Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| hsv igg antibody inhibits virus detection in csf. | before pcr testing of cerebrospinal fluid (csf), laboratory diagnosis of herpes encephalitis (hse) was based on virus isolation from brain biopsy. viral isolation from csf has limited clinical value due to low virus recovery; the cause for which has not been demonstrated. | 2012 | 22841844 |
| reactive benign follicular mucinosis: a report of 2 cases. | we report 2 cases of adolescents who developed follicular mucinosis following cutaneous infections. a 17-year-old adolescent boy was evaluated for a 2-week history of erythematous papules and plaques on his face and neck. one month prior to presentation a culture was taken that was positive for methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus-associated impetigo. biopsies from 2 representative lesions demonstrated follicular mucinosis without evidence of folliculotropism or t cell gene rearrangements ... | 2012 | 22838088 |
| serum apoptosis markers in hiv-infected patients with human herpesvirus type 8 and herpes simplex virus type 2 co-infection. | this study aimed to examine the influence of human herpesvirus type 8 (hhv-8) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) co-infections on apoptosis serum markers in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients. sera from 110 hiv-infected and 59 hiv-uninfected individuals were analyzed for soluble fas (sfas), sfas ligand (sfasl), caspase-8, and bcl-2. the findings of hiv-infected patients with no co-infection (n = 37), hiv-infected patients with hhv-8 co-infection (n = 22), hiv-infected pati ... | 2012 | 22837067 |
| changes in the soluble mucosal immune environment during genital herpes outbreaks. | genital tract secretions provide variable inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus (hsv) ex vivo. we hypothesize that the anti-hsv activity may prevent the spread of virus from the more commonly affected sites, such as the external genitalia, to the upper genital tract. | 2012 | 22820806 |
| disruption of the p53-p21 pathway inhibits efficiency of the lytic-replication cycle of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2). | cellular p53 and its downstream mediator p21, the major cellular growth suppression and dna repair markers, have recently been implicated in viral amplification. here, we show that herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infection of both hct116 p53(+/+)and nih3t3 cells resulted in sustained increases of p21. hsv-2 infection did not increase cellular p53 expression, but led to phosphorylation of this protein at ser20. this phosphorylation was accompanied by the increase of p21 protein levels. furthe ... | 2012 | 22820403 |
| maternal antibodies to infectious agents and risk for non-affective psychoses in the offspring--a matched case-control study. | an increasing number of studies suggest that certain maternal infections are associated with non-affective psychoses in the offspring. here we investigated if maternal exposure to toxoplasma gondii, cytomegalovirus (cmv), herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) or type 2 (hsv-2) prior to delivery was associated with future diagnosis of schizophrenia or other non-affective psychoses in the offspring. | 2012 | 22819777 |
| an effector phenotype of cd8+ t cells at the junction epithelium during clinical quiescence of herpes simplex virus 2 infection. | herpes simplex virus 2 infection is characterized by cycles of viral quiescence and reactivation. cd8(+) t cells persist at the site of viral reactivation, at the genital dermal-epidermal junction contiguous to neuronal endings of sensory neurons, for several months after herpes lesion resolution. to evaluate whether these resident cd8(+) t cells frequently encounter hsv antigen even during times of asymptomatic viral infection, we analyzed the transcriptional output of cd8(+) t cells captured b ... | 2012 | 22811543 |
| prevalence of treponema pallidum seropositivity and herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in a cohort of men who have sex with men, bangkok, thailand, 2006-2010. | we report prevalence of treponema pallidum (tp) seropositivity and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infection and risk factors associated with their prevalence in a cohort of men who have sex with men (msm) in bangkok, thailand. between april 2006 and march 2010 we enrolled thai msm into a cohort study based at the silom community clinic, with baseline behavioural data and laboratory testing for sexually transmitted infections (stis). logistic regression was used to analyse risk factors assoc ... | 2012 | 22807537 |
| the 2010 royal australasian college of physicians' policy statement 'circumcision of infant males' is not evidence based. | infant male circumcision (mc) is an important issue guided by royal australasian college of physicians (racp) policy. here we analytically review the racp's 2010 policy statement 'circumcision of infant males'. comprehensive evaluation in the context of published research was used. we find that the statement is not a fair and balanced representation of the literature on mc. it ignores, downplays, obfuscates or misrepresents the considerable evidence attesting to the strong protection mc affords ... | 2012 | 22805686 |
| detection of herpes viruses in the cerebrospinal fluid of adults with suspected viral meningitis in malawi. | we looked for herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2, respectively), varicella zoster virus (vzv), epstein-barr virus (ebv) and cytomegalovirus (cmv) dna in malawian adults with clinically suspected meningitis. | 2013 | 22798048 |
| sperm-mediated host-derived dna transfer as a new mechanism for immune system evasion of sexually transmitted genital tract pathogens. | over one century of extensive efforts directed towards investigating the immune response and the immuno-protection associated with sexually transmitted infections have failed to produce any effective vaccines against most of the major pathogens, among them neisseria gonorrhea, herpes simplex virus type 2, and chlamydia trachomatis. attempts to design and develop protective vaccines against them have also yielded disappointing results. it has long been felt that there might be another yet undisco ... | 2012 | 22795612 |
| herpes simplex virus is equipped with rna- and protein-based mechanisms to repress expression of atrx, an effector of intrinsic immunity. | intrinsic immunity is a first-line intracellular defense against virus infection, and viruses have evolved mechanisms to counteract it. during herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection, nuclear domain 10 (nd10) components localize adjacent to incoming viral genomes and generate a repressive environment for viral gene expression. here, we found that the nd10 component, alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome x-linked (atrx) protein, is predicted to be a target of hsv-1 mir-h1 and hsv-2 mir-h6. t ... | 2012 | 22787211 |
| natural killer cell function in women at high risk for hiv acquisition: insights from a microbicide trial. | to assess the role of natural killer (nk) cells in hiv acquisition. | 2012 | 22781225 |
| [construction of a new oncolytic virus ohsv2hgm-csf and its anti-tumor effects]. | the aim of this study was to construct a new oncolytic virus ohsv2hgm-csf and evaluate its oncolytic activity in vitro and in vivo in parallel with ohsv1hgm-csf. | 2012 | 22780924 |
| peripheral blood cd4 t-cell and plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pdc) reactivity to herpes simplex virus 2 and pdc number do not correlate with the clinical or virologic severity of recurrent genital herpes. | leukocytes participate in the immune control of herpes simplex virus (hsv). data from hiv coinfections, germ line mutations, and case reports suggest involvement of cd4 t cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdc). we investigated the relationships between these cells and recurrent genital herpes disease severity in the general population. circulating cd4 t-cell responses to hsv-2 were measured in specimens from 67 immunocompetent individuals with measured genital lesion and hsv shedding rates ... | 2012 | 22761381 |
| disseminated primary hsv-2 infection of the face. | we report the case of a 44-year-old, heterosexual, man, who presented for lesions of the face that appeared 3 days earlier; the eruption was associated with a burning sensation. he had sexual intercourse 12 days prior to presentation with a new partner. on clinical examination, there were confluent vesicules and a few pustules localized on the cheeks, forehead, nose, mouth, and ears. a swab for immunofluorescence (if) came back as positive for hsv-2. the patient was treated with oral acyclovir. ... | 2012 | 22747939 |
| bacterial vaginosis associated with increased risk of female-to-male hiv-1 transmission: a prospective cohort analysis among african couples. | bacterial vaginosis (bv), a disruption of the normal vaginal flora, has been associated with a 60% increased risk of hiv-1 acquisition in women and higher concentration of hiv-1 rna in the genital tract of hiv-1-infected women. however, whether bv, which is present in up to half of african hiv-1-infected women, is associated with an increase in hiv-1 transmission to male partners has not been assessed in previous studies. | 2012 | 22745608 |
| intranasal immunization in mice with non-ionic surfactants vesicles containing hsv immunogens: a preliminary study as possible vaccine against genital herpes. | the purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of intranasal immunization with non-ionic surfactant vesicles (nisv) containing either the secretory recombinant form of glycoprotein b (gbs) of herpes simplex virus type 1 or a related polylysine reach peptides (dtk) for induction of protective immunity against genital herpes infection in mice. nisv were prepared by lipid film hydration method. the mean diameter of vesicles was around 390 nm for dtk-containing nisv (dtk-nisv) and 320 nm ... | 2013 | 22743007 |
| hsv-2 seroepidemiology and risk factors among iranian women: a time to new thinking. | genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted disease in many developed and developing countries mostly caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2). this study determines the prevalence of hsv-2 infection between two groups of women with high and low risk behaviors. | 2011 | 22737421 |
| no association between antibodies to sexually transmitted infections and colorectal hyperplastic polyps in men: minnesota cancer prevention research unit polyp study. | oncogenic human papillomaviruses (hpv) are sexually transmitted and linked to several epithelial malignancies, but an association between hpv and colorectal neoplasia is not established. previously, we reported a three-fold increase in the odds of colorectal hyperplastic polyps associated with oncogenic hpv seropositivity in men but detected no hpv dna in colorectal tissues from these same men. | 2012 | 22736792 |
| stat4 regulates antiviral gamma interferon responses and recurrent disease during herpes simplex virus 2 infection. | stat4 is an important transcription factor that contributes to the incidence and severity of different autoimmune diseases and is implicated in the antiviral immune responses in mice. in this study, we evaluated the role of stat4 in human and murine herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) infections. we show that stat4 regulates antiviral gamma interferon (ifn-γ) responses and disease severity during chronic hsv-2 infections in humans and vaccine-induced ifn-γ-mediated protection against hsv-2 infection ... | 2012 | 22718836 |
| delayed but effective induction of mucosal memory immune responses against genital hsv-2 in the absence of secondary lymphoid organs. | to examine whether local immunization in the absence of secondary lymphoid organs (slos) could establish effective antiviral memory responses in the female genital tract, we examined immunity in the vaginal tracts of ltα-/- mice, ltα-/- spl (splenectomized), and control c57bl/6 (wt) mice. all three groups of mice were immunized intravaginally (ivag) with attenuated thymidine kinase-negative (tk(-)) herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) and challenged 4-6 weeks later with wild-type (wt) hsv-2. both ... | 2013 | 22718264 |
| prenatal maternal infection, neurodevelopment and adult schizophrenia: a systematic review of population-based studies. | disruption of foetal development by prenatal maternal infection is consistent with a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. whether specific prenatal infections are involved, their timing and the mechanisms of any effect are all unknown. we addressed these questions through a systematic review of population-based studies. | 2013 | 22717193 |
| anti-herpes simplex virus efficacies of 2-aminobenzamide derivatives as novel hsp90 inhibitors. | after the widespread use of the acyclic purine nucleoside analogues for therapy of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection since the 1980s, new antiviral strategies are urgently needed to counter the emergence of drug-resistant clinical isolates. in this report, we define the anti-hsv efficacies of three optimized 2-aminobenzamide derivatives in vitro and in vivo. the synthetic analogues snx-25a, snx-2112 and snx-7081, which selectively bind to the n-terminal atp pocket of heat shock protein 90 (hs ... | 2012 | 22704890 |
| effects of valacyclovir on markers of disease progression in postpartum women co-infected with hiv-1 and herpes simplex virus-2. | herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) suppression has been shown to reduce hiv-1 disease progression in non-pregnant women and men, but effects on pregnant and postpartum women have not been described. | 2012 | 22701683 |
| future of an "asymptomatic" t-cell epitope-based therapeutic herpes simplex vaccine. | considering the limited success of the recent herpes clinical vaccine trial [1], new vaccine strategies are needed. infections with herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (hsv-1 & hsv-2) in the majority of men and women are usually asymptomatic and results in lifelong viral latency in neurons of sensory ganglia (sg). however, in a minority of men and women hsv spontaneous reactivation can cause recurrent disease (i.e., symptomatic individuals). our recent findings show that t cells from symptoma ... | 2012 | 22701511 |
| mucus-penetrating nanoparticles for vaginal drug delivery protect against herpes simplex virus. | incomplete coverage and short duration of action limit the effectiveness of vaginally administered drugs, including microbicides, for preventing sexually transmitted infections. we investigated vaginal distribution, retention, and safety of nanoparticles with surfaces modified to enhance transport through mucus. we show that mucus-penetrating particles (mpps) provide uniform distribution over the vaginal epithelium, whereas conventional nanoparticles (cps) that are mucoadhesive are aggregated by ... | 2012 | 22700955 |
| pathological effect of il-17a-producing tcrγδ(+) t cells in mouse genital mucosa against hsv-2 infection. | interleukin (il)-17a is a cytokine that plays an important role in infectious, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases. in this study, we found that tcrγδ(+)cd4(-)cd8(-) t cells, but not tcrαβ(+)cd4(+) t cells, are the primary producers of il-17a in the genital tract of female mice in the steady-state condition. high mrna levels of il-17a and rorγt were determined in tcrγδ(+) t cells isolated from mouse genital tract but lacked detectable expression of ifnγ, t-bet, and foxp3. il-17a production by ... | 2012 | 22698680 |
| poly (i:c), an agonist of toll-like receptor-3, inhibits replication of the chikungunya virus in beas-2b cells. | double-stranded rna (dsrna) and its mimic, polyinosinic acid: polycytidylic acid [poly (i:c)], are recognized by toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) and induce interferon (ifn)-β in many cell types. poly (i:c) is the most potent ifn inducer. in in vivo mouse studies, intraperitoneal injection of poly (i:c) elicited ifn-α/β production and natural killer (nk) cells activation. the tlr3 pathway is suggested to contribute to innate immune responses against many viruses, including influenza virus, respirator ... | 2012 | 22698190 |
| evaluation of antibodies against glycoprotein d (gd) and glycoprotein g (gg) in hsv-1 infected individuals' serum samples. | glycoproteins d (gd) and g (gg) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) are virus envelope glycoproteins that are able to induce hsv-1 antibody production in infected persons. therefore, those proteins could be in interest to develop the serodiagnostic test(s) for hsv antibody detection. the aim of present study was the comparison of anti-gd and anti-gg antibodies in hsv-1 infected individuals' serum samples. | 2012 | 22696877 |
| topical microbicides for prevention of sexually transmitted infections. | two decades of research on topical microbicides for prevention of sexually transmitted infections (stis) have had limited success. however, new microbicide randomised controlled trial (rct) data have recently been published; but these have not yet been the subject of a systematic review. | 2012 | 22696373 |
| the risk of mental health disorders among u.s. military personnel infected with human immunodeficiency virus, active component, u.s. armed forces, 2000-2011. | mental health disorders (mhd) are reportedly more common among soldiers and airmen with hiv than their seronegative counterparts. this report documents the incidence rates of mhd among hiv-positive members of all service branches and compares the rates to those of two hiv-unexposed control groups: an hsv2-infected group and a group without documented hiv or hsv2 infections. approximately 56 percent of hiv-infected service members received an incident diagnosis of a mhd six months or more after t ... | 2012 | 22694588 |
| hiv delays ifn-α production from human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and is associated with syk phosphorylation. | plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdc) are the major producers of type i interferons (ifns) in humans and rapidly produce ifn-α in response to virus exposure. although hiv infection is associated with pdc activation, it is unclear why the innate immune response is unable to effectively control viral replication. we systematically compared the effect of hiv, influenza, sendai, and hsv-2 at similar target cell multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) on human pdc function. we found that influenza, sendai, h ... | 2012 | 22693567 |
| a prospective cohort study of partner testing for herpes simplex virus and sexual behavior during pregnancy. | we investigated whether serotesting sexual partners of pregnant women for herpes simplex virus (hsv) improves adherence to safer-sex practices. | 2012 | 22693233 |
| herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus, the house guests who never leave. | human alphaherpesviruses including herpes simplex viruses (hsv-1, hsv-2) and varicella zoster virus (vzv) establish persistent latent infection in sensory neurons for the life of the host. all three viruses have the potential to reactivate causing recurrent disease. regardless of the homology between the different virus strains, the three viruses are characterized by varying pathologies. this review will highlight the differences in infection pattern, immune response, and pathogenesis associated ... | 2012 | 22691604 |
| characterization of virus strains resistant to the herpes virus helicase-primase inhibitor asp2151 (amenamevir). | asp2151 is an antiherpes agent targeting the helicase-primase complex of herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1, hsv-2, and varicella-zoster virus (vzv). we characterized the asp2151-resistant hsv-1 and hsv-2 variants or mutants based on findings from sequencing analysis, growth, pathogenicity, and susceptibility testing, identifying several single base-pair substitutions resulting in amino acid changes in the helicase and primase subunit of asp2151-resistant mutants. amino acid alterations in the helicas ... | 2012 | 22687623 |
| [elisa test-kit for herpes 2 serodiagnosis]. | to reveal herpes simplex virus 2 specific igg and to determine their avidity the elisa test-kit was constructed using recombinant protein gg2 (psc spc diaproph-med). using this test-kit the distribution of specific antibodies with different avidity indexes was investigated in practically healthy donor samples. it is possible to use the mentioned elisa test-kit for confirmation of primary infection, and also for differentiation of primary infection, chronic disease and virus reactivation. thus, t ... | 2015 | 22686021 |
| nasal and skin delivery of ic31(®)-adjuvanted recombinant hsv-2 gd protein confers protection against genital herpes. | genital herpes caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) remains the leading cause of genital ulcers worldwide. given the disappointing results of the recent genital herpes vaccine trials in humans, development of novel vaccine strategies capable of eliciting protective mucosal and systemic immune responses to hsv-2 is urgently required. here we tested the ability of the adjuvant ic31(®) in combination with hsv-2 glycoprotein d (gd) used through intranasal (i.n.), intradermal (i.d.), or subc ... | 2012 | 22682292 |
| neonatal herpes simplex virus infection following jewish ritual circumcisions that included direct orogenital suction - new york city, 2000-2011. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection commonly causes "cold sores" (hsv type 1 [hsv-1]) and genital herpes (hsv-1 or hsv type 2 [hsv-2]); hsv infection in newborns can result in death or permanent disability. during november 2000-december 2011, a total of 11 newborn males had laboratory-confirmed hsv infection in the weeks following out-of-hospital jewish ritual circumcision, investigators from the new york city department of health and mental hygiene (dohmh) learned. ten of the 11 newborns were ... | 2012 | 22672975 |
| herpes simplex virus-2 glycoprotein interaction with hvem influences virus-specific recall cellular responses at the mucosa. | infection of susceptible cells by herpes simplex virus (hsv) requires the interaction of the hsv gd glycoprotein with one of two principal entry receptors, herpes virus entry mediator (hvem) or nectins. hvem naturally functions in immune signaling, and the gd-hvem interaction alters innate signaling early after mucosal infection. we investigated whether the gd-hvem interaction during priming changes lymphocyte recall responses in the murine intravaginal model. mice were primed with attenuated hs ... | 2012 | 22666282 |
| prediction and identification of potential immunodominant epitopes in glycoproteins b, c, e, g, and i of herpes simplex virus type 2. | twenty b candidate epitopes of glycoproteins b (gb2), c (gc2), e (ge2), g (gg2), and i (gi2) of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) were predicted using dnastar, biosun, and antheprot methods combined with the polynomial method. subsequently, the biological functions of the peptides were tested via experiments in vitro. among the 20 epitope peptides, 17 could react with the antisera to the corresponding parent proteins in the eia tests. in particular, five peptides, namely, gb2(466-473) (eqdrkpr ... | 2012 | 22649465 |
| anti-herpes virus activities of bioactive fraction and isolated pure constituent of mallotus peltatus: an ethnomedicine from andaman islands. | viral infections, particularly the infections caused by herpes simplex virus (hsv), represent one of the most serious public health concerns globally because of their devastating impact. the aim of this study was to evaluate the antiviral potential of methanolic crude extract of an ethnomedicine mallotus peltatus, its active fraction and pure compound, against hsv-1 f and hsv-2 g. | 2012 | 22624581 |
| herpes simplex virus 2 infection impacts stress granule accumulation. | interference with stress granule (sg) accumulation is gaining increased appreciation as a common strategy used by diverse viruses to facilitate their replication and to cope with translational arrest. here, we examined the impact of infection by herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) on sg accumulation by monitoring the localization of the sg components t cell internal antigen 1 (tia-1), ras-gtpase-activating sh3-domain-binding protein (g3bp), and poly(a)-binding protein (pabp). our results indicate tha ... | 2012 | 22623775 |
| entry of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) into the distal axons of trigeminal neurons favors the onset of nonproductive, silent infection. | following productive, lytic infection in epithelia, herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) establishes a lifelong latent infection in sensory neurons that is interrupted by episodes of reactivation. in order to better understand what triggers this lytic/latent decision in neurons, we set up an organotypic model based on chicken embryonic trigeminal ganglia explants (tges) in a double chamber system. adding hsv-1 to the ganglion compartment (gc) resulted in a productive infection in the explants. by ... | 2012 | 22589716 |
| herpes simplex virus type 2 infection of human epithelial cells induces cxcl9 expression and cd4+ t cell migration via activation of p38-ccaat/enhancer-binding protein-β pathway. | recruitment of cd4(+) t cells to infection areas after hsv-2 infection may be one of the mechanisms that account for increased hiv-1 sexual transmission. lymphocytes recruited by chemokine cxcl9 are known to be important in control of hsv-2 infection in mice, although the underlying mechanism remains to be addressed. based on our observation that cxcl9 expression is augmented in the cervical mucus of hsv-2-positive women, in this study we demonstrate that hsv-2 infection directly induces cxcl9 e ... | 2012 | 22586042 |
| inhibition of herpes simplex virus infection by oligomeric stilbenoids through ros generation. | stilbenoids including resveratrol contain the basic structural unit of 1,2-diphenylethylene. naturally occurring stilbenoids have broad structural features due to oligomerization and modifications and some have demonstrated potent biological activities. in an effort to identify bioactive stilbenoids, we screened a group of dimeric and oligomeric stilbenoids against hsv-1 and hsv-2 infection. several trimeric and tetrameric derivatives showed anti-herpetic activity at single digit micromolar conc ... | 2012 | 22584350 |
| biological basis for the protective effect conferred by male circumcision against hiv infection. | here we provide an up-to-date review of research that explains why uncircumcised men are at higher risk of hiv infection. the inner foreskin is a mucosal epithelium deficient in protective keratin, yet rich in hiv target cells. soon after sexual exposure to infected mucosal secretions of a hiv-positive partner, infected t-cells from the latter form viral synapses with keratinocytes and transfer hiv to langerhans cells via dendrites that extend to just under the surface of the inner foreskin. the ... | 2012 | 22581866 |
| in vitro and in vivo evaluation of a novel antiherpetic flavonoid, 4'-phenylflavone, and its synergistic actions with acyclovir. | the development of therapeutic agents for preventing herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections has become urgently necessary because of the increasing incidence of this virus and its role as a cofactor in the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus infection. we have evaluated the antiviral activities of a series of natural and synthetic flavonoids and found that a synthetic flavonoid, 4'-phenylflavone, showed the highest activity against acyclovir (acv)-sensitive and acv-resistant strains of h ... | 2012 | 22580497 |
| congenital non-central nervous system malformations in cerebral palsy: a distinct subset? | the aim of this article was to identify and contrast the subset of children with cerebral palsy (cp) and non-central nervous system (cns) congenital malformations with children with cp but no coexisting non-cns congenital malformations. | 2012 | 22577967 |
| [anti alpha-herpesvirus drugs]. | therapy for infectious diseases resulting from alpha-herpesvirus infections has been dramatically improved by the development of acyclovir (acv). acv is highly specific against herpes simplex virus type 1(hsv-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) and varicella-zoster virus (vzv) as acv is specifically phosphorylated by the thymidine kinases (tks) of these viruses. these viral tks are important enzymes for viral replication in vivo; therefore, the growth of tk-deficient mutants is impaired. acv ... | 2012 | 22568134 |
| coinfection with rickettsia helvetica and herpes simplex virus 2 in a young woman with meningoencephalitis. | herpes virus type 2 dna was detected by pcr in the cerebrospinal fluid in a young woman presenting with headache, stiff neck and pleocytosis, and serological findings consistent with reactivation. since she was exposed to ticks, lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis were excluded. further investigation in an ongoing project, using pcr and sequencing of the amplified products, showed the presence of rickettsia helvetica in the cerebrospinal fluid. the bacteria were also isolated in vero cell c ... | 2011 | 22567472 |
| recrudescent herpes labialis mimicking primary herpes labialis in pregnancy. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection is prevalent worldwide. herpes labialis is caused predominantly by hsv-1, and herpes vulvo-vaginitis is caused predominantly by hsv-2. hsv-2 may result in significant morbidity and mortality for infected neonates exposed during delivery. due to this fact, a large amount of literature exists for hsv-2 but data for hsv -1 is scanty. | 2010 | 22558555 |
| immunization with a highly attenuated replication-competent herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant, hf10, protects mice from genital disease caused by herpes simplex virus type 2. | genital herpes is an intractable disease caused mainly by herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 2 (hsv-2), and is a major concern in public health. a previous infection with hsv type 1 (hsv-1) enhances protection against primary hsv-2 infection to some extent. in this study, we evaluated the ability of hf10, a naturally occurring replication-competent hsv-1 mutant, to protect against genital infection in mice caused by hsv-2. subcutaneous inoculation of hf10-immunized mice against lethal infection by ... | 2012 | 22557998 |
| glycoprotein g of herpes simplex virus 2 as a novel vaccine antigen for immunity to genital and neurological disease. | the envelope glycoproteins of herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2, with the exception of glycoprotein g, elicit cross-reactive b- and t-cell responses. human vaccine trials, using the cross-reactive glycoproteins b and d, have shown no protection against genital hsv-2 infection or disease. in this study, the mature form of glycoprotein g (mgg-2) of hsv-2 was used for immunization of mice, either alone or in combination with adjuvant cpg, followed by an intravaginal challenge with a lethal d ... | 2012 | 22553328 |
| polymorphisms in toll-like receptor 3 confer natural resistance to human herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. | lack of toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) functional activity predisposes children to human herpesvirus 1 (hsv-1) encephalitis. in this study, we have investigated whether there is any link between tlr3 and adult hsv-2 infection by studying genetic variations in tlr3. the frequency of four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the tlr3 gene in 239 patients with genital hsv-2 infection and 162 healthy controls, as well as the impact of these variants on tlr3 gene-expression levels, were compared. t ... | 2012 | 22552940 |
| the roles of self-efficacy and pretest counseling in type 2 herpes simplex virus screening in asymptomatic adults. | to evaluate the role of counseling for patients undergoing screening for type 2 herpes simplex virus (hsv-2). using pre- and post-screening questionnaires, we evaluated correlations between demographic factors, measures of self-efficacy and follow-through with the screening test, and willingness to take antiviral medication and share results with sexual partners. | 2012 | 22551336 |
| clinical impact of hsv-1 detection in the lower respiratory tract from hospitalized adult patients. | the occurrence and clinical impact of herpes simplex virus (hsv) were evaluated in 342 bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from 237 patients. hsv-1 and hsv-2 were detected in 32.1% and <1% of patients, respectively. a significant difference of hsv-1 prevalence and load was found in relation to admission to intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation and mortality within 28 days; in particular, a viral load ≥10(5) copies/ml bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was significantly associated with critical feat ... | 2012 | 22548647 |
| towards a rational design of an asymptomatic clinical herpes vaccine: the old, the new, and the unknown. | the best hope of controlling the herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) pandemic is the development of an effective vaccine. however, in spite of several clinical trials, starting as early as 1920s, no vaccine has been proven sufficiently safe and efficient to warrant commercial development. in recent years, great strides in cellular and molecular immunology have stimulated creative efforts in controlling herpes infection and disease. however, before moving towards new vaccine ... | 2012 | 22548113 |
| cervical screening within hiv care: findings from an hiv-positive cohort in ukraine. | hiv-positive women have an increased risk of invasive cervical cancer but cytologic screening is effective in reducing incidence. little is known about cervical screening coverage or the prevalence of abnormal cytology among hiv-positive women in ukraine, which has the most severe hiv epidemic in europe. | 2012 | 22545087 |
| infectious causes of posterior uveitis and panuveitis in thailand. | to determine the infectious causes of posterior uveitis (pu) and panuveitis (panu) in thailand. | 2012 | 22539102 |
| prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 in different risk groups: thirty years after the onset of hiv. | herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv2) is a sexually transmitted disease causing a lifelong persisting infection. | 2012 | 22538395 |
| atypical presentation of exophytic herpes simplex virus type 2 with concurrent cytomegalovirus infection: a significant pitfall in diagnosis. | we report 3 unusual cases of atypical exophytic cutaneous herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 2 with concurrent cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection in immunosuppressed patients and raise awareness to the significant clinical and pathologic challenges in establishing the correct diagnosis. in all the 3 cases, the lesions presented as fungating plaques and nodules with areas of superficial erosion. initial clinical differential included genital warts, syphilis, versus cutaneous malignancy. all the 3 patie ... | 2013 | 22534637 |
| detection of type-specific antibodies to hsv-1 and hsv-2: comparative analysis of a chemiluminescence immunoassay with a conventional elisa. | type-specific serologic tests for human herpes simplex virus (hsv) are critically important for sexually transmitted disease evaluation. we compared the liaison® hsv-1 and hsv-2 type specific assays relative to an established commercial elisa. the overall agreement of the chemiluminescence immunoassay versus the elisa assay was 99.6% (hsv-1) and 100% (hsv-2). the liaison® methodology has several advantages. | 2012 | 22534561 |
| comparison of the host immune response to herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 at two different mucosal sites. | a study was undertaken to compare the host immune responses to herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 infection by the ocular or genital route in mice. titers of hsv-2 from tissue samples were elevated regardless of the route of infection. the elevation in titers of hsv-2, including cell infiltration and cytokine/chemokine levels in the central nervous system relative to those found following hsv-1 infection, was correlative with inflammation. these results underscore a dichotomy between the h ... | 2012 | 22532684 |
| susceptibility of herpes simplex virus isolated from genital herpes lesions to asp2151, a novel helicase-primase inhibitor. | asp2151 (amenamevir) is a helicase-primase inhibitor against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), hsv-2, and varicella-zoster virus. to evaluate the anti-hsv activity of asp2151, susceptibility testing was performed on viruses isolated from patients participating in a placebo- and valacyclovir-controlled proof-of-concept phase ii study for recurrent genital herpes. a total of 156 hsv strains were isolated prior to the dosing of patients, and no preexisting variants with less susceptibility to as ... | 2012 | 22526302 |
| permissive and protective factors associated with presence, level, and longitudinal pattern of cervicovaginal hiv shedding. | cervicovaginal hiv level (cv-vl) influences hiv transmission. plasma viral load (pvl) correlates with cv-vl, but discordance is frequent. we evaluated how pvl, behavioral, immunological, and local factors/conditions individually and collectively correlate with cv-vl. | 2012 | 22517416 |
| impact of asymptomatic herpes simplex virus-2 infection on t cell phenotype and function in the foreskin. | herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) increases the risk of hiv acquisition in men and overall cd4 t cell density in the foreskin. using tissues obtained during routine male circumcision, we examined the impact of hsv-2 on the function and phenotype of foreskin t cells in ugandan men. hsv-2 infection was predominantly associated with a compartmentalized increase in ccr5 expression by foreskin cd4 t cells, which may contribute to hiv susceptibility. | 2012 | 22516874 |
| glycoprotein b of herpes simplex virus 2 has more than one intracellular conformation and is altered by low ph. | the crystal structure of herpes simplex virus (hsv) gb identifies it as a class iii fusion protein, and comparison with other such proteins suggests this is the postfusion rather than prefusion conformation, although this is not proven. other class iii proteins undergo a ph-dependent switch between pre- and postfusion conformations, and a low ph requirement for hsv entry into some cell types suggests that this may also be true for gb. both gb and gh undergo structural changes at low ph, but ther ... | 2012 | 22514344 |
| aptamer that binds to the gd protein of herpes simplex virus 1 and efficiently inhibits viral entry. | the ectodomain of the gd protein of herpes simplex viruses (hsvs) plays an important role in viral entry by binding to specific cellular coreceptors and mediating viral entry to the host cells. in the present study, we isolated rna aptamers (aptamer-1 and aptamer-5) that specifically bind to the gd protein of hsv-1 with high affinity and are able to discriminate the gd protein of a different virus, hsv-2. aptamer-1 efficiently interfered with the interaction between the gd protein and the hsv-1 ... | 2012 | 22514343 |
| case-crossover analysis of condom use and herpes simplex virus type 2 acquisition. | although growing evidence suggests that condoms offer moderate protection against herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), inability to control for unknown or unmeasured confounders associated with sexual activity may reduce the accuracy of the estimates. the case-crossover design offers increased control of individual-level confounders, and was thus used with the aim of producing a more accurate estimate of the effect of condom use on hsv-2 acquisition. | 2012 | 22504606 |
| clinical burden of herpes simplex virus disease in people with human immunodeficiency virus. | serologic studies indicate that herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1 and hsv-2 infections are highly prevalent among people infected with hiv. as an ulcerative genital disease, hsv may be important to hiv transmission and hiv-comorbidity. routine clinical care of hsv in this population has not been described. | 2012 | 22504602 |
| prevalence and risk factors of hsv-2 infection and hsv-2/hiv coinfection in men who have sex with men in china: a multisite cross-sectional study. | to determine the prevalence and risk factors of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infection and its coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in men who have sex with men (msm) in china. | 2012 | 22504598 |
| lack of association between herpes simplex virus type 2 infection and cervical cancer--taq man realtime pcr assay findings. | about one third of the human population suffer cancer during their lifetime and more than 20% of total morbidity is related to neoplasia. cervical cancer is generally the most common cancer in developing countries and the second most common in women globally. the role of human papilloma viruses viruses in its induction is clear. however, the involvement of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is controversial. therefore a survey was conducted of the prevalence of hsv-2 in patients with cervical c ... | 2012 | 22502697 |
| hiv-associated hypertrophic herpes simplex genitalis with concomitant early invasive squamous cell carcinoma mimicking advanced genital cancer: case report and literature review. | hypertrophic herpes simplex genitalis (hhsg) is an uncommon anogenital manifestation of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection in immunocompromised patients. to date, 24 cases of hhsg have been reported; 23 of them were affected human immune deficiency virus (hiv) type 1-positive patients. we describe the case of a 44-year-old african hiv-1-positive woman who presented with painful ulcerated nodular lesions of the vulva and perianal area measuring up to 7 cm in diameter. macroscopically, the lesio ... | 2012 | 22498948 |
| a lentiviral vector-based, herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) glycoprotein b vaccine affords cross-protection against hsv-1 and hsv-2 genital infections. | genital herpes is caused by herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2, and its incidence is constantly increasing in the human population. regardless of the clinical manifestation, hsv-1 and hsv-2 infections are highly transmissible to sexual partners and enhance susceptibility to other sexually transmitted infections. an effective vaccine is not yet available. here, hsv-1 glycoprotein b (gb1) was delivered by a feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) vector and tested against hsv-1 and hsv-2 vaginal ... | 2012 | 22491465 |
| a 3-o-sulfated heparan sulfate binding peptide preferentially targets herpes simplex virus 2-infected cells. | herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) is the primary cause of genital herpes, which is one of the most common sexually transmitted viral infections worldwide and a major cofactor for human immunodeficiency virus infection. the lack of an effective vaccine or treatment and the emergence of drug-resistant strains highlight the need for developing new antivirals for hsv-2. here, we demonstrate that a low-molecular-weight peptide isolated against 3-o-sulfated heparan sulfate (3-os hs) can efficiently block ... | 2012 | 22491462 |
| characterization of the viral o-glycopeptidome: a novel tool of relevance for vaccine design and serodiagnosis. | viral envelope proteins mediate interactions with host cells, leading to internalization and intracellular propagation. envelope proteins are glycosylated and are known to serve important functions in masking host immunity to viral glycoproteins. however, the viral infectious cycle in cells may also lead to aberrant glycosylation that may elicit immunity. our knowledge of immunity to aberrant viral glycans and glycoproteins is limited, potentially due to technical limitations in identifying immu ... | 2012 | 22491453 |
| exposure to herpes simplex virus type 1 and cognitive impairments in individuals with schizophrenia. | latent infection with neurotropic herpes viruses, such as herpes simplex virus, type 1 (hsv1), has been generally considered benign in most immunocompetent individuals except for rare cases of encephalitis. however, several recent studies have shown impaired cognitive functions among individuals with schizophrenia exposed to hsv1 compared with schizophrenia patients not exposed to hsv1. such impairments are robust and are prominently observed in working memory, verbal memory, and executive funct ... | 2012 | 22490995 |
| herpes simplex virus type 2 of the palm as an aids-defining complex. | herpes simplex virus type 2 (hhv-2) is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases in the world. in the immunocompromised host, including patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), herpes simplex virus is at high risk for reactivation. we present a woman with hiv and a large ulcer of the palm determined to be hhv-2. not only was the location of her ulcer unusual, but her cd4 lymphocyte count continued to drop despite improvement of the palmar ulceration with treatment. as a resul ... | 2012 | 22474730 |
| efficacy of bidens pilosa extract against herpes simplex virus infection in vitro and in vivo. | the development of strains of herpes simplex virus (hsv) resistant to drugs has been reported among the immunocompromised patients. thus, there is a need to develop new therapeutic agents for hsv infections. we evaluated the anti-hsv activity of bidens pilosa (b. pilosa), a tropical weed, in tissue culture cells and a mouse model. b. pilosa extract showed potent virucidal activity. it inhibited plaque formation and suppressed virus yield in vero and raw 264.7 cells infected with hsv-1 and hsv-2. ... | 2012 | 22474501 |
| herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) as a coronary atherosclerosis risk factor in hiv-infected men: multicenter aids cohort study. | we assessed associations of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and -2), cytomegalovirus (cmv), and human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) infection with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in 291 hiv-infected men in the multicenter aids cohort study. coronary artery calcium (cac) was measured by non-contrast coronary ct imaging. markers for herpesviruses infection were measured in frozen specimens collected 10-12 years prior to case identification. multivariable logistic regression models and ordin ... | 2012 | 22472456 |
| herpes simplex virus antigens directly activate nk cells via tlr2, thus facilitating their presentation to cd4 t lymphocytes. | nk cells infiltrate human herpetic lesions, but their role has been underexplored. hsv can stimulate innate immune responses via surface tlr2, which is expressed on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (dcs) and nk cells. in this study, uv-inactivated hsv1/2 and immunodominant hsv2 glycoprotein d peptides conjugated to the tlr2 agonist dipalmitoyl-s-glyceryl cysteine stimulated cd4 t lymphocyte ifn-γ responses within pbmcs or in coculture with monocyte-derived dcs. nk cells contributed markedly to t ... | 2012 | 22467654 |
| intravaginal ring delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for prevention of hiv and herpes simplex virus infection. | a safe and effective topical prevention strategy will likely require sustained delivery of potent antiviral drugs and a delivery system that simultaneously maximizes drug distribution and overcomes the behavioural challenges related to adherence. activity against hiv and herpes simplex virus (hsv) would be advantageous, given the epidemiological link between the two pathogens. we hypothesize that tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (tenofovir df), a prodrug of tenofovir, may be more potent than tenofo ... | 2012 | 22467632 |
| value of herpes simplex virus type-specific serology: a case report. | genital herpes, usually caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases in humans. by contrast, intrauterine hsv-2 infections have been described rarely in the literature. our report describes a case of neonate who was delivered after 30+2 gestational weeks by cesarean section. he presented with a respiratory distress syndrome resulting in broncho-pulmonary dysplasia. at the age of 6 weeks, a chorioretinal scar was detected. during the 4th m ... | 2012 | 22465341 |
| successful treatment of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 2 proctitis with leflunomide in an hiv-infected man. | human herpes simplex virus infections are very common and represent significant morbidity in the immunocompromised host. patients with acyclovir resistant strains of hsv based on viral thymidine kinase gene mutations need alternative therapeutic approaches. leflunomide has been shown to possess antiviral activity against several viruses. herein we describe a case of acyclovir resistant hsv-2 proctitis in an hiv patient successfully treated with leflunomide without significant side effects. | 2012 | 22465339 |
| long-term valacyclovir suppressive treatment after herpes simplex virus type 2 meningitis: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. | herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is a common cause of acute and recurrent aseptic meningitis. our aim was to determine the impact of antiviral suppression on recurrence of meningitis and to delineate the full spectrum of neurological complications. | 2012 | 22460966 |
| highly active antiretroviral therapy does not completely suppress hiv in semen of sexually active hiv-infected men who have sex with men. | although haart can suppress genital shedding and sexual transmission of hiv, men who have sex with men (msm) have experienced a resurgent hiv epidemic in the haart era. many hiv-infected msm continue to engage in unsafe sex, and sexually transmitted infections (stis) or other factors may promote genital hiv shedding and transmission in this population despite haart. in this study, we determined the prevalence of seminal hiv shedding in hiv-infected msm on stable haart, and its relationship with ... | 2012 | 22441253 |
| effect of daily aciclovir on hiv disease progression in individuals in rakai, uganda, co-infected with hiv-1 and herpes simplex virus type 2: a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. | daily suppression of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) reduces plasma hiv-1 concentrations and modestly delayed hiv-1 disease progression in one clinical trial. we investigated the effect of daily suppressive aciclovir on hiv-1 disease progression in rakai, uganda. | 2012 | 22433279 |
| a miniaturized and integrated gel post platform for multiparameter pcr detection of herpes simplex viruses from raw genital swabs. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) is one of the most prevalent viruses, with acute and recurrent infections in humans. the current gold standard for the diagnosis of hsv is viral culture which takes 2-14 days and has low sensitivity. in contrast, dna amplification by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) can be performed within 1-2 h. we here describe a multiparameter pcr assay to simultaneously detect hsv-1 and hsv-2 dna templates, together with integrated positive and negative controls, with product detect ... | 2012 | 22426784 |
| tlr3 deficiency renders astrocytes permissive to herpes simplex virus infection and facilitates establishment of cns infection in mice. | herpes simplex viruses (hsvs) are highly prevalent neurotropic viruses. while they can replicate lytically in cells of the epithelial lineage, causing lesions on mucocutaneous surfaces, hsvs also establish latent infections in neurons, which act as reservoirs of virus for subsequent reactivation events. immunological control of hsv involves activation of innate immune pattern-recognition receptors such as tlr3, which detects double-stranded rna and induces type i ifn expression. humans with defe ... | 2012 | 22426207 |
| herpes simplex virus type 1 is the main cause of genital herpes in women of natal, brazil. | the purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of hsv-1 and hsv-2 in sexually active women who participated in the cervical cancer screening program in natal, brazil. | 2012 | 22424592 |
| apple pomace, a by-product from the asturian cider industry, inhibits herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in vitro replication: study of its mechanisms of action. | the anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 and anti-herpes simplex virus type 2 effects of apple pomace, a by-product from the cider-processing industry, were investigated. the mechanisms of antiviral action were assessed using a battery of experiments targeting sequential steps in the viral replication cycle. the anti-herpetic mechanisms of apple pomaces included the inhibition of virus attachment to the cell surface and the arrest of virus entry and uncoating. quercitrin and procyanidin b2 were foun ... | 2012 | 22424460 |
| incidence, prevalence, and epidemiology of herpes simplex virus-2 in hiv-1-positive and hiv-1-negative adolescents. | several studies have assessed risk factors associated with herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) prevalence in adults; however, few have focused on hsv-2 incidence, particularly in adolescents. the objective of this study was to determine hsv-2 prevalence and incidence and associated risk factors in a hiv-1-positive and at risk hiv-1-negative adolescent population. | 2012 | 22421698 |
| the effect of medical male circumcision on urogenital mycoplasma genitalium among men in kisumu, kenya. | we determined the prevalence of urethral mycoplasma genitalium (mg) infection and whether infection was associated with circumcision status among men enrolled in the randomized trial of medical male circumcision to prevent hiv acquisition in kisumu, kenya. | 2012 | 22421693 |
| recreational drug use: an emerging concern among venue-based male sex workers in china. | a 2009 survey of 418 venue-based male commercial sex workers in shenzhen, china revealed that 19.9% used recreational drugs. consistent condom use by drug users was lower than that by nonusers. hiv, syphilis, and herpes simplex virus 2 prevalences were higher among drug users. prevention programs need to address drug use among male commercial sex workers in china. | 2012 | 22421689 |
| national estimates of seroincidence and seroprevalence for herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 among us military adults aged 18 to 29 years. | while population-based seroprevalence studies of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2) are widespread, seroincidence studies are largely limited to select or high-risk populations. the us military offers a potential population to derive national seroincidence rate estimates for young adults (ages 18-29). | 2012 | 22421688 |
| synthesis and antiviral activity of 6-deoxycyclopropavir, a new prodrug of cyclopropavir. | synthesis of 6-deoxycyclopropavir (10), a prodrug of cyclopropavir (1) and its in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity is described. 2-amino-6-chloropurine methylenecyclopropane 13 was transformed to its 6-iodo derivative 14 which was reduced to prodrug 10. it is converted to cyclopropavir (1) by the action of xanthine oxidase and this reaction can also occur in vivo. compound 10 lacked significant in vitro activity against human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), human herpes virus 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv- ... | 2012 | 22417649 |
| evolution of sexually transmitted and sexually transmissible human herpesviruses. | herpesviruses occur in an impressively wide range of animals and are associated with various diseases. the numerous routes taken during hundreds of millions of years of evolution have contributed to their striking adaptability and success as pathogens. herpesviruses share a distinct virion structure and are classified taxonomically into a single order, the herpesvirales, which is divided into three families. the phylogenetic relationships among members of the most populous family, the herpesviri ... | 2011 | 22417106 |
| prevalence and characteristics of herpes simplex virus type-2 coinfection in veterans with hepatitis c. | epidemiologic links between herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) exist but are poorly characterized. seroprevalence studies of hsv-2 in veteran populations with chronic hcv infection are lacking. | 2012 | 22395713 |
| challenges in assessing associations between hormonal contraceptive use and the risks of hiv-1 acquisition and transmission. | prior observational studies produced inconsistent findings regarding hormonal contraception (hc) and risks of hiv acquisition and transmission. heffron et al. conducted secondary data analyses on 3790 hiv discordant couples enrolled in two studies (a randomized trial of hsv-2 suppression and a study of immune correlates of hiv-1 protection) to assess hiv-1 acquisition and transmission in relation to hc use in females. hiv incidence among female hc nonusers was 3.8/100 person years (py), compared ... | 2012 | 22393886 |