Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| the effect of parental rearing conditions on offspring life history in anopheles stephensi. | the environmental conditions experienced by parents are increasingly recognized to impact the success of offspring. little is known on the presence of such parental effects in anopheles. if present, parental effects could influence mosquito breeding programmes, some malaria control measures and have epidemiological and evolutionary consequences. | 2007 | 17892562 |
| interdependence of domestic malaria prevention measures and mosquito-human interactions in urban dar es salaam, tanzania. | successful malaria vector control depends on understanding behavioural interactions between mosquitoes and humans, which are highly setting-specific and may have characteristic features in urban environments. here mosquito biting patterns in dar es salaam, tanzania are examined and the protection against exposure to malaria transmission that is afforded to residents by using an insecticide-treated net (itn) is estimated. | 2007 | 17880679 |
| age-structured gametocyte allocation links immunity to epidemiology in malaria parasites. | despite a long history of attempts to model malaria epidemiology, the over-riding conclusion is that a detailed understanding of host-parasite interactions leading to immunity is required. it is still not known what governs the duration of an infection and how within-human parasite dynamics relate to malaria epidemiology. | 2007 | 17850648 |
| malaria in africa: vector species' niche models and relative risk maps. | a central theoretical goal of epidemiology is the construction of spatial models of disease prevalence and risk, including maps for the potential spread of infectious disease. we provide three continent-wide maps representing the relative risk of malaria in africa based on ecological niche models of vector species and risk analysis at a spatial resolution of 1 arc-minute (9 185 275 cells of approximately 4 sq km). using a maximum entropy method we construct niche models for 10 malaria vector spe ... | 2007 | 17786196 |
| participatory mapping of target areas to enable operational larval source management to suppress malaria vector mosquitoes in dar es salaam, tanzania. | half of the population of africa will soon live in towns and cities where it can be protected from malaria by controlling aquatic stages of mosquitoes. rigorous but affordable and scaleable methods for mapping and managing mosquito habitats are required to enable effective larval control in urban africa. | 2007 | 17784963 |
| evaluation of antibody response to plasmodium falciparum in children according to exposure of anopheles gambiae s.l or anopheles funestus vectors. | in sub-saharan areas, malaria transmission was mainly ensured by anopheles. gambiae s.l. and anopheles. funestus vectors. the immune response status to plasmodium falciparum was evaluated in children living in two villages where malaria transmission was ensured by dissimilar species of anopheles vectors (an. funestus vs an. gambiae s.l.). | 2007 | 17764568 |
| patterns of selection in anti-malarial immune genes in malaria vectors: evidence for adaptive evolution in lrim1 in anopheles arabiensis. | co-evolution between plasmodium species and its vectors may result in adaptive changes in genes that are crucial components of the vector's defense against the pathogen. by analyzing which genes show evidence of positive selection in malaria vectors, but not in closely related non-vectors, we can identify genes that are crucial for the mosquito's resistance against plasmodium. | 2007 | 17726523 |
| influence of biological and physicochemical characteristics of larval habitats on the body size of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) along the kenyan coast. | the number and productivity of larval habitats ultimately determine the density of adult mosquitoes. the biological and physicochemical conditions at the larval habitat affect larval development hence affecting the adult body size. the influence of biological and physicochemical characteristics on the body size of anopheles gambiae was assessed in jaribuni village, kilifi district along the kenyan coast. | 2007 | 17722866 |
| effect of discriminative plant-sugar feeding on the survival and fecundity of anopheles gambiae. | a previous study showed for anopheles gambiae s.s. a gradation of feeding preference on common plant species growing in a malaria holoendemic area in western kenya. the present follow-up study determines whether there is a relationship between the mosquito's preferences and its survival and fecundity. | 2007 | 17711580 |
| detection of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in anopheles gambiae: a comparison of two new high-throughput assays with existing methods. | knockdown resistance (kdr) is a well-characterized mechanism of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in many insect species and is caused by point mutations of the pyrethroid target site the para-type sodium channel. the presence of kdr mutations in anopheles gambiae, the most important malaria vector in africa, has been monitored using a variety of molecular techniques. however, there are few reports comparing the performance of these different assays. in this study, two new high-throughput as ... | 2007 | 17697325 |
| abo blood group system and placental malaria in an area of unstable malaria transmission in eastern sudan. | understanding the pathogenesis of malaria in pregnancy and its consequences for both the mother and the baby is fundamental for improving malaria control in pregnant women. | 2007 | 17692119 |
| spatial and temporal genetic structure of anopheles arabiensis in southern zambia over consecutive wet and drought years. | no studies have addressed the spatial complexity of anopheles arabiensis populations in zambia or the effects of drought on the genetic structure of this species. we genotyped approximately 420 an. arabiensis at 12 microsatellite loci representing 18 collections from the southern province of zambia. collections spanned three transmission seasons and covered a wet year-drought year-wet year cycle. anopheles arabiensis within the 2,000 km(2) of the macha study region were panmictic, with high gene ... | 2007 | 17690405 |
| role of cattle treated with deltamethrine in areas with a high population of anopheles arabiensis in moshi, northern tanzania. | malaria control measures were initiated from in october 2005 to august 2006 in the lower moshi irrigation schemes, tanzania. this manuscript reports on the entomological evaluation of the impact of pyrethroid-treated cattle in reducing the population of the anopheles arabiensis for selected houses in the lower moshi irrigation scheme. | 2007 | 17686176 |
| predatory capacity of a shorefly, ochthera chalybescens, on malaria vectors. | since ochthera chalybescens had been reported to prey on african malaria vectors, the predatory capacity of adults of this species on anopheles gambiae sensu stricto was explored. | 2007 | 17683604 |
| disruption of plasmodium falciparum development by antibodies against a conserved mosquito midgut antigen. | malaria parasites must undergo development within mosquitoes to be transmitted to a new host. antivector transmission-blocking vaccines inhibit parasite development by preventing ookinete interaction with mosquito midgut ligands. therefore, the discovery of novel midgut antigen targets is paramount. jacalin (a lectin) inhibits ookinete attachment by masking glycan ligands on midgut epithelial surface glycoproteins. however, the identities of these midgut glycoproteins have remained unknown. here ... | 2007 | 17673553 |
| feeding and resting behaviour of malaria vector, anopheles arabiensis with reference to zooprophylaxis. | the most important factor for effective zooprophylaxis in reducing malaria transmission is a predominant population of a strongly zoophilic mosquito, anopheles arabiensis. the feeding preference behaviour of anopheline mosquitoes was evaluated in odour-baited entry trap (obet). | 2007 | 17663787 |
| application of the lumped age-class technique to studying the dynamics of malaria-mosquito-human interactions. | a series of models of malaria-mosquito-human interactions using the lumped age-class technique of gurney & nisbet are developed. the models explicitly include sub-adult mosquito dynamics and assume that population regulation occurs at the larval stage. a challenge for modelling mosquito dynamics in continuous time is that the insect has discrete life-history stages (egg, larva, pupa & adult), the sub-adult stages of relatively fixed duration, which are subject to very different demographic rates ... | 2007 | 17663757 |
| integrated pest management: the push-pull approach for controlling insect pests and weeds of cereals, and its potential for other agricultural systems including animal husbandry. | this paper describes the 'push-pull' or 'stimulo-deterrent diversionary' strategy in relation to current and potential examples from our own experiences. the push-pull effect is established by exploiting semiochemicals to repel insect pests from the crop ('push') and to attract them into trap crops ('pull'). the systems exemplified here have been developed for subsistence farming in africa and delivery of the semiochemicals is entirely by companion cropping, i.e. intercropping for the push and t ... | 2008 | 17652071 |
| ecology of invasive mosquitoes: effects on resident species and on human health. | investigations of biological invasions focus on patterns and processes that are related to introduction, establishment, spread and impacts of introduced species. this review focuses on the ecological interactions operating during invasions by the most prominent group of insect vectors of disease, mosquitoes. first, we review characteristics of non-native mosquito species that have established viable populations, and those invasive species that have spread widely and had major impacts, testing wh ... | 2005 | 17637849 |
| locus- and population-specific selection and differentiation between incipient species of anopheles gambiae. | anopheles gambiae, the primary mosquito vector of malaria in sub-saharan africa, is divided into 2 sympatric incipient species known as m form and s form. recent genomic analysis of each form revealed that differentiation between forms is clustered into 3 unlinked regions of the genome. here, we expand the investigation of these "genomic islands of speciation" to multiple populations, including all of the genes across one of the islands. differentiation between the m and s forms in 2 of the isla ... | 2007 | 17636041 |
| a preliminary test of the protective efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets in an area of anopheles gambiae metabolic resistance to pyrethroids in north cameroon. | a trial of permethrin-treated nets (ptns) versus untreated nets (utns) was conducted in pitoa (north cameroon), where the main malaria vectors, anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles arabiensis, show metabolic-based permethrin resistance. the deterrent effect of permethrin greatly reduced a. gambiae biting rate inside rooms where ptns were installed. after 3 months of net use, malaria reinfection rate was significantly lower in children sleeping under a ptn, but no such effect was observed after 6 ... | 2007 | 17632192 |
| exploring the contributions of bed nets, cattle, insecticides and excitorepellency to malaria control: a deterministic model of mosquito host-seeking behaviour and mortality. | domestic and personal protection measures against malaria exposure either divert host-seeking vectors to other hosts or kill those attempting to feed. here, we explicitly model mosquito host-seeking processes in the context of local host availability and elucidate the impacts and mechanisms of pyrethroid-treated bed nets in africa. it has been suggested that excitorepellent insecticides could increase exposure of unprotected humans by concentrating mosquito biting activity on this vulnerable gro ... | 2007 | 17631372 |
| a major genetic locus controlling natural plasmodium falciparum infection is shared by east and west african anopheles gambiae. | genetic linkage mapping identified a region of chromosome 2l in the anopheles gambiae genome that exerts major control over natural infection by plasmodium falciparum. this 2l plasmodium-resistance interval was mapped in mosquitoes from a natural population in mali, west africa, and controls the numbers of p. falciparum oocysts that develop on the vector midgut. an important question is whether genetic variation with respect to plasmodium-resistance exists across africa, and if so whether the sa ... | 2007 | 17612409 |
| preventing childhood malaria in africa by protecting adults from mosquitoes with insecticide-treated nets. | malaria prevention in africa merits particular attention as the world strives toward a better life for the poorest. insecticide-treated nets (itns) represent a practical means to prevent malaria in africa, so scaling up coverage to at least 80% of young children and pregnant women by 2010 is integral to the millennium development goals (mdg). targeting individual protection to vulnerable groups is an accepted priority, but community-level impacts of broader population coverage are largely ignore ... | 0 | 17608562 |
| analysis of genetic polymorphism in select vaccine candidate antigens and microsatellite loci in plasmodium falciparum from endemic areas at varying altitudes. | plasmodium falciparum parasites obtained from symptomatic patients attending clinics in bindura (altitude 1100 m), chiredzi (600 m) and kariba (<600 m), previously reported to differ in malaria endemicity were genotyped on the msp-1, msp-2 and glurp loci to examine the extent of parasite genetic diversity. while the parasites were monomorphic for msp-1 allele ro33 from the three locations, the k1 allele was over-represented in kariba (p=0.02) and mad20 alleles occurred at a higher frequency in b ... | 2007 | 17568548 |
| microbial larvicides for malaria control in the gambia. | mosquito larval control may prove to be an effective tool for incorporating into integrated vector management (ivm) strategies for reducing malaria transmission. here the efficacy of microbial larvicides against anopheles gambiae s.l. was tested in preparation for a large-scale larviciding programme in the gambia. | 2007 | 17555570 |
| remote and field level quantification of vegetation covariates for malaria mapping in three rice agro-village complexes in central kenya. | we examined algorithms for malaria mapping using the impact of reflectance calibration uncertainties on the accuracies of three vegetation indices (vi)'s derived from quickbird data in three rice agro-village complexes mwea, kenya. we also generated inferential statistics from field sampled vegetation covariates for identifying riceland anopheles arabiensis during the crop season. all aquatic habitats in the study sites were stratified based on levels of rice stages; flooded, land preparation, p ... | 2007 | 17550620 |
| evaluation of four sampling techniques for surveillance of culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) and other mosquitoes in african rice agroecosystems. | field studies were conducted in a rice, oryza sativa l., agroecosystem in mwea kenya to compare the efficiency of co2-baited centers for disease control (cdc) light traps against nonbaited cdc light traps and gravid traps against oviposition traps in outdoor collection of culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae) and other mosquitoes. collectively, 21 mosquito species from the genera culex, anopheles, mansonia, ficalbia, and aedes were captured during the 10-wk study period. cx. quinquefas ... | 2007 | 17547238 |
| heavy metals in mosquito larval habitats in urban kisumu and malindi, kenya, and their impact. | concentrations and distribution of cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese and zinc in mosquito larval habitats in urban kisumu and malindi, kenya and their effect on the presence of anopheles gambiae, aedes aegypti, culex quinquefasciatus and anopheles funestus larvae were investigated. manganese and iron were the most prevalent heavy metals in water of larval habitats in urban kisumu and malindi, respectively. iron was the most prevalent heavy metal in bottom sediments in larval habit ... | 2008 | 17532467 |
| larvicidal effects of a neem (azadirachta indica) oil formulation on the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | larviciding is a key strategy used in many vector control programmes around the world. costs could be reduced if larvicides could be manufactured locally. the potential of natural products as larvicides against the main african malaria vector, anopheles gambiae s.s was evaluated. | 2007 | 17519000 |
| treatment-seeking behaviour for febrile illness in an area of seasonal malaria transmission in rural ethiopia. | very little is known about the management of malaria and treatment-seeking patterns among children and adults in areas of seasonal malaria transmission particularly in east africa. | 2007 | 17462087 |
| an exploratory study of community factors relevant for participatory malaria control on rusinga island, western kenya. | capacity strengthening of rural communities, and the various actors that support them, is needed to enable them to lead their own malaria control programmes. here the existing capacity of a rural community in western kenya was evaluated in preparation for a larger intervention. | 2007 | 17456231 |
| mosquito species succession and physicochemical factors affecting their abundance in rice fields in mwea, kenya. | the succession of mosquito species and abiotic factors affecting their distribution and abundance in rice (oryza spp.) fields was investigated over a 16-wk rice growing cycle covering the period between january and may 2006. fifteen experimental rice plots were sampled for mosquito larvae and characterized based on rice height, number of tillers, floating vegetation cover, water depth, water temperature, turbidity, salinity, ph, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, and conductivity. microsc ... | 2007 | 17427706 |
| late-acting dominant lethal genetic systems and mosquito control. | reduction or elimination of vector populations will tend to reduce or eliminate transmission of vector-borne diseases. one potential method for environmentally-friendly, species-specific population control is the sterile insect technique (sit). sit has not been widely used against insect disease vectors such as mosquitoes, in part because of various practical difficulties in rearing, sterilization and distribution. additionally, vector populations with strong density-dependent effects will tend ... | 2007 | 17374148 |
| insecticide resistance in the malarial mosquito anopheles arabiensis and association with the kdr mutation. | a colony of anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) from the sennar region of sudan was selected for resistance to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt). adults from the f-16 generation of the resistant strain were exposed to all four classes of insecticides approved for use in malaria vector control and showed high levels of resistance to them all (24-h mortalities: malathion, 16.7%; bendiocarb, 33.3%; ddt, 12.1%; dieldrin, 0%; deltamethrin, 24.0%; permethrin, 0%). comparisons between ... | 2007 | 17373952 |
| stable isotope-mass spectrometric determination of semen transfer in malaria mosquitoes. | the potential use of stable isotopes to study mosquito mating was investigated by tracing the fate of labelled semen into spermathecae. [(13)c]glucose was incorporated in the diet of the malaria mosquito anopheles arabiensis. treatments included labelling of either the larval water or adult sugar water, or a combination of both. after mating, ;spiked' spermathecae were analysed for isotope ratios using mass spectrometry. results demonstrated that spermathecae positive for semen could successfull ... | 2007 | 17371925 |
| indoor collections of the anopheles funestus group (diptera: culicidae) in sprayed houses in northern kwazulu-natal, south africa. | insecticide resistance in malaria vector mosquitoes presents a serious problem for those involved in control of this disease. south africa experienced a severe malaria epidemic during 1999/2000 due to pyrethroid resistance in the major vector anopheles funestus. subsequent monitoring and surveillance of mosquito populations were conducted as part of the malaria vector control programme. | 2007 | 17359529 |
| the anopheles dirus complex: spatial distribution and environmental drivers. | the anopheles dirus complex includes efficient malaria vectors of the asian forested zone. studies suggest ecological and biological differences between the species of the complex but variations within species suggest possible environmental influences. behavioural variation might determine vector capacity and adaptation to changing environment. it is thus necessary to clarify the species distributions and the influences of environment on behavioural heterogeneity. | 2007 | 17341297 |
| identification of field caught anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis by taqman single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping. | identification of anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis from field-collected anopheles gambiae s.l. is often necessary in basic and applied research, and in operational control programmes. the currently accepted method involves use of standard polymerase chain reaction amplification of ribosomal dna (rdna) from the 3' 28s to 5' intergenic spacer region of the genome, and visual confirmation of amplicons of predicted size on agarose gels, after electrophoresis. this report describes dev ... | 2007 | 17326831 |
| seasonality, blood feeding behavior, and transmission of plasmodium falciparum by anopheles arabiensis after an extended drought in southern zambia. | transmission of plasmodium falciparum is hyperendemic in southern zambia. however, no data on the entomologic aspects of malaria transmission have been published from zambia in more than 25 years. we evaluated seasonal malaria transmission by anopheles arabiensis and an. funestus s.s. and characterized the blood feeding behavior of an. arabiensis in two village areas. transmission during the 2004-2005 rainy season was nearly zero because of widespread drought. during 2005-2006, the estimated ent ... | 2007 | 17297034 |
| sampling outdoor, resting anopheles gambiae and other mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in western kenya with clay pots. | clay pots were analyzed as devices for sampling the outdoor resting fraction of anopheles gambiae giles (diptera: culicidae) and other mosquito species in a rural, western kenya. clay pots (anopheles gambiae resting pots, herein agrepots), outdoor pit shelters, indoor pyrethrum spray collections (psc), and colombian curtain exit traps were compared in collections done biweekly for nine intervals from april to june 2005 in 20 housing compounds. of 10,517 mosquitoes sampled, 4,668 an. gambiae s.l. ... | 2007 | 17294916 |
| mapping a quantitative trait locus (qtl) conferring pyrethroid resistance in the african malaria vector anopheles funestus. | pyrethroid resistance in anopheles funestus populations has led to an increase in malaria transmission in southern africa. resistance has been attributed to elevated activities of cytochrome p450s but the molecular basis underlying this metabolic resistance is unknown. microsatellite and snp markers were used to construct a linkage map and to detect a quantitative trait locus (qtl) associated with pyrethroid resistance in the fumoz-r strain of an. funestus from mozambique. | 2007 | 17261170 |
| mosquito larval habitats in a semiarid ecosystem in eritrea: impact of larval habitat management on anopheles arabiensis population. | this study investigated the impact of larval management and the temporal variation in larval productivity in eritrea, a semiarid ecosystem. results of this study show that mosquito breeding persists throughout the year mainly in stream bed pools. anopheles arabiensis production in the ephemeral natural aquatic habitats such the streambed pools was high throughout the year and negatively associated with rainfall (r = -0.288, p = 0.047). high densities of an. arabiensis larvae were also recorded f ... | 2007 | 17255237 |
| environmental abundance of anopheles (diptera: culicidae) larval habitats on land cover change sites in karima village, mwea rice scheme, kenya. | a study was carried out at karima village in the mwea rice irrigation scheme in kenya to assess the impact of rice husbandry and associated land cover change for mosquito larval abundance. a multi-temporal, land use land cover (lulc) classification dataset incorporating distributions of anopheles arabiensis aquatic larval habitats was produced in erdas imagine version 8.7 using combined images from ikonos at 4m spatial resolution from 2005 and landsat thematic mapper (tm)trade mark classificatio ... | 2007 | 17255233 |
| seven years of regional malaria control collaboration--mozambique, south africa, and swaziland. | the lubombo spatial development initiative is a joint development program between the governments of mozambique, swaziland, and south africa, which includes malaria control as a core component of the initiative. vector control through indoor residual spraying (irs) was incrementally introduced in southern mozambique between november 2000 and february 2004. surveillance to monitor its impact was conducted by annual cross-sectional surveys to assess the prevalence of plasmodium falciparum infectio ... | 2007 | 17255227 |
| an elaborated feeding cycle model for reductions in vectorial capacity of night-biting mosquitoes by insecticide-treated nets. | insecticide treated nets (itns) are an important tool for malaria control. itns are effective because they work on several parts of the mosquito feeding cycle, including both adult killing and repelling effects. | 2007 | 17254339 |
| dynamics of immature stages of anopheles arabiensis and other mosquito species (diptera: culicidae) in relation to rice cropping in a rice agro-ecosystem in kenya. | we determined changes in species composition and densities of immature stages of anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes in relation to rice growth cycle in order to generate data for developing larval control strategies in rice ecosystems. experimental rice paddies (6.3m x 3.15m) exposed to natural colonization of mosquitoes were sampled weekly for two rice growing cycles between february 2004 and march 2005. overall, 21,325 anopheles larvae were collected, of which 91.9% were 1st and 2nd instars and 8 ... | 2006 | 17249341 |
| host choice and human blood index of anopheles pseudopunctipennis in a village of the andean valleys of bolivia. | the human blood index (hbi, proportion of bloodmeals of a mosquito population obtained from man) is relevant to epidemiological assessment and to the modification of measures to interrupt malaria transmission since the vectorial capacity of the vector varies as the square of the hbi. anopheles pseudopunctipennis is a main malaria vector in south america. unfortunately, few data exist concerning hbi values in its range of distribution and none from bolivia where this species is considered as an i ... | 2007 | 17241459 |
| malaria vectors and transmission dynamics in coastal south-western cameroon. | malaria is a major public health problem in cameroon. unlike in the southern forested areas where the epidemiology of malaria has been better studied prior to the implementation of control activities, little is known about the distribution and role of anophelines in malaria transmission in the coastal areas. | 2007 | 17233883 |
| blood-feeding behaviour of the malarial mosquito anopheles arabiensis: implications for vector control. | feeding behaviour of the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) was monitored for 12 months (march 2003-february 2004) in the konso district of southern ethiopia (5 degrees 15'n, 37 degrees 28'e). more than 45 000 an. arabiensis females were collected by host-baited sampling methods (light-traps, human landing catches, cattle-baited traps) and from resting sites (huts and pit shelters). in the village of fuchucha, where the ratio of cattle : humans was 0.6 : 1, 51% of ou ... | 2006 | 17199754 |
| evaluating genetic differentiation of anopheles arabiensis in relation to larval habitats in kenya. | anopheles arabiensis, an important vector of malaria in sub-saharan africa shows great versatility in utilizing a broad range of larval habitats. most studies on the population genetic structure of this species have focused on adult mosquitoes collected mainly indoors and have found populations within relatively short distances to be panmictic. various authors suggested that the incipient speciation between the chromosomal forms of anopheles gambiae s.s. in west africa involved adaptation to dif ... | 2007 | 17188943 |
| imp pcr primers detect single nucleotide polymorphisms for anopheles gambiae species identification, mopti and savanna rdna types, and resistance to dieldrin in anopheles arabiensis. | polymerase chain reactions to distinguish single-nucleotide polymorphisms are commonly used for mosquito identification and identifying insecticide resistance alleles. however, the existing methods used for primer design often result in analyses that are not robust or require additional steps. | 2006 | 17177993 |
| complexity of the malaria vectorial system in cameroon: contribution of secondary vectors to malaria transmission. | malaria transmission in africa is a dynamic and complex system that is so far superficially understood. further knowledge is required to improve control of the disease. in the present report, we highlight the contribution of the so-called "secondary" malaria vectors to the overall parasite transmission intensity in several sites across cameroon, through a retrospective analysis of surveys from the organisation de coordination pour la lutte contre les endémies en afrique centrale database. in tot ... | 2006 | 17162956 |
| polymorphism at the defensin gene in the anopheles gambiae complex: testing different selection hypotheses. | genetic variation in defensin, a gene encoding a major effector molecule of insects immune response was analyzed within and between populations of three members of the anopheles gambiae complex. the species selected included the two anthropophilic species, an. gambiae and an. arabiensis and the most zoophilic species of the complex, an. quadriannulatus. the first species was represented by four populations spanning its extreme genetic and geographical ranges, whereas each of the other two specie ... | 2007 | 17161659 |
| malaria parasite growth is stimulated by mosquito probing. | the ability of malaria parasites to respond positively to the presence of feeding mosquito vectors would clearly be advantageous to transmission. in this study, anopheles stephensi mosquitoes probed mice infected with the rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium chabaudi. growth of asexual stages was accelerated and gametocytes appeared 1-2 days earlier than in controls. this first study, to our knowledge, of the effects of mosquitoes on 'in-host' growth and development of plasmodium has profound imp ... | 2005 | 17148162 |
| effective population size of anopheles funestus chromosomal forms in burkina faso. | as anopheles funestus is one of the principal afro-tropical malaria vectors, a more complete understanding of its population structure is desirable. in west and central africa, an. funestus population structure is complicated by the coexistence of two assortatively mating chromosomal forms. effective population size (ne) is a key parameter in understanding patterns and levels of intraspecific variation, as it reflects the role of genetic drift. here, ne was estimated from both chromosomal forms, ... | 2006 | 17125511 |
| survival of immature anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) in aquatic habitats in mwea rice irrigation scheme, central kenya. | the survivorship and distribution of anopheles arabiensis larvae and pupae was examined in a rice agro-ecosystem in mwea irrigation scheme, central kenya, from august 2005 to april 2006, prior to implementation of larval control programme. | 2006 | 17125501 |
| topography and malaria transmission heterogeneity in western kenya highlands: prospects for focal vector control. | recent resurgence of malaria in the highlands of western kenya has called for a more comprehensive understanding of the previously neglected complex highland vector ecology. besides other drivers of malaria epidemiology, topography is likely to have a major effect on spatial vector and parasite distribution. the aim of this study was to determine the effects of topography on malaria spatial vector distribution and parasite prevalence. | 2006 | 17096835 |
| cryptic species in the anopheles (nyssorhynchus) albitarsis (diptera: culicidae) complex: incongruence between random amplified polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction identification and analysis of mitochondrial dna coi gene sequences. | random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) diagnostic bands are one tool used to differentiate cryptic mosquito species in the anopheles albitarsis complex. monophyly of four species (a. albitarsis lynch-arribálzaga, a. albitarsis b, a. deaneorum rosa-freitas, and a. marajoara galvão & damasceno) currently identified with the rapd technique was assessed using sequences of the cytochrome oxidase i (coi) mitochondrial dna (mtdna) gene. maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and bayesian analyses supp ... | 0 | 17082822 |
| spatial and temporal variation in malaria transmission in a low endemicity area in northern tanzania. | spatial and longitudinal monitoring of transmission intensity will allow better targeting of malaria interventions. in this study, data on meteorological, demographic, entomological and parasitological data over the course of a year was collected to describe malaria epidemiology in a single village of low transmission intensity. | 2006 | 17081311 |
| molecular polymorphism, differentiation and introgression in the period gene between lutzomyia intermedia and lutzomyia whitmani. | lutzomyia intermedia and lutzomyia whitmani (diptera: psychodidae) are important and very closely related vector species of cutaneous leishmaniasis in brazil, which are distinguishable by a few morphological differences. there is evidence of mitochondrial introgression between the two species but it is not clear whether gene flow also occurs in nuclear genes. | 2006 | 17069656 |
| el niño southern oscillation (enso) and annual malaria incidence in southern africa. | we evaluated the association between annual malaria incidence and el niño southern oscillation (enso) as measured by the southern oscillation index (soi) in five countries in southern africa from 1988 to 1999. below normal incidence of malaria synchronised with a negative soi (el niño) and above normal incidence with a positive soi (la niña), which lead to dry and wet weather conditions, respectively. in most countries there was a positive relationship between soi and annual malaria incidence, e ... | 2007 | 17064744 |
| a grid-based infrastructure for ecological forecasting of rice land anopheles arabiensis aquatic larval habitats. | for remote identification of mosquito habitats the first step is often to construct a discrete tessellation of the region. in applications where complex geometries do not need to be represented such as urban habitats, regular orthogonal grids are constructed in gis and overlaid on satellite images. however, rice land vector mosquito aquatic habitats are rarely uniform in space or character. an orthogonal grid overlaid on satellite data of rice-land areas may fail to capture physical or man-made ... | 2006 | 17062142 |
| severe malaria in children in yemen: two site observational study. | to assess the burden of malaria on health services, describe the clinical presentation of severe malaria in children, and identify factors associated with mortality by means of a prospective observational study. | 0 | 17053235 |
| daily temperature profiles in and around western kenyan larval habitats of anopheles gambiae as related to egg mortality. | anopheles gambiae eggs are more frequently found on soil around puddle habitats of the larvae, than on the water surface itself in western kenya. thus, eggs can experience temperatures more wide-ranging and lethal than those experienced by larvae or pupae confined within puddles. | 2006 | 17038186 |
| reproductive output of female anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae): comparison of molecular forms. | knowledge of ecological differences between the molecular forms of anopheles gambiae giles (diptera: culicidae) might lead to understanding of their unique contribution to disease transmission, to better vector control, and to identification of the forces that have separated them. we compared female fecundity measured as egg batch size in relation to body size between the molecular forms in mali and contrasted them with their sibling species, anopheles arabiensis patton. to determine whether egg ... | 2006 | 17017216 |
| is vector body size the key to reduced malaria transmission in the irrigated region of niono, mali? | malaria vectors can reach very high densities in villages near irrigated rice fields in africa, leading to the expectation that malaria should be especially prevalent there. surprisingly, this is not always the case. in niono, mali, villages from nonirrigated areas have higher malaria prevalence than those within the irrigated regions, which suffer from higher mosquito numbers. one hypothesis explaining this observation is that mosquitoes from irrigated fields with high densities are inefficient ... | 2006 | 17017214 |
| re-introducing bacteria in mosquitoes--a method for determination of mosquito feeding preferences based on coloured sugar solutions. | in this study, sugar-feeding was investigated as a possible means of re-introducing bacteria into mosquito midguts with the aim of identifying bacteria that are suitable for creating paratransgenic mosquitoes. in a paratransgenic approach, bacteria are utilised to deliver effector molecules capable of inhibiting pathogen development in the midgut of the vector. to determine if mosquitoes discriminate between sterile sugar solutions and sugar solutions with bacteria, a method for screening mosqui ... | 2006 | 16999928 |
| malaria hotspot areas in a highland kenya site are consistent in epidemic and non-epidemic years and are associated with ecological factors. | malaria epidemics in highland areas of east africa have caused considerable morbidity and mortality in the past two decades. knowledge of "hotspot" areas of high malaria incidence would allow for focused preventive interventions in resource-poor areas, particularly if the hotspot areas can be discerned during non-epidemic periods and predicted by ecological factors. | 2006 | 16970824 |
| from chloroquine to artemisinin-based combination therapy: the sudanese experience. | in sudan, chloroquine (cq) remains the most frequently used drug for falciparum malaria for more than 40 years. the change to artemisinin-based combination therapy (act) was initiated in 2004 using the co-blister of artesunate + sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (as+sp) and artemether + lumefantrine (art+lum), as first- and second-line, respectively. this article describes the evidence-base, the process for policy change and it reflects the experience of one year implementation. relevant published and u ... | 2006 | 16879742 |
| a reliable morphological method to assess the age of male anopheles gambiae. | release of genetically-modified (gm) or sterile male mosquitoes for malaria control is hampered by inability to assess the age and mating history of free-living male anopheles. | 2006 | 16872516 |
| mosquito species diversity and abundance in relation to land use in a riceland agroecosystem in mwea, kenya. | we conducted an entomological survey to determine the mosquito species diversity and abundance in relation to land use in the mwea rice scheme, kenya. adult mosquitoes were collected by indoor spraying of houses and outdoors by cdc light traps in three villages representing planned (mbuinjeru) and unplanned (kiamachiri) rice agroecosystems and a non-irrigated agroecosystem (murinduko). during the 12-month sampling period, a total of 98,708 mosquitoes belonging to five genera and 25 species were ... | 2006 | 16859101 |
| hat element population genetics in anopheles gambiae s.l. in mozambique. | herves is a functional class ii transposable element in anopheles gambiae belonging to the hat superfamily of elements. class ii transposable elements are used as gene vectors in this species and are also being considered as genetic drive agents for spreading desirable genes through natural populations as part of an effort to control malaria transmission. in this study, herves was investigated in populations of anopheles gambiae s.s., anopheles arabiensis and anopheles merus in mozambique over a ... | 2006 | 16850223 |
| moderate transmission but high prevalence of malaria in madagascar. | malaria transmission remains poorly documented in areas of low transmission. a study has been carried out over two consecutive years in analamiranga, a village located at an altitude of 885m on the western edge of the malagasy highlands, with the aim of generating and updating malariometric indexes for both mosquitoes and schoolchildren. in this village, no vector control measures were performed during the study period nor during previous decades. mosquitoes were collected monthly when landing o ... | 2006 | 16842796 |
| occurrence of the leucine-to-phenylalanine knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation in anopheles arabiensis populations in tanzania, detected by a simplified high-throughput ssop-elisa method. | molecular markers of insecticide resistance can provide sensitive indicators of resistance development in malaria vector populations. monitoring of insecticide resistance in vector populations is an important component of current malaria control programmes. knockdown resistance (kdr) confers resistance to the pyrethroid class of insecticides with cross-resistance to ddt through single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene. | 2006 | 16820067 |
| evolutionary history of a mosquito endosymbiont revealed through mitochondrial hitchhiking. | due to cytoplasmic inheritance, spread of maternally inherited wolbachia symbionts can result in reduction of mitochondrial variation in populations. we examined sequence diversity of the mitochondrial nadh dehydrogenase subunit 4 (nd4) gene in wolbachia-infected (south africa (sa), california and thailand) and uninfected (sa) culex pipiens complex populations. in total, we identified 12 haplotypes (a-l). in infected populations, 99% of individuals had haplotype k. in the uninfected sa populatio ... | 2006 | 16769630 |
| status of insecticide susceptibility in anopheles arabiensis from mwea rice irrigation scheme, central kenya. | control of the anopheline mosquito vectors of malaria by use of insecticides has been shown to impact on both morbidity and mortality due to this disease. evidence of insecticide resistance in different settings necessitates surveillance studies to allow prompt detection of resistance should it arise and thus enable its management. possible resistance by anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes from mwea rice irrigation scheme in central kenya to insecticides in the four classes of insecticides approved ... | 2006 | 16756645 |
| entomological evaluation of malaria vectors at different altitudes in hai district, northeastern tanzania. | entomological monitoring in four villages situated along an altitude transect in the hai district of northeastern tanzania identified anopheles arabiensis patton as the principal vector of malaria and detected seasonal changes in vector behavior. over a 13-mo sampling period, 10,557 mosquitoes were collected with cdc light traps, pyrethrum spray catches, and pit traps of which 5,969 (56.5%) werean. arabiensis, 762 (7.2%) wereanopheles funestus giles s.l., 3,578 (33.9%) were culicines, and 248 (2 ... | 2006 | 16739419 |
| identification of a bacillus thuringiensis cry11ba toxin-binding aminopeptidase from the mosquito, anopheles quadrimaculatus. | aminopeptidase n (apn) type proteins isolated from several species of lepidopteran insects have been implicated as bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin-binding proteins (receptors) for cry toxins. we examined brush border membrane vesicle (bbmv) proteins from the mosquito anopheles quadrimaculatus to determine if apns from this organism would bind mosquitocidal cry toxins that are active to it. | 2006 | 16716213 |
| radiation-induced sterility for pupal and adult stages of the malaria mosquito anopheles arabiensis. | in the context of the sterile insect technique (sit), radiation-induced sterility in the malaria mosquito anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) was studied. male mosquitoes were exposed to gamma rays in the pupal or adult stage and dose-sterility curves were determined. | 2006 | 16700906 |
| trapping of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae with odour-baited mm-x traps in semi-field conditions in western kenya. | the successful development of odour-baited trapping systems for mosquitoes depends on the identification of behaviourally active semiochemicals, besides the design and operating principles of such devices. a large variety of 'attractants' has been identified in laboratory investigations, yet few of these increase trap catches in the field. a contained system, intermediate between the laboratory and open field, is presented and previous reports that human foot odour induces behavioural responses ... | 2006 | 16700902 |
| spatially targeting culex quinquefasciatus aquatic habitats on modified land cover for implementing an integrated vector management (ivm) program in three villages within the mwea rice scheme, kenya. | continuous land cover modification is an important part of spatial epidemiology because it can help identify environmental factors and culex mosquitoes associated with arbovirus transmission and thus guide control intervention. the aim of this study was to determine whether remotely sensed data could be used to identify rice-related culex quinquefasciatus breeding habitats in three rice-villages within the mwea rice scheme, kenya. we examined whether a land use land cover (lulc) classification b ... | 2006 | 16684354 |
| water quality and immatures of the m and s forms of anopheles gambiae s.s. and an. arabiensis in a malian village. | the associations between the immatures of anopheles gambiae s.s. (diptera: culicidae), its m and s forms, and anopheles arabiensis among and within larval breeding habitats in banambani, mali were investigated under varying conditions of water quality and rainfall. the intent was to elucidate on niche partitioning of these taxa. | 2006 | 16646991 |
| a steep decline of malaria morbidity and mortality trends in eritrea between 2000 and 2004: the effect of combination of control methods. | malaria is a huge public health problem in africa that is responsible for more than one million deaths annually. in line with the roll back malaria initiative and the abuja declaration, eritrea and other african countries have intensified their fight against malaria. this study examines the impact of eritrea's roll back malaria programme: 2000-2004 and the effects and possible interactions between the public health interventions in use. | 2006 | 16635265 |
| epidemiological characterization of plasmodium falciparum in the republic of cabo verde: implications for potential large-scale re-emergence of malaria. | malaria has come near eradication at archipelago of cabo verde in 1970. infections are now only observed in santiago, where outbreaks occur. in these islands, malaria is considered by the international community as being of limited risk and, therefore, no prophylaxis is recommended. since the understanding of factors that determine malaria outbreaks are crucial for controlling the disease, the present study aimed to investigate if the malaria infections observed in santiago island are maintained ... | 2006 | 16630349 |
| polyphyly and gene flow between non-sibling heliconius species. | the view that gene flow between related animal species is rare and evolutionarily unimportant largely antedates sensitive molecular techniques. here we use dna sequencing to investigate a pair of morphologically and ecologically divergent, non-sibling butterfly species, heliconius cydno and h. melpomene (lepidoptera: nymphalidae), whose distributions overlap in central and northwestern south america. | 2006 | 16630334 |
| impact of sustained use of insecticide-treated bednets on malaria vector species distribution and culicine mosquitoes. | insecticide-treated bednets (itns) significantly reduce malaria vector populations. susceptibility to itns differs by vector species, and culicine mosquitoes have not been shown to be significantly affected by the use of itns. we examined the impact of 2-4 yr of itn use on malaria vector species distribution and culicine mosquitoes. routine entomological surveillance was conducted in adjacent areas with and without itns from november 1999 to january 2002. use of itns reduced the proportion of an ... | 2006 | 16619629 |
| insecticide resistance in anopheles arabiensis and anopheles gambiae from mozambique. | malaria control in the southern part of mozambique is currently by indoor residual spraying with a carbamate insecticide and by pyrethroid-treated bed-nets distributed to pregnant women and children under five in northern mozambique. the susceptibility of anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis patton to pyrethroid, carbamate, organochlorine, and organophosphorus insecticides was determined by world health organization adult mosquito susceptibility tests at 17 localities in mozambique, f ... | 2006 | 16619611 |
| breakpoint structure reveals the unique origin of an interspecific chromosomal inversion (2la) in the anopheles gambiae complex. | paracentric chromosomal inversions are major architects of organismal evolution and have been associated with adaptations relevant to malaria transmission in anopheline mosquitoes. the processes responsible for their origin and maintenance, still poorly understood, can be illuminated by analysis of inversion breakpoint sequences. here, we report the breakpoint structure of chromosomal inversion 2la from the principal malaria vector anopheles gambiae and its relatives in the a. gambiae complex. t ... | 2006 | 16606844 |
| low autochtonous urban malaria in antananarivo (madagascar). | the study of urban malaria is an area undergoing rapid expansion, after many years of neglect. the problem of over-diagnosis of malaria, especially in low transmission settings including urban areas, is also receiving deserved attention. the primary objective of the present study was to assess the frequency of malaria among febrile outpatients seen in private and public primary care facilities of antananarivo. the second aim was to determine, among the diagnosed malaria cases, the contribution o ... | 2006 | 16573843 |
| spatial variability in the density, distribution and vectorial capacity of anopheline species in a high transmission village (equatorial guinea). | malaria transmission varies from one country to another and there are also local differences in time and space. an important variable when explaining the variability in transmission is the breeding behaviour of the different vector species and the availability of breeding sites. the aim of this study was to determine the geographical variability of certain entomological parameters: human biting rate (hbr), sporozoitic index (si) for plasmodium falciparum and entomological inoculation rate (eir). | 2006 | 16556321 |
| the distribution of hatching time in anopheles gambiae. | knowledge of the ecological differences between the molecular forms of anopheles gambiae and their sibling species, an. arabiensis might lead to understanding their unique contribution to disease transmission and to better vector control as well as to understanding the evolutionary forces that have separated them. | 2006 | 16553960 |
| new records of anopheles arabiensis breeding on the mount kenya highlands indicate indigenous malaria transmission. | malaria cases on the highlands west of mount kenya have been noticed since 10-20 years ago. it was not clear whether these cases were introduced from the nearby lowland or resulted from local transmission because of no record of vector mosquitoes on the highlands. determination of presence and abundance of malaria vector is vital for effective control and epidemic risk assessment of malaria among both local residents and tourists. | 2006 | 16522206 |
| detection of the east and west african kdr mutation in anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis from uganda using a new assay based on fret/melt curve analysis. | appropriate monitoring of vector resistance to insecticides is an integral component of planning and evaluation of insecticide use in malaria control programmes. the malaria vectors anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis have developed resistance to pyrethroid insecticides as a result of a mechanism conferring reduced nervous system sensitivity, better known as knockdown resistance (kdr). in an. gambiae s.s. and an. arabiensis, two different substitutions in the para-type sodium channel ... | 2006 | 16504072 |
| landscape determinants and remote sensing of anopheline mosquito larval habitats in the western kenya highlands. | in the past two decades the east african highlands have experienced several major malaria epidemics. currently there is a renewed interest in exploring the possibility of anopheline larval control through environmental management or larvicide as an additional means of reducing malaria transmission in africa. this study examined the landscape determinants of anopheline mosquito larval habitats and usefulness of remote sensing in identifying these habitats in western kenya highlands. | 2006 | 16480523 |
| personal protection of long lasting insecticide-treated nets in areas of anopheles gambiae s.s. resistance to pyrethroids. | the development of mosquito nets pre-treated with insecticide, long lasting impregnated nets (llins) that last the life span of the net, is a solution to the difficulty of the re-impregnation of conventional nets. even if they showed a good efficacy in control conditions, their efficacy in the field, particularly in areas with resistance of anopheles gambiae to pyrethroids, is not well documented. this study compares wide (olyset) and small (permanet) mesh llins in field conditions, using entomo ... | 2006 | 16472385 |
| species and populations of the anopheles gambiae complex in cameroon with special emphasis on chromosomal and molecular forms of anopheles gambiae s.s. | we studied the geographical distribution of species, chromosomal, and molecular forms of the anopheles gambiae giles (diptera: culicidae) complex in 23 sites in cameroon, central africa. almost all the specimens collected in the four northern-most arid sites were anopheles arabiensis. anopheles melas was found in a rural locality surrounded by mangrove swamps, on the atlantic coast. in total, 1,525 an. gambiae s.s. females were identified down to their molecular form, and inversion polymorphisms ... | 2005 | 16465741 |
| ecologists can enable communities to implement malaria vector control in africa. | integrated vector management (ivm) for malaria control requires ecological skills that are very scarce and rarely applied in africa today. partnerships between communities and academic ecologists can address this capacity deficit, modernize the evidence base for such approaches and enable future scale up. | 2006 | 16457724 |
| janibacter anophelis sp. nov., isolated from the midgut of anopheles arabiensis. | a gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile strain, h2.16bt, isolated from the midgut of the mosquito anopheles arabiensis was investigated using a polyphasic approach. on the basis of 16s rrna gene sequence similarity studies, strain h2.16bt was shown to belong to the genus janibacter, being most closely related to janibacter melonis (98.3%), janibacter terrae (98.5%) and janibacter limosus (98.5%). chemotaxonomic data (meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell wall and major ... | 2006 | 16449445 |
| thorsellia anophelis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the gammaproteobacteria. | a gram-negative, rod-shaped organism (ccug 49520t) was isolated from the midgut of the mosquito anopheles arabiensis. 16s rrna gene sequence analysis demonstrated that this isolate is unique, showing <93% similarity to species of the families enterobacteriaceae and vibrionaceae. the quinone system consisted exclusively of ubiquinone q-8; the polar lipid profile consisted of the major compounds phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol, a moderate to minor amount of two unknown aminophosp ... | 2006 | 16449435 |