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characterization of an isotype-dependent monoclonal antibody against linear neutralizing epitope effective for prophylaxis of enterovirus 71 infection.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is the main causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) and is associated with severe neurologic complications and mortalities. at present, there is no vaccine or therapeutic available for treatment.201222279543
genetic analysis of the p1 region of human enterovirus 71 strains and expression of the 55 f strainvp1 protein.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a member of the entero-virus genus of the picornaviridae family and is the major cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) in children. different strains from gansu were cloned and the p1 protein was sequenced and analysed. results indicate that there are three kinds of ev71 infections prevalent in gansu. the vp1 protein from one of these strains, 55f, was expressed. the recombinant protein was expressed with high level and reacted specifically with the ev71 patient ...201222270802
seroepidemiology of enterovirus 71 infection prior to the 2011 season in children in shanghai.in 2010, china experienced the largest outbreak on record of enterovirus 71 (ev71)-associated hand foot and mouth disease (hfmd) with more than 1.7 million cases, 27,000 patients with severe neurological complications and 905 deaths. understanding of the seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies (nab) against ev71 and their protective role against hfmd in children is crucial for the implementation of future therapeutic and prophylactic intervention.201222265829
enterovirus 71 viral capsid protein linear epitopes: identification and characterization.to characterize the human humoral immune response against enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection and map human epitopes on the viral capsid proteins.201222264266
association of interleukin 10 and interferon gamma gene polymorphisms with enterovirus 71 encephalitis in patients with hand, foot and mouth disease.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is one of the common causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), and is associated with several outbreaks with neurological complications including encephalitis. this study investigated the polymorphisms of interferon gamma (ifn-γ)+874 t/a and interleukin 10 (il-10)-1082 g/a in 65 chinese patients with ev71 encephalitis and 113 chinese hfmd patients without complications. the polymorphisms of ifn-γ+874 t/a and il-10-1082 g/a were determined by polymerase chain ...201222263663
[recent advances in reverse genetics of enterovirus 71]. 201122263276
enterovirus 71 disrupts interferon signaling by reducing the interferon receptor i.the recent outbreak of enterovirus 71 (ev71) infected millions of children and caused over 1,000 deaths. to date, neither effective vaccine nor antiviral treatment is available for ev71 infection. interferons (ifns) have been successfully applied for treating patients such as hepatitis b and c viral infections for decades but failed to treat ev71 infections. here, we provide the evidence that ev71 antagonizes type i ifn signaling by reducing the level of interferon receptor 1 (ifnar1). we show t ...201222258259
detection of human enterovirus 71 reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp).aims:  in this study, a one-step, single-tube reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed and validated for the detection of human enterovirus 71 (ev71), the major aetiological agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). methods and results:  reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay was optimized to amplify vp1 gene in the presence of a specific primer set and bst dna polymerase at an isothermal temperature of 63°c for 1  ...201222256968
mri findings of neurological complications in hand-foot-mouth disease by enterovirus 71 infection.to explore the imaging characterization of neurological complications associated with the enterovirus 71 (ev71) epidemics.201222248036
in vitro and in vivo evaluation of ribavirin and pleconaril antiviral activity against enterovirus 71 infection.enterovirus 71(ev71) causes recurring outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease and encephalitis leading to complications or death in young children. more effective antiviral drugs are needed to prevent or reduce ev71-related disease and complications. however, there are no standard models currently in use to evaluate activity against ev71 infection both in vitro and in vivo. in this study, the activity of ribavirin and pleconaril against ev71 infection was evaluated in two models. an in vitro e ...201222245989
detection and characterization of enterovirus associated with herpangina and hand, foot, and mouth disease in seoul, korea.human enteroviruses (hevs) are a major cause of herpangina, hfmd (hand, foot, and mouth disease), and other neurological diseases in seoul, korea.201122239028
enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis and japanese encephalitis can be distinguished by topographic distribution of inflammation and specific intraneuronal detection of viral antigen and rna.to investigate if two important epidemic viral encephalitis in children, enterovirus 71 (ev71) encephalomyelitis and japanese encephalitis (je) whose clinical and pathological features may be nonspecific and overlapping, could be distinguished.201222236252
evaluation of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 specific immunoglobulin m antibodies for diagnosis of hand-foot-and-mouth disease.abstract: background: hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) is caused mainly by the human enterovirus type 71 (hev71) and the coxsackievirus a group type 16 (cva16). large outbreaks of disease have occurred frequently in the asia-pacific region. reliable methods are needed for diagnosis of hfmd in childen. igm-capture elisa, with its notable advantages of convenience and low cost, provides a potentially frontline assay. we aimed to evaluate the newly developed igm-capture elisas for hev71 and cva1 ...201222234169
distribution of enteroviruses in hospitalized children with hand, foot and mouth disease and relationship between pathogens and nervous system complications.abstract: background: to explore the relationship between enteroviruses and hospitalized children with hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) complicated with nervous system disease. 234 hospitalized hfmd patients treated in shengjing hospital, liaoning province were analyzed retrospectively. based on the presence and severity of nervous system disease, the patients were grouped as follows: general patients, severely ill patients, critically ill patients and fatal patients. based on the detected p ...201222230340
characterization of a monoclonal antibody against the 3d polymerase of enterovirus 71 and its use for the detection of human enterovirus a infection.over the last decade, frequent epidemic outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease have been observed in the asia-pacific region. hand, foot and mouth disease is caused by different viruses from the enterovirus family, mainly coxsackievirus a16 and enterovirus 71 (ev71) from the human enterovirus a family. severe disease and neurological complications are associated more often with ev71 infection, and can lead occasionally to fatal brain stem encephalitis in young children. the rapid progression ...201122226793
molecular determinants of enterovirus 71 viral entry: cleft around gln-172 on vp1 protein interacts with variable region on scavenge receptor b 2.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is one of the major pathogens that cause hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreaks in young children in the asia-pacific region in recent years. human scavenger receptor class b 2 (scarb2) is the main cellular receptor for ev71 on target cells. the requirements of the ev71-scarb2 interaction have not been fully characterized, and it has not been determined whether scarb2 serves as an uncoating receptor for ev71. here we compared the efficiency of the receptor from different s ...201222219187
detection of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 in children with hand, foot and mouth disease in china.the aims of the present study were to investigate the genetic characteristics of enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) strains in china and to evaluate the relationship between the genotypes of cva16 and ev71 and their geographical distribution. a total of 399 stool specimens were collected from children with symptoms of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in zhejiang province. the presence of enteroviruses was determined ...201222218731
enterovirus type 71 neutralizing antibodies in the serum of macaque monkeys immunized with ev71 virus-like particles.enterovirus type 71 (ev71) is a virulent form of enteroviruses causing hospitalizations for children less than three years of age. currently there are no anti-viral therapies or vaccines available for ev71. due to the high risk of poliomyelitis-like paralysis and fatal encephalitis, an effective vaccine to ev71 could potentially prevent virus-induced morbidity and mortality. in this study, we first tested a potential ev71 vaccine candidate based on virus-like particles (vlp). we vaccinated macaq ...201122214888
the association of recombination events in the founding and emergence of subgenogroup evolutionary lineages of human enterovirus 71.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is responsible for frequent large scale outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease worldwide, and represent a major aetiological agent of severe, sometime fatal neurological disease. ev71 variants have been classified into three genogroups (gga, ggb, ggc), the latter two further subdivided into subgenogroups, b1-b5 and c1-c5. to investigate the dual roles of recombination and evolution in the epidemiology and transmission of ev71 worldwide, we performed a large scale genetic ...201122205739
MRI and associated clinical characteristics of EV71-induced brainstem encephalitis in children with hand-foot-mouth disease.INTRODUCTION: This study was conducted to investigate MRI and associated clinical characteristics of brainstem encephalitis induced by enterovirus 71 (EV71) in children with hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD). METHODS: We analyzed clinical and imaging data from 42 HFMD cases with EV71-induced brainstem encephalitis. All patients underwent plain and enhanced MRI cranial scans and were placed into one of two groups acc ...201122200974
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in Yunnan Province, China, 2008-2010.This study was done to assess the epidemic features of hand, foot and mouth disease in Yunnan Province. Surveillance data from the beginning of 2008 through the end of 2010 were analyzed to conduct the demographic data of patients and morbidity as well as the estimation between possible risk factors for severe or fatal cases. Of the 75109 cases reported, laboratory tests confirmed 3691 cases. Thus, the average annual incidence proportion was 55 per 100000 population with a total case fatality ra ...201122199158
influence of vitamin a status on the antiviral immunity of children with hand, foot and mouth disease.background & aims: vitamin a (va) deficiency has been shown to affect antiviral immunity and thus may be related to the progress and outcome of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in young children. our objective was to determine whether children with hfmd associated with va insufficiency displayed a decline in antiviral immunity. methods: 450 children with hfmd and 113 non-infected children were included in this study. dietary investigations were performed using a 24-h dietary questionnaire. th ...201122197454
transgenic expression of human p-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is not sufficient for enterovirus 71 infection in mice.human psgl-1 is a receptor for ev71 that facilitates ev71 entry and replication in mouse cells. we have evaluated the role of human psgl-1 in ev71 infection in vivo using a transgenic mouse line. expression of human psgl-1 failed to enhance infectivity of clinical ev71 strains in mice; however, it promoted replication and symptom severity at an earlier stage in mice upon infection with a mouse-adapted ev71 strain. we therefore conclude that human psgl-1 alone is not sufficient to modulate infect ...201122187102
?Fighting against infectious diseases in China.Dr. Yin started his research on infectious disease prevention in the 1980s. In 1985, Dr. Yin sucessfully isolated the hepatitis A virus, after which, in 2002, he developed the first proprietary inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in China and soon launched it into the China market. Led by Dr. Yin, Sinovac successfully developed the vaccine prducts against SARS, H5N1, H1N1, hepatitis A and B and infleunza. Currently, Sinovac is working on the R&D of EV71 vaccine against hand, foot and mouth disease, ...201122185808
diffusion-weighted imaging in the diagnosis of enterovirus 71 encephalitis.backgroundin the early phase of viral encephalitis, conventional mri may appear normal. diffusion-weighted imaging (dwi) is a sensitive tool for detecting early changes in cellular function in the central nervous system.purposeto investigate the usefulness of dwi in the diagnosis of enterovirus 71 (ev71) encephalitis, and to determine whether dwi is superior to conventional mr sequences.material and methodsmri scans in 26 patients were retrospectively evaluated for distribution of lesions on t1- ...201122184685
in vitro inhibition of influenza virus infection by a crude extract from isatis indigotica root resulting in the prevention of viral attachment.isatis indigotica root (iir) has been widely used as a chinese medicinal herb to treat regular seasonal influenza over the long history of traditional chinese medicinal practice. however, its inhibitory activities against influenza virus infections along with the associated mechanisms have not been investigated comprehensively. in this study, the chemical nature, mode of action and in vitro anti-influenza activities of a crude extract ( ...201122179315
[experts consensus on rescue and treatment of severe cases with enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection]. 201122176902
epidemic characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease in shanghai from 2009 to 2010: enterovirus 71 subgenotype c4 as the primary causative agent and a high incidence of mixed infections with coxsackievirus a16.background: enterovirus 71 (ev71) has been the main causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) outbreaks in recent years. a significant increase in the number of hfmd cases in china over the last 3 y has made the public prevention and therapy of this disease a critical issue. methods: a total of 3208 hfmd patients in shanghai during the period 2009 to 2010 were analyzed; 437 clinical specimens were collected for the determination of causative pathogens. eight of the isolated ev71 st ...201122176514
detection of enterovirus 71 using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp).reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp), which is a visual assay for nucleic acids, is performed in a single step using one tube at 65°c for 1.5h. in this study, rt-lamp was established as a method for the detection of enterovirus 71 (ev71). the detection limit of the assay was approximately 10 copies, and no cross-reactivity was noted with coxsackievirus a16, echovirus, human rotavirus (hrv) or norovirus. this assay, which offers greater sensitivity at a lower cos ...201122155579
seroprevalence of enterovirus 71 and no evidence of crossprotection of enterovirus 71 antibody against the other enteroviruses in kindergarten children in taipei city.background/purpose: enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection may cause severe neurological and cardiopulmonary complications, especially in preschool children. this study is to investigate the seroprevalence and seroconversion of ev71, and the crossprotection of ev71 antibody against other enteroviruses among kindergarteners. methods: overall 228 children in a public kindergarten were enrolled during two academic years, 2006 and 2007, in taipei, taiwan and we measured their ev71 neutralizing antibody. wh ...201122154997
Selection and characterization of vaccine strain for Enterovirus 71 vaccine development.Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has recently emerged as an important neurotropic virus in Asia because effective medications and prophylactic vaccine against EV71 infection are not available. Based on the success of inactivated poliovirus vaccine, the Vero cell-based chemically inactivated EV71 vaccine candidate could be developed. Identification of EV71 vaccine strain which can grow to high titer in Vero cell and induce cross-genotype virus neutralizing antibody responses represents the first step in vac ...201122142585
a non mouse-adapted enterovirus 71 (ev71) strain exhibits neurotropism causing neurological manifestations in a novel mouse model of ev71 infection.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a neurotropic pathogen that has been consistently associated with the severe neurological forms of hand, foot and mouth disease. the lack of a relevant animal model has hampered our understanding of ev71 pathogenesis, in particular the route and mode of viral dissemination. it has also hindered the development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic approaches, making ev71 one of the most pressing public health concerns in southeast asia.here we report a novel mouse mo ...201122130542
[Gene cloning and immunogenicity analysis of the structural proteins VP1-VP4 of enterovirus 71].To clone the genes encoding the structural proteins VP1-VP4 of enterovirus 71 and investigate the immunogenicity of the expressed recombinant proteins.201122126762
Emergence and transmission pathways of rapidly evolving evolutionary branch c4a strains of human enterovirus 71 in the central plain of china.Large-scale outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) occurred repeatedly in the Central Plain of China (Shandong, Anhui, and Henan provinces) from 2007 until now. These epidemics have increased in size and severity each year and are a major public health concern in mainland China.201122125635
prevalence of antibodies against enterovirus 71 in children from lu'an city in central china.we performed preepidemic and postepidemic serologic surveys to elucidate the rate of enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection in lu'an city, anhui province, central china. for the preepidemic study, a total of 472 healthy infants and children (age range, neonates to 15 years) were randomly selected before the 2008 outbreak of ev71 in the region. blood samples were collected and tested for neutralizing antibodies (nabs) against ev71 by performing a microneutralization assay. the results of preepidemi ...201122116336
simultaneously typing nine serotypes of enteroviruses associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease by a gexp analyzer-based multiplex reverse transcription-pcr assay.hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is a contagious enteroviral disease occurring primarily in young children and caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71), coxsackievirus a16 (cva16), and other serotypes of coxsackievirus and echovirus. in this study, a gexp analyzer-based multiplex reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assay (gexp assay) consisting of chimeric primer-based pcr amplification with fluorescent labeling and capillary electrophoresis separation was developed to simultaneously identify nine serotyp ...201122116146
MEK1-ERKs signal cascade is required for the replication of Enterovirus 71 (EV71).The role of the MEK1-ERK signaling cascade in the replication cycle of Enterovirus 71 (EV71), the primary cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), has been analyzed. In vitro infection with EV71 induced a biphasic activation of ERK. The two phases of activation appeared to be triggered by different mechanisms, with the first phase being activated by the binding of viral particles to the membrane receptor of host cells and the second probably being in response to the production of new virus ...201222101247
[evaluation of immune responses and related patho-inflammatory reactions of a candidate inactivated ev71 vaccine in neonatal monkeys].to evaluate the safety of enterovirus type 71 (ev71) inactivated vaccine (human diploid derived) for infection prevention in an animal model by investigating the immune responses and related patho-inflammatory reactions.201122093894
serum microrna expression profile distinguishes enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus 16 infections in patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease.altered circulating microrna (mirna) profiles have been noted in patients with microbial infections. we compared host serum mirna levels in patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus 16 (cva16) as well as in other microbial infections and in healthy individuals. among 664 different mirnas analyzed using a mirna array, 102 were up-regulated and 26 were down-regulated in sera of patients with enteroviral infections. expression levels of ten ...201122087245
in vitro activity of paris polyphylla smith against enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus b3 and its immune modulation.enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) have resulted in severe pathogenesis caused by the host's immune response, including the cytokine cascade. paris polyphylla smith is a folk medicinal plant in asia traditionally prescribed for the reduction of pain and elimination of poisoning. in this study, we investigated the anti-ev71 and cvb3 activity of p. polyphylla smith as well as its immune modulation. the ic(50) for the p. polyphylla smith 95% ethanol extract against ev71 and cvb3 wer ...201122083992
Mutations in VP2 and VP1 capsid proteins increase infectivity and mouse lethality of enterovirus 71 by virus binding and RNA accumulation enhancement.Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major cause of hand-foot-and-mouth disease. EV71 infection occasionally associates with severe neurological sequelae such as brainstem encephalitis or poliovirus-like paralysis. We demonstrated that mouse-adapted strain increases infectivity, resulting in higher cytotoxicity of neuron cells and mortality to neonatal mice than a non-adapted strain. Results pointed to EV71 capsid region determining viral infectivity and mouse lethality. Mutant virus with lysine to methio ...201222078110
a single nucleotide in stem loop ii of 5'-untranslated region contributes to virulence of enterovirus 71 in mice.enterovirus 71 (ev71) has emerged as a neuroinvasive virus responsible for several large outbreaks in the asia-pacific region while virulence determinant remains unexplored.201122069490
Survey of enterovirus infections from hand, foot and mouth disease outbreak in china, 2009.ABSTRACT:201122054534
exogenous interleukin-6, interleukin-13, and interferon-gamma provoke pulmonary abnormality with mild edema in enterovirus 71-infected mice.neonatal mice developed neurological disease and pulmonary dysfunction after an infection with a mouse-adapted human enterovirus 71 (ev71) strain mp4. however, the hallmark of severe human ev71 infection, pulmonary edema (pe), was not evident.201122054060
circulation of multiple enterovirus serotypes causing hand, foot and mouth disease in india.hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), a common contagious disease that usually affects children, can be caused by enteroviruses. coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) and enterovirus (ev) 71(ev-71) are known to be the major etiological agents of hfmd. other ev serotypes- cv-a4-7, cv-a9-10, cv-b1-3, cv-b5, e-4 and e-19 have been also found associated with both sporadic infections and outbreaks of hfmd. in india, outbreaks of hfmd have been documented; however, molecular characterization of the etiological a ...201122052995
comparing enterovirus 71 with coxsackievirus a16 by analyzing nucleotide sequences and antigenicity of recombinant proteins of vp1s and vp4s.enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) are two major etiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). ev71 is associated with severe cases but not ca16. the mechanisms contributed to the different pathogenesis of these two viruses are unknown. vp1 and vp4 are two major structural proteins of these viruses, and should be paid close attention to.201122050722
molecular analysis of virulent determinants of enterovirus 71.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is the most important causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in children. in most cases, it is a self-limiting illness. however some ev71 infectious cases can develop severe clinical outcomes, such as encephalitis, meningitis, poliomyelitis like paralysis, and even death. to identify the determinants of virulence, the deduced amino acid sequence of polyprotein and nucleotide sequence of 5'-ntr and 3'-ntr in 25 sc-ev71 strains (strains from severe cases) and ...201122039449
viral kinetics of enterovirus 71 in human abdomyosarcoma cells.to characterise the viral kinetics of enterovirus 71 (ev71).201122039330
Modification of the untranslated regions of human enterovirus 71 impairs growth in a cell-specific manner.Human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) is the causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease and associated acute neurological disease. At present, little is known about the genetic determinants of HEV71 neurovirulence. Studies of related enteroviruses have indicated that the untranslated regions (UTRs), which control virus-directed translation and replication, also exert significant influence on neurovirulence. We used an infectious cDNA clone of a subgenogroup B3 strain to construct and characterize c ...201222031931
Lycorine reduces mortality of human enterovirus 71-infected mice by inhibiting virus replication.Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection causes hand, foot and mouth disease in children under 6 years old and this infection occasionally induces severe neurological complications. No vaccines or drugs are clinical available to control EV71 epidemics. In present study, we show that treatment with lycorine reduced the viral cytopathic effect (CPE) on rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells by inhibiting virus replication. Analysis of this inhibitory effect of lycorine on viral proteins synthesis suggests that ...201122029605
establishing china's national standards of antigen content and neutralizing antibody responses for evaluation of enterovirus 71 (ev71) vaccines.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a highly infectious agent that causes hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) in humans. effective vaccination against ev71 infection is critically important, given the recent outbreak of hfmd in the asia-pacific region, where it has shown significant mortality and morbidity. there is currently no approved anti-viral therapy available to treat the disease. while several vaccine manufacturers are actively developing ev71 vaccines, there are no international reference standards ava ...201122015395
[advances in functional studies of nonstructural proteins and development of antiviral agents for enterovirus 71].human enterovirus 71 (ev71) is one of the major etiological agents for the hand, foot, and month disease (hfmd) and is causing frequent, widespread occurrence in the mainland of china. the single positive-stranded rna genome of ev71 is translated into a single polyprotein which is autocleavaged into structural and nonstructural proteins. the functions of many nonstructural proteins characterized in the life cycle of virus are potential targets for blocking viral replication. this article reviews ...201122010343
[recent advances in human enterovirus 71 and host interactions]. 201121998965
[etiology of hand, foot and mouth disease in qingdao during 2008-2009].an etiology study on hfmd in qingdao region during 2008-2009 was conducted. the virus rna were isolated from throat swabs of hfmd,the ev, ev71 and cva16 were detected by multiplex realtime rt-pcr. for those specimens with ev positive and both ev71 and cva16 negative,a reverese transcription-seminested polymerase chain reaction (rt-snpcr) was perfomed to amplify part sequence of the vp1 gene for sabsequent analysis to identify the serotype. the results indicated that ev71 and cva16 were the major ...201121998955
[Genomic characteristics and recombination of enterovirus 71 strains isolated in Henan Province between 2008 and 2010].To reveal the genetic features and recombination of enterovirus 71 isolates between 2008 and 2010. A total of 5 enterovirus 71 isolates were sequenced completely and phylogenetic analysis and recombination were performed. Phylogenetic analysis based on VP1 regions revealed that the Henan enterovirus 71 between 2008 and 2010 belonged to C4a in subgenotype C4. Bootscan analyses and phylogenetic analysis based on the 5'UTR, P1, P2, P3 genomic regions revealed the recombinations between EV71 genotyp ...201121998954
A fatal case of enterovirus 71 infection with a single nucleotide variation in domain V of the 5' untranslated region. 201121997665
The changing seroepidemiology of enterovirus 71 infection among children and adolescents in Singapore.Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has caused recurrent epidemics of hand, foot and mouth disease among children in Singapore. Between August 2008 and July 2010, we conducted a survey to estimate the seroprevalence of EV71 infection among children and adolescents aged 1-17 years. We compared our EV71 seroepidemiologic findings with a previous study conducted in 1996-1997.201121988931
antigenicity, animal protective effect and genetic characteristics of candidate vaccine strains of enterovirus 71.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease. recently, several ev71 inactivated vaccine candidates have been development in mainland china. to compare the antigenicity and genetic characteristics of different candidate vaccine strains for ev71, the genomes of 11 ev71 strains were sequenced. the cross-protection capacities were determined by neutralizing antibody test and were further assessed in neonatal mice. the results showed 93.0%-99.8% genome h ...201121984267
reemerging of enterovirus 71 in taiwan: the age impact on disease severity.enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection commonly strike children under the age of 3 years, with an occasionally unfavorable outcome in children. this study was designed to explore the relationship between age and the severity of complications, which may associate with antibody-dependent enhancement (ade) in ev71. all ev71-infected patients during the outbreak of 2008 were recruited. in total, 134 patients were enrolled and categorized into two age groups, 0-12 months (n = 18) and >12 months (n = 116). p ...201121983920
the persistent circulation of enterovirus 71 in people's republic of china: causing emerging nationwide epidemics since 2008.emerging epidemics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) associated with enterovirus 71 (ev71) has become a serious concern in mainland china. it caused 126 and 353 fatalities in 2008 and 2009, respectively. the epidemiologic and pathogenic data of the outbreak collected from national laboratory network and notifiable disease surveillance system. to understand the virological evolution of this emerging outbreak, 326 vp1 gene sequences of ev71 detected in china from 1987 to 2009 were collected fo ...201121980521
characterization of an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in nanchang, china in 2010.recent outbreaks of human enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection and ev71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) in china have affected millions and potentially lead to life-threatening complications in newborns. furthermore, these outbreaks represent a significant global public health issue in the world. understanding the epidemiology of hfmd and ev71 infection and their transmission patterns in china is essential for controlling outbreaks. however, no studies on the outbreaks of hfmd and ev7 ...201121980416
immunogenicity of a truncated enterovirus 71 vp1 protein fused to a newcastle disease virus nucleocapsid protein fragment in mice.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is one of the viruses that cause hand, foot and mouth disease. its viral capsid protein 1 (vp1), which contains many neutralization epitopes, is an ideal target for vaccine development. recently, we reported the induction of a strong immune response in rabbits to a truncated vp1 fragment (nt-vp1t) displayed on a recombinant newcastle disease virus (ndv) capsid protein. protective efficacy of this vaccine, however, can only be tested in mice, since all ev71 animal models thu ...201121978156
[autophagy inhibitor 3-ma decreases the production and release of infectious enterovirus 71 particles].to determine whether or not enterovirus 71 (enteroviurs 71, ev71) may induce autophagy and affect the production and release of ev71 after the treatment of autophagy inhibitor.201121977584
[genetic evolution of vp1 of enterovirus type 71 in shenzhen].genetic evolution of vp1 of enterovirus type 71 in shenzhen were analyzed.201121977583
[generation of recombinant human antibodies for ev71 virus].to obtain recombinant human anti-ev71 antibodies from a ev71-associated hand-foot-and-mouth disease patient-derived antibody phage library.201121977579
hand, foot, and mouth disease in china: patterns of spread and transmissibility.there were large outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease in both 2008 and 2009 in china.201121968769
Rhombencephalitis / brainstem encephalitis.Rhombencephalitis (RE) is a syndrome of multiple causes and multiple outcomes. Most authors now use the terms "rhombencephalitis" and "brainstem encephalitis" interchangeably even though anatomically they are slightly different. The etiologic categories of RE include infections, autoimmune diseases, and paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS). Listeria is the most common cause of infectious RE. Listeria RE primary occurs in healthy young adults. It usually occurs as a biphasic time course with a flu-like ...201121956758
Enterovirus 71 adsorption on metal ion-composite chitosan beads.In this study, we developed composite chitosan beads combining various metal ions, including Ni(2+) , Cu(2+) , Zn(2+) , and Fe(2+) , for direct adsorption of enterovirus 71 (EV71). The metal-ion species had significant effects on the adsorption capacity of beads. Among these metal ion-composite chitosan beads, Ni(2+) -chitosan beads exhibited the best adsorption capacity of EV71. Using a concentration of 0.01-M Ni(2+) was found to best provide for bead formation and EV71 adsorption. The adsorpti ...201121936063
[Complete genomic sequence analysis on human enterovirus 71 strain in Guangzhou, in 2008 and 2010].To study the genomic genotypes and variation of human enterovirus 71 (EV71) infected infants in Guangzhou city, in 2008 and 2010.201121933544
[study on the prevalence of acute flaccid paralysis and hand foot mouth disease in beijing 2006 - 2008].to study the prevalence of acute flaccid paralysis (afp) and hand foot mouth disease (hfmd) in beijing, from 2006 - 2008.201121933539
[Epidemiological features of hand, foot and mouth disease in China, 2008 - 2009].To clarify the seasonal and geographical difference and pathogen patterns so as to provide reference of prevention and control of the disease through analyzing the epidemical characteristics of reported hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) cases in China, 2008 - 2009.201121933538
identification of bpr3p0128 as an inhibitor of cap-snatching activities of influenza virus.the aim of this study was to identify the antiviral mechanism of a novel compound, bpr3p0128. from a large-scale screening of a library of small compounds, bpr3p compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of influenza viral replication in madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells. bpr3p0128 exhibited inhibitory activity against both influenza a and b. the 50% inhibitory concentrations were in the range of 51-190 nm in mdck cells as measured by inhibition of cytopathic effect assays. bpr3p0128 app ...201121930871
inhibition of enterovirus 71 replication by chrysosplenetin and penduletin.in recent years, enterovirus 71 (ev71) infections have caused an increasing epidemic in young children, accompanying with more severe nervous system disease and more deaths. unfortunately, there is no specific medication for it so far. here we investigated the anti-ev71 activity of chrysosplenetin and penduletin, two o-methylated flavonols isolated from the leaves of laggera pterodonta. these two compounds were found to have strong activity in vitro against ev71 with low cytotoxicity. in the cyt ...201121914477
annexin ii binds to capsid protein vp1 of enterovirus 71 and enhances viral infectivity.enterovirus type 71 (ev71) causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), which is mostly self-limited but may be complicated with a severe to fatal neurological syndrome in some children. understanding the molecular basis of virus-host interactions might help clarify the largely unknown neuropathogenic mechanisms of ev71. in this study, we showed that human annexin ii (anx2) protein could bind to the ev71 virion via the capsid protein vp1. either pretreatment of ev71 with soluble recombinant anx2 ...201121900167
simple and rapid detection of human enterovirus 71 by reverse-transcription and loop-mediated isothermal amplification: cryopreservation affected the detection ability.human enterovirus 71 (ev71) is the primary pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd). ev71 infection may lead to neurologic damage, with higher incidence of fatality compared with other hfmd pathogens. an effective drug or vaccine against ev71 infection is currently unavailable. it is desirable to determine the pathogen of hfmd accurately and quickly for early treatment. in the current study, reverse-transcription and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) technology were develo ...201121899976
molecular characterization and complete genome analysis of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 from children with hand, foot and mouth disease in thailand during 2008-2011.hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) has mostly been caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16). ca 16 was the most common cause of hfmd in 2010. ev71 had a high prevalence in 2008-2009 and has been identified with a higher frequency since 2011. nearly complete genome sequences of three ev71 strains (2008-2009 strains) and two ca16 strains (2010 strains) obtained from outbreaks in thailand in 2008 to 2010 were characterized. based on a phylogenetic tree of the complete vp1 regi ...201121898187
far upstream element binding protein 1 binds the internal ribosomal entry site of enterovirus 71 and enhances viral translation and viral growth.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is associated with severe neurological disorders in children, and has been implicated as the infectious agent in several large-scale outbreaks with mortalities. upon infection, the viral rna is translated in a cap-independent manner to yield a large polyprotein precursor. this mechanism relies on the presence of an internal ribosome entry site (ires) element within the 5'-untranslated region. virus-host interactions in ev71-infected cells are crucial in assisting this proce ...201121880596
Synthesis, structure-activity relationship and in vitro biological evaluation of N-arylethyl isoquinoline derivatives as Coxsackievirus B3 inhibitors.Currently, there is no approved antiviral drug for the infection caused by enteroviruses. A series of novel N-arylethyl isoquinoline derivatives defined with substituents on the ring A and C were designed, synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their activities against Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). The primary structure-activity relationship revealed that substituents on the ring A were not beneficial for the activity. Among these analogs synthesized, compound 7f bearing a methylenedioxy at the R(4) ...201121880491
effects of lactoferrin-containing formula in the prevention of enterovirus and rotavirus infection and impact on serum cytokine levels: a randomized trial.lactoferrin has been shown to exhibit anti-enterovirus 71 (ev71) and antirotavirus properties. this trial was conducted to determine whether a formula containing bovine lactoferrin (blf) exerts a protective effect against ev71 or rotavirus infection among children from 2 to 6 years old.201121880194
[development of a gexp based multiplex rt-pcr assay for simultaneous differentiation of nine human hand food mouth disease pathogens].a multiplex rt-pcr assay based on gexp system was developed in order to detect simultaneously human enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) and other coxsackieviruses (cva4, 5, 9 and 10, cvb1, 3 and 5). enterovirus detection was performed with a mixture of 12 pairs of oligonucleotide primers including one pair of published primers for amplifying all known pan-enterovirus genomes and eleven primer pairs specific for detection of the vp1 genes of ev71, c a16, cva4, cva5, cva9, cva10, ...201121874901
external quality assessment for enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 detection by reverse transcription-pcr using armored rna as a virus surrogate.three armored rnas (virus-like particles [vlps]) containing target sequences from enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) and a pan-enterovirus (pan-ev) sequence were constructed and used in an external quality assessment (eqa) to determine the performance of laboratories in the detection of ev71 and ca16. the eqa panel, which consisted of 20 samples, including 14 positive samples with different concentrations of ev and either ev71 or ca16 armored rnas, 2 samples with all 3 armored r ...201121865426
[the establishment of real time fluorescent pcr detecting method and preliminary application on pathogenesis of hfmd].to establish the real-time fluorescent pcr method for detecting enterovirus, enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a 16 nucleic acid.201121863646
[construction and identification of a vector inserted with gene of t7 rna polymerase].to develop a system to rescue virus by intracellular expression of t7 rna polymerase.201121863644
[the early diagnosis value of ev 71 igm class antibodies in the hand, foot and mouth disease].assessment of detection of igm antibodies for human enterovirus 71 (ev 71) in early diagnosis for the hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd).201121863642
[Construction and identification of attenuated Salmonella which harboring enterovirus 71 VP1 gene].To develop attenuated Salmonella which harboring enterovirus 71 (EV71) VP1 gene.201121863634
Enterovirus 71-related encephalomyelitis: usual and unusual magnetic resonance imaging findings.INTRODUCTION: Most enterovirus (EV) 71 infections manifest as mild cases of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD)/herpangina with seasonal variations, having peak incidence during the summer. Meanwhile, EV 71 may involve the central nervous system (CNS), causing severe neurologic disease. In many cases, enteroviral encephalomyelitis involves the central midbrain, posterior portion of the medulla oblongata and pons, bilateral dentate nuclei of the cerebellum, and the ventral roots of the cervical spinal ...201121861081
[comparisons of epidemiological and clinical characteristics in children with hand-foot-mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71 and coxackievirus a16].to compare the differences of epidemiological and clinical characteristics in children with hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) caused by coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71).201121849112
hand foot and mouth disease due to enterovirus 71 in malaysia.hand foot and mouth disease is a febrile sickness complex characterized by cutaneous eruption (exanthem) on the palms and soles with simultaneous occurrence of muco-cutanous vesiculo-ulcerative lesions (enanthem) affecting the mouth. the illness is caused by a number of enteroviruses with coxsackievirus a16 and enterovirus 71 as the main causative agents. human enterovirus 71 (ev71) belongs to the species human enterovirus a under the genus enterovirus within the family picornaviridae. ev71 has ...201121847753
[Mechanism of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for severe hand-foot-mouth disease: a review].Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute infectious disease caused by various enteroviruses. Recently, large HFMD outbreaks caused by enterovirus type 71 (EV71) have been frequently reported in China, posing great threats on children's health. There is no specific antiviral therapy for severe HFMD, and patient management mainly depends on supportive and symptomatic treatment. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a pharmaceutical preparation of human IgG that is pooled from thousands of healthy ...201121845837
Dual-Color Fluorescence and Homogeneous Immunoassay for the Determination of Human Enterovirus 71.We have developed a new fluorescent immune ensemble probe comprised of a conjugated lower toxic water-soluble CdTe:Zn(2+) quantum dots (QDs) and Ru(bpy)(2)(mcbpy-O-Su-ester)(PF(6))(2)- antibody complex (Ru-Ab) for the dual-color determination of human enterovirus 71 (EV71) in homogeneous solution. EV71 monoantibody was easily covalently conjugated with Ru(bpy)(2)(mcbpy-O-Su-ester)(PF(6))(2) to form a stable complex Ru-Ab, which acted both as an effective quencher of QDs fluorescence and the capt ...201121838323
partial protection against enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection in a mouse model immunized with recombinant newcastle disease virus capsids displaying the ev71 vp1 fragment.enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection may cause severe neurological complications, particularly in young children. despite the risks, there are still no commercially available ev71 vaccines. hence, a candidate vaccine construct, containing recombinant newcastle disease virus capsids that display an ev71 vp1 fragment (npt-vp1(1-100) ) protein, was evaluated in a mouse model of ev71 infection. previously, it was shown that this protein construct provoked a strong immune response in vaccinated adult rabb ...201121837796
crystal structures of enterovirus 71 3c protease complexed with rupintrivir reveal the roles of the catalytically important residues.ev71 is the primary pathogen causing hfmd, however, the effective antiviral drug is currently unavailable. rupintrivir, an inhibitor against hrv, has potent antiviral activities against ev71. we determined high-resolution crystal structures of ev71 3c(pro)/rupintrivir complex, showing that although rupintrivir interacts with ev71 3c(pro) similarly as with hrv 3c(pro), the c-terminal of the inhibitor cannot accommodate in the leaving group pockets of ev71 3c(pro). our structures reveal that ev71 ...201121813612
enterovirus 71 2c protein inhibits tnf-{alpha}-mediated activation of nf-{kappa}b by suppressing i{kappa}b kinase {beta} phosphorylation.enterovirus 71 (ev71), a single, positive-stranded rna virus, has been regarded as the most important neurotropic enterovirus after the eradication of the poliovirus. ev71 infection can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease or herpangina. cytokine storm with elevated levels of proinflammatory and inflammatory cytokines, including tnf-α, has been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of ev71-induced disease. tnf-α-mediated nf-κb signaling pathway plays a key role in inflammatory response. we hypothe ...201121810613
molecular detection and identification of enteroviruses in children admitted to a university hospital in greece.although enteroviral infections occur frequently during childhood, the circulation of particular serotypes has never been studied in greece. the objectives of the present report were molecular detection and identification of human enteroviruses in children admitted with nonspecific febrile illness or meningitis to a university hospital during a 22-month period. a one-step real-time rt-pcr protocol was used for rapid enterovirus detection in genetic material extracted directly from clinical sampl ...201121803150
circulating coxsackievirus a16 identified as recombinant type a human enterovirus, china.to determine the relationship of coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) to prototype ca16-g10, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of circulating ca16 strains in china. complex recombinant forms of ca16-related viruses involving multiple human enteroviruses, subgroup a (ca4, ca16, and enterovirus 71), are prevalent among patients with hand, foot, and mouth disease.201121801645
enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 3c proteases: binding to rupintrivir and their substrate, and anti-hfmd drug design.enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are the major causative agents of hand foot and mouth disease (hfmd) which is prevalent in asia. thus far there are no prophylactic or therapeutic measures against hfmd. the 3c proteases from ev71 and cva16 play important roles in viral replication and are therefore ideal drug targets. by using biochemical, mutational and structural approaches, we broadly characterized both proteases. a series of high-resolution structures of the free or subst ...201121795339
[the genetical evolution of the full length genes of 5 ev 71 strains from 5 shenzhen patients with hand-food-mouth disease associated with ev71 infection].to investigate the characteristics of molecular epidemiology and molecular evolution of 5 ev 71 (enterovirus 71, ev71) strains from 5 shenzhen patients with hand-food-mouth disease associated with ev 71 infection.201121789856
[enterovirus 71 induces apoptosis in a bax dependent manner].to explore the molecular mechanism of apoptosis induced by enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection.201121789855
sumoylation-promoted enterovirus 71 3c degradation correlates with a reduction in viral replication and cell apoptosis.enterovirus (ev) 71, a member of the picornaviridae family, may cause serious clinical manifestations associated with the central nervous system. enterovirus 3c protease is required for virus replication and can trigger host cell apoptosis via cleaving viral polyprotein precursor and cellular proteins, respectively. while the role of the 3c protease in processing viral and cellular proteins has been established, very little is known about the modulation of ev71 3c function by host cellular facto ...201121784861
[seroepidemiology investigation of neutralizing antibody against enterovirus 71 among healthy people in tianjin].to investigate the latent infection caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71) among healthy people in tianjin and to provide evidence on prevention and control hand-food and mouth diseases (hfmd).201121781473
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