Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| prevalence and distribution of hepatitis c subtypes in patients with opioid dependence. | aim and setting: the drug addiction out-patient clinic at the university hospital for psychiatry in vienna performed a study to identify the prevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infections in a group of opiate-dependent patients, to detect the distribution of hcv subtypes and to calculate the comorbidity of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and hepatitis b virus (hbv). | 2000 | 11124573 |
| functional analysis of the simian immunodeficiency virus vpx protein: identification of packaging determinants and a novel nuclear targeting domain. | the vpx gene products of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and of the closely related simian immunodeficiency viruses from sooty mangabeys (sivsm) and macaques (sivmac) comprise a 112-amino-acid virion-associated protein that is critical for efficient virus replication in nondividing cells such as macrophages. when expressed in the absence of other viral proteins, vpx localizes to the nuclear membrane as well as to the nucleus; however, in the context of virus replication vpx is packag ... | 2001 | 11119605 |
| retinopathy as the initial presentation of human immunodeficiency virus 2 infection. | 2000 | 11115268 | |
| suppression of maternal virus load with zidovudine, didanosine, and indinavir combination therapy prevents mother-to-fetus hiv transmission in macaques. | recently, we developed a maternal-fetal macaque model using a highly pathogenic hiv-2 strain, hiv-2287, to study the time course of hiv transmission in utero. most pregnant macaques (macaca nemestrina) infected with hiv-2287 (10-103 infective doses) transmitted hiv to their fetuses, as verified by positive identification of virus-infected mononuclear cells and free viral rna in fetal blood. to determine whether an antiretroviral drug combination therapy composed of two dideoxynucleosides, azidot ... | 2000 | 11103044 |
| construction of infectious siv/hiv-2 chimeras. | to construct siv/hiv-2 chimeras (shiv) that replicate in vivo. these would be valuable tools to elucidate the mechanism by which hiv-2 can bypass protection conferred by live attenuated siv vaccines. | 2000 | 11101058 |
| cross-protection in nyvac-hiv-1-immunized/hiv-2-challenged but not in nyvac-hiv-2-immunized/shiv-challenged rhesus macaques. | immunization with attenuated poxvirus-hiv-1 recombinants followed by protein boosting had protected four of eight rhesus macaques from hiv-2sbl6669 challenge. the present study was designed to confirm this result and to conduct the reciprocal cross-protection experiment. | 2000 | 11101054 |
| characteristics of salivary diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome in west africa. | to determine the prevalence of diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (dils) in the minor salivary glands of 30 african cameroonian adults with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). | 2000 | 11100056 |
| surveillance of hiv-1 genetic subtypesand diversity in the us blood supply. | recent reports of variant (non-subtype b) hiv infections in us populations have raised concerns about the sensitivity of subtype b virus-based donor screening and diagnostic assays. this study was designed to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of hiv subtypes in us blood donors over the last two decades. | 2000 | 11099672 |
| a survey of some indian medicinal plants for anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) activity. | india has an extensive area of forest enriched with plant diversity. several of these plants have been used as folklore medicines. however, the medicinal plants have rarely been investigated for anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity. hence, some indian medicinal plants were screened in vitro against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). | 2000 | 11094851 |
| syntheses of 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]- and 1-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]- derivatives of 5-substituted-2,4-difluorobenzene: unnatural acyclo thymidine mimics for evaluation as anticancer and antiviral agents. | a group of 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]- (12) and 1-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]- (13) derivatives of 2,4-difluorobenzene possessing a variety of c-5 substituents (r = me, h, i, no2) were designed with the expectation that they may serve as acyclic 5-substituted-2'-deoxyuridine (thymidine) mimics. compounds 12 and 13 (r = me, h, i) were inactive as anticancer agents (cc50 = 10(-3) to 10(-4) m range), whereas the 5-nitro compounds (12d, 13d) exhibited weak-to-moderate cytotoxicity (cc50 = 10( ... | 2000 | 11092311 |
| translation is not required to generate virion precursor rna in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected t cells. | the retroviral primary transcription product is a multifunctional rna that is utilized as pre-mrna, mrna, and genomic rna. the relationship between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) unspliced transcripts used as mrna for viral protein synthesis and as virion precursor rna (vprna) for encapsidation remains an important question. we developed a biochemical assay to evaluate the hypothesis that prior utilization as mrna template for protein synthesis is necessary to generate vprna. hiv-1- ... | 2000 | 11090150 |
| plasma viral load in hiv-1 and hiv-2 singly and dually infected individuals in guinea-bissau, west africa: significantly lower plasma virus set point in hiv-2 infection than in hiv-1 infection. | the intriguing differences in the natural course, transmissibility, and epidemiological characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 are still insufficiently explained. differences in plasma viral load are an obvious possibility, but this has been difficult to investigate because of the lack of tests for hiv-2 rna. | 2000 | 11088091 |
| proteasome inhibition interferes with gag polyprotein processing, release, and maturation of hiv-1 and hiv-2. | retrovirus assembly and maturation involve folding and transport of viral proteins to the virus assembly site followed by subsequent proteolytic cleavage of the gag polyprotein within the nascent virion. we report that inhibiting proteasomes severely decreases the budding, maturation, and infectivity of hiv. although processing of the env glycoproteins is not changed, proteasome inhibitors inhibit processing of gag polyprotein by the viral protease without affecting the activity of the hiv-1 vir ... | 2000 | 11087859 |
| derivation and characterization of a highly pathogenic isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 that causes rapid cd4+ cell depletion in macaca nemestrina. | with few exceptions, humans are the only species known to develop acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) after human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. we report here that an isolate of hiv type 2, eho, readily established persistent infection in 100% of macaca nemestrina in three consecutive transmission studies. of the eight infected animals, five showed persistently high virus load and six developed aids-like diseases or cd4+ cell depletion within 4 years of infection. the pathology a ... | 2000 | 11085573 |
| clinicopathological characterization of an hiv-2-infected individual with two clonally unrelated primary lymphomas. | human immunodeficiency virus 2 (hiv-2) is endemic in west africa and is a causative agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. only a small number of hiv-2-infected patients have been described in detail. non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl) is the second most common neoplasm occurring in hiv-1-infected patients, but its incidence seems to be lower in hiv-2-infected individuals. we report an hiv-2-infected patient from cape verde (west africa) with separate and distinct systemic and primary centra ... | 2000 | 11074559 |
| elucidation of the hiv-1 virucidal mechanism of methylene blue photosensitization and the effect on primary isolates. | the antiviral activity for primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 of a combination of methylene blue and light irradiation was investigated, in comparison with their virucidal effects on laboratory-adapted hiv-1. the antiviral mechanism was evaluated in terms of reverse transcriptase activity and viral rna in the same viral stock. despite a marked reduction in rna (>3.07 log(10)) and infectivity (6.10 log(10)) under conditions of 1 microm methylene blue and 5 j/cm(2) irrad ... | 2000 | 11074469 |
| comparison of viral genomic rna sorting mechanisms in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and moloney murine leukemia virus. | genomic rna sorting between translation and packaging was examined for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 using actinomycin d and leptomycin b treatment. both viruses behaved differently from a simple retrovirus under actinomycin d treatment. with leptomycin b, the lack of apparent functional separation between translation and packaging functions in lentiviruses was confirmed. hiv-2 rna levels were more stable, but reverse transcriptase production declined similarly to hiv-1. | 2000 | 11070043 |
| antiviral resistance of biologic hiv-2 clones obtained from individuals on nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy. | to study phenotypic and genotypic resistance of hiv-2 against nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nrti). | 2000 | 11064499 |
| shortening of the diagnostic window with a new combined hiv p24 antigen and anti-hiv-1/2/o screening test. | because antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) are absent in the very early phase of hiv infection, there remains a slight residual risk for hiv transmission by blood donations by viremic but antibody negative donations. to shorten the diagnostic window between infection and the detection of antibodies, enzygnost hiv integral (dade behring, germany) was developed. with this new test, hiv p24 antigen and hiv antibodies can be detected simultaneously in a single test. in a multicente ... | 2000 | 11064116 |
| molecular confirmation of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 in hiv-seropositive subjects in south india. | nested pcrs for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 were compared with immunoblot test results. twelve of 13 immunoblot-positive hiv-2 samples were positive by pcr. there were five inno-lia (innogenetics, zwijnaarde, belgium) and/or hivblot 2.2 (genelabs, singapore) samples that tested positive for dual infection. hiv-1 pcr was positive in all samples, while hiv-2 pcr was positive in two and riba (chiron corporation, san diego, calif.) was positive for hiv-2 in three samples. t ... | 2000 | 11063512 |
| tunneled-cuffed catheter associated infections in hemodialysis patients who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus. | infection rates in tunneled-cuffed catheters (tcc) are reported to be higher in immunocompromised patients. the purpose of this study was to evaluate tcc-associated infection rates in patients with hiv infection (hiv+). data were collected in 40 hiv + patients and 41 controls (c), and in 118 tcc (hiv+, 58; c, 60) for 28,146 catheter days (hiv+, 16,227; c, 11,919). there were no significant differences in the tcc bacteremia rates (hiv+, 2.23 versus c, 2.53 per 1000 tcc days, p: = ns) or in the tc ... | 2000 | 11053489 |
| prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and associated risk factors among populations of drug abusers. | a cross-sectional survey was conducted of sexually transmitted diseases (stds) and risky behaviors among 407 drug abusers in treatment facilities in 1998. infections with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), and syphilis were detected by testing serum antibody levels; chlamydia and gonorrhea were detected by testing nucleic acid levels in urine. logistic regression analysis was performed to measure associations ... | 2000 | 11049771 |
| polyanionic (i.e., polysulfonate) dendrimers can inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus by interfering with both virus adsorption and later steps (reverse transcriptase/integrase) in the virus replicative cycle. | polyanionic dendrimers were synthesized and evaluated for their antiviral effects. phenyldicarboxylic acid (bri6195) and naphthyldisulfonic acid (bri2923) dendrimers were found to inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1; strain iii(b)) in mt-4 cells at a ec(50) of 0.1 and 0.3 microg/ml, respectively. the dendrimers were not toxic to mt-4 cells up to the highest concentrations tested (250 microg/ml). these compounds were also effective against various other hiv-1 str ... | 2000 | 11040059 |
| dual infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2: impact on hiv type 1 viral load and immune activation markers in hiv-seropositive female sex workers in abidjan, ivory coast. | to determine the impact of dual infection with hiv-1 and hiv-2 on hiv-1 viral load and markers of immune activation among hiv-seropositive fsws in abidjan, we analyzed blood samples obtained from consenting hiv-seropositive fsws attending a confidential clinic between september 1996 and june 1997 in abidjan. among hiv-1 and hiv-2 dually seropositive fsws, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) testing with hiv-1 and hiv-2 primers was used to differentiate between fsws who were pcr positive only for hiv ... | 2000 | 11018856 |
| molecular analysis of human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region associated determinants recognized by anti-vh3 antibodies 7b4, b6 and d12. | 7b4, b6 and d12 are murine monoclonal antibodies (moab) that bind to some human immunoglobulin heavy chain products of the closely related v3-30, v3-30.3 and v3-33 genes from the vh3 family. b6 and d12 have additional reactivities with some immunoglobulins (ig) encoded by the v3-11 and v3-7 genes; d12 also reacts with some v3-43 gene ig. we show here, by site-directed mutagensis, that the lysine at position 57 in the complementarity-determining region 2 (cdr-2) of the v3-30 gene product is cruci ... | 2000 | 11013004 |
| efficacy of postexposure prophylaxis after intravaginal exposure of pig-tailed macaques to a human-derived retrovirus (human immunodeficiency virus type 2). | postexposure prophylaxis (pep) after intravaginal exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) was investigated using the hiv type 2 (hiv-2)/pig-tailed macaque transmission model. pep for 28 days with the reverse transcriptase inhibitor (r)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine (pmpa; tenofovir) was initiated 12 to 72 h following hiv-2 exposure. systemic infection was not evident in the 12- and 36-h groups, as defined by plasma viremia, cell-associated provirus, antibody responses, and lymph no ... | 2000 | 11000253 |
| cytopathicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) in human lymphoid tissue is coreceptor dependent and comparable to that of hiv-1. | epidemiological studies have shown that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is markedly less pathogenic than hiv-1 in vivo. individuals infected with hiv-2 exhibit a remarkably slow rate of disease development, and these clinical properties have been attributed presumptively to an "attenuated" phenotype of hiv-2 itself. here, we investigated the impact of coreceptor usage on the cytopathicity of hiv-2 and compared its pathogenic potential with that of hiv-1 in a unique human lymphoid his ... | 2000 | 11000231 |
| synthesis, stability, antiviral activity, and protease-bound structures of substrate-mimicking constrained macrocyclic inhibitors of hiv-1 protease. | three new peptidomimetics (1-3) have been developed with highly stable and conformationally constrained macrocyclic components that replace tripeptide segments of protease substrates. each compound inhibits both hiv-1 protease and viral replication (hiv-1, hiv-2) at nanomolar concentrations without cytotoxicity to uninfected cells below 10 microm. their activities against hiv-1 protease (k(i) 1.7 nm (1), 0.6 nm (2), 0.3 nm (3)) are 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than their antiviral potencies a ... | 2000 | 11000004 |
| videoendoscopic techniques for collection of multiple, serial intra-abdominal biopsy specimens in hiv-negative and hiv-positive pigtail macaques (macaca nemestrina). | tissue biopsy sampling by laparotomy is considered major surgery, which precludes serial sampling. this increases variability and requires a larger n value for pathogenesis studies. to address this problem, a study was conducted to develop and validate the feasibility of performing multiple, serial biopsy sampling by laparoscopy in pigtail macaques. tissues were obtained laparoscopically from 2 hiv-negative and 2 hiv-positive (late postinoculation) macaques on days 0, 3, and 7, followed by necro ... | 2000 | 10993298 |
| introduction of human immunodeficiency virus 2 infection into south korea. | although human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) share mode of transmission, their epidemiologic characteristics differ and international spread of hiv-2 has been limited. to investigate the extent of hiv-2 infection in south korea and to clarify the characteristic of hiv-2 isolates, we describe epidemiological, serological and genetic analyses of five hiv-2 isolates from south korea. five of 964 hiv antibody-positive serum specimens showed positive reactivity by hiv1/2 enzyme i ... | 2000 | 10989687 |
| three-year follow-up of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in guinea-bissau, west africa. | raoul follereau hospital, bissau, guinea-bissau. | 2000 | 10985653 |
| proportion positive for epstein-barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6, toxoplasma, and human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in heterophile-negative patients with an absolute lymphocytosis or an instrument-generated atypical lymphocyte flag. | to determine the proportion of patients with evidence of an acute infection due to epstein-barr virus (ebv), cytomegalovirus (cmv), human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6), toxoplasma, or human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) in heterophile-negative patients with an absolute lymphocytosis or an instrument-generated atypical lymphocyte flag, and to develop a cost-effective testing algorithm for managing such heterophile-negative patients. | 2000 | 10975931 |
| synthesis and anti-hiv activity of cosalane analogues incorporating nitrogen in the linker chain. | introduction of an amido group or an amino moiety into the alkenyl linker chain of cosalane (1) provided a new series of analogues 3-8. the new compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of the cytopathic effect of hiv-1 and hiv-2 in cell culture. the replacement of the 1' and 2' carbons in the linker chain of i by an amido group was generally tolerated. the length of the linker chain and the stereochemistry of the substituent at c-3 of the steroidal ring had significant effects on the antiviral act ... | 2000 | 10968278 |
| getting to know hiv. | since the human immunodeficiency virus was first isolated in 1983, we have come to know it in exquisite detail. yet we still do not understand sufficiently how it causes disease. neither do we know why chimpanzees and some african monkeys, which are the natural reservoir of the precursors of hiv-1 and hiv-2, can harbour similar levels of virus without becoming ill. our knowledge of the replication cycle of hiv as a retrovirus has been pivotal in the development of antiviral drugs. our knowledge ... | 2000 | 10964277 |
| challenges in the development of an effective hiv vaccine: current approaches and future directions. | the intent of this review is to investigate and discuss why developing a successful hiv vaccine has been so challenging, first by examining the molecular biology of the virus and how hiv interacts with the immune system, and then reviewing past viral vaccine successes as well as future directions for hiv vaccine research. | 2000 | 10963285 |
| cdk9 autophosphorylation regulates high-affinity binding of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat-p-tefb complex to tar rna. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) tat interacts with cyclin t1 (cyct1), a regulatory partner of cdk9 in the positive transcription elongation factor (p-tefb) complex, and binds cooperatively with cyct1 to tar rna to recruit p-tefb and promote transcription elongation. we show here that tat also stimulates phosphorylation of affinity-purified core rna polymerase ii and glutathione s-transferase-c-terminal-domain substrates by cyct1-cdk9, but not cych-cdk7, in vitro. interestingly, incub ... | 2000 | 10958691 |
| genetic variability of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 c2v3 region within and between individuals from bissau, guinea-bissau, west africa. | the v3 loop of both hiv-1 and hiv-2 is characterized by a high degree of genetic variation. to investigate the spectrum of hiv-2 variability in nature we have focused on the c2v3 region of env and analyzed 108 viral sequences obtained from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 16 hiv-2-seropositive individuals from bissau (guinea-bissau). the estimated values of genetic divergence between individuals were higher than those calculated from sequence information collected in a ... | 2000 | 10957727 |
| viral entry as the primary target for the anti-hiv activity of chicoric acid and its tetra-acetyl esters. | the antiviral activity of l-chicoric acid against hiv-1 has been attributed previously to the inhibition of hiv-1 integration. this conclusion was based on the inhibition of integrase activity in enzymatic assays and the isolation of a resistant hiv strain with a mutation (g140s) in the integrase gene. here we show that the primary antiviral target of l-ca and its analogs in cell culture is viral entry. l- and d-chicoric acid (l-ca and d-ca) and their respective tetra-acetyl esters inhibit the r ... | 2000 | 10953059 |
| polyanions--a lost chance in the fight against hiv and other virus diseases? | polyanions are known to exhibit potent antiviral activity in vitro, and may represent future therapeutic agents. this review summarizes literature reports, pertinent to anionic polymers as antiviral agents. the in vitro antiviral effects of numerous polyanionic compounds (sulphated polysaccharides, negatively charged serum albumin and milk proteins, synthetic sulphated polymers, polymerized anionic surfactants and polyphosphates) are described. this class of antiviral agent exhibits several uniq ... | 2000 | 10950387 |
| longstanding presence of hiv-2 infection in guinea-bissau (west africa). | we have retrospectively studied the seroprevalence of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in guinea-bissau in a sample of sera collected from the whole country in 1980. we tested a total of 1248 individuals and found 11 individuals who were seropositive for hiv-2 but there were no hiv-1 seropositive samples. the mean age of the hiv-2 seropositive people was significantly higher than the age of the seronegative individuals. in the different areas surveyed, the hiv-2 seroprevalence ranged from ... | 2000 | 10936570 |
| cell-mediated immunity to low doses of sivsm in cynomolgus macaques did not confer protection against mucosal rechallenge. | simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection of macaques is a useful model for studies of the roles of different immune responses against viruses that cause (aids). in this study, six cynomolgus macaques were inoculated intrarectally with subinfectious or infectious doses of sivsm to assess the siv specific immunity, in particular protective immunity against subsequent challenge with a higher dose of sivsm. following the first inoculation with sivsm, the two monkeys given the highest doses of c ... | 2000 | 10930685 |
| development of a real-time quantitative rt-pcr for the detection of hiv-2 rna in plasma. | an assay is described for the quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) rna in edta plasma based on rt-pcr using the taqman real-time pcr detection method. as standard, an electron microscopically counted virus stock of hiv-2 strain nihz was used. the lower detection limit is 5 # 102 hiv-2 rna copies per ml of edta plasma. the assay is linear within the range required (5 # 102-106 hiv-2 rna copies/ml of edta plasma) with an intra assay variability of 2.5% and an inter-assay v ... | 2000 | 10921845 |
| infection of mesangial cells with hiv and siv: identification of gpr1 as a coreceptor. | mesangial cells are an important component of the glomerulus. dysfunction of mesangial cells is thought to be involved in the development of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-associated nephropathy (hivan). hivan is a structural renal failure frequently observed in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. however, the susceptibility of mesangial cells to hiv-1 is disputable. more than ten g protein-coupled receptors, including chemokine receptors, have been shown to act as hi ... | 2000 | 10916084 |
| [accessibility to health services by hiv-infected patients: a literature review] | the aim of this paper is to provide a review of studies on accessibility to health care. it has been shown that patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) may present better survival estimates depending upon their access to adequate health care, such as the availability of prophylactic therapy (e.g. zidovudine, pentamidine). the present review has emphasized access to health care in light of data from the current hiv epidemic. theorical aspects pertaining to accessibility are pr ... | 1996 | 10904325 |
| detection of reverse transcriptase activity in the serum of patients with motor neurone disease. | the recognition that both human and murine retroviruses can cause motor neurone disease-like syndromes has raised the possibility that a retrovirus may be involved in the aetiology of motor neurone disease. this possibility was explored by looking for evidence of reverse transcriptase in the serum of motor neurone disease patients. sera from 56 patients with motor neurone disease and 58 controls were tested by the product-enhanced reverse transcriptase assay, a technique that is approximately a ... | 2000 | 10897073 |
| searching for the epidemic's origins. | theories about the origin of aids all suffer from a dearth of data. for more than a decade, researchers have recognized the close genetic links between siv from sooty mangabeys and hiv-2, a type of the virus that is mostly confined to west african countries, but to date, there are scant data that closely link hiv-1, the predominant human aids virus, to sivs found in primates. | 2000 | 10896603 |
| absence of specific mucosal antibody responses in hiv-exposed uninfected sex workers from the gambia. | specific antibodies to hiv envelope that inactivate virus at the mucosal surfaces involved in sexual contact are of interest for the design of a vaccine against hiv-1. it has been suggested that, in frequently hiv-exposed but uninfected individuals, hiv-specific mucosal antibody responses may exist and play a role in resistance against hiv. this study investigated hiv-1 envelope specific mucosal antibody responses in hiv-resistant sex workers in west africa. | 2000 | 10894275 |
| [human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection]. | the isolation of a second retrovirus, hiv-2, led to fears that a second aids pandemic, similar in scope and magnitude to that caused by hiv-1, might ensue. however, the peculiar biologic properties of hiv-2, namely the lower transmissibility of this virus through both sexual and vertical routes, contributed to a more regionalized distribution of the virus, which became endemic in west africa. hiv-2 is genetically more closely related to siv than to hiv-1. when it comes to clinical disease, the s ... | 1999 | 10892439 |
| human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 infection in some rural areas of nigeria. | the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in rural areas of nigeria was estimated using 1089 sera collected in 18 locations from 1992 to early 1994. the sera were tested with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and confirmed by western immunoblotting technique. overall, 13 (1.2%) of the 1089 sera were positive for antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2. prevalence of 0.6% and 0.8% were obtained for hiv-1 and hiv-2 respectively. the highest prevalence of hiv-1 and hiv-2 (50.0%) we ... | 1998 | 10892430 |
| an anti-human immunodeficiency virus multiple antigen peptide encompassing the cleavage region of the env precursor interferes with membrane fusion at a post-cd4 binding step. | cliv is a multiple antigen peptide ([ptkakrrvvqrekr](4)-k(2)-k-betaa) that encompasses the cleavage region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope precursor. it displays an antiviral activity against hiv-1 and hiv-2 and inhibits hiv-1 env-mediated cell-to-cell fusion. this effect has previously been attributed to interference with env processing, resulting in the expression of a nonfusogenic envelope [virology (1998) 247, 137]. however, we show here that cliv does not alter t ... | 2000 | 10891419 |
| use of inhibitors to evaluate coreceptor usage by simian and simian/human immunodeficiency viruses and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in primary cells. | we have used coreceptor-targeted inhibitors to investigate which coreceptors are used by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), simian immunodeficiency viruses (siv), and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) to enter peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc). the inhibitors are tak-779, which is specific for ccr5 and ccr2, aminooxypentane-rantes, which blocks entry via ccr5 and ccr3, and amd3100, which targets cxcr4. we found that for all the hiv-1 isolates and all but one of the hi ... | 2000 | 10888629 |
| cd4-independent, ccr5-dependent simian immunodeficiency virus infection and chemotaxis of human cells. | most simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), and hiv-1 infection of host peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) is cd4 dependent. in some cases, x4 hiv-1 chemotaxis is cd4 independent, and cross-species transmission might be facilitated by cd4-independent entry, which has been demonstrated for some siv strains in cd4(-) non-t cells. as expected for ccr5-dependent virus, siv required cd4 on rhesus and pigtail macaque pbmcs for infection and chemotaxis ... | 2000 | 10888609 |
| [cns cryptococcosis with idiopathic cd4+ t lymphocytopenia]. | a 33-year-old japanese man, with a history of recurrent skin cryptococcosis, was admitted complaining of fever and severe headache for 3 weeks. he had no known risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. cerebrospinal fluid examination revealed an elevated opening pressure of 32 cm h2o, cell counts of 884/mm3, a total protein value of 184 mg/dl, a glucose level of 16 mg/dl, and demonstrated a positive india ink stain for fungus. cultures grew cryptococcus neoformans. hematolog ... | 2000 | 10885336 |
| identification of a new hiv-2 subtype based on phylogenetic analysis of full-length genomic sequence. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabey (siv(sm) form one of the six primate lentivirus lineages. the close phylogenetic relationship and geographic coincidence indicate that hiv-2 originated from cross-species transmission of siv(sm) to humans. hiv-2 exhibits considerable genetic diversity, with subtypes a-f identified. previously, we reported the partial gag and env sequences of an unusual hiv-2 isolate, abt96. abt96 was collected in iv ... | 2000 | 10875618 |
| amprenavir: a new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor. | this paper reviews the pharmacologic properties and clinical usefulness of amprenavir, a new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) protease inhibitor. | 2000 | 10868554 |
| cd4-independent infection of two cd4(-)/ccr5(-)/cxcr4(+) pre-t-cell lines by human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. | the infection of cd4-negative cells by variants of tissue culture-adapted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) or hiv-2 strains has been shown to be mediated by the cxcr4 coreceptor. here we show that two in vitro-established cd4(-)/ccr5(-)/cxcr4(+) human pre-t-cell lines (a3 and a5) can be productively infected by wild-type laboratory-adapted t-cell-tropic hiv-1 and hiv-2 strains in a cd4-independent, cxcr4-dependent fashion. despite the absence of ccr5 expression, a3 and a5 cells were s ... | 2000 | 10864687 |
| absence of coreceptor switch with disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus infections in india. | the envelope glycoprotein of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) utilizes cd4 as a receptor and ccr5 and/or cxcr4 as coreceptor to gain entry into the cell. the ccr5-tropic viruses, observed early in infection, could be important in transmission and the cxcr4-tropic viruses, observed late, may play an important role in disease progression. viruses from 40 hiv-positive, asymptomatic or symptomatic individuals in india were isolated. of 40 isolates 39 used ccr5. thirty-three isolates were subty ... | 2000 | 10860879 |
| fine characterization of a v3-region neutralizing epitope in human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | we have previously identified two distinct antigenic sites in the third variable region (v3) of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) corresponding to the principal neutralizing determinant (pnd) of hiv-1, the conserved phe-his-ser-gln and trp-cys-arg motifs (positions 315-318 and 329-331), which possibly interact to form a discontinuous antigenic site. the aim of this study was to further identify and characterize the immunogenic sites in the v3-loop of hiv-2 that are important in the bin ... | 1999 | 10854165 |
| interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpx and invariant chain. | vpx is a virion-associated protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency viruses. the yeast two-hybrid system was used to identify invariant chain (ii) as a cellular protein that interacts with hiv-2 vpx. vpx-ii interaction was confirmed in cell-free reactions using bacterially expressed glutathione s-transferase fusion proteins and by coimmunoprecipitation in transfected and infected cells. in chronically infected cells expressing vpx, ii levels were markedl ... | 2000 | 10846101 |
| the c-terminal proline-rich tail of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpx is necessary for nuclear localization of the viral preintegration complex in nondividing cells. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), like other lentiviruses, is capable of infecting nondividing t cells and macrophages. the present work shows that in hiv-2-infected cells, vpx is necessary for efficient nuclear import of the preintegration complex. in agreement with this finding, the subcellular localization of a gfp-vpx fusion protein was found to be predominantly nuclear. however, deletion of the proline-rich c-terminal 11 residues of vpx resulted in a shift of the fusion protein t ... | 2000 | 10846100 |
| cleavage of vimentin by different retroviral proteases. | proteases (prs) of retroviruses cleave viral polyproteins into their mature structural proteins and replication enzymes. besides this essential role in the replication cycle of retroviruses, prs also cleave a variety of host cell proteins. we have analyzed the in vitro cleavage of mouse vimentin by proteases of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2), bovine leukemia virus (blv), mason-pfizer monkey virus (m-pmv), myeloblastosis-associated virus (mav), and two active-site ... | 2000 | 10845700 |
| squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva as initial presenting sign in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) due to human immunodeficiency virus type-2. | 2000 | 10845028 | |
| varying effects of temperature, ca(2+) and cytochalasin on fusion activity mediated by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 glycoproteins. | we examined fusion mediated by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) envelope glycoproteins under various experimental conditions. incubation of hela cells expressing hiv-2(rod) and hiv-2(sbl/isy) envelope glycoproteins with hela-cd4 target cells resulted in fusion at temperatures >/=25 degrees c whereas fusion with cells expressing hiv-1(lai) occurred only at >/=31 degrees c. hiv-2 envelope glycoprotein-mediated fusion proceeded in the absence of ca(2+) in the cultu ... | 2000 | 10838094 |
| risk factors for hiv-2 seropositivity among older people in guinea-bissau. a search for the early history of hiv-2 infection. | because the seroprevalence of hiv-2 has been shown to be high in older age groups, we conducted a survey of all persons aged 50 years or over in two districts in bissau, investigating the presence of hiv antibodies and possible risk factors for hiv infection with a particular emphasis on age, the impact of the war of independence (1963-74), traditional marital and extramarital sex patterns, blood contact and contact with monkeys. in 670 participants, the hiv-2 prevalence was 14.3%; 16.1% in wome ... | 2000 | 10826903 |
| differential narrow focusing of immunodominant human immunodeficiency virus gag-specific cytotoxic t-lymphocyte responses in infected african and caucasoid adults and children. | cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) activity plays a central role in control of viral replication and in determining outcome in cases of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection. incorporation of important ctl epitope sequences into candidate vaccines is, therefore, vital. most ctl studies have focused upon small numbers of adult caucasoid subjects infected with clade-b virus, whereas the global epidemic is most severe in sub-saharan african populations and predominantly involves clade-c i ... | 2000 | 10823876 |
| the double-stranded rna-binding protein staufen is incorporated in human immunodeficiency virus type 1: evidence for a role in genomic rna encapsidation. | human staufen (hstau), a double-stranded rna (dsrna)-binding protein that is involved in mrna transport, is incorporated in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and in other retroviruses, including hiv-2 and moloney murine leukemia virus. sucrose and optiprep gradient analyses reveal cosedimentation of hstau with purified hiv-1, while subtilisin assays demonstrate that it is internalized. hstau incorporation in hiv-1 is selective, is dependent on an intact functional dsrna-binding domain, ... | 2000 | 10823848 |
| structure-activity relationship studies on potential non-nucleoside dabo-like inhibitors of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase. | using 2,6-dichloro-4-aminopyrimidine, a number of uracil and cytosine derivatives with both arylthio and alkoxy moieties were prepared. these novel pyrimidines share chemical similarities with dabos and hepts, two classes of non-nucleoside human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis), which have been widely studied of late. all new derivatives were tested in mt-4 cells to explore their potential in vivo anti-hiv activity. like other nnrtis, they selective ... | 2000 | 10819436 |
| evaluation of rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2, hepatitis b surface antigen, and syphilis in ho chi minh city, vietnam. | an evaluation of three new rapid diagnostic test kits for human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1/2), hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), and syphilis involved a two-phase comparison of rapid diagnostic assays using prospectively collected from hospitals and clinics in ho chi minh city, vietnam. after specificity and sensitivity testing, three new rapid diagnostic test kits were tested in parallel with six commonly used diagnostic test kits. the determine hiv-1/2 test had fewer indete ... | 2000 | 10813489 |
| apelin peptides block the entry of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). | the orphan g protein-coupled receptor apj has been shown to be a coreceptor for human and simian immunodeficiency virus (hiv and siv) strains. we have determined that some hiv and siv strains use apj as a coreceptor to infect the brain-derived np-2/cd4 cells. because apelin is an endogenous ligand for the apj receptor, we examined the inhibitory effects of apelin peptides on hiv infection, and found that the apelin peptides inhibit the entry of some hiv-1 and hiv-2 into the np-2/cd4 cells expres ... | 2000 | 10802050 |
| properties of cyanovirin-n (cv-n): inactivation of hiv-1 by sessile cyanovirin-n (scv-n). | cyanovirin-n (cv-n) is a novel anti-hiv protein isolated and characterized from a cyanobacterium nostoc ellipsosporum. cv-n protein is a single 101 amino acid chain containing two intrachain disulphide bonds and considerable internal sequence duplication, but no significant homology to previously described proteins or to the transcription products of known nucleotide sequences. in solution, cv-n exists largely as a beta-sheet protein with internal two-fold pseudosymmetry. cv-n irreversibly inact ... | 2000 | 10794101 |
| children and adolescents living with hiv and aids: a review. | worldwide, more than one million children are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and in the united states it has become the sixth leading cause of death among 15-24-year-olds. despite the trend of increasing rates of infection, advances in therapies have led to survival past 5 years of age for more than 65% of infected children. this global health threat will therefore continue to have a significant impact on child and adolescent psychiatry and psychology. this paper reviews curren ... | 2000 | 10763677 |
| hiv-1 reverse transcriptase-pseudoknot rna aptamer interaction has a binding affinity in the low picomolar range coupled with high specificity. | systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (selex) is a powerful method for the identification of small oligonucleotides that bind with high affinity and specificity to target proteins. such dnas/rnas are a new class of potential chemotherapeutics that could block the enzymatic activity of pathologically relevant proteins. we have conducted a detailed biochemical study of the interaction of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase (rt) with a selex-derived pseu ... | 2000 | 10751399 |
| rapid shift from virally infected cells to germinal center-retained virus after hiv-2 infection of macaques. | lymphoid tissues are the primary target during the initial virus dissemination that occurs in hiv-1-infected individuals. recent advances in antiretroviral therapy and techniques to monitor virus load in humans have demonstrated that the early stages of viral infection and host response are major determinants of the outcome of individual infections. relatively little is known about immunopathogenic events occurring during the acute phase of hiv infection. we analyzed viral dissemination within l ... | 2000 | 10751345 |
| emergence of drug resistance mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 2-infected subjects undergoing antiretroviral therapy. | the reverse transcriptase (rt) and protease genes from 12 human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-infected individuals who had been exposed to antiretroviral drugs for longer than 6 months were examined for the presence of mutations which could be involved in drug resistance. four individuals carried virus genotypes with amino acid substitutions potentially associated with resistance to nucleoside analogues: two at codon 70 (k-->r) and two at codon 184 (m-->v). moreover, the latter two patie ... | 2000 | 10747109 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) in portugal: clinical spectrum, circulating subtypes, virus isolation, and plasma viral load. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is responsible for 4. 5% of aids cases in portugal. six hiv-2 subtypes have been described so far, subtype a being proposed as more pathogenic than the rest. the relationship between the clinical status and levels of both cellular and plasma hiv-2 viraemia is not well known, nor their modifications under antiretroviral therapy. thirty-two consecutive hiv-2 infected persons (17 men, 15 women) attending two different hospitals in lisbon in 1997 were ... | 2000 | 10745242 |
| resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vitro as a surrogate of vaccine-induced protective immunity. | an in vitro assay developed as a correlate of vaccine-induced protection from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) was validated in populations with relative resistance to hiv-1 as well as in hiv vaccine recipients. cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) were challenged with 10 tcid50 of hiv-1mn or hiv-1bal, titered in pbmc from normal controls (n=57). pbmc from hiv-1-infected persons with low viremia (n=17), exposed uninfected persons (n=23), and hiv-2-infected senegalese prostitut ... | 2000 | 10720510 |
| potent anti-hiv (type 1 and type 2) activity of polyoxometalates: structure-activity relationship and mechanism of action. | a series of polyoxometalates have been synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory effects on hiv-1(iii(b)) and hiv-1(rod) replication in mt-4 cells. all compounds showed activity against hiv-1 and hiv-2, but the antiviral potency of the heteropolytungstates varied considerably depending on their chemical structure. the antiviral activity of single, double, and triple keggin-type of compounds against hiv-1(iii(b)) replication was comparable (ic(50): 0.4-0.5 microgram/ml), whereas hiv-2(rod) a ... | 2000 | 10715146 |
| interaction with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 predicts hiv type 1 genotype. | in west africa, india, and certain regions of europe, both human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) are known to cocirculate. to investigate the hiv-1 subtypes involved in dual hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections, we sequenced the envelope c2-v3 region from 29 dually infected female commercial sex workers from senegal. the majority of women (23 of 29) were infected by hiv-1 subtype a. within the hiv-1 subtype a sequences, 14 of 23 (60.8%) clustered with the west african associated a ... | 2000 | 10704348 |
| [chronic genital ulcerations and hiv infection: 29 cases]. | genital ulcers are common manifestations of infectious disease. the incidence of genital ulcers featuring a chronic course has increased since the beginning of the aids epidemic. the purpose of this 18-month cross-sectional study was to determine the main infectious causes of chronic genital ulcers (cgu) and their correlation with hiv infection. a total of 29 patients with cgu defined as an ulcer showing no sign of healing after more than one month were studied. mean age ranged from 24 to 54 yea ... | 1999 | 10701208 |
| tsao-t analogues bearing amino acids at position n-3 of thymine: synthesis and anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity. | novel analogues of the anti-hiv-1 lead compound [1-[2',5'-bis-o-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-beta-d-ribofuranosyl]thymine]- 3'-spiro-5'-(4"-amino-1",2"-oxathiole-2',2'-dioxide) (tsao-t) bearing different amino acids at position n-3 of thymine were prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of hiv replication. the synthesis of the target compounds was accomplished by coupling of the appropriate tsao intermediate with a conveniently protected (l) amino acid in the presence of bop and triethylamine, followe ... | 2000 | 10693655 |
| hiv-2 protease is inactivated after oxidation at the dimer interface and activity can be partly restored with methionine sulphoxide reductase. | human immunodeficiency viruses encode a homodimeric protease that is essential for the production of infectious virus. previous studies have shown that hiv-1 protease is susceptible to oxidative inactivation at the dimer interface at cys-95, a process that can be reversed both chemically and enzymically. here we demonstrate a related yet distinct mechanism of reversible inactivation of the hiv-2 protease. exposure of the hiv-2 protease to h(2)o(2) resulted in conversion of the two methionine res ... | 2000 | 10677347 |
| secretor polymorphism and human immunodeficiency virus infection in senegalese women. | the fut2 gene encodes the enzyme alpha (1,2) fucosyltransferase, which determines expression of blood-group antigens on mucosal epithelial cell surfaces and in secretions. homozygotes for a specific stop mutation in fut2 (nonsecretors) cannot produce this enzyme and thus are unable to express blood group antigens. nonsecretor status is associated with a decreased risk of several respiratory viral infections. by use of molecular genotyping, 2 populations of senegalese women were examined for poly ... | 2000 | 10669366 |
| antiviral properties of a mangrove plant, rhizophora apiculata blume, against human immunodeficiency virus. | a polysaccharide extracted from the leaf of rhizophora apiculata (rap) was assessed in cell culture systems, for its activity against human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. rap inhibited hiv-1 or hiv-2 or siv strains in various cell cultures and assay systems. it blocked the expression of hiv-1 antigen in mt-4 cells and abolished the production of hiv-1 p24 antigen in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc); the 50% effective concentration (ec50) of rap in hiv-1 infected mt-4 cells and in ... | 1999 | 10669261 |
| seronegative hiv-2 carriers in india. | the discordant cases of seronegative, but culture and proviral hiv-2 dna positive were found in mumbai, india. this was corroborated by the successful isolation of hiv-2-rna in culture medium, hiv-2 cdna sequence determination and the detection of the antigen. the sequence of the isolated hiv-2 genomic rna does not seem to be altered to the extent that the change will alter antibody binding. furthermore, antibody from the same individual (even at 8 months from initial sampling) from whom hiv-2 w ... | 2000 | 10667898 |
| dependence of cd8+ t-cell-mediated suppression of hiv type 1 on viral phenotypes and mediation of phenotype-dependent suppression by viral envelope gene and not by beta-chemokines. | cd8+ t-cell-mediated hiv-1 suppressive activity has been shown against a number of strains of hiv-1 and hiv-2. in this study using a semiquantitative assay, we showed that cd8+ t cells from seropositive subjects and herpes virus saimiri transformed cd8+ t-cell clones from hiv-1-infected subjects exhibited 5 to 100-fold higher suppressive activity against slow replicating nonsyncytia-inducing strains (slow/nsi) as compared to fast replicating syncytia-inducing strains (fast/si) of hiv-1. such dif ... | 2000 | 10659051 |
| synthesis and anti-hiv activity of 1,1,3-trioxo-2h,4h-thieno[3,4-e][1,2,4]thiadiazines (ttds): a new family of hiv-1 specific non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. | the anti-hiv activity of a novel series of 1,1,3-trioxo-2h,4h-thieno[3,4-e][1,2,4]thiadiazines (ttds) has been described. the compounds were synthesized via curtius rearrangement of appropriate sulfamoylcarboxy azides which, in turn, were prepared from known starting materials. several 4-substituted-2-benzyl-derivatives were found to selectively inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [hiv-1 (iiib)] replication in mt-4 and cem cells. these ttds were also effective against other strains of hi ... | 1999 | 10658585 |
| performance of a multiplex qualitative pcr lcx assay for detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) group m subtypes, group o, and hiv-2. | early detection of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in blood and blood products can be achieved by a sensitive nucleic acid amplification-based assay. we report on the performance of a pcr-based qualitative assay that detects both hiv type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 with a sensitivity of 20 to 50 copies/ml. the assay has a specificity of 99.6% and an inhibition rate of 1.7%. one milliliter of sample is processed with a manifold system and qiagen columns, and one-third of the extracted sample is used ... | 2000 | 10655373 |
| virus safety of avital bone tissue transplants: evaluation of sterilization steps of spongiosa cuboids using a peracetic acid-methanol mixture. | the aim of this study was to validate the virus-inactivating/eliminating capacity of the manufacturing process of spongiosa cuboids. both the sterilization step with peracetic acid (paa)/ethanol and the defatting step of bones with chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) were investigated. relevant enveloped, non-enveloped, and model viruses belonging to different virus families were included in the investigation: human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), hepatitis a virus (hav), poliovirus (pv-1), ps ... | 1999 | 10652175 |
| broadening of coreceptor usage by human immunodeficiency virus type 2 does not correlate with increased pathogenicity in an in vivo model. | the pathogenic properties of four primary human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolates and two primary hiv-2 biological clones were studied in an in vivo human-to-mouse chimeric model. the cell-associated viral load and the ability to reduce the severity of the induced graft-versus-host disease symptoms, the cd4/cd8 ratio and the level of repopulation of the mouse tissues by the graft, were determined. all hiv-2 strains, irrespective of their in vitro biological phenotype, replicated to ... | 2000 | 10644850 |
| the hiv-2 genotype and the hiv-1 syncytium-inducing phenotype are associated with a lower virus replication in dendritic cells. | during sexual transmission, hiv infects the mucosal dendritic cells and is transferred to cd4 t cells. whether hiv variants of a particular genetic (sub)type or phenotype selectively infect dendritic cells (dc) or are preferentially transferred to t cells remains highly controversial. to avoid the cumbersome use of primary dendritic cells, in vitro dendritic cell models were generated from precursors, either hematopoietic progenitor cells (hpc) or monocytes (mo). productive infection in the dend ... | 2000 | 10630963 |
| temperature inducible beta-sheet structure in the transactivation domains of retroviral regulatory proteins of the rev family. | the interaction of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) regulatory protein rev with cellular cofactors is crucial for the viral life cycle. the hiv-1 rev transactivation domain is functionally interchangeable with analog regions of rev proteins of other retroviruses suggesting common folding patterns. in order to obtain experimental evidence for similar structural features mediating protein-protein contacts we investigated activation domain peptides from hiv-1, hiv-2, visna virus, fel ... | 1999 | 10629982 |
| low plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 2 viral load is independent of proviral load: low virus production in vivo. | levels of virus in the plasma are closely related to the pathogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). hiv-2 is much less pathogenic than hiv-1, and infection with hiv-2 leads to significantly lower plasma viral load. to identify the source of this difference, we measured both viral rna and proviral dna in matched samples from 34 hiv-2-infected individuals. nearly half had undetectable viral rna loads (<100 copies/ml), but levels of proviral dna were relatively high and confirmed ... | 2000 | 10627569 |
| a putative g protein-coupled receptor, rdc1, is a novel coreceptor for human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. | more than 10 g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) have been shown to act as coreceptors for infection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). we have isolated hiv-1 variants infectious to primary brain-derived cd4-positive cells (bt-3 and bt-20/n) and u87/cd4 glioma cells that are resistant to t-cell line-tropic (t-tropic), macrophage-tropic (m-tropic), and t- and m-tropic (dualtropic) (x4, r5, and r5x4) hiv-1 strains. these primary brain-de ... | 2000 | 10623723 |
| a second target for the peptoid tat/transactivation response element inhibitor cgp64222: inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus replication by blocking cxc-chemokine receptor 4-mediated virus entry. | the peptoid cgp64222 has been previously demonstrated to inhibit the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) tat/transactivation response element complex formation. it has previously been shown that cgp64222 selectively inhibits hiv-1 long terminal repeat-driven gene expression and hiv-1(lav) replication in lymphocytes. here, we show that cgp64222 inhibits the replication of a wide range of laboratory strains of hiv-1 and hiv-2 in mt-4 cells. however, cgp64222 proved inactive in mt-4 cells against hi ... | 2000 | 10617686 |
| reduced immune activation and t cell apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 compared with type 1: correlation of t cell apoptosis with beta2 microglobulin concentration and disease evolution. | this study analyzes the degree of immune activation and characterizes apoptosis in lymphocytes from healthy west african donors or patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 or -2. the lower decline of cd4 t cells in hiv-2- compared with hiv-1-infected donors is associated with lower levels of immune activation, evaluated by hla-dr expression on lymphocytes and sera concentrations of igg and beta2 microglobulin (beta2m). ex vivo apoptosis was found in both infections in all lymp ... | 2000 | 10608752 |
| pharmacokinetics of (-)-beta-d-dioxolane guanine and prodrug (-)-beta-d-2,6-diaminopurine dioxolane in rats and monkeys. | (-)-beta-d-dioxolane guanine (dxg) is a nucleoside analog possessing potent activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2), and hepatitis b virus (hbv) in vitro. owing to the limited aqueous solubility of dxg, (-)-beta-d-2,6-diaminopurine dioxolane (dapd), a more water-soluble prodrug of dxg, is being developed for clinical use. the purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of dxg after administration of dxg and dapd to rats and monkeys. afte ... | 1999 | 10606085 |
| [treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: recent modalities]. | an endemic disease: visceral leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in 47 countries and continues to be a difficult therapeutic challenge. the emergence of leishmania strains resistant to pentavalent antimony derivatives and the growing incidence of visceral leishmaniasis among aids patients in the mediterranean area emphasizes the need for optimal therapeutic management. more effective strategies: during the last few years, alternatives to pentavalent antimony derivatives has disclosed the contrib ... | 1999 | 10605480 |
| a cxc chemokine receptor, cxcr5/blr1, is a novel and specific coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | g protein-coupled receptors serve as coreceptors in the infection process of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1), type-2 (hiv-2), and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). in this study, we showed that a cxc-ckr, cxcr5/blr1, is a novel coreceptor for hiv-2, but for neither hiv-1 nor siv. the expression of cxcr5 was detected by polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription of cellular mrna from s+l-hos/cd4 cells and mt-2 human t cells, and the cxcr5 gene was cloned into an expressi ... | 1999 | 10600598 |
| antigen-specific cytokine responses in vaccinated macaca nemestrina. | we describe a new surrogate assay for cd8 + t lymphocyte activity that has the capability of discriminating between cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) activity and cytokine-mediated suppressive activity. we applied this approach to two groups of macaca nemestrina vaccinated with a minimally pathogenic strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 [hiv-2 (hiv-2(kr))] as a model of an attenuated virus vaccine. group 1 was then inoculated with a non-infectious stock of a pathogenic strain, hiv-2287. both ... | 1999 | 10593484 |
| synthetic dna minor groove-binding drugs. | in this review, both cationic and neutral synthetic ligands that bind in the minor groove of dna are discussed. certain bis-distamycins and related lexitropsins show activities against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and hiv-2 at low nanomolar concentrations. dapi binds strongly to at-containing polymers and is located in the minor groove of dna. dapi intercalates in dna sequences that do not contain at least three consecutive at bp. berenil can also exhibit intercalative, as well as minor ... | 1999 | 10580832 |