Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| isolation and bacterial expression of a sesquiterpene synthase cdna clone from peppermint (mentha x piperita, l.) that produces the aphid alarm pheromone (e)-beta-farnesene. | (e)-beta-farnesene is a sesquiterpene semiochemical that is used extensively by both plants and insects for communication. this acyclic olefin is found in the essential oil of peppermint (mentha x piperita) and can be synthesized from farnesyl diphosphate by a cell-free extract of peppermint secretory gland cells. a cdna from peppermint encoding (e)-beta-farnesene synthase was cloned by random sequencing of an oil gland library and was expressed in escherichia coli. the corresponding synthase ha ... | 1997 | 9371761 |
| nectar from a wax plant, hoya sp., as a carbohydrate source for lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae). | 1997 | 9290853 | |
| patterns of genetic variability in colonized strains of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) and its consequences. | the genetic qualities of laboratory colonies of phlebotomine sand flies have not been compared with field specimens despite 1) probable genetic shifts due to the colonization process and 2) the problems associated with the extrapolation of experimental data derived from colonized organisms to field populations. the present study compared the genetic profiles of five laboratory colonies of geographic strains of the new world sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis, and contrasted them with field populatio ... | 1997 | 9288819 |
| ecological interactions of visceral leishmaniasis in the state of bahia, brazil. | the laboratory and field observations summarized in this paper on visceral leishmaniasis ecology in the state of bahia, brazil are based on the author's observations over the past 35 years in a number of state's foci, public health records and literature citations. the disease is endemic with epidemic outbreaks occurring every ten years and its geographical distribution is expanding rapidly in the last years. leishmania chagasi is the main ethiologic agent of the visceral leishmaniasis but le. a ... | 1996 | 9283643 |
| evaluation of the fungus beauveria bassiana as a potential biological control agent against phlebotomine sand flies in colombian coffee plantations. | in colombia, the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana (deuteromycotina: hyphomycetes) is widely used to control the coffee berry borer hypothenemus hampei (coleoptera: scolytidae) in coffee plantations. recent studies suggested that this fungus is also pathogenic to several important vectors of disease, including phlebotomus papatasi and lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae). the present study evaluated the use of b. bassiana as a potential biological control agent against phlebotom ... | 1997 | 9281401 |
| carbohydrate-binding specificities and physico-chemical properties of lectins in various tissue of phlebotominae sandflies. | physico-chemical properties and carbohydrate-binding specificity of hemagglutination activity (ha) were compared in tissue lysates and haemolymph of unfed and bloodfed females of five sandfly species. sandfly gut lectins were found to be heat-labile, sensitive to dithiotreitol treatment, freezing/thawing procedures and were affected by divalent cations. the ph optimum of ha ranged between 7.0-7.5. specificity of gut ha of all species studied was directed towards aminosugars and some glycoconjuga ... | 1997 | 9188176 |
| development of endotrypanum (kinetoplastida:trypanosomatidae) in experimentally infected phlebotomine sand flies (diptera:psychodidae). | the developmental biology (parasite establishment, migration, and differentiation) of brazilian strains of endotrypanum are reported for 3 sand fly species: lutzomyia longipalpis lutz & neiva, l. shannoni dyar, and phlebotomus papatasi scopoli. laboratory-reared sand flies were infected by feeding on a promastigote suspension through a chick-skin membrane. infections within the insect gut were examined at various times after feeding by staining fresh and fixed specimens. development of endotrypa ... | 1997 | 9103762 |
| sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis in a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in central colombia. | lutzomyia longipalpis, 15 other species of the genus lutzomyia, and one species of brumptomyia were collected in an endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a river canyon 450 m above sea-level, in rio claro, antioquia, colombia. the presence of lu. longipalpis is associated with the destruction of the primary forest and the development of new farmland and rural settlement in this region. the composition of species identified a different habitat for lu. longipalpis in colombia. lu. yuilli and ... | 1996 | 9070401 |
| differential application of lambda-cyhalothrin to control the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis. | to study the impact of residual pyrethroid insecticide on the abundance and distribution of peridomestic lutzomyia longipalpis, the sandfly vector of visceral leishmaniasis in brazil, lambda-cyhalothrin was applied at 20 mg a.i.m-2 in the following interventions: (i) spraying of all animal pens in a village (blanket coverage); (ii) treatment of a subset of animal pens, either by spraying, or by installation of insecticide-impregnated 1 m2 cotton sheets as 'targets' (focal coverage). by sampling ... | 1997 | 9061673 |
| receptors for the vasodilator maxadilan are expressed on selected neural crest and smooth muscle-derived cells. | maxadilan is a potent vasodilator peptide isolated from salivary glands of the blood feeding sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis. the peptide relaxes rabbit aortic rings in an endothelium independent manner while elevating levels of camp and has been found to bind to membrane homogenates from brain. these studies on tissues have now been expanded with an examination of binding and signaling of maxadilan to a number of established cell lines and primary cultures. the data reveal that maxadilan binds t ... | 1996 | 9035385 |
| maxadilan, the vasodilator from sand flies, is a specific pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide type i receptor agonist. | maxadilan is a potent vasodilator peptide isolated from salivary gland lysates of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis, a vector of leishmaniasis. the peptide aids the fly in obtaining blood from the skin of its vertebrate hosts but the mammalian receptor through which this insect ligand acts was unknown. we demonstrate that maxadilan is an agonist of the type i receptor for pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide, a neuropeptide with vascular activity. this surprising observation is a uniq ... | 1997 | 8995389 |
| spectral sensitivity in the eyes of male and female lutzomyia longipalpis sandflies. | using electroretinogram recordings, the response of lutzomyia longipalpis sandfly eyes to a range of wavelengths of light was measured, and spectral sensitivity determined. the eyes of both male and female adult sandflies were found to respond maximally to light in the ultraviolet region (at 340 nm) with a secondary peak in the blue-green-yellow region at 520 nm for females and 546 nm for males. the mann-whitney u test showed no significant differences between males and females at corresponding ... | 1996 | 8994140 |
| heterogeneities in the transmission of infectious agents: implications for the design of control programs. | from an analysis of the distributions of measures of transmission rates among hosts, we identify an empirical relationship suggesting that, typically, 20% of the host population contributes at least 80% of the net transmission potential, as measured by the basic reproduction number, r0. this is an example of a statistical pattern known as the 20/80 rule. the rule applies to a variety of disease systems, including vector-borne parasites and sexually transmitted pathogens. the rule implies that co ... | 0 | 8990210 |
| comparison of the sex-pheromone components of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera:psychodidae) from areas of visceral and atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis in honduras and cost rica. | the terpene components of extracts prepared from male lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) collected from four sites in honduras and one in costa rica were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and coupled gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. the terpene components of lu. longipalpis from other regions of south america have previously been shown to be sex pheromones. the flies from the four areas of honduras, where leishmania chagasi infection may lead ... | 1996 | 8915130 |
| vasodilatory properties of recombinant maxadilan. | maxadilan is a peptide from the salivary gland of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis, a vector for leishmaniasis. cutaneous injection of femtomolar quantities of maxadilan produces long-lasting erythema, making it the most potent vasodilator known. isolated rabbit thoracic and abdominal aorta, carotid artery, and iliac artery demonstrated dose-dependent arterial relaxation in response to maxadilan with a mean effective concentration (ec50) of 2.7 +/- 1.5, 2.1 +/- 0.5, 2.6 +/- 0.4, and 1.9 +/- 0. ... | 1996 | 8853326 |
| effect of fluorescent powder on lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) and a simple device for marking sand flies. | a simple device for marking phlebotomine sand flies with fluorescent powders is described and tested; the design of the new device is characterized by separate compartments for sand flies and powder. the effect of fluorescent powder on survival and mobility of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis was compared using our device (method a) and a single-container method (method b). mortality within 1 h of powder application was negligible for method a (0.9%), but was 19.8% for method b; in addition, m ... | 1996 | 8827598 |
| the influence of sugars and amino acids on the blood-feeding behaviour, oviposition and longevity of laboratory colony of lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva, 1912) (diptera: psychodidae, phlebotominae). | schneider's drosophila medium, a complex amino acid rich medium was tested alone and with seven different sugars for some aspects of the biology of lutzomyia longipalpis. statistically significant results were obtained when sucrose was used alone, indicating that among the sugars tested, this is still the most suitable and practical one for the maintenance of l. longipalpis colonies. however, the addition of schneider's medium to a pool of different sugars, was suggested to be related with the a ... | 2003 | 8731372 |
| structural characterization and location of disulphide linkages of a potent vasodilatory peptide, recombinant maxadilan, by a multiple mass spectrometric approach. | a multiple mass spectrometric strategy using fast-atom bombardment (fab) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (maldi) has been used to confirm the sequence and to locate the disulfide linkages of recombinant maxadilan (r-maxadilan) (average molecular mass 7422.5 da), a potent vasodilatory peptide from lutzomyia longipalpis. maldi measurements of intact r-maxadilan, its reduced form and its pyridylethylated form (p-maxadilan) indicated the presence of four cys residues without major po ... | 1996 | 8624417 |
| the development of species of leishmania ross, 1903 in lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva, 1912). | the development of four isolates of leishmania from foci of american cutaneous leishmaniasis was studied in lutzomyia longipalpis. the suggestion that the differences in the development of the leishmania in the invertebrate host are of great taxonomic significance was confirmed. the pattern of development of three strains was typical of parasites of the subgenus leishmania, the other was similar to leishmania of the subgenus viannia. the identification of the strains using other criteria is in a ... | 1995 | 8544741 |
| laboratory evaluation of repellents against four anopheline mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) and two phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae). | deet, the lactone cic-4, and the piperidine compounds a13-37220 and a13-35765 were evaluated for initial repellency against laboratory-reared anopheles albimanus wiedemann, an. freeborni aitken, an. gambiae giles, an. stephensi liston, and phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli) using a dose-response testing procedure on human volunteers. in addition, deet and cic-4 were tested against lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva). in general, the repellency of a13-37220, a13-35765, and cic-4 was not markedly dif ... | 1993 | 8510108 |
| leishmania differentiation in natural and unnatural sand fly hosts. | leishmania differentiation in the gut of phlebotomine sand flies was evaluated based on five light and electron microscopic studies of natural (leishmania panamensis/lutzomyia gomezi, leishmania chagasi/lutzomyia longipalpis) and unnatural (leishmania mexicana/lutzomyia abonnenci, leishmania panamensis/phlebotomus papatasi, leishmania major/lutzomyia longipalpis) life cycles. in the bloodmeal, transformation of amastigotes into stumpy promastigotes occurred before or during division. further div ... | 1993 | 8461893 |
| dispersal of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) at an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in colombia. | mark-release-recapture studies were carried out during 1990-1991 in el callejón, colombia, an endemic focus of american visceral leishmaniasis, to study the longevity, dispersal, and flight range of the principal vector, lutzomyia longipalpis lutz & neiva. several groups of wild-caught (n = 1,539) and laboratory-reared f1 (n = 2,208) sand flies were marked with fluorescent dusts and released. recaptures at daytime resting sites, on animal bait, and in cdc light traps were made for 20 d following ... | 1993 | 8459421 |
| semiochemical mediation of oviposition by the phlebotomine sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis. | extracts of rabbit food, hay and rabbit faeces elicited a positive oviposition response from gravid female lutzomyia longipalpis sandflies (diptera: phlebotominae). combined extract of rabbit food and oviposition pheromone had a synergistic effect on sandfly egg-laying, greatly increasing the number of eggs laid and resulting in a highly targeted response. individually tubed flies, exposed to the combined extract, were shown to be 3.5 times more likely to survive oviposition and laid 2.5 times m ... | 1993 | 8369556 |
| life cycle of leishmania major (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae) in the neotropical sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae). | the development of leishmania major yakimoff & schokhor in the new world sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) was examined by light and electron microscopy. in this unnatural host, parasites differentiated into 10 typical morphological forms, multiplied at three sites, migrated anteriorly and established in the foregut, and attached to gut surfaces. in the blood meal, amastigotes divided and transformed into two successive dividing, stumpy promastigote stages. elongate nectomonad promas ... | 1993 | 8360894 |
| host preferences of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis at an endemic focus of american visceral leishmaniasis in colombia. | blood meals from 579 lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera:psychodidae), collected in an endemic focus of american visceral leishmaniasis in colombia, were identified by precipitin test. sand fly collections were made during a 16-month period from the inside walls of two houses, a pigpen, and rock crevices in a small community (el callejon) within the endemic area. feeding patterns of the sand flies varied with locality and date of collection. overall, bovine feedings predominated, but feedings were al ... | 1993 | 8352394 |
| lutzomyia longipalpis is a species complex: genetic divergence and interspecific hybrid sterility among three populations. | the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis is the vector of leishmania donovani chagasi in latin america. an analysis of genetic variability at 27 enzyme coding loci among three laboratory populations of lu. longipalpis revealed substantial genetic polymorphism. levels of genetic distance between all pairwise comparisons of colonies were very high, and consistent with those previously reported among separate species in the genus lutzomyia. between 7% and 22% of the loci studied were diagnostic for any t ... | 1993 | 8333579 |
| cytostatic effect of lutzomyia longipalpis salivary gland homogenates on leishmania parasites. | salivary gland homogenates (sgh) of female lutzomyia longipalpis, in concentrations as small as 0.05 pairs of glands/ml, inhibit the in vitro multiplication of promastigotes of leishmania mexicana amazonensis. the effect seems to be cytostatic since promastigote viability 24 hr after exposure ranged from 55% to 100% in different experiments. the cells cultivated in the presence of sgh were characterized by a very slender shape, with cell bodies that were almost two times as long as controls. the ... | 1993 | 8333578 |
| salivary gland material from the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis has an inhibitory effect on macrophage function in vitro. | previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that the infectivity of the protozoan parasite leishmania major was enhanced in mice if the infecting inoculum contained salivary gland lysates from the sand fly vector lutzomyia longipalpis. the present study was designed to address the hypothesis that sand fly salivary gland material may function by inhibiting the host immune response. results indicated that sand fly saliva inhibited the ability of macrophages to present leishmanial antigens to pa ... | 1993 | 8233563 |
| didelphis marsupialis, an important reservoir of trypanosoma (schizotrypanum) cruzi and leishmania (leishmania) chagasi in colombia. | the role of didelphis marsupialis as a reservoir of zoonotic hemoflagellates was examined in two ecologically distinct settings in colombia. while 72% (12 of 18) of the opossums collected in the tropical rain forest harbored trypanosoma cruzi, other mammals in the area had lower infection rates: 1.3% (proechymis semispinosus [spiny rat]; 13% tylomys mirae [climbing rat]; and 6% rattus rattus). trypanosoma cruzi isolates from d. marsupialis were similar to zymodeme 1 (z1), and two of four phenoty ... | 1994 | 8203703 |
| [evaluation of the effectiveness of deltamethrin (k-othrine ce) in the control of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae), in the municipality of santa rita, paraíba, brazil]. | deltamethrin in emulsion concentrate was applied in doses of 12.5, 25.0 and 50.0mg/m2, in households near the littoral of the state of paraíba, where sporadic cases of visceral leishmaniasis were reported. there was a remarkable decrease in populations of several arthropods, including lutzomyia longipalpis. this insect, however, was found again in some treated walls, 14 and 21 days after spraying. statistical analysis indicated significant control for only two four-weeks periods, with extreme ir ... | 1993 | 8115683 |
| isolation of oviposition pheromone from the eggs of the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis. | semiochemical components of eggs of the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) were separated by high performance liquid chromatography. hplc fractions were examined quantitatively and qualitatively by gas chromatography (gc). a bioassay was used to determine the oviposition attraction of gravid l. longipalpis to each of the fractions separately and a peak responsible for the semiochemical activity was identified. gravid flies were placed in individual oviposition tubes to determin ... | 1994 | 8025318 |
| response of adult sandflies, lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae), to sticky traps baited with host odour and tested in the laboratory. | the responses of adult lutzomyia longipalpis lutz and neiva to sticky traps baited with entrained volatiles from a hamster were assessed in the laboratory. in a two-choice test, significantly more females and males were caught on odour-baited sticky traps than on control traps, and only a few adults remained alive and untrapped at the end of the experiments. in contrast, significantly fewer flies of both sexes were caught in a series of tests where both traps were unbaited. twice as many males a ... | 1994 | 7979631 |
| saliva of lutzomyia longipalpis sibling species differs in its composition and capacity to enhance leishmaniasis. | leishmania donovani chagasi parasites, transmitted by sandflies of the lutzomyia longipalpis species complex, normally cause visceral leishmaniasis. however, in central america infections frequently result in cutaneous disease. we undertook experiments to investigate the possible influence of sandfly saliva on the course of infection. erythemas caused by feeding sandflies correlated well with the levels of the erythema-inducing peptide, maxadilan, in their saliva. saliva of brazilian flies was t ... | 1994 | 7972360 |
| development of leishmania chagasi (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae) in the second blood-meal of its vector lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae). | light and electron microscopy investigations were carried out to compare the development of leishmania chagasi in lutzomyia longipalpis females that took a second blood-meal and others that took a single blood-meal. the establishment of the parasite in the foregut and the thoracic midgut of the vector was not severely affected by the intake of the second blood-meal. at 3 days after the intake of the second blood-meal, a rapid increase in the proportion of metacyclic promastigotes detected in the ... | 1994 | 7971928 |
| laboratory evaluation of chlorfluazuron against larval phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae). | laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of chlorfluazuron an insect growth-inhibitor against lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva). second- and third-instar l. longipalpis were exposed to four different doses (0.65, 0.75, 0.80, and 0.85 mg/ml) of chlorfluazuron added in the larval diet. a direct relationship between dose and larval mortality was observed. larval mortality was higher in younger larvae. in addition to larval mortality, reduced capacity of the adult femal ... | 1994 | 7962946 |
| correlates of the peridomestic abundance of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) in amazonian brazil. | abundance of the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis, the vector of leishmania chagasi, was surveyed using cdc light-suction traps in fifteen villages and 180 homesteads on marajó island, pará state, brazil. flies were most abundant in cultivated areas, secondary growth and open woodland, away from savanna grassland and forest. within homesteads, the abundance of flies in animal sheds was weakly associated with the number of hosts kept therein, and inversely related to the number elsewhere, both human ... | 1994 | 7949312 |
| leishmania amazonensis: sensitivity of different promastigote morphotypes to salivary gland homogenates of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis. | we have recently demonstrated that lutzomyia longipalpis salivary gland homogenates (sgh) inhibited the multiplication of leishmania promastigotes in vitro. the present work shows that leishmania amazonensis sensitivity to sgh is correlated to the phase of promastigote in vitro growth and can be decreased by the addition of hemin to the culture medium. the possible relevance of these in vitro results is discussed in relation to the development of leishmania parasites within their sand fly vector ... | 1995 | 7895828 |
| visceral leishmaniasis in teresina, state of piauí, brazil: preliminary observations on the detection and transmissibility of canine and sandfly infections. | a leishmania donovani-complex specific dna probe was used to confirm the widespread dissemination of amastigotes in apparently normal skin of dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis. when lutzomyia longipalpis were fed on abnormal skin of five naturally infected dogs 57 of 163 (35%) flies became infected: four of 65 flies (6%) became infected when fed on apparently normal skin. the bite of a single sandfly that had fed seven days previously on a naturally infected dog transmitted the infection t ... | 1994 | 7885238 |
| laboratory and field evaluations of a repellent soap containing diethyl toluamide (deet) and permethrin against phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) in valle del cauca, colombia. | the repellency and insecticidal efficacy of nopikex, a soap formulation containing 20% diethyl toluamide and 0.5% permethrin, was evaluated against a laboratory colony of phlebotomine sand flies (lutzomyia longipalpis). the repellency of nopikex soap was also compared with that of a placebo soap against another species (lu. youngi) in a forest near tulua, valle del cauca, colombia. in laboratory trials of the soap, no reduction in repellency was seen 4 hr after application, but within 8 hr, repe ... | 1995 | 7872447 |
| attraction of lutzomyia longipalpis to human skin odours. | male and female lutzomyia longipalpis sandfiles showed attraction to human skin emanations placed on warmed glass petri dishes. unfed virgin females were more strongly attracted than males, which also showed attraction. four human subjects were tested and significant variation was found between the numbers of sandflies attracted to their skin emanations. this suggests that some individuals were more attractive than others. there was a significant difference between the response shown by sandflie ... | 1994 | 7841492 |
| preliminary observations on the diagnosis and transmissibility of canine visceral leishmaniasis in teresina, n.e. brazil. | a pilot group of 49 dogs and control groups from non-endemic areas were examined serologically for the presence of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) by direct agglutination test (dat), indirect immunofluorescence (ifat) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and dot-elisa. results indicated that dat is less sensitive than the other assays and that serology with filter paper blood samples is less sensitive than with serum. promastigote infections were common in fed lutzomyia longipalpis taken from a ... | 1993 | 7802502 |
| a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in the phlebotomine sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis. | 1995 | 7787233 | |
| seasonal abundance of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) at an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in colombia. | ecological studies on the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) were conducted during 1990-1993 in a small rural community in colombia where american visceral leishmaniasis is endemic. standardized weekly sand fly collections made from pigpens and natural resting sites displayed a bimodal annual abundance cycle, with a small peak occurring in october-november and a larger one in april-may. time series analysis was employed to quantify the associations between sand fly abundance and weath ... | 1995 | 7650717 |
| species composition and relative abundance of sand flies of the genus lutzomyia (diptera: psychodidae) at an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in colombia. | ecological studies on the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) were conducted during 1990-1993 at a small rural community in colombia where american visceral leishmaniasis is endemic. weekly sand fly collections were made from pigpens, houses, and natural resting sites, using hand-held aspirators, sticky (oiled) paper traps, and opossum-baited disney traps. in total, 263,094 sand flies were collected; l. longipalpis predominated (86.1%), followed by l. trinidadensis (11.0%), l. cayennen ... | 1995 | 7650716 |
| sugar meal sources for the phlebotomine sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis in ceará state, brazil. | in the brazilian village of boqueirão do renato parente, ceará state, where visceral leishmaniasis is endemic, significant variation in the abundance of phlebotomine sandflies between different types of vegetation was demonstrated by castor oil sticky trap collections. population densities of lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) sandflies were higher in beans and maize crops than in the surrounding open and tree scrub. significant relationships were detected between the abundances of sandflies a ... | 1995 | 7548943 |
| age structure, blood-feeding behavior, and leishmania chagasi infection in lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) at an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in colombia. | ecological studies on the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) were conducted during 1990-1992 in a small rural community in colombia where american visceral leishmaniasis (avl) is endemic. subsamples of sand flies collected weekly from pigpens, the interior of houses, and natural outdoor resting sites were dissected to determine physiological age and leishmania chagasi cunha & chagas infection rates. eleven female l. longipalpis had flagellates in their gut, 2 of which were successfull ... | 1995 | 7473616 |
| nocturnal activity patterns of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) at an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in colombia. | nocturnal activity of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) was studied from august 1991 to july 1992 in a small rural community in colombia where american visceral leishmaniasis is endemic. during 2 or 3 nights each month, sand flies were collected with hand-held aspirators each hour between 1730 and 0630 hours, from a pigpen and a cattle corral located 30 m apart. host-seeking activity of l. longipalpis adults was characterized by 2 general patterns: (1) adult sand fly activity inc ... | 1995 | 7473615 |
| functional morphology of the midgut of a sandfly as compared to other hematophagous nematocera. | the midgut epithelium of female lutzomyia longipalpis was investigated by means of electron microscopic morphometry before and during blood digestion. ultrastructure and cytological changes of the stomach cells upon blood feeding were generally similar to the ones described for phlebotomus longipes (gemetchu, 1974) and for mosquitoes (hecker, 1977). in addition, the quantitative composition of the cells resembled the one of mosquitoes in many respects. despite some morphological differences in t ... | 1982 | 7170711 |
| laboratory tests of repellents against lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae). | 1982 | 7086853 | |
| development of a continuous cell line from the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae), and its susceptibility to infection with arboviruses. | 1983 | 6842527 | |
| replication of rift valley fever virus in the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis. | rift valley fever virus was shown to replicate in lutzomyia longipalpis after intrathoracic inoculation. viral titers peaked at approximately 4 days postinoculation [mean titer = 10(4.0) plaque forming units (pfu)] and remained relatively constant through day 7. a minimum of 6 of 326 sand flies transmitted virus by bite to susceptible hamsters after 5-9 days of extrinsic incubation. viral titers of sand flies exposed per os declined steadily through day 9. none of 378 flies that had ingested app ... | 1984 | 6711746 |
| a simple method for experimental infection of phlebotomine sand flies with leishmania. | mouse macrophages, grown in continuous cell culture at 37 degrees c, were inoculated with the promastigote stage of various human pathogenic leishmania species. under these culture conditions, the parasites rapidly entered the cells and transformed into amastigotes. two or 3 days after inoculation, the infected macrophages were mixed with washed human erythrocytes and were fed to female sand flies (phlebotomus papatasi and lutzomyia longipalpis) through a chick skin membrane. within 7-10 days af ... | 1984 | 6696182 |
| a simple technique for mass rearing lutzomyia longipalpis and phlebotomus papatasi (diptera: psychodidae) in the laboratory. | 1983 | 6644754 | |
| leishmaniasis in brazil. xix: visceral leishmaniasis in the amazon region, and the presence of lutzomyia longipalpis on the island of marajó, pará state. | sporadic cases of visceral leishmaniasis in amazonian brazil appear limited to pará state, in the lower amazon valley and principally near the atlantic coast. the fox cerdocyon thous (l.) has been incriminated as a natural host of the causative parasite, leishmania donovani chagasi, but past doubts have existed over the identification of the most likely vector as lutzomyia (lutzomyia) longipalpis (lutz & neiva, 1912). investigations on two of five recent cases of visceral leishmaniasis of man in ... | 1983 | 6623589 |
| leishmania infections in lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera:psychodidae) on the island of são luis, maranhão state, brazil. | dissection of lutzomyia longipalpis, captured in the são luis focus of visceral leishmaniasis revealed a 1.8% promastigote infection rate. | 1984 | 6535920 |
| [ecology of lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva, 1912) and possibilities of the existence of visceral leishmaniasis in costa rica]. | a semiarid area of northwest costa rica where lutzomyia longipalpis is common in corrals around houses is described. monthly captures of the sandfly during two consecutive years for fixed periods of time indicated that the insect bites avidly cows, horses, pigs, dogs and humans. from a total of 14,215 specimens, 90.5% were males and the species is markedly more abundant during the dry season decreasing considerably when rain comes. the possibility that visceral leishmaniasis could become in the ... | 1984 | 6533420 |
| leishmanial infections in lutzomyia longipalpis and lu. antunesi (diptera: psychodidae) on the island of marajó, pará state, brazil. | 1984 | 6485061 | |
| blood leukocyte response in hosts parasitized by the hematophagous arthropods triatoma protracta and lutzomyia longipalpis. | the kinetics of peripheral blood basophil and eosinophil responses in guinea pigs to multiple infestation by nymphal and adult triatoma protracta (vessel feeder) and adult lutzomyia longipalpis (pool feeder) were examined. hosts exhibited significant blood basophil and eosinophil responses to feeding by both arthropods. basophilia was slow to develop and mild in intensity following primary triatoma infestation but exhibited immediate anamnestic-type responses to secondary infestation, with marke ... | 1984 | 6375409 |
| detection of promastigote stage-specific antigens on leishmania mexicana amazonensis developing in the midgut of lutzomyia longipalpis. | previously described monoclonal antibodies ix-if9-d8, ix-2h7-e10 and ix-5h9-c1 recognize promastigote stage-specific determinants present on externally exposed membrane proteins of axenically cultured leishmania mexicana amazonensis. in the present study, these antigens were demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence to be present on promastigotes found in the gut lumen of infected lutzoymia longipalpis. the presence of these antigens on promastigotes found in infected sandflies suggests that t ... | 1983 | 6359907 |
| the susceptibility of lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz and neiva), diptera, psychodidae, to artificial infection with three viruses of the phlebotomus fever group. | 1980 | 6257191 | |
| the susceptibility of the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva), diptera, phlebotomidae, to laboratory infection with bluetongue virus. | bluetongue virus multiplied in the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis after intrathoracic inoculation but not after oral ingestion of virus. the level of virus multiplication was lower than that observed in similar experiments with the north american vector of bluetongue, culicoides variipennis. inoculated sandflies did not transmit virus after 6 to 9 days incubation at 25 degrees c. it is unlikely that l. longipalpis would be important in the maintenance of bluetongue virus in the wild. | 1980 | 6247994 |
| carajas and maraba viruses, two new vesiculoviruses isolated from phlebotomine sand flies in brazil. | two new rhabdoviruses, designated carajas and maraba, are described. both were isolated from phlebotomine sand flies (lutzomyia spp.) collected in the amazon basin of brazil. one recovery of carajas virus was made from male sand flies. by complement-fixation and neutralization tests both agents were shown to be members of the vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) serogroup (genus vesiculovirus). the pathogenicity of the two viruses in mice and vero cells is similar to that of vsv-indiana and vsv-new ... | 1984 | 6091472 |
| studies on the biology of phleboviruses in sand flies (diptera: psychodidae). i. experimental infection of the vector. | this paper describes a series of experiments which were done to determine the behavior of 14 different phleboviruses in laboratory-reared sand flies (phlebotomus papatasi, p. perniciosus and lutzomyia longipalpis) after oral and parenteral infection. most of the viruses replicated in the sand flies after intrathoracic inoculation; however, the insects were quite refractory to oral infection. six of 11 phleboviruses tested were transovarially transmitted in one or more sand fly species. the perce ... | 1984 | 6091466 |
| [the finding of lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz and neiva, 1912) in the state of são paulo, brazil. report]. | 1970 | 5528214 | |
| a laboratory culture of lutzomyia longipalpis. | 1973 | 4801753 | |
| chemical analysis of the abdominal glands of two forms of lutzomyia longipalpis: site of a possible sex pheromone? | 2014 | 4096569 | |
| development of infective stage leishmania promastigotes within phlebotomine sand flies. | midgut promastigotes were obtained from phlebotomus papatasi and lutzomyia longipalpis on days 3-7 after infection with cloned isolates of leishmania major and leishmania mexicana amazonensis, respectively, and examined as to their ability to initiate cutaneous infections in balb/c mice. sequential development of midgut promastigotes from a noninfective to an infective stage was confirmed for both the new world and old world species. the generation of infective promastigotes from rapidly dividin ... | 1985 | 4039899 |
| leishmaniasis in bolivia. i. lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva, 1912) as the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in los yungas. | a relatively high leishmanial infection rate was found in the phlebotomine sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis collected from three villages of the los yungas region (department of la paz, bolivia). 2,578 female sandflies were dissected. in three houses surveyed in santa barbara promastigote infection rates of lu. longipalpis were 4.2, 2.2 and 3.2% respectively. anatomical localization of the infection in the insect, and biochemical characterization of the strains indicate that the parasite belongs to ... | 1985 | 4002292 |
| leishmaniasis in brazil. xxi. visceral leishmaniasis in the amazon region and further observations on the role of lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva, 1912) as the vector. | further evidence is presented incriminating the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis as the vector of leishmania chagasi, the causative agent of american visceral leishmaniasis, in the amazon region of brazil. during an outbreak of the disease in santarém, pará state, this insect was shown to be the only species of sandfly consistently present in and around the patient's homes, where it often occurred in very large numbers. of 491 specimens dissected, 35 (7.14%) proved to be infected, and isolates of l ... | 1985 | 4002291 |
| mechanical transmission of rift valley fever virus by hematophagous diptera. | experimental studies were conducted to determine if hematophagous diptera were capable of mechanical transmission of rift valley fever (rvf) virus to laboratory animals. all species tested (glossina morsitans, aedes aegypti, aedes taeniorhynchus, culex pipiens, stomoxys calcitrans, lutzomyia longipalpis, and culicoides variipennis) mechanically transmitted the virus to hamsters. mechanical transmission rates for g. morsitans ranged from 0-100%, with the probability of mechanical transmission pos ... | 1985 | 3970308 |
| flagellates in the malpighian tubules of laboratory-bred lutzomyia longipalpis fed on a hamster experimentally infected with leishmania mexicana amazonensis. | as a preparatory stage for a study aiming at identifying the species and subspecies of local leishmania in naturally infected sandflies through immunoradiometric assay with monoclonal antibodies, we tried to obtain experimental infections of phlebotomines with well characterized stocks of parasites, in order to test the effectiveness of the method. | 1985 | 3837172 |
| the retained capacity of lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) to transmit leishmania chagasi (cunha & chagas) after eight years (64 generations) in a closed laboratory colony. | a closed lutzomyia longipalpis colony, from ceará has been used to transmit leishmania chagasi isolated from a fox in pará state. the last time this colony was successfully used in similar transmission experiments was eight years (64 generations) ago indicating that this colony of lu. longipalpis has fully maintained its vectorial capacity in spite of such a long period of maintainance in the laboratory. | 1985 | 3837170 |
| experimental infection of lutzomyia longipalpis fed on a patient with cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania mexicana amazonensis. | 1986 | 3796279 | |
| genetic isolating mechanisms between different forms of the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae). | 1986 | 3752826 | |
| leishmaniasis in brazil. xxii: characterization of leishmania from man, dogs and the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva, 1912) isolated during an outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis in santarém, pará state. | during epidemiological studies on an outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis in santarém, pará state, north brazil, isolates of leishmania from two children, three dogs and six naturally infected specimens of the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis were compared, biochemically, by starch-gel enzyme electrophoresis. they have proved to be indistinguishable from each other, and from a reference strain of leishmania chagasi cunha & chagas, 1937 from a case of human visceral leishmaniasis from bahia state, nor ... | 1986 | 3726975 |
| detection and enumeration of leishmania in sand flies using agar-based media. | an agar plating technique was used to determine the number of amastigotes ingested by lutzomyia longipalpis fed on papules on mesocricetus auratus caused by leishmania mexicana amazonensis and on lesions on mystromys albicaudatus caused by leishmania braziliensis panamensis. the technique involved homogenizing sand flies after bloodfeeding on the infected animals and spreading the homogenate over the surface of agar plates. a great variation in the number of amastigotes ingested by individual sa ... | 1987 | 3688307 |
| a method for the purification of leishmania promastigotes from infected phlebotomine sandflies. | we describe a method for the purification of leishmania promastigotes, isolated from infected sandflies (lutzomyia longipalpis) using a discontinuous density centrifugation gradient (percoll/homem). the sandflies, infected seven days previously with leishmania donovani chagasi or leishmania mexicana mexicana from culture, were homogenized and centrifuged on a percoll discontinuous gradient. five interface bands were formed, and most of the promastigotes settled out at the interface between the ( ... | 1987 | 3675038 |
| [biology of lutzomyia intermedia lutz & neiva, 1912 and lutzomyia longipalpis lutz & neiva, 1912 (diptera, psychodidae), under experimental conditions. i. feeding aspects of larvae and adults]. | to improve our knowledge on the breeding and behaviour of sandflies in captivity, we established closed colonies of lutzomyia intermedia and lutzomyia longipalpis. data are here presented on the feeding preferences of larvae and adults and their influence on the development and survival of each species. fish food is accepted by the larvae of both species; it is easily available, unexpensive and does not encourage the growth of fungi. the larvae of both species, in all stages accepted food of veg ... | 1986 | 3613978 |
| destruction of leishmania mexicana amazonensis promastigotes by normal human serum. | fresh normal human serum was observed to have a lethal effect on leishmania mexicana amazonensis promastigotes obtained from laboratory-bred lutzomyia longipalpis or on promastigotes grown in liquid culture medium, inoculated with the same isolates. heat inactivation abolished the leishmania lytic activity from the sera. resistance of culture promastigotes to lysis by normal human serum was investigated in three isolates of l. m. amazonensis. development of resistance (up to 7%) was found in onl ... | 1987 | 3605505 |
| a practical method for mass breeding of sandflies in the laboratory: lutzomyia intermedia (lutz & neiva, 1912) and lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva, 1912) (diptera, psychodidae). | 2003 | 3507576 | |
| observations on the development of leishmania (l.) chagasi cunha and chagas in the midgut of the sandfly vector lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz and neiva). | previous observations have shown that forms of leishmania, infective to hamsters, are present in the midgut of experimentally infected sandflies from 15-221 hours after the infective bloodmeal. in a continuation of these studies, stained smears of the midgut contents of lutzomyia longipalpis infected with leishmania (l.) chagasi, made at intervals between 15-120 hours, revealed two lines of parasite development. one of these is the direct transformation of small, non-dividing amastigotes into ve ... | 1988 | 3421641 |
| feeding-site selection of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) on mice infected with leishmania mexicana amazonensis. | 1988 | 3404541 | |
| salivary gland lysates from the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis enhance leishmania infectivity. | leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. the role of sand fly saliva in transmission of the disease was investigated by injecting mice with leishmania major parasites in the presence of homogenized salivary glands from lutzomyia longipalpis. this procedure resulted in cutaneous lesions of leishmania major that were routinely five to ten times as large and contained as much as 5000 times as many parasites as controls. with inocula consisting of low numbers of l ... | 1988 | 3344436 |
| susceptibility of lutzomyia longipalpis to deltamethrin. | 2012 | 3271938 | |
| natural infection of humans, animals, and phlebotomine sand flies with the alagoas serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus in colombia. | five isolations of the alagoas serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus (rhabdoviridae: vesiculovirus) were made from naturally infected phlebotomine sand flies (lutzomyia spp.) collected in colombia. these are the first isolations of alagoas virus from an arthropod. replication of the virus occurred in laboratory-reared sand flies (lutzomyia longipalpis) after inoculation. bite and transovarial transmission of the virus was also demonstrated in experimentally infected sand flies. alagoas virus ne ... | 1987 | 3034087 |
| chemical analysis of compounds extracted from the tergal "spots" of lutzomyia longipalpis from brazil. | the chemical composition of the compounds contained in the tergal spots of lutzomyia longipalpis was investigated. four populations of l. longipalpis were examined, originating from: sobral, ceará, brazil (one spot and two spot populations), santarém, pará, brazil (one spot) and marajó island, pará, brazil (one spot). the tergal spots were dissected out, extracted in hexane and analysed on a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer. two compounds were found, identical to compounds found in earlier st ... | 1986 | 2877553 |
| blood-finding strategy of a capillary-feeding sandfly, lutzomyia longipalpis. | salivary gland homogenates of adult female lutzomyia longipalpis inhibited platelet aggregation induced by adp and collagen. apyrase (atp diphosphohydrolase) activity was prominent, requiring ca2+ but not mg2+ and a ph optimum of 8.0. human as well as rabbit hosts developed a well delimited erythema, evident 2-3 min after initial probing and lasting for as long as 2 days. erythema, not accompanied by itching or swelling, developed in previously exposed hosts as well as in those not previously ex ... | 1986 | 2870860 |
| ultrastructural development of leishmania chagasi in its vector, lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae). | the development of leishmania chagasi, etiologic agent of american visceral leishmaniasis, was studied by light and electron microscopy in the gut of the sand fly, lutzomyia longipalpis, a natural vector. new aspects of suprapylarian leishmania behavior were elucidated. in the sand fly midgut, amastigotes transformed into promastigotes (division promastigote i) during a first division sequence within the bloodmeal. secondary division of these promastigotes resulted in a second form (division pro ... | 1989 | 2802019 |
| a novel vasodilatory peptide from the salivary glands of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis. | salivary gland lysates of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis contain a potent vasodilator that aids the fly to feed on the blood of its vertebrate hosts. chromatographic analysis, antibody reactivity, and data obtained from bioassays of the salivary erythema-inducing factor indicate striking similarity with human calcitonin gene-related peptide. the erythema-inducing factor is, however, at least one order of magnitude more potent than calcitonin gene-related peptide. | 1989 | 2783496 |
| experimental infection of old and new world phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) with ascogregarina chagasi (eugregarinorida: lecudinidae). | the aseptate gregarine, ascogregarina chagasi (adler and mayrink), found in a colombian strain of lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz and neiva), was fed to the larvae of seven species of laboratory-bred sand flies: phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli), p. argentipes annandale and brunetti, p. perniciosus newstead, l. serrana (damasceno and arouck), l. abonnenci (floch and chassignet), l. columbiana (ristorcelli and van ty), and a gregarine-free brazilian strain of l. longipalpis. trophozoites of the gregarin ... | 1989 | 2769700 |
| an immune response-dependent mechanism for the vertical transmission of an entomopathogen. | an exceptionally efficient mechanism for the vertical transmission of a parasitic gregarine is dependent on the insect host's immune response. gametocysts of ascogregarina chagasi on the genital accessory glands of adult female sand flies (lutzomyia longipalpis) become encapsulated through hemocyte-mediated immune reactions. oocysts of a. chagasi, ejected into the lumen of the glands owing to pressure exerted by this capsule, become glued to eggshells and are subsequently ingested by larvae. in ... | 1989 | 2759214 |
| epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in colombia. | epidemiologic studies were conducted during the period 1986-1988 in a small rural community in colombia (el callejon) where visceral leishmaniasis is highly endemic. in this community of 185 people, 14 cases of infantile visceral leishmaniasis were diagnosed in the 9 years 1981-1988. leishmanin skin testing of a sample of the human residents showed that prevalence of leishmania chagasi infection increased with age; overall, 51.2% of the subjects had a positive reaction. a canine surveillance pro ... | 1989 | 2729506 |
| [impact of the spraying of deltamethrin in a focus of leishmaniasis in bolivia]. | after one month of entomological observations to record pretreatment data, a sub andean village of yungas, bolivia (alt. 1500 m) was sprayed at the beginning of the rainy season (january 1987). houses were treated inside and outside with deltamethrin at 0.025 g/sq.m.; kennels, hen-houses and stacks of adobe were also sprayed in the same way. as a result of the treatment, lutzomyia longipalpis, the local vector of visceral leishmaniasis, disappeared from houses and animal shelters for 9 and 10 mo ... | 1989 | 2610530 |
| laboratory response of female lutzomyia longipalpis sandflies to a host and male pheromone source over distance. | a nylon net cage (260 x 40 x 40 cm) provided with unidirectional air flow was used to demonstrate the response of female sandflies, lutzomyia longipalpis lutz & neiva (diptera: psychodidae) to a host and extract of male pheromone glands over a distance of 240 cm. females responded more rapidly and in greater numbers to the host if male pheromone was present. results suggest that one function of the pheromone may be to attract females from some distance to a common mating site, on or near the hos ... | 1989 | 2519666 |
| histology and ultrastructure of pheromone secreting glands in males of the phlebotomine sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis. | well-defined pheromone-producing glands are present on the third and fourth abdominal segments of male lutzomyia longipalpis. each gland consists of numerous large secretory cells. the individual cells have a complicated 'end-apparatus' and central reservoir which are connected directly to the exterior via a small chitinized duct. this is the first ultrastructural study of pheromone secreting cells of diptera. | 1990 | 2331176 |
| response of female sandflies (lutzomyia longipalpis) to pheromone-baited sticky traps in the laboratory. | response of virgin female lutzomyia longipalpis lutz & nevia (diptera: psychodidae), contained in a 60-cm3 net cage, to sticky traps was significantly greater when the traps were baited with extract of male pheromone glands. results confirm that the response of females to male pheromone does not necessarily depend upon the presence of a host. | 1990 | 2331175 |
| studies on sandfly fauna (diptera: psychodidae) in a foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in mesquita, rio de janeiro state, brazil. | in a study on vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in mesquita, rio de janeiro state, brazil, eleven species of sandflies were found: lutzomyia longipalpis, l. fischeri, l. quinquefer, l. intermedia, l. whitmani, l. shannoni, l. cortelezzii, l. edwardsi, l. migonei, l. lanei and l. firmatoi. lutzomyia intermedia was the predominant species. it was collected indoors but in much higher numbers outdoors, in the close vicinity of houses. in comparative captures it was found to feed more frequently on ... | 1990 | 2215232 |
| amazonian visceral leishmaniasis--distribution of the vector lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) in relation to the fox cerdocyon thous (linn.) and the efficiency of this reservoir host as a source of infection. | 1990 | 2215228 | |
| susceptibility of laboratory-reared female lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva, 1912) to infection by different species and strains of leishmania ross, 1903. | a study was undertaken to compare the susceptibility of laboratory-reared female lutzomyia longipalpis to infection by different species or strains of new world leishmania. the sand flies proved to be highly susceptible to infection by a strain of le. guyanensis, with flagellates developing in all (18/18) of the specimens examined. a lower infection rate of 37% (10/27) was recorded in flies exposed to infection by a strain of le. amazonensis. flagellates developed in 13% (6/46) of the sand flies ... | 1990 | 2152197 |
| isolation of maxadilan, a potent vasodilatory peptide from the salivary glands of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis. | blood feeding by the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis is aided by the presence of a vasodilator in its salivary glands. this novel vasodilator has been isolated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. ten nanograms of the vasodilator are present in the extract of a pair of sand fly salivary glands. it has 500 times the vasodilatory activity of calcitonin gene-related peptide, previously the most potent vasodilator peptide known. this novel peptide is thus called maxadilan. | 1991 | 2040631 |