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ranking the disease burden of 14 pathogens in food sources in the united states using attribution data from outbreak investigations and expert elicitation.understanding the relative public health impact of major microbiological hazards across the food supply is critical for a risk-based national food safety system. this study was conducted to estimate the u.s. health burden of 14 major pathogens in 12 broad categories of food and to then rank the resulting 168 pathogen-food combinations. these pathogens examined were campylobacter, clostridium perfringens, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, norovirus, salmonella enterica, toxoplasma ...201222980012
phytochemical profiles of volatile constituents from centaurea ragusina leaves and flowers and their antimicrobial effects.the volatile oils obtained from the leaves and flowers of the croatian endemic plant centaurea ragusina l. were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. the chemical compositions, determined by gc and gc-ms, were complex, with sesquiterpenes the most abundant class of compound. nonterpene hydrocarbons were also identified in high quantities, while acids and ketones were found in high quantities only in the leaf volatile oil. aldehydes, alcohols, esters and other compounds were identified in lower q ...201222978236
myonecrosis by clostridium septicum in a dog, diagnosed by a new multiplex-pcr.clostridial myositis is an acute, generally fatal toxemia that is considered to be rare in pet animals. the present report describes an unusual canine clostridial myositis that was diagnosed by a new multiplex-pcr (mpcr) designed for simultaneous identification of clostridium sordellii, clostridium septicum, clostridium perfringens type a, clostridium chauvoei, and clostridium novyi type a. a ten-month-old male rottweiler dog, that had displayed lameness and swelling of the left limb for 12 h, w ...201222975141
spontaneous clostridial myonecrosis after pregnancy - emergency treatment to the limb salvage and functional recovery: a case report.clostridial myonecrosis (cm) is a rare, life threatening necrotizing infection of a skeletal muscle caused by clostridium perfringens in the majority of cases. the diagnosis may be difficult because of few diagnostic and cutaneous signs early in its course. standard therapy involves surgical debridements of a devitalized tissue and high-dose organism-specific antibiotic therapy. the hyperbaric oxygen has also showed its usefulness in the treatment of these infections. autograft systems as tissue ...201422973988
[picture in clinical hematology; clostridium perfringens septicemia with intravascular hemolysis]. 201222970457
characterization of genes encoding for acquired bacitracin resistance in clostridium perfringens.phenotypic bacitracin resistance has been reported in clostridium perfringens. however, the genes responsible for the resistance have not yet been characterized. ninety-nine c. perfringens isolates recovered from broilers and turkeys were tested for phenotypic bacitracin resistance. bacitracin mic(90) (>256 µg/ml) was identical for both turkey and chicken isolates; whereas mic(50) was higher in turkey isolates (6 µg/ml) than in chicken isolates (3 µg/ml). twenty-four of the 99 isolates showed hi ...201222970221
cysteine-scanning mutagenesis supports the importance of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin amino acids 80 to 106 for membrane insertion and pore formation.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) causes the gastrointestinal symptoms of the second most common bacterial food-borne illness. previous studies suggested that a region named tm1, which has amphipathic characteristics and spans from amino acids 81 to 106 of the native cpe protein, forms a β-hairpin involved in β-barrel pore formation. to further explore the potential role of tm1 in pore formation, the single cys naturally present in cpe at residue 186 was first altered to alanine by mutag ...201222966051
opportunistic pathogens and faecal indicators in drinking water associated biofilms in cluj, romania.biofouling occurs without exception in all water systems, with undesirable effects such as biocorrosion and deterioration of water quality. drinking water associated biofilms represent a potential risk to human health by harbouring pathogenic or toxin-releasing microorganisms. this is the first study investigating the attached microbiota, with potential threat to human health, in a public water system in romania. the presence and the seasonal variation of viable faecal indicators and opportunist ...201222960491
the epidemiology of clostridium perfringens type a on ontario swine farms, with special reference to cpb2-positive isolates.there is poor understanding of most aspects of clostridium perfringens type a as a possible cause of neonatal diarrhea in piglets, and the prevalence and types of c. perfringens present on ontario swine farms is unknown. to study the prevalence of fecal c. perfringens and selected toxin genes, 48 ontario swine farms were visited between august 2010 and may 2011, and 354 fecal samples were collected from suckling pigs, lactating sows, weanling pigs, grower-finisher pigs, and gestating sows, as we ...201222947389
influence of beet sugar, calcium lactate, and staphylococcus xylosus (with nitrate reductase activity) on the chemical, microbiological, and sensorial properties of persian uncured frankfurters.this study investigated the effects of beet sugar (bs), calcium lactate (cl), and staphylococcus xylosus (sx) on the general characteristics of uncured frankfurters. minimum residual nitrite was observed in samples with a high level of bs and s. xylosus (8log(10) l0 viable cfu/g) after 2 mo. there was an increase in total aerobic counts in frankfurters after 4 wk. samples containing higher bs and cl had no clostridium perfringens at storage time. histamine content was similar for all treatments ...201222946602
microbiological quality and potential public health risks of export meat from springbok (antidorcas marsupialis) in namibia.to assess the microbiological quality and safety of export game meat; i) a total of 80 pooled meat samples for aerobic plate count (apc) and enterobacteriaceae ii) water used in harvesting and processing for microbiological quality and iii) meat and rectal contents for salmonella spp. and shiga toxin escherichia coli (stec) were evaluated in 2009 and 2010. no differences (p>0.05) in the apcs were observed between the years, but the mean enterobacteriaceae count for 2009 was 1.33 ± 0.69 log(10)cf ...201322944735
identification of amino acids important for binding of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin to host cells and to havcr1.clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin belongs to the aerolysin-like family of pore-forming toxins and is one of the most potent bacterial toxins known. the epsilon toxin causes fatal enterotoxemia in sheep, goats, and possibly humans. evidence indicates that the toxin binds to protein receptors including hepatitis a virus cellular receptor 1 (havcr1), but the region of the toxin responsible for cell binding has not been identified. in the present study, we identify amino acids within the epsilon ...201222938730
computational analysis of human oga structure in complex with pugnac and nag-thiazoline derivatives.the substitution of serine and threonine residues in nucleocytoplasmic proteins with 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranose (o-glcnac) residues is an essential post-translational modification found in many multicellular eukaryotes. o-glycoprotein 2-acetamino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosidase (o-glcnacase) hydrolyzes o-glcnac residues from post-translationally modified serine/threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic protein. o-glcnac has been implicated in several disease states such as cancer, alzheim ...201222937904
garlic derivative propyl propane thiosulfonate is effective against broiler enteropathogens in vivo.two experiments were carried out to study the effects of dietary supplementation with the garlic (allium sativum)-derived product propyl propane thiosulfonate (pts-o) on the intestinal log(10) number of copies of enteropathogens in broiler chickens, together with their intestinal morphology and growth performance. the additive had no significant effect on feed intake at any dose assayed. in experiment 1 (1 to 21 d of age), the bw of chickens fed on 45 mg of pts-o/kg of diet was higher (p < 0.01) ...201222912448
microbiologic characteristics of pathogenic bacteria from hospitalized trauma patients who survived wenchuan earthquake.the purpose of this study is to investigate the microbiological characterization of pathogenic bacteria isolated from trauma patients after wenchuan earthquake in 2008. most infections were identified in the patients over 60 years of age, with an incidence rate of 78.5%, and more infections in wound (43.3%) and respiratory tract (37.1%) sites were identified. a total of 97 non-duplicated clinical pathogens were isolated from 91 trauma patients. of those pathogens, 62 (63.9%) were gram-negative b ...201222910807
comparative studies on enterococcus, clostridium perfringens and staphylococcus aureus as quality indicators in tropical seawater at a pacific mexican beach resort.three microorganisms were assayed to evaluate the microbiological quality in the seawater at a resort on the mexican pacific coast, and to test for possible associations among the titers of the various bacteria, their possible correlations with environmental conditions, and with the location of potential wastewater outflows. significant microorganism levels were found (at caletilla beach, hornos beach, and papagayo beach, respectively: for enterococcus 157, 153, and 149, for c. perfringens 35, 8 ...201222910334
reactive oxygen species and the mek/erk pathway are involved in the toxicity of clostridium perfringens α-toxin, a prototype bacterial phospholipase c.clostridium perfringens, the most broadly distributed pathogen in nature, produces a prototype phospholipase c, also called α-toxin, which plays a key role in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene. α-toxin causes plasma membrane disruption at high concentrations, but the role of intracellular mediators in its toxicity at low concentrations is unknown. this work demonstrates that α-toxin causes oxidative stress and activates the mek/erk pathway in cultured cells and furthermore provides compelling evi ...201222904339
fatal foodborne clostridium perfringens illness at a state psychiatric hospital--louisiana, 2010.clostridium perfringens, the third most common cause of foodborne illness in the united states (1), most often causes a self-limited, diarrheal disease lasting 12-24 hours. fatalities are very rare, occurring in <0.03% of cases (1). death usually is caused by dehydration and occurs among the very young, the very old, and persons debilitated by illness (2). on may 7, 2010, 42 residents and 12 staff members at a louisiana state psychiatric hospital experienced vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarr ...201222895383
meningoencephalitis with subdural empyema caused by toxigenic clostridium perfringens type a.we report a clinical case of meningoencephalitis with subdural empyema in an immunocompromised farmer caused by toxigenic clostridium perfringens type a, which was identified by 16s rna gene analysis of cerebrospinal fluid and subdural empyema. in immunocompromised patients, c. perfringens should be considered a potential pathogen of sepsis.201222895036
[clostridium perfringens].in japan, clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) is the top 5th or 6th pathogen of foodborne illnesses. annually between 2006 and 2010, there were between 20 and 40 reported outbreaks of foodborne illnesses caused by c. perfringens. c. perfringens is found in soil and dust, in the intestinal tract humans and animals, on the surface of vegetable products. c. perfringens produces an enterotoxin that causes diarrhea and abdominal pain. inappropriate food handing practice (inadequate heating, cool ...201222894072
[new insight from basic research of clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin].clostridium perfringens causes gas gangrene with inflammatory myopathies and infrequently septicemia associated with massive intravascular hemolysis. the microorganism is known to produce a variety of toxins and enzymes that are responsible for severe myonecrotic lesions. notably, alpha-toxin, which possesses hemolytic, necrotic and lethal activities, and phospholipase c and sphingomyelinase activities, is an important agent for the diseases. the cytokine storm induced by alpha-toxin, mainly the ...201222894064
sensitivity of pathogenic and commensal bacteria from the human colon to essential oils.the microbiota of the intestinal tract plays an important role in colonic health, mediating many effects of dietary components on colonic health and during enteric infections. in the context of the increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance in gut bacteria, complementary therapies are required for the prevention and treatment of enteric infections. here we report the potential application of essential oils (eo) and pure eo compounds to improve human gut health. nerolidol, thymol, eugenol and ...201222878397
spontaneous abscess of the anterior abdominal wall caused by clostridium perfringens resistant to clindamycin. 201222870863
a wide variety of clostridium perfringens type a food-borne isolates that carry a chromosomal cpe gene belong to one multilocus sequence typing cluster.of 98 suspected food-borne clostridium perfringens isolates obtained from a nationwide survey by the food and consumer product safety authority in the netherlands, 59 strains were identified as c. perfringens type a. using pcr-based techniques, the cpe gene encoding enterotoxin was detected in eight isolates, showing a chromosomal location for seven isolates and a plasmid location for one isolate. further characterization of these strains by using (gtg)(5) fingerprint repetitive sequence-based p ...201222865060
survey of naturally and conventionally cured commercial frankfurters, ham, and bacon for physio-chemical characteristics that affect bacterial growth.natural and organic food regulations preclude the use of sodium nitrite/nitrate and other antimicrobials for processed meat products. consequently, processors have begun to use natural nitrate/nitrite sources, such as celery juice/powder, sea salt, and turbinado sugar, to manufacture natural and organic products with cured meat characteristics but without sodium nitrite. the objective of this study was to compare physio-chemical characteristics that affect clostridium perfringens and listeria mo ...201222857852
development of an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for clostridium perfringens beta2-toxin in porcine feces and the neonatal piglet intestine.an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for detection and quantitation of beta2-toxin in neonatal piglet intestinal contents. polystyrene plates were coated with polyclonal capture antibodies prepared against consensus recombinant beta2-toxin. the elisa was developed using consensus recombinant beta2-toxin, atypical recombinant beta2-toxin, purified consensus native beta2-toxin, and field samples of neonatal porcine intestinal contents. captured antigen was detected using a ho ...201222855377
enteritis associated with clostridium perfringens type a in 9-month-old calves.four 9-month-old simmental male calves were presented with a history of sudden death. the necropsy and microscopic findings allowed a diagnosis of enteritis and severe intraluminal hemorrhage with blood clots in the jejunum, suggestive of jejunal hemorrhage syndrome.201222851779
prevalence of staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa) in food samples associated with foodborne illness in alberta, canada from 2007 to 2010.consumption of foods containing staphylococcus aureus can cause severe gastro-intestinal illness. given the fact that over the past decade, canada has seen increasing rates of methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa) carriage and infection, the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of methicillin-susceptible s. aureus (mssa) and mrsa on foodborne illness in alberta, canada. between january 2007 and december 2010, there were 693 food samples associated with foodborne investigations ...201222850394
clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin recognizes the gm1a-trka complex.clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin is the major virulence factor in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene. alpha-toxin is a 43-kda protein with two structural domains; the n-domain contains the catalytic site and coordinates the divalent metal ions, and the c-domain is a membrane-binding site. the role of the exposed loop region (72-93 residues) in the n-domain, however, has been unclear. here we show that this loop contains a ganglioside binding motif (h … sxwy … g) that is the same motif seen in b ...201222847002
several enteropathogens are circulating in suckling and newly weaned piglets suffering from diarrhea in the province of villa clara, cuba.intestinal contents of suckling (n = 45) and newly weaned (n = 45) piglets, suffering from diarrhea in the province of villa clara in cuba, were tested for viral, bacterial, and parasitic enteropathogens from may to june 2008. at least one enteropathogen was identified in 53.3 % of piglets and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec; 25.6 %) was the major pathogen; mostly sta(+)/stb(+) or f4(+)/sta(+)/stb(+) etec were isolated. the overall occurrence of the rest of pathogens was 10 % for transmis ...201322843242
the effect of artemisia annua on broiler performance, on intestinal microbiota and on the course of a clostridium perfringens infection applying a necrotic enteritis disease model.the aerial parts of the plant artemisia annua contain essential oils having antimicrobial properties against clostridium perfringens type a, the causal agent for necrotic enteritis in broilers. in two experiments, the influence of increasing dietary concentrations of dried a. annua leaves (0, 5, 10 and 20 g/kg) and n-hexane extract from fresh a. annua leaves (0, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) on broiler performance was investigated. dried plant material decreased feed intake and body weight in a dose-d ...201222834551
intracellular trafficking of clostridium perfringens iota-toxin b.clostridium perfringens iota-toxin is composed of an enzymatic component (ia) and a binding component (ib). ib binds to a cell surface receptor, undergoes oligomerization in lipid rafts, and binds ia. the resulting complex is then endocytosed. here, we show the intracellular trafficking of iota-toxin. after the binding of the ib monomer with cells at 4°c, oligomers of ib formed at 37°c and later disappeared. immunofluorescence staining of ib revealed that the internalized ib was transported to e ...201222825447
temporal flux and spatial dynamics of nutrients, fecal indicators, and zoonotic pathogens in anaerobic swine manure lagoon water.confined animal feeding operations (cafos) often use anaerobic lagoons for manure treatment. in the usa, swine cafo lagoon water is used for crop irrigation that is regulated by farm-specific nutrient management plans (nmps). implementation of stricter us environmental regulations in 2013 will set soil p limits; impacting land applications of manure and requiring revision of nmps. precise knowledge of lagoon water quality is needed for formulating nmps, for understanding losses of n and c in amm ...201222819873
enteropathogens identified in dogs entering a florida animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea.to determine the frequency of enteropathogens in dogs entering an animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea.201222812470
enteropathogens identified in cats entering a florida animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea.to determine the frequency of enteropathogens in cats entering an animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea.201222812469
aquaporin 4-specific t cells in neuromyelitis optica exhibit a th17 bias and recognize clostridium abc transporter.aquaporin 4 (aqp4)-specific autoantibodies in neuromyelitis optica (nmo) are immunoglobulin (ig)g1, a t cell-dependent ig subclass, indicating that aqp4-specific t cells participate in nmo pathogenesis. our goal was to identify and characterize aqp4-specific t cells in nmo patients and healthy controls (hc).201222807325
lyophilized carnobacterium divergens as7 bacteriocin preparation improves performance of broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens.the present study aimed to investigate the effects of carnobacterium divergens as7 bacteriocin (divercin as7) on growth performance, digestibility, fermentation processes, selected microbial populations, and histomorphology in broiler chickens challenged with a mixture of 3 clostridium perfringens isolates. in total, 480 one-day-old male ross 308 chicks were randomly assigned to 4 experimental groups (12 replicate pens of 10 birds per treatment). the diets were either nonsupplemented or suppleme ...201222802184
targeting claudin-4 in human pancreatic cancer.pancreatic cancer is one of the most malignant human diseases and there is an urgent need to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. claudin-4, overexpressed in pancreatic cancer and its precursor lesions, is a receptor for clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). the cytotoxic effects of cpe and monoclonal antibodies against claudin-4 are useful as novel therapeutic tools for pancreatic cancer.201222800288
clostridium perfringens gangrenous cystitis with septic shock and bone marrow necrosis. 201222797355
treatment of bran containing bread by baking enzymes; effect on the growth of probiotic bacteria on soluble dietary fiber extract in vitro.different ways of treating bran by baking enzymes prior to dough making and the baking process were used to increase the amount of water-soluble dietary fiber (df) in wheat bread with added bran. soluble df was extracted from the bread with water and separated from the digestible material with gastrointestinal tract enzymes and by solvent precipitation. the baking enzyme mixtures tested (xylanase and glucanase/cellulase, with and without lipase) increased the amounts of soluble arabinoxylan and ...201222790935
bacillus anthracis inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase in action: the first bacterial series of structures of phosphate ion-, substrate-, and product-bound complexes.inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (impdh) catalyzes the first unique step of the gmp branch of the purine nucleotide biosynthetic pathway. this enzyme is found in organisms of all three kingdoms. impdh inhibitors have broad clinical applications in cancer treatment, as antiviral drugs and as immunosuppressants, and have also displayed antibiotic activity. we have determined three crystal structures of bacillus anthracis impdh, in a phosphate ion-bound (termed "apo") form and in complex with ...201222788966
hemorrhagic enterocolitis and death in two felines (panthera tigris altaica and panthera leo) associated with clostridium perfringens type a.severe hemorrhagic enterocolitis was observed in a siberian tiger (panthera tigris altaica) and a lion (panthera leo). both animals developed acute depression, anorexia, and bloody diarrhea several days before death. small and large intestines were diffusely congested, edematous, necrotic, and filled with hemorrhagic fluid, and mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged and congested. pure and abundant growth of gram-positive bacilli was obtained in culture under anaerobic conditions from the livers o ...201222779248
effects of wet heat treatment on the germination of individual spores of clostridium perfringens.to analyse the effect of wet heat treatment on nutrient and non-nutrient germination of individual spores of clostridium perfringens.201222776375
microbiological analysis of stuffed mussels sold in the streets.stuffed mussel is a traditional food that sold by street venders in various countries. in the present study, samples of stuffed mussels were collected from various places in ankara. the mussels were analyzed to show the microbiological risks for human health. thirty samples (600 stuffed mussels in total) were collected periodically and microbiological analyses were performed by standard procedures for bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, salmonella sp., clostridium sp. in te ...201122754015
spontaneous bacterial empyema in a cirrhotic patient due to clostridium perfringens: case report and review of the literature.we report a case of a cirrhotic patient who developed a spontaneous bacterial empyema due to clostridium perfringens. to our knowledge, only two cases of spontaneous bacterial empyema due to c. perfringens in cirrhotic patients were previously reported in literature. it should be suspected in a child c cirrhotic patient, with a previous history of pleural effusion, fever and dyspnea. it has a fatal outcome as far as it has been described.201322749506
presence and molecular characterization of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens in intestinal compartments of healthy horses.clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens are commonly associated with colitis in equids, but healthy carriers exist. scarce information is available on the prevalence of clostridium spp. in gastrointestinal compartments other than faeces in healthy horses, and it is unknown whether faecal samples are representative of proximal compartments. the objectives were to investigate the prevalence of c. difficile and c. perfringens in different intestinal compartments of healthy adult horses an ...201222748233
reversible monensin adaptation in enterococcus faecium, enterococcus faecalis and clostridium perfringens of cattle origin: potential impact on human food safety.to determine the stability/reversibility and mechanism of monensin adaptation in monensin-treated cattle isolates compared with reference bacterial isolates, exposed in vitro to high monensin concentrations.201222740589
proof of concept for claudin-targeted drug development.claudins (cls) are a family of tetra-integral membrane proteins that are a key structural and functional component of tight junctions. cls are overexpressed in some malignant tumors. claudin-4 is highly expressed in the epithelial cells covering mucosal immune tissues. cls may therefore be a potential target for improving drug absorption, treating cancer, and developing mucosal vaccine. research using clostridium perfringens enterotoxin has resulted in proofs of concept for cl-targeted drug deve ...201222731717
green tea increases the survival yield of bifidobacteria in simulated gastrointestinal environment and during refrigerated conditions.the well-known prebiotics are carbohydrates but their effects may not always be beneficial, as they can also encourage the growth of non-probiotic bacteria such as eubacterium biforme and clostridium perfringens. therefore, new alternatives such as non-carbohydrate sources to stimulate the growth of probiotics are needed. the aim of this work was to evaluate (i) the green tea polyphenols by hplc-lc/ms and (ii) the protective effect of green tea extract on viability and stability of b. infantis a ...201222727242
clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin induces the release of il-8 through a dual pathway via trka in a549 cells.a characteristic feature of gas gangrene with clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) is the absence of neutrophils within the infected area and the massive accumulation of neutrophils at the vascular endothelium around the margins of the necrotic region. intravenous injection of c. perfringens alpha-toxin into mice resulted in the accumulation of neutrophils at the vascular endothelium in lung and liver, and release of gro/kc, a member of the cxc chemokine family with homology to human interle ...201222721959
sanitary inspection of wells using risk-of-contamination scoring indicates a high predictive ability for bacterial faecal pollution in the peri-urban tropical lowlands of dar es salaam, tanzania.sanitary inspection of wells was performed according to world health organization (who) procedures using risk-of-contamination (roc) scoring in the peri-urban tropical lowlands of dar es salaam, tanzania. the roc was assessed for its capacity to predict bacterial faecal pollution in the investigated well water. the analysis was based on a selection of wells representing environments with low to high presumptive faecal pollution risk and a multi-parametric data set of bacterial indicators, genera ...201222717748
vaccination prepartum enhances the beneficial effects of melatonin on the immune response and reduces platelet responsiveness in sheep.melatonin regulates several physiological processes and its powerful action as antioxidant has been widely reported. melatonin acts modulating the immune system, showing a protective effect on the cardiovascular system and improving vaccine administration as an adjuvant-like agent. here, we have investigated the role of melatonin as an adjuvant of the clostridium perfringens vaccine in prepartum sheep and whether melatonin modulates platelet physiology during peripartum.201222716226
animal models to study the pathogenesis of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens infections.rabbits, mice, rats, non-human primates, sheep and cattle have been used to study the effect of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). cpe produces mostly necrosis of the small intestinal epithelium along with fluid accumulation in rabbits and mice. in the latter, cpe can bind to internal organs such as the liver, which induces lethal potassium levels in blood.201222713745
vaccination with clostridium perfringens recombinant proteins in combination with montanide™ isa 71 vg adjuvant increases protection against experimental necrotic enteritis in commercial broiler chickens.this study was performed to compare four clostridium perfringens recombinant proteins as vaccine candidates using the montanide™ isa 71 vg adjuvant in an experimental model of necrotic enteritis. broiler chickens were immunized subcutaneously with purified clostridial recombinant netb toxin, pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfo), α-toxin, or elongation factor-tu (ef-tu), or with vehicle control, in conjunction with isa 71 vg, and intestinal lesion scores, body weight gains, netb toxin and pf ...201222713719
prophage carriage and diversity within clinically relevant strains of clostridium difficile.prophages are encoded in most genomes of sequenced clostridium difficile strains. they are key components of the mobile genetic elements and, as such, are likely to influence the biology of their host strains. the majority of these phages are not amenable to propagation, and therefore the development of a molecular marker is a useful tool with which to establish the extent and diversity of c. difficile prophage carriage within clinical strains. to design markers, several candidate genes were ana ...201222706062
xylanase supplementation to a wheat-based diet alleviated the intestinal mucosal barrier impairment of broiler chickens challenged by clostridium perfringens.the present study was carried out to evaluate the protective effects of xylanase on the intestinal mucosal barrier in broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens in a 21-day experiment. a total of 336 1-day-old male broiler chicks (ross 308) were assigned to four treatment groups. a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a randomized complete block design to study the effects of enzyme addition (with or without xylanase 5500 u/kg wheat-based diet), pathogen challenge (w ...201222702457
nosocomial diarrhea: evaluation and treatment of causes other than clostridium difficile.diarrhea is common among hospitalized patients but the causes are distinct from those of diarrhea in the community. we review existing data about the epidemiology of nosocomial diarrhea and summarize recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of diarrhea. clinicians should recognize that most cases of nosocomial diarrhea have a noninfectious etiology, including medications, underlying illness, and enteral feeding. apart from clostridium difficile, the frequency of infectious causes such as ...201222700831
role of the agr-like quorum-sensing system in regulating toxin production by clostridium perfringens type b strains cn1793 and cn1795.clostridium perfringens type b causes enteritis and enterotoxemia in domestic animals. by definition, these bacteria must produce alpha toxin (cpa), beta toxin (cpb) and epsilon toxin (etx) although most type b strains also produce perfringolysin o (pfo) and beta2 toxin (cpb2). a recently identified agr-like quorum-sensing (qs) system in c. perfringens controls all toxin production by surveyed type a, c, and d strains, but whether this qs is involved in regulating toxin production by type b stra ...201222689820
coenzyme depletion by members of the aerolysin family of pore-forming toxins leads to diminished atp levels and cell death.recent studies demonstrated that a variety of bacterial pore-forming toxins induce cell death through a process of programmed necrosis characterized by the rapid depletion of cellular atp. however, events leading to the necrosis and depletion of atp are not thoroughly understood. we demonstrate that atp-depletion induced by two pore-forming toxins, the clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin and the aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin toxin, is associated with decreased mitochondrial membrane potential ...201222688384
claudin-4-targeted optical imaging detects pancreatic cancer and its precursor lesions.novel imaging methods based on specific molecular targets to detect both established neoplasms and their precursor lesions are highly desirable in cancer medicine. previously, we identified claudin-4, an integral constituent of tight junctions, as highly expressed in various gastrointestinal tumours including pancreatic cancer. here, we investigate the potential of targeting claudin-4 with a naturally occurring ligand to visualise pancreatic cancer and its precursor lesions in vitro and in vivo ...201322677720
observing the confinement potential of bacterial pore-forming toxin receptors inside rafts with nonblinking eu(3+)-doped oxide nanoparticles.we track single toxin receptors on the apical cell membrane of mdck cells with eu-doped oxide nanoparticles coupled to two toxins of the pore-forming toxin family: α-toxin of clostridium septicum and ε-toxin of clostridium perfringens. these nonblinking and photostable labels do not perturb the motion of the toxin receptors and yield long uninterrupted trajectories with mean localization precision of 30 nm for acquisition times of 51.3 ms. we were thus able to study the toxin-cell interaction at ...201222677383
identification and proteome analysis of the two-component virr/virs system in epidemic streptococcus suis serotype 2.streptococcus suis serotype 2 (ss2) is an important zoonotic pathogen that infects pigs and sporadically causes serious infections in humans. two recent large-scale outbreaks of human streptococcal toxic-shock-like syndrome with high mortality occurred in china, posing new challenges for global public health. however, the global regulation of the virulence of epidemic ss2 isolates lacks a systematic understanding. in this study, we performed a mutational and functional analysis of an ss2 two-com ...201222670712
salvage liver transplantation for hepatic gas gangrene.hepatic gas gangrene is an uncommon situation mainly due to bacterial infection by clostridium perfringens. it remains a life-threatening condition associated with a high mortality rate. quick diagnosis and aggressive therapy including liver transplantation should be proposed to improve the outcome. this report describes a rare case of hepatic gas gangrene on native liver, secondary to iatrogenic hepatic artery thrombosis and instrumental biliary tree infection, which was successfully treated by ...201222669442
molecular characterization of podoviral bacteriophages virulent for clostridium perfringens and their comparison with members of the picovirinae.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium responsible for human food-borne disease as well as non-food-borne human, animal and poultry diseases. because bacteriophages or their gene products could be applied to control bacterial diseases in a species-specific manner, they are potential important alternatives to antibiotics. consequently, poultry intestinal material, soil, sewage and poultry processing drainage water were screened for virulent bacteriophages th ...201222666499
molecular characteristics of clostridium perfringens tpel toxin and consequences of mono-o-glcnacylation of ras in living cells.tpel is a member of the family of clostridial glucosylating toxins produced by clostridium perfringens type a, b, and c strains. in contrast to other members of this toxin family, it lacks a c-terminal polypeptide repeat domain, which is suggested to be involved in target cell binding. it was shown that the glucosyltransferase domain of tpel modifies ras in vitro by mono-o-glucosylation or mono-o-glcnacylation (nagahama, m., ohkubo, a., oda, m., kobayashi, k., amimoto, k., miyamoto, k., and saku ...201222665487
comparison of mucosal absorption-enhancing activity between a claudin-3/-4 binder and a broadly specific claudin binder.intercellular spaces between adjacent mucosal epithelial cells are sealed by tight junctions (tjs) that prevent the free movement of solutes across the epithelium. claudins (cls), a family of 27 integral membrane proteins, are essential components for tj seals. we previously used a cl-3/-4 binder, the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe), to show that cl modulation is a promising method to enhance mucosal absorption. recently, by using a c-cpe mutant library, we dev ...201222659740
antimicrobial susceptibility of canine clostridium perfringens strains from switzerland.fifty clostridium perfringens strains were isolated from individual dogs with acute diarrhoea that were not given antibiotics. toxin types and minimal inhibitory concentrations of 15 antibiotics were determined for each of them. all strains harboured the alpha-toxin gene, 12 of them had both the alpha- and entero-toxin gene and 5 had both the alpha- and beta2-toxin gene. eighteen percent of the isolates showed resistance to tetracycline and 54 % showed decreased susceptibility to metronidazole w ...201222653699
the effect of genetically modified lactobacillus plantarum 590 on the gut health of sprague-dawley rats.lp was a generally recognized as safe microorganism. lactobacillus plantarum 590 was obtained by inserting nisi gene into lp genome to help it tolerate higher concentration nisin. as the unintended effects of the genetically modified microorganism (gmm) are the most important barriers to the progress of gmm, we have performed a useful exploration to establish a new in vivo evaluation model for gmm from the point of view of intestinal health. in this study, sprague-dawley rats were orally adminis ...201222648689
evaluation of impact of exposure of sudan azo dyes and their metabolites on human intestinal bacteria.sudan azo dyes are banned for food usage in most countries, but they are illegally used to maintain or enhance the color of food products due to low cost, bright staining, and wide availability of the dyes. in this report, we examined the toxic effects of these azo dyes and their potential reduction metabolites on 11 prevalent human intestinal bacterial strains. among the tested bacteria, cell growth of 2, 3, 5, 5, and 1 strains was inhibited by sudan i, ii, iii, iv, and para red, respectively. ...201222634331
fulminant clostridium perfringens sepsis during induction chemotherapy in childhood leukemia. 201222631574
fluorescent probe for detection of bacteria: conformational trigger upon bacterial reduction of an azo bridge.using biomimetic chemical reduction or clostridium perfringens cell extract containing azoreductase, the dimer-fluorescent probe 2,4-o-bisdansyl-6,7-diazabicyclooct-6-ene, which possesses a conformationally constrained cis-azo bridge, is reduced to the tetra-equatorial 2,4-o-bisdansyl-cyclohexyl-3,5-bisammonium salt which exhibits fluorescence indicative of a dansyl monomer.201222618019
adherence of clostridium difficile spores to caco-2 cells in culture.clostridium difficile is the causative agent of the majority of antibiotic associated diarrhoea cases. c. difficile spores are recognized as the persistent and infectious morphotype as well as the vehicle of transmission of cdi. however, there is a lack of knowledge on how c. difficile spores interact with the host's epithelial surfaces. in this context, we have characterized the ability of c. difficile spores to adhere to human caco-2 cells. despite the similarities in spore-surface hydrophobic ...201222595914
treatment with histamine-type 2 receptor antagonists and omeprazole increase the risk of diarrhoea in neonatal foals treated in intensive care units.the use of anti-ulcer medication in the neonatal intensive care unit (icu) is common due to the concern for development of catastrophic gastric ulcerdisease. in man, however, the use of acid-suppressive medication has been shown in some studies to be a substantial riskfactorfor the development of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad), bacteraemia and neonatal sepsis.201222594032
quantitative analyses of genes associated with mucin synthesis of broiler chickens with induced necrotic enteritis.clostridial infection of the intestine can result in necrotic enteritis (ne), compromising production and health of poultry. mucins play a major role in protecting the intestinal epithelium from infection. the relative roles of different mucins in gut pathology following bacterial challenge are unclear. this study was designed to quantify the expression of mucin and mucin-related genes, using intestinal samples from an ne challenge trial where birds were fed diets with or without in-feed antimic ...201222582290
oxygen tolerance in anaerobic pathogenic bacteria.a prerequisite for successful identification of anaerobic pathogenic bacteria from samples of clinical material is the method of cultivation. currently, several methods of cultivation in anaerobic environment are used: cultivation in anaerobic box, anaerobic jar, and in nonrecurring cultivation system. here, we determined the suitability of the above methods of cultivation using the estimation of the growth (diameters of colony size) of commonly isolated anaerobic pathogens (bacteroides fragilis ...201222573259
is the quality of drinking water a risk factor for self-reported forearm fractures? cohort of norway.compared to ph ≥7.0 in norwegian municipal drinking water, ph <7.0 increased the risk of forearm fractures in the population-based cohort of norway (conor; n = 127,272). the association was attenuated (p > 0.05) after adjustments for indicators of bacteria and organic matter, which may signify an association between poor drinking water and bone health.201322569744
severe clostridial pyomyoma following an abortion does not always require surgical intervention.background. clostridial infection following pregnancy may be fatal, and surgery is considered as the treatment of choice. we suggest a conservative management in selected cases when preservation of fertility is of major importance. case. a 41-year-old primigravida presented with abdominal pain and fever, one day following dilatation and curettage at 20 weeks of gestation. her abdomen was diffusely tender, with a uterus enlarged to 20 weeks' gestation. laboratory studies were consistent with seps ...201122567505
generation and characterization of an inter-generic bivalent alpha domain fusion protein αcs from clostridium perfringens and staphylococcus aureus for concurrent diagnosis and therapeutic applications.to evaluate an inter-generic recombinant alpha domain fusion protein for simultaneous detection and neutralization of clostridium perfringens and staphylococcus aureus alpha toxins.201222563989
characterization of polymorphisms and isoforms of the clostridium perfringens phospholipase c gene (plc) reveals high genetic diversity.clostridium perfringens phospholipase c (cp-plc), also called alpha-toxin, is encoded by the plc gene and has been implicated in several diseases; however, only a few studies have described polymorphisms in this gene. the aim of this study was to analyze polymorphisms in the cp-plc nucleotide and amino acid sequences obtained from isolates from different regions and to compare them to clostridium phospholipase c sequences deposited in the ncbi database. environmental samples (sediment, poultry f ...201222560738
feeding jerusalem artichoke reduced skatole level and changed intestinal microbiota in the gut of entire male pigs.different levels of dried jerusalem artichoke were fed to entire male pigs 1 week before slaughter. the objective was to investigate the effect on skatole level in the hindgut and in adipose tissue, as well as the effect on microflora and short-chain fatty acids (scfa) in the hindgut. five experimental groups (n = 11) were given different dietary treatments 7 days before slaughtering: negative control (basal diet), positive control (basal diet + 9% chicory-inulin), basal diet + 4.1% jerusalem ar ...201222558928
antimicrobial activity of ayurvedic tablet "hadrabi".the ethanolic extract of "hadrabi" powder was tested for antimicrobial activites against gram positive organisms-staphylococus aureus, bacillus subtilis, clostridium perfringens and gram negative organisms-pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella paratyphi -b, escherichia coli & klebsiella pneumoniae significant antimicrobial activity of the extract was found in this study at the dose of 1250 mg.200222557061
longitudinal study of clostridium difficile and antimicrobial susceptibility of escherichia coli in healthy horses in a community setting.point prevalence studies have reported carriage rates of enteric pathogens in healthy horses, but longitudinal data are lacking. commensal e. coli is an indicator organism to evaluate antimicrobial resistance of enteric bacteria, yet there are limited data for horses. the objectives of this study were to investigate and molecularly characterize isolates of clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens and salmonella, collected sequentially over a one year period, and to determine the antibiotic ...201222554764
clostridium perfringens infections initially attributed to norovirus, north carolina, 2010.we investigated an outbreak initially attributed to norovirus; however, clostridium perfringens toxicoinfection was subsequently confirmed. c. perfringens is an underrecognized but frequently observed cause of food-borne disease outbreaks. this investigation illustrates the importance of considering epidemiologic and laboratory data together when evaluating potential etiologic agents that might require unique control measures.201222550114
clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin and netb toxin antibodies and their possible role in protection against necrotic enteritis and gangrenous dermatitis in broiler chickens.necrotic enteritis (ne) and gangrenous dermatitis (gd) are important infectious diseases of poultry. although ne and gd share a common pathogen, clostridium perfringens, they differ in other important aspects such as clinical signs, pathologic symptoms, and age of onset. the primary virulence factors of c perfringens are its four major toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon, iota) and the newly described ne b-like (netb) toxin. while neutralizing antibodies against some c perfingens toxins are associated ...201222545552
epidermal growth factor modulates claudins and tight junctional functions in ovarian cancer cell lines.ovarian adenocarcinomas, like human ovarian surface epithelial cells, form functional tight junctions. tight junction molecules claudin-3 and claudin-4, which are the receptors of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe), are abnormally upregulated in epithelial ovarian cancers of all subtypes including, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma and serous cystadenocarcinoma. clostridium perfringens enterotoxin may be a novel tumor-targeted therapy for ovarian cancers. in epithelial ovarian cancers, overexpr ...201222544349
clostridium difficile mazf toxin exhibits selective, not global, mrna cleavage.clostridium difficile is an important, emerging nosocomial pathogen. the transition from harmless colonization to disease is typically preceded by antimicrobial therapy, which alters the balance of the intestinal flora, enabling c. difficile to proliferate in the colon. one of the most perplexing aspects of the c. difficile infectious cycle is its ability to survive antimicrobial therapy and transition from inert colonization to active infection. toxin-antitoxin (ta) systems have been implicated ...201222544268
bidirectional attack on the actin cytoskeleton. bacterial protein toxins causing polymerization or depolymerization of actin.the actin cytoskeleton is one of the major targets of bacterial protein toxins. the family of binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxins, including clostridium difficile transferase cdt, clostridium perfringens iota toxin and clostridium botulinum c2 toxin, modifies arginine-177 of actin. thereby actin polymerization is blocked. by contrast, actin polymerization is facilitated by the tripartite photorhabdus luminescens toxin complex including tccc3, which modifies actin at threonine-148. the review di ...201222543189
the majority of atypical cpb2 genes in clostridium perfringens isolates of different domestic animal origin are expressed.this study examined the prevalence and expression of the "consensus" and the "atypical"cpb2 genes in clostridium perfringens isolates from cattle, chickens, dogs, goats, horses, pigs and sheep using polymerase chain reaction (pcr), sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by western blotting. almost all porcine isolates (12/14) carried and expressed the consensus form of cpb2 but, when present in 108 non-porcine isolates, the gene was usually the atypical form (40 atypi ...201222542269
bacterial contamination of tile drainage water and shallow groundwater under different application methods of liquid swine manure.a 2 year field experiment evaluated liquid manure application methods on the movement of manure-borne pathogens (salmonella sp.) and indicator bacteria (escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens) to subsurface water. a combination of application methods including surface application, pre-application tillage, and post-application incorporation were applied in a randomized complete block design on an instrumented field site in spring 2007 and 2008. tile and shallow groundwater were sampled imme ...201222540289
reduction of bilirubin ditaurate by the intestinal bacterium clostridium perfringens.bilirubin is degraded in the human gut by microflora into urobilinoids. in our study we investigated whether the bilirubin-reducing strain of clostridium perfringens can reduce bilirubin ditaurate (bdt), a bile pigment of some lower vertebrates, without hydrolysis of the taurine moiety. c. perfringes was incubated under anaerobic conditions with bdt; reduction products were quantified by spectrophotometry and separated by tlc. based on rf values of bdt reduction products and synthetic urobilinog ...201222540115
immunohistochemical search for viral and bacterial antigens in crohn's disease.recent studies show that diseased intestinal tissues of patients with crohn's disease (cd) contain obstructed lymphatics, granulomas, and tertiary lymphoid organs, representing responses to persistent antigen.201322537638
rapid, simultaneous detection of clostridium sordellii and clostridium perfringens in archived tissues by a novel pcr-based microsphere assay: diagnostic implications for pregnancy-associated toxic shock syndrome cases.clostridium sordellii and clostridium perfringens are infrequent human pathogens; however, the case-fatality rates for the infections are very high, particularly in obstetric c. sordellii infections (>90%). deaths from clostridium sordellii and clostridium perfringens toxic shock (cts) are sudden, and diagnosis is often challenging. formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (ffpe) tissues usually are the only specimens available for sudden fatal cases, and immunohistochemistry (ihc) for clostridia is ge ...201222536012
development of real-time pcr for the detection of clostridium perfringens in meats and vegetables.a real-time pcr assay was developed and validated inhouse specifically for the detection of clostridium perfringens (cl. perfringens) in meats and vegetables by comparing with the culture method. the detection limit of the real-time pcr assay in phosphate-buffered saline was 10² cfu/ml. when the two methods were compared in food samples inoculated with cl. perfringens, the culture method detected 52 positives, whereas real-time pcr detected 51 positives out of 160 samples. the difference was wit ...201222534301
nitrergic response to clostridium perfringens infection in the rat brain regions: effect of red light irradiation.a single intraperitoneal injection of a gram-positive pathogen clostridium perfringens (cp) causes a remarkable down-regulation the constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cnos) with a simultaneous increase in the activity of inducible nos (inos) and the level of reactive nitrogen species in the rat brain major regions (cortex, striatum, hippocampus and hypothalamus) at 48 h post-administration of cp. treatment by both a semiconductor laser (scl) and/or a light-emitting diode (led) with same wavelen ...201222533509
freezing or adding trypsin inhibitor to equine intestinal contents extends the lifespan of clostridium perfringens beta toxin for diagnostic purposes.clostridium perfringens type c causes necrotizing enteritis mostly in neonatal animals of several species, including horses. the virulence of c. perfringens type c is mostly mediated by beta toxin (cpb). this toxin is highly sensitive to the action of trypsin and other proteases, which explains the increased susceptibility of neonatal animals to type c infections. final confirmation of type c disease diagnosis should be based on detection of cpb in the intestinal content of affected animals. how ...201222516562
survival trends of staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and clostridium perfringens in a sandy south florida beach.the search for alternative indicators of disease-risk from non-enteric pathogens at the beach revealed high densities of targeted bacteria. to explain the high numbers of potential non-enteric pathogens, staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa, in beach sand, we investigated factors affecting their survival and distribution, as well as those of a potential fecal indicator, clostridium perfringens. results indicated greater s. aureus and p. aeruginosa survival and proliferation in steril ...201222516512
genetic relatedness and netb prevalence among environmental clostridium perfringens strains associated with a broiler flock affected by mild necrotic enteritis.in a previous study we investigated pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) genotype diversity and prevalence of the netb toxin gene in clostridium perfringens (cp) isolates recovered from a broiler flock (flock 1) affected by necrotic enteritis (ne). in this follow-up work, we examined samples collected before placement of flock 1, to see if ne during rearing could be traced back to the cleaned and empty building or the day-old chicks. litter from the next flock in the same building (flock 2) w ...201222516191
non-soluble fibres and narasin reduce spontaneous gizzard erosion and ulceration in broiler chickens.the prevalence and severity of gizzard erosion and ulceration syndrome (geu) in broilers is affected by a number of predisposing and preventive factors. two broiler experiments with almost identical basal diets were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary oat hulls, access to litter and the antimicrobial compound narasin on geu. the effects on particle size of duodenal digesta, ileal starch concentration, caecal clostridium perfringens counts, necrotic enteritis and production performance ...201222515541
foodborne outbreaks surveillance in the piedmont region, italy (2002-2009).this article summarises the results of eight years (2002-2009) of investigations on food borne disease outbreaks carried out the regional agency for public health in piedmont, which is an italian region (4,432,571 citizens, 2008).201222508645
enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens: detection and identification.recent advances in understanding the genetics of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens, including whole genome sequencing of a chromosomal cpe strain and sequencing of several cpe-carrying large plasmids, have led to the development of molecular approaches to more precisely investigate isolates involved in human gastrointestinal diseases and isolates present in the environment. sequence-based pcr genotyping of the cpe locus (cpe genotyping pcr assays) has provided new information about cpe-pos ...201222504431
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