix-non-producers weakens the salmonella biofilm and impairs its antimicrobial tolerance and pathogenicity.bacterial biofilms display a collective lifestyle, wherein the cells secrete extracellular polymeric substances (eps) that helps in adhesion, aggregation, stability, and to protect the bacteria from antimicrobials. we asked whether the eps could act as a public good for the biofilm and observed that infiltration of cells that do not produce matrix components weakened the biofilm of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. eps production was costly for the producing cells, as indicated by a signi ...201526779121
methodological considerations for using umu assay to assess photo-genotoxicity of engineered nanoparticles.in this study we investigated the feasibility of high-throughput (96-well plate) umu assay to test the genotoxic effect of tio2 engineered nanoparticles (enps) under uv light (full spectrum) and visible light (455 nm). exposure of tio2 enps to up to 60 min of uv light induced a photocatalytic production of ros. however, uv light itself caused cytotoxic damage to salmonella typhimurium at exposures >15 min and a genotoxic effect at exposures >0.5 min; and use of uv filters did not lower this effe ...201626778507
bacteria and genetically modified bacteria as cancer therapeutics: current advances and challenges.bacteria act as pro- or anti- tumorigenic agents. whole bacteria or cytotoxic or immunogenic peptides carried by them exert potent anti-tumor effects in the experimental models of cancer. the use of attenuated microorganism(s) e.g., bcg to treat human urinary bladder cancer was found to be superior compared to standard chemotherapy. although the phase-i clinical trials with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, has shown limited benefits in human subjects, a recent pre-clinical trial in pet d ...201726778055
antimicrobial effects of marine algal extracts and cyanobacterial pure compounds against five foodborne pathogens.the marine environment is a proven source of structurally complex and biologically active compounds. in this study, the antimicrobial effects of a small collection of marine-derived extracts and isolates, were evaluated against 5 foodborne pathogens using a broth dilution assay. results demonstrated that algal extracts from padina and ulva species and cyanobacterial compounds antillatoxin b, laxaphycins a, b and b3, isomalyngamide a, and malyngamides c, i and j showed antimicrobial activity agai ...201626775951
the effect of hydrophobicity upon the direct mutagenicity of n-acyloxy-n-alkoxyamides--bilinear dependence upon logp.n-acyloxy-n-alkoxyamides 1 are direct-acting mutagens for which a bilinear qsar has been established, which predicts with accuracy their activity in the ames reverse mutation assay in salmonella typhimurium ta100, based upon their hydrophobicity (logp), reactivity (pka of the carboxylic acid of the n-carboxyl group) and taft steric parameters. from activity data for 55 congeners and incorporating five mutagens bearing long-chain hydrocarbons on the alkoxyl and acyloxyl groups, designed for this ...201626774666
co-exposure of elf-magnetic fields and chemical mutagens: an investigation of genotoxicity with the sos-based vitotox test in salmonella typhimurium.it is believed that extreme low frequency magnetic fields (elf-mf) are not mutagenic, at least at exposure levels below 100 μt. synergistic or co-operative effects with environmental mutagens remain possible yet. we therefore investigated the effects of elf-mf in conjunction with 4 different well known chemical mutagens having different modes of action. for this purpose the bacterial vitotox test was used. our study confirmed previous results which showed that a 100 μt magnetic field (50 hz) doe ...201626774664
functional characterization of solute carrier (slc) 26/sulfate permease (sulp) proteins in membrane mimetic systems.solute carrier (slc) 26 or sulfate permease (sulp) anion transporters, belong to a phylogenetically ancient family of secondary active transporters. members of the family are involved in several human genetic diseases and cell physiological processes. despite their importance, the substrates for transport by this family of proteins have been poorly characterized. in this study, recombinant stmychm/daua, a sulp from salmonella typhimurium was purified to homogeneity and functionally characterized ...201626774215
effectiveness of superheated steam for inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, salmonella enteritidis phage type 30, and listeria monocytogenes on almonds and pistachios.this study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of superheated steam (shs) on the inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, salmonella enteritidis phage type (pt) 30 and listeria monocytogenes on almonds and in-shell pistachios and to determine the effect of superheated steam heating on quality by measuring color and texture changes. almonds and in-shell pistachios inoculated with four foodborne pathogens were treated with saturated steam (ss) at 100 °c and shs at ...201626773253
protein turnover analysis in salmonella typhimurium during infection by dynamic silac, topograph, and quantitative proteomics.protein turnover affects protein abundance and phenotypes. comprehensive investigation of protein turnover dynamics has the potential to provide substantial information about gene expression. here we report a large-scale protein turnover study in salmonella typhimurium during infection by quantitative proteomics. murine macrophage-like raw 264.7 cells were infected with silac labeled salmonella. bacterial cells were extracted after 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min. mass spectrometry analyses yielded ...201626773230
assessing salmonella typhimurium persistence in poultry carcasses under multiple thermal conditions consistent with composting and wet rendering.mitigation of salmonella associated with poultry carcasses is primarily accomplished by rendering or carcass composting. while rendering temperatures and pressures are well established for pathogen inactivation in poultry carcasses, parameters controlling composting processes are less defined in part because multiple conditions and procedures are utilized. consequently, limited knowledge exists describing the impacts of composting with varying temperature and mixing protocols with respect to the ...201626769271
salmonella infection in grey seals (halichoerus grypus), a marine mammal sentinel species: pathogenicity and molecular typing of salmonella strains compared with human and livestock isolates.microbial pollution of the marine environment through land-sea transfer of human and livestock pathogens is of concern. salmonella was isolated from rectal swabs of free-ranging and stranded grey seal pups (21.1%; 37/175) and compared with strains from the same serovars isolated from human clinical cases, livestock, wild mammals and birds in scotland, uk to characterize possible transmission routes using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multi-locus variable number of tandem repeat analyses. ...201626768299
evaluation of 4-methylimidazole, in the ames/salmonella test using induced rodent liver and lung s9.4-methylimidazole (4-mei) is formed by the interaction of ammonia with reducing sugars and low levels have been identified as a by-product in coffee, soy sauce, wine, dark beers, soft drinks, and caramel colors. the 4-mei has been reported to induce alveolar/bronchiolar tumors in mice but not rats. its mechanism of action is unlikely to be due to genotoxicity as 4-mei does not induce mutation in salmonella typhimurium and does not induce micronuclei in rodent peripheral erythrocytes or bone marr ...201626765635
probiotic characteristics of lactobacillus plantarum fh185 isolated from human feces.lactobacillus plantarum fh185 was isolated from the feces of healthy adults. in our previous study, l. plantarum fh185 was demonstrated that it has anti-obesity effect in the in vitro and in vivo test. in order to determine its potential for use as a probiotic, we investigated the physiological characteristics of l. plantarum fh185. the optimum growth temperature of l. plantarum fh185 was 40℃. l. plantarum fh185 showed higher sensitivity to novobiocin in a comparison of fifteen different antibio ...201526761889
physiological characteristics and anti-obesity effect of lactobacillus plantarum q180 isolated from feces.obesity is strongly associated with several metabolic and chronic diseases and has become a major public health problem of worldwide concern. this study aimed to investigate the physiological characteristics and anti-obesity effects of lactobacillus plantarum q180. lactobacillus plantarum q180 was isolated from the faces of healthy adults and found to have a lipase inhibitory activity of 83.61±2.32% and inhibited adipocyte differentiation of 3t3-l1 cells (14.63±1.37%) at a concentration of 100 μ ...201426761499
physiological characteristics and production of folic acid of lactobacillus plantarum ja71 isolated from jeotgal, a traditional korean fermented seafood.folic acid, one of the b group of vitamins, is an essential substance for maintaining the functions of the nervous system, and is also known to decrease the level of homocysteine in plasma. homocysteine influences the lowering of the cognitive function in humans, and especially in elderly people. in order to determine the strains with a strong capacity to produce folic acid, 190 bacteria were isolated from various kinds of jeotgal and chungkuk-jang. in our test experiment, ja71 was found to cont ...201426760752
acyclic cucurbit[n]uril-type molecular container enables systemic delivery of effective doses of albendazole for treatment of sk-ov-3 xenograft tumors.approximately, 40-70% of active pharmaceutical ingredients (api) are severely limited by their extremely poor aqueous solubility, and consequently, there is a high demand for excipients that can be used to formulate clinically relevant doses of these drug candidates. here, proof-of-concept studies demonstrate the potential of our recently discovered acyclic cucurbit[n]uril-type molecular container motor1 (m1) as a solubilizing agent for insoluble drugs. m1 did not induce significant rates of mut ...201626756920
the addition of charcoals to broiler diets did not alter the recovery of salmonella typhimurium during grow-out.two experiments evaluated prebiotics added to feed on the recovery of salmonella in broilers during grow-out and processing. in experiment 1, "seeder" chicks were inoculated with salmonella typhimurium and placed with penmates. treatments were: basal control diet, added 0.3% bamboo charcoal, 0.6% bamboo charcoal, or 0.12% aromabiotic (medium chain fatty acids). the ceca from seeders and penmates were sampled to confirm salmonella colonization at 3, 4, and 6 wk, and pen litter was sampled weekly. ...201626755657
mutagenicity of modelled-heat-treated meat extracts: mutagenicity assay, analysis and mechanism of mutagenesis.cooking of meat usually aims in producing microbiologically safe food suitable for human consumption. however, doing so at such high temperatures may produce some cooking toxicants or mutagens. the objectives of this study were to investigate the mutagenicity of modelled-heat-treated meat after different cooking methods (boiling, pan-frying and charcoal grilling) using ames salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay. in addition, the content of benzo[a]pyrene (b[a]p) in the meat extracts prepared ...201526753243
identification of invasive salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium st313 in ambulatory hiv-infected adults in mozambique.despite evidence describing the burden of invasive non-typhoidal salmonella (ints) disease in sub-saharan africa, ints is not recognized as a priority within global health policy institutions. recently, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, sequence type (st) 313, has been identified as the predominant cause of ints disease in multiple sub-saharan african countries.201726751031
salmonella typhimurium-induced m1 macrophage polarization is dependent on the bacterial o antigen.recently, macrophages were shown to be capable of differentiating toward two phenotypes after antigen stimulation: a classically activated (m1) or an alternatively activated phenotype (m2). to investigate the effect of salmonella enteric serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) on macrophage differentiation, we compared macrophage phenotypes after infection of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages with wild-type s. typhimurium and its isogenic rfc mutant. s. typhimurium c5 induced m1 macrophage pol ...201626745982
a novel enterocin t1 with anti-pseudomonas activity produced by enterococcus faecium t1 from chinese tibet cheese.an enterocin-producing enterococcus faecium t1 was isolated from chinese tibet cheese. the enterocin was purified by sp-sepharose and reversed phase hplc. it was identified as unique from other reported bacteriocins based on molecular weight (4629 da) and amino acid compositions; therefore it was subsequently named enterocin t1. enterocin t1 was stable at 80-100 °c and over a wide ph range, ph 3.0-10.0. protease sensitivity was observed to trypsin, pepsin, papain, proteinase k, and pronase e. im ...201626745981
salmonella burden in lebanon.salmonellosis is a disease that represents a major public health concern in both developing and developed countries. the aim of this article is to evaluate the public health burden of salmonella illness in lebanon. the current scope of the salmonella infection problem was assessed in relation to disease incidence and distribution with respect to age, gender and district. factors that provide a better understanding of the magnitude of the problem were explored and highlighted. data reported to th ...201626743045
optimized mol-pcr for characterization of microbial pathogens.characterization of microbial pathogens is necessary for surveillance, outbreak detection, and tracing of outbreak sources. this unit describes a multiplex oligonucleotide ligation-pcr (mol-pcr) optimized for characterization of microbial pathogens. with mol-pcr, different types of markers, like unique sequences, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) and indels, can be simultaneously analyzed in one assay. this assay consists of a multiplex ligation for detection of the markers, a singleplex pc ...201626742655
effect of sanitizer combined with steam heating on the inactivation of foodborne pathogens in a biofilm on stainless steel.the combined effect of chemical sanitizers including sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, iodophor, and benzalkonium chloride with steam heating on the inactivation of biofilms formed by escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes on stainless steel was investigated. six day old biofilms, comprised of a mixture of three strains each of three foodborne pathogens, were produced on stainless steel coupons at 25 °c and treated with each sanitizer alone (for 5, 15, ...201626742615
assessment of antimutagenic action of celtis glabrata steven ex planch. (cannabaceae) extracts against base pair exchange and frame shift mutations on salmonella typhimurium ta98 and ta100 strains by ames test.celtis glabrata is used in turkey for the treatment of various health disorders.201626739110
transcriptional analysis of porcine intestinal mucosa infected with salmonella typhimurium revealed a massive inflammatory response and disruption of bile acid absorption in ileum.infected pork meat is an important source of non-typhoidal human salmonellosis. understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in disease pathogenesis is important for the development of therapeutic and preventive strategies. thus, hereby we study the transcriptional profiles along the porcine intestine during infection with salmonella typhimurium, as well as post-transcriptional gene modulation by micrornas (mirna). sixteen piglets were orally challenged with s. typhimurium. samples from jejunu ...201626738723
ecotoxicity and genotoxicity of cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, their metabolites/transformation products and their mixtures.cyclophosphamide (cp) and ifosfamide (if) are commonly used cytostatic drugs that repress cell division by interaction with dna. the present study investigates the ecotoxicity and genotoxicity of cp, if, their human metabolites/transformation products (tps) carboxy-cyclophosphamide (cpcooh), keto-cyclophosphamide (ketocp) and n-dechloroethyl-cyclophosphamide (ndcp) as individual compounds and as mixture. the two parent compounds (cp and if), at concentrations up to 320 mg l(-1), were non-toxic t ...201626735164
predictive model for growth of staphylococcus aureus on raw pork, ham, and sausage.recent staphylococcus aureus outbreaks linked to meat and poultry products underscore the importance of understanding the growth kinetics of s. aureus in these products at different temperatures. raw pork, ham, and sausage (each 10 ± 0.3 g) were inoculated with a three-strain cocktail of s. aureus, resulting in an initial level of ca. 3 log cfu/g. samples were stored isothermally at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°c, and s. aureus was enumerated at appropriate time intervals. the square root mode ...201626735039
microbiological status and food safety compliance of commercial basil production systems.basil has been implicated in a number of microbe-associated foodborne illnesses across the world, and the source of contamination has often been traced back to the production and/or processing stages of the supply chain. the aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of fresh basil from the point of production to the retail outlet in the gauteng and northwest provinces of south africa. a total of 463 samples were collected over a 3-month period from two large-scale commercial ...201626735028
the mutualistic side of wolbachia-isopod interactions: wolbachia mediated protection against pathogenic intracellular bacteria.wolbachia is a vertically transmitted endosymbiont whose radiative success is mainly related to various host reproductive manipulations that led to consider this symbiont as a conflictual reproductive parasite. however, lately, some wolbachia have been shown to act as beneficial symbionts by protecting hosts against a broad range of parasites. still, this protection has been mostly demonstrated in artificial wolbachia-host associations between partners that did not co-evolved together. here, we ...201526733946
generation of salmonella ghost cells expressing fimbrial antigens of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli and evaluation of their antigenicity in a murine model.salmonella typhimurium ghost cells expressing k88ab, k88ac, k99, and fasa fimbriae of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) in their envelopes were constructed. the genes encoding the fimbriae were individually cloned into an expression plasmid, pmmp81, carrying the asd gene, which was subsequently electroporated into the δasd s. typhimurium mutant. plasmid pjhlp99, carrying the phix174 lysis gene e, was also subsequently electroporated into the salmonella mutant. the presence of the individua ...201626733731
a small-molecule compound belonging to a class of 2,4-disubstituted 1,3,4-thiadiazine-5-ones suppresses salmonella infection in vivo.therapeutic strategies that target bacterial virulence have received considerable attention. the type iii secretion system (t3ss) is important for bacterial virulence and represents an attractive therapeutic target. a novel compound with a predicted t3ss inhibitory activity named cl-55 (n-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl)-5-oxo-5,6-dihydro-4h-[1,3,4]-thiadiazine-2-carboxamide) was previously characterized by low toxicity, high levels of solubility, stability and specific efficien ...201626732253
antimicrobial properties of black grape (vitis vinifera l.) peel extracts against antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria and toxin producing molds.black grape peel possesses a substantial amount of polyphenolic antimicrobial compounds that can be used for controlling the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. the purpose of this study was to assess antibacterial and antifungal activity of black grape peel extracts against antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria and toxin producing molds, respectively.201726729960
evaluation of immunogenicity and protective efficacy of adjuvanted salmonella typhimurium ghost vaccine against salmonellosis in chickens.salmonella typhimurium, a non-host-adapted gram-negative intracellular pathogen, is capable of infecting a variety of animal hosts and humans.201626727359
salmonella plasmid virulence gene spvb enhances bacterial virulence by inhibiting autophagy in a zebrafish infection model.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is a facultative intracellular pathogen that can cause gastroenteritis and systemic infection in a wide range of hosts. salmonella plasmid virulence gene spvb is closely related to bacterial virulence in different cells and animal models, and the encoded protein acts as an intracellular toxin required for adp-ribosyl transferase activity. however, until now there is no report about the pathogenecity of spvb gene on zebrafish. due to the ou ...201626723267
antityphoid properties and toxicity evaluation of harungana madagascariensis lam (hypericaceae) aqueous leaf extract.harungana madagascariensis lam is commonly used in cameroonian folk medicine for the treatment of malaria and typhoid fever.201626721224
viral transmission dynamics at single-cell resolution reveal transiently immune subpopulations caused by a carrier state association.monitoring the complex transmission dynamics of a bacterial virus (temperate phage p22) throughout a population of its host (salmonella typhimurium) at single cell resolution revealed the unexpected existence of a transiently immune subpopulation of host cells that emerged from peculiarities preceding the process of lysogenization. more specifically, an infection event ultimately leading to a lysogen first yielded a phage carrier cell harboring a polarly tethered p22 episome. upon subsequent div ...201526720743
evaluation of anti-bacterial effects of some novel thiazole and imidazole derivatives against some pathogenic bacteria.bacterial resistance to antibiotics has motivated the researchers to evaluate the novel anti-bacterial compounds such as some thiazole and imidazole derivatives. thereby, in this work, we investigated the anti-bacterial effects of one new thiazole and two new imidazole derivatives on bacillus cereus, listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, proteus mirabilis and shigella dysenteriae.201526719785
histone deacetylase inhibitors promote mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and bacterial clearance by human macrophages.broad-spectrum histone deacetylase inhibitors (hdaci) are used clinically as anticancer agents, and more isoform-selective hdaci have been sought to modulate other conditions, including chronic inflammatory diseases. mouse studies suggest that hdaci downregulate immune responses and may compromise host defense. however, their effects on human macrophage antimicrobial responses are largely unknown. here, we show that overnight pretreatment of human macrophages with hdaci prior to challenge with s ...201526711769
[construction of host-vector balanced lethal system of salmonella typhimurium sl1344δcya mutant and immune protection test of chickling].to develop a host-vector balanced lethal system of salmonella typhimurium adenylate cyclase mutant, and detect its biological characteristics.201526710613
reduction of salmonella on chicken breast fillets stored under aerobic or modified atmosphere packaging by the application of lytic bacteriophage preparation salmofreshtm.the present study evaluated the efficacy of recently approved salmonella lytic bacteriophage preparation (salmofresh™) in reducing salmonella on chicken breast fillets, as a surface and dip application. the effectiveness of phage in combination with modified atmosphere packaging (map) and the ability of phage preparation in reducing salmonella on chicken breast fillets at room temperature was also evaluated. chicken breast fillets inoculated with a cocktail of salmonella typhimurium, s. heidelbe ...201626706362
non-typhoidal salmonella in poultry meat and diarrhoeic patients: prevalence, antibiogram, virulotyping, molecular detection and sequencing of class i integrons in multidrug resistant strains.the worldwide increase of food-borne infections with antibiotic resistant pathogens constitutes a major public health problem. therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence, antibiogram, virulence genes profiles and integron characteristics of non-typhoidal salmonella spp. isolated from poultry meat and diarrhoeic patients in egypt.201526705426
development of a quantitative fluorescence single primer isothermal amplification-based method for the detection of salmonella.food-borne disease caused by salmonella has long been, and continues to be, an important global public health problem, necessitating rapid and accurate detection of salmonella in food. real time pcr is the most recently developed approach for salmonella detection. single primer isothermal amplification (spia), a novel gene amplification technique, has emerged as an attractive microbiological testing method. spia is performed under a constant temperature, eliminating the need for an expensive the ...201626704066
single passage in mouse organs enhances the survival and spread of salmonella enterica.intravenous inoculation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium into mice is a prime experimental model of invasive salmonellosis. the use of wild-type isogenic tagged strains (wits) in this system has revealed that bacteria undergo independent bottlenecks in the liver and spleen before establishing a systemic infection. we recently showed that those bacteria that survived the bottleneck exhibited enhanced growth when transferred to naive mice. in this study, we set out to disentangle the com ...201526701880
synergistic in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial effect of a mixture of zno nanoparticles and lactobacillus fermentation liquor.in this study, we investigated the antibacterial activity of zno nanoparticles (nps) and lactobacillus-fermentation liquor (lfl) against two pathogenic bacteria in vitro and in vivo. bactericidal tests were performed on solid agar plates and quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr), and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) techniques were used to examine the antibacterial activity of the mixture of zno nps and lfl in vivo. the results showed that the mixture exhibited higher antibacterial act ...201626695158
salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium growth is inhibited by the concomitant binding of zn(ii) and a pyrrolyl-hydroxamate to znua, the soluble component of the znuabc transporter.under conditions of zn(ii) deficiency, the most relevant high affinity zn(ii) transport system synthesized by many gram-negative bacteria is the znuabc transporter. znuabc is absent in eukaryotes and plays an important role in bacterial virulence. consequently, znua, the periplasmic component of the transporter, appeared as a good target candidate to find new compounds able to contrast bacterial growth by interfering with zn(ii) uptake.201626691136
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