Publications

preparing a new workforce.	human caring, while instinctive, can also be taught, learned, and measured through the nursing education system. for decades information has been obtained that suggests people enter nursing because they value interpersonal relationships, altruism, and a desire to help others. building on this "caring ethic," nursing students can be professionally trained so that the very best in nursing comes through in their practice. by using nursing theory, students realize their potential while gaining all r ...	2003	13677186
the 1952 outbreak of encephalitis in california; epidemiologic aspects.	for the most part, epidemiologic phenomena observed in the outbreak of encephalitis in 1952 accorded with patterns that had been apparent in previous years. ninety-seven per cent of the 414 laboratory-confirmed cases of western equine and st. louis encephalitis in humans occurred in the 20 central valley counties. the cases of western equine encephalomyelitis in horses were generally scattered over the state. in the central valley most of the cases in horses were in animals less than two years o ...	1953	13067018
california encephalitis virus, a newly described agent.	in three cases of encephalitis in humans that occurred in the area where the newly described california virus was isolated from mosquitoes, serological evidence seemed to indict the california virus as the etiological agent. in the case of an infant with very severe disease, the serological evidence was convincing; the evidence was almost as strong in the case of a seven-year-old boy; the results in an adult were equivocal. inapparent infection in man is quite common as indicated by neutralizati ...	1952	13009479
safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling.	to examine the relationship between the numbers of people walking or bicycling and the frequency of collisions between motorists and walkers or bicyclists. the common wisdom holds that the number of collisions varies directly with the amount of walking and bicycling. however, three published analyses of collision rates at specific intersections found a non-linear relationship, such that collisions rates declined with increases in the numbers of people walking or bicycling.	2003	12966006
a blogger in their midst.	it was five minutes before show time, and only 15 people had wandered into the conference room to hear lancaster-webb ceo will somerset introduce the company's latest line of surgical gloves. more important, sales prospect samuel taylor, medical director of the houston clinic, had failed to show. will walked out of the ballroom to steady his nerves and noticed a spillover crowd down the hall. he made a "what's up?" gesture to judy chen, lancaster-webb's communications chief. she came over to him ...	2003	12964391
phenobarbital use and bladder cancer risk.	two epidemiologic studies have reported an inverse association between use of phenobarbital (pb) and bladder cancer development. it was proposed that pb use protects against bladder cancer by inducing enzymes that participate in the detoxification of human bladder carcinogens, such as the aminobiphenyls and naphthylamines, which are found in cigarette smoke.	2003	12952139
preventing hiv in injection drug users: choosing the best mix of interventions for the population.	injection drug users (idus) transmit the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) via both needle sharing and sex. this analysis explores the effects of population risk behaviors, intervention effectiveness, intervention costs, and budget and capacity constraints when allocating funds between two prevention programs to maximize effectiveness. the two interventions, methadone maintenance and street outreach, address different types of risk behavior. we developed a model of the spread of hiv and divided ...	2003	12930884
outbreaks of aseptic meningitis associated with echoviruses 9 and 30 and preliminary surveillance reports on enterovirus activity--united states, 2003.	aseptic or viral meningitis is the most common type of meningitis and is associated with an estimated 26,000--42,000 hospitalizations each year in the united states. enteroviruses are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis. echovirus 9 (e9) and echovirus 30 (e30) have been associated frequently with outbreaks of aseptic meningitis. during march 2003, several state public health departments noted increased reports of aseptic meningitis and, as of august 7, seven states (arizona, california, ...	2003	12917581
population-based study of non-hodgkin lymphoma, histology, and medical history among human immunodeficiency virus-negative participants in san francisco.	a population-based case-control study of non-hodgkin lymphoma was conducted in the san francisco bay area of california from 1988 to 1995. the study used working formulation histologic subtypes of non-hodgkin lymphoma. diffuse and immunoblastic large-cell lymphomas and all follicular lymphomas were combined to reflect two revised european-american lymphoma (real) classifications. results were obtained from age- and sex-adjusted polytomous multivariable logistic models for 1,304 cases and 2,402 c ...	2003	12915497
does postpartum length of stay affect breastfeeding duration? a population-based study.	short postpartum hospital stays may leave inadequate time for women to receive assistance with breastfeeding. women leaving the hospital early may also have household responsibilities that could interfere with breastfeeding. this study examined the relationship between postpartum length of stay and breastfeeding cessation.	2003	12911797
mixture distribution analysis of phenotypic markers reflecting hfe gene mutations.	the goal of this study was to determine whether statistical modeling of population data for a phenotypic marker could reflect a major locus gene defect. identifying mutations in the hfe gene makes it possible to assess the association between transferrin saturation (ts) subpopulations and hfe mutations. data were analyzed from 27 895 white patients who attended a health appraisal clinic and who had ts and common mutations of hfe determined. mixture distribution modeling of ts was performed, and ...	2003	12907432
acute promyelocytic leukaemia in patients originating in latin america is associated with an increased frequency of the bcr1 subtype of the pml/raralpha fusion gene.	the pml/raralpha fusion gene in acute promyelocytic leukaemia (apl) has three subtypes based on the breakpoint site of the pml gene: long (bcr1), short (bcr3) and variable (bcr2) subtypes. the pml/raralpha fusion protein is involved in the pathogenesis of apl and the breakpoint site of the pml gene might be associated with aetiological factor(s). because apl is over-represented in patients that originate in latin america (latinos), we evaluated whether the distribution of the pml/raralpha fusion ...	2003	12899711
increased use of lipid-lowering therapy in patients receiving human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors.	although human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) protease inhibitors (pis) improve survival in patients with hiv infection, many patients receiving pis develop hyperlipidemia, which may increase risk of future coronary events. the purpose of this study was to estimate the changing prevalence of lipid-lowering therapy (llt) in patients with hiv and to evaluate its association with the use of hiv pis. this was a cross-sectional study of adults with hiv infection who were registered in the medicaid of c ...	2003	12888129
lack of detectable human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection during 1072 person-years of observation.	we examined consecutive protease (pr) and reverse transcriptase (rt) sequences from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1-infected individuals, to distinguish changes resulting from sequence evolution due to possible superinfection. between july 1997 and december 2001, >/=2 pr and rt samples from 718 persons were sequenced at stanford university hospital. thirty-seven persons had highly divergent sequence pairs characterized by a nucleotide distance of >4.5% in pr or >3.0% in rt. in 16 of 37 ...	2003	12870121
california's new law allowing surrogate consent for clinical research involving subjects with impaired decision-making capacity.		2003	12861989
encouraging vietnamese-american women to obtain pap tests through lay health worker outreach and media education.	five times more vietnamese-american women develop cervical cancer than white women. few studies have examined whether community-based participatory research can effectively address asian immigrants' health problems. this article reports the preliminary evaluation of 1 such project.	2003	12848834
environmental isolation of balamuthia mandrillaris associated with a case of amebic encephalitis.	this report describes the first isolation of the ameba balamuthia mandrillaris from an environmental soil sample associated with a fatal case of amebic encephalitis in a northern california child. isolation of the ameba into culture from autopsied brain tissue confirmed the presence of balamuthia: in trying to locate a possible source of infection, soil and water samples from the child's home and play areas were examined for the presence of balamuthia: the environmental samples (plated onto nonn ...	2003	12843060
ambulatory diagnosis and medical management of ectopic pregnancy in a public teaching hospital serving indigent women.	the study was undertaken to evaluate the outcomes of indigent women with possible ectopic pregnancy who were cared for in a public teaching hospital outpatient clinic by multiple residents.	2003	12824991
california state mosquito-borne virus surveillance and response plan: a retrospective evaluation using conditional simulations.	the california mosquito-borne virus surveillance and response plan recently was developed to provide a semi-quantitative means for assessing risk for western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) or st. louis encephalitis (sle) viruses and to provide intervention guidelines for mosquito control and public health agencies during periods of heightened risk for human infection. west nile virus recently has arrived in california, and the response plan also will provide a baseline for assessing the risk for ...	2003	12812335
risk factors for neural tube defects: associations between uncoupling protein 2 polymorphisms and spina bifida.	polymorphisms in the mitochondrial membrane transporter gene ucp2 are capable of affecting energy metabolism, body weight regulation, and possibly preventing the buildup of reactive oxygen species, all factors that could contribute to neural tube defect risk through maternal obesity and diabetes.	2003	12797456
evaluation of infant methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype, maternal vitamin use, and risk of high versus low level spina bifida defects.	several studies have suggested that homozygosity for the c677t 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (mthfr) variant is a potential risk factor for neural tube defects (ntds), as individuals homozygous for the c677t allele have slightly elevated homocysteine concentrations under conditions of low folic acid intake. it has been hypothesized that maternal folic acid supplementation prevents ntds by partially correcting reduced mthfr activity associated with the variant form of the enzyme.	2003	12797455
42nd annual meeting of the american society for cell biology, san francisco, california, usa, 14-18 december 2002.	the annual meeting of the american society for cell biology (ascb) is a diverse conference covering all topics in cell biology. while all of the basic biology presented at this meeting may potentially contribute to breast cancer research, there were a significant number of presentations and posters directly pertinent to this field. here we have summarized the research that is of greatest immediate relevance to breast cancer, with particular emphasis on mammary gland development and tumorigenesis ...	2003	12793896
secondary syringe exchange among injection drug users.	syringe-exchange programs (seps) have proven to prevent the spread of bloodborne pathogens, primarily human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), among injection drug users (idus). in the united states, only about 7% of idus have access to and use seps. some idus engage in secondary syringe exchange (sse), meaning that one idu (a "provider") obtains syringes at an sep to distribute to other idus ("recipients"). this formative qualitative research was conducted to understand why and how idus engage in ss ...	2003	12791808
a polymorphism in the tcf7 gene, c883a, is associated with type 1 diabetes.	type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease with a th1 phenotype in which insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreas are destroyed. the t-cell-specific transcription factor tcf7 activates genes involved in immune regulation and is a candidate locus for genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. a nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) (pro to thr) in the tcf7 gene, c883a, was examined in samples from 282 caucasian multiplex type 1 diabetic families. hla-drb1 and -dqb1 genotypes were p ...	2003	12765974
longitudinal hierarchical linear modeling analyses of california psychological inventory data from age 33 to 75: an examination of stability and change in adult personality.	twenty aspects of personality assessed via the california psychological inventory (cpi; gough & bradley, 1996) from age 33 to 75 were examined in a sample of 279 individuals. oakland growth study and berkeley guidance study members completed the cpi a maximum of 4 times. we used longitudinal hierarchical linear modeling (hlm) to ask the following: which personality characteristics change and which do not? five cpi scales showed uniform lack of change, 2 showed heterogeneous change giving an aver ...	2003	12763702
clinical trials face heightened scrutiny as science and commerce appear to merge.	clinical trials involving human subjects face increased scrutiny and regulation by the federal government that may lead to costly changes to the process. prompted by a highly publicized death in a gene therapy trial, federal regulators are examining almost all aspects of clinical trial conduct, from how patients are recruited and how they give informed consent, to the relationship between the researchers and the company sponsoring the research. in addition to the heightened regulation, the gover ...	2001	12751494
greater risks, fewer rights: u.s. farmworkers and pesticides.	pesticide action network, united farmworkers of america, and california rural legal assistance foundation analyzed california government data on agricultural poisonings and enforcement of worker safety standards. nearly 500 pesticide poisonings were reported for california farmworkers every year from 1997 to 2000. the actual number of pesticide-related illnesses is unknown, since many poisonings go unreported. most poisonings occurred as a result of soil fumigation and pesticide applications to ...	2003	12749629
trends in human immunodeficiency virus seroincidence among street-recruited injection drug users in san francisco, 1987-1998.	this paper reports trends in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) incidence among street-recruited injection drug users (idus) in san francisco, california, from 1987 through 1998, estimated using a sensitive/less sensitive enzyme immunoassay testing strategy. idus were enrolled in 23 semiannual cross-sections from three community sites. for identification of recent infections, less sensitive enzyme immunoassay testing was performed on stored specimens that had previously tested positive for hiv a ...	2003	12746244
narratives and healing: exploring one family's stories of cancer survivorship.	this study investigates the narratives of one couple who lived through life-changing events following a cancer diagnosis. the narratives of the cancer survivor and her husband are explored as they struggle to cope with their situation, provide support for one another, and consider their changing personal identities. this research addresses the communication dilemmas that often occur when family members, friends, and providers do not know how to respond to an individual diagnosed with cancer. the ...	2003	12742765
moellerella wisconsensis isolated from the oral cavity of a wild raccoon (procyon lotor).	this report describes the isolation of moellerella wisconsensis from the oral secretions of a wild raccoon in northern california. human enteric disease has previously been associated with this organism. this represents the first isolation of this rare enterobacterial species from a non-captive animal and only the third from a non-human source.	2002	12737549
needle sticks and adverse outcomes in office-based allergy practices.	in 1984 the first case of needle stick transmitted human immunodeficiency virus was reported. in 1986 occupational safety and health administration was petitioned by various unions representing health care employees to develop a standard which protects employees from occupational exposure to blood-borne diseases. congress passed the needle stick safety and prevention act. this specifies that "safer medical devices, such as sharps with engineered sharps injury protections and needle-less systems" ...	2003	12722959
complex political, ethical and legal issues surround research on human embryonic stem cells.		2003	12712214
clinical consequences of iron overload in hemochromatosis homozygotes.		2003	12707221
the hfe cys282tyr mutation as a necessary but not sufficient cause of clinical hereditary hemochromatosis.		2003	12707220
a follow-up of a title iv-e program's graduates' retention rates in a public child welfare agency.	examine retention rates of a title iv-e program's graduates in a public child welfare agency.	2002	12705463
smoke-free parks: a 12-year-old made it happen.	this case study examines how a 12-year-old in the city of grand terrace, california was able to get the city council to adopt a resolution making city parks smoke-free/tobacco-free zones in his community. over a three-month period of time, this 12-year-old (with tremendous support from his parents and sister) applied for and received a mini-grant from the tri-county south regional tobacco-free project and implemented "the terrace is grand with smoke-free parks" activities. this young man recruit ...	2003	12705314
alfalfa seed decontamination in a salmonella outbreak.	based on in vitro data, the u.s. food and drug administration recommends chemical disinfection of raw sprout seeds to reduce enteric pathogens contaminating the seed coats. however, little is known about the effectiveness of decontamination at preventing human disease. in 1999, an outbreak of salmonella enterica serotype mbandaka occurred in oregon, washington, idaho, and california. based on epidemiologic and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis evidence from 87 confirmed cases, the outbreak was li ...	2003	12702229
clinical disease and laboratory abnormalities in free-ranging desert tortoises in california (1990-1995).	desert tortoise (gopherus agassizii) populations have experienced precipitous declines resulting from the cumulative impact of habitat loss and human and disease-related mortality. diagnosis of disease in live, free-ranging tortoises is facilitated by evaluation of clinical signs and laboratory test results but may be complicated by seasonal and environmental effects. the goals of this study were: 1) to describe and monitor clinical and laboratory signs of disease in adult, free-ranging desert t ...	2003	12685067
development of a skin cancer prevention program.	the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) now categorizes skin cancer as epidemic. nearly 90% of these deadly cancers start from sun exposure during the childhood years. this makes sun exposure in school-age children a serious public health risk, also one that school nurses can address. solar radiation is now classified as a "known human carcinogen," with ultraviolet rays joining the ranks of other known cancer-causing elements such as tobacco, arsenic, and radon. sun exposure to unpr ...	2003	12653620
acarologic risk of exposure to emerging tick-borne bacterial pathogens in a semirural community in northern california.	an acarologic study was conducted in a semirural community in northern california to determine the relative abundance of, and the prevalence of infection with, three emerging bacterial pathogens in the western black-legged tick (ixodes pacificus). these included the agents causing lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi), human granulocytic ehrlichiosis [ehrlichia phagocytophila (formerly ehrlichia equi)], and human monocytic ehrlichiosis (ehrlichia chaffeensis). the study area in sonoma county consi ...	2001	12653148
commodification and commercialization in human embryo research.		1995	12645598
tiered approach for identification of a human fecal pollution source at a recreational beach: case study at avalon bay, catalina island, california.	recreational marine beaches in california are posted as unfit for swimming when the concentration of fecal indicator bacteria (fib) exceeds any of seven concentration standards. finding and mitigating sources of shoreline fib is complicated by the many potential human and nonhuman sources of these organisms and the complex fate and transport processes that control their concentrations. in this study, a three-tiered approach is used to identify human and nonhuman sources of fib in avalon bay, a p ...	2003	12636264
much ado about cloning in the public square.	the dawnings of the age of human cloning and genetics is shaping lives, ideologies, and social structures. how will we--as individuals and as communities--respond to the possibilities, challenges, and changes of the clone age? this essay invites engagement in communal moral deliberation through broadening conversations about serious matters, including human cloning. a framework that includes important moral markers for significant "kitchen table talk" is offered. clone age justice is also discus ...	2001	12627578
childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: the adverse childhood experiences study.	illicit drug use is identified in healthy people 2010 as a leading health indicator because it is associated with multiple deleterious health outcomes, such as sexually transmitted diseases, human immunodeficiency virus, viral hepatitis, and numerous social problems among adolescents and adults. improved understanding of the influence of stressful or traumatic childhood experiences on initiation and development of drug abuse is needed.	2003	12612237
communities, citizens, and the perceived importance of aids-related services in west hollywood, california.	successful strategies for prevention and treatment of human immuneodeficiency virus (hiv) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) in the developed world are commonly described in terms of community mobilisation and involvement. while a broadly defined 'gay community' has been regarded as central in mobilising responses to hiv and aids, other kinds of communities are also relevant, including place-based communities of citizens constituted by their shared residential location, and interest ...	2003	12609469
environmental monitoring of carbaryl applied in urban areas to control the glassy-winged sharpshooter in california.	carbaryl insecticide was applied by ground spray to plants in urban areas to control a serious insect pest the glassy-winged sharpshooter, homalodisca coagulata (say), newly introduced in california. to assure there are no adverse impacts to human health and the environment from the carbaryl applications, carbaryl was monitored in tank mixtures, air, surface water, foliage and backyard fruits and vegetables. results from the five urban areas - porterville, fresno, rancho cordova, brentwood and c ...	2003	12602631
pancreatic cancer mortality and organochlorine pesticide exposure in california, 1989-1996.	occupational studies have suggested a possible link between organochlorine pesticides and the occurrence of pancreatic cancers. california maintains a death file and a pesticide reporting system that allows examination of this relationship for residents of high use areas.	2003	12594778
epidemiology of mycobacterium bovis disease in san diego county, 1994-2000.	local public health department.	2003	12588020
end-of-life care for a man with developmental disabilities.	science can artificially maintain many essential life functions. does such care prolong life or dying?	2003	12583651
acute epiglottis in adults.	acute epiglottitis can be a serious life-threatening disease because of its potential for sudden upper airway obstruction. it is a well-recognised entity in children but it is uncommon in adults and therefore is often misdiagnosed. in this retrospective study we present twelve cases of acute epiglottitis in adults. the diagnosis was made by visualisation of the epiglottis using fibreoptic laryngoscopy. the illness was managed using a standardised management protocol (see appendix). the most freq ...	2002	12557859
personal awareness of domestic violence: implications for health care providers.	to estimate how many californians know a victim of domestic violence, to examine their knowledge of certain characteristics of the violence, and to estimate and examine such knowledge among specific demographic groups.	2003	12553637
the u.s.-mexico border infectious disease surveillance project: establishing bi-national border surveillance.	in 1997, the centers for disease control and prevention, the mexican secretariat of health, and border health officials began the development of the border infectious disease surveillance (bids) project, a surveillance system for infectious diseases along the u.s.-mexico border. during a 3-year period, a binational team implemented an active, sentinel surveillance system for hepatitis and febrile exanthems at 13 clinical sites. the network developed surveillance protocols, trained nine surveilla ...	2003	12533288
state medical marijuana laws: understanding the laws and their limitations.	significant attention has been given to the debate regarding allowances for medical marijuana use since the 1996 california and arizona ballot initiatives. state medical marijuana allowances, however, have existed since the mid-1970s. much of the current debate stems from confusion about the various ways states approach the issue. in this paper, we present original legal research on current state medical marijuana laws identifying four different ways states statutorily enable the medical use of ...	2002	12532682
adult blood lead epidemiology and surveillance--united states, 1998-2001.	elevated blood lead levels (blls) in adults can damage the cardiovascular, central nervous, reproductive, hematologic, and renal systems. the majority of cases are workplace-related. u.s. department of health and human services recommends that blls among all adults be reduced to < 25 microg/dl. the highest bll acceptable by standards of the u.s. occupational safety and health administration is 40 microg/dl. the mean bll of adults in the united states is < 3 microg/dl.	2002	12528812
the ucsc genome browser database.	the university of california santa cruz (ucsc) genome browser database is an up to date source for genome sequence data integrated with a large collection of related annotations. the database is optimized to support fast interactive performance with the web-based ucsc genome browser, a tool built on top of the database for rapid visualization and querying of the data at many levels. the annotations for a given genome are displayed in the browser as a series of tracks aligned with the genomic seq ...	2003	12519945
lessons from the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes): precautionary principle, primary prevention, and the value of community-based body-burden monitoring using breast milk.	levels of chemicals in humans (body burdens) are useful indicators of environmental quality and of community health. chemical body burdens are easily monitored using breast milk samples collected from first-time mothers (primiparae) with infants 2-8 weeks of age. currently, there is no body-burden monitoring program using breast milk in the united states, although ad hoc systems operate successfully in several european countries. in this article we describe the value of such monitoring and impor ...	2003	12515688
determinants of longer time from hiv result to enrollment in publicly funded care and treatment in california by race/ethnicity and behavioral risk.	the early intervention program (eip) is california's publicly funded human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) care and treatment program with 30 sites throughout the state. our objective for this study was to examine the number of days from first hiv-positive result until enrollment into eip by race/ethnicity, behavioral risk, and other characteristics, with data from clients who enrolled in an eip site after the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapies. for model i, logistic regression ...	2002	12513904
spatial analysis of yersinia pestis and bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii seroprevalence in california coyotes (canis latrans).	zoonotic transmission of sylvatic plague caused by yersinia pestis occurs in california, usa. human infections with various bartonella species have been reported recently. coyotes (canis latrans) are ubiquitous throughout california and can become infected with both bacterial agents, making the species useful for surveillance purposes. this study examined the geographic distribution of 863 coyotes tested for y. pestis and bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii serologic status to gain insight int ...	2003	12507856
protective association of genetic variation in alcohol dehydrogenase with alcohol dependence in native american mission indians.	two alcohol dehydrogenase genes (adh2 and adh3 on chromosome 4) and one aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (aldh2 on chromosome 12) exhibit functional polymorphisms. the goal of this study was to determine whether any associations exist between the adh2, adh3, and aldh2 polymorphisms and alcohol dependence in a group of native americans. an additional goal was to determine if any associations exist between these polymorphisms and the endophenotype, maximum number of drinks ever consumed in a 24-hour pe ...	2003	12505800
psychological distress following urban earthquakes in california.	during and following a disaster caused by a natural event, human populations are thought to be at greater risk of psychological morbidity and mortality directly attributable to increased, disaster-induced stress. drawing both on the research of others and that conducted at the center for public health and disaster relief of the university of california-los angeles (ucla) following california earthquakes, this paper examines the extent to which research evidence supports these assumptions. follow ...	2002	12500731
antibiotic susceptibilities of anaplasma (ehrlichia) phagocytophilum strains from various geographic areas in the united states.	we tested the antibiotic susceptibilities of eight strains of anaplasma phagocytophilum (the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis) collected in various geographic areas of the united states, including minnesota, wisconsin, california, and new york. the results are homogeneous and show that doxycycline, rifampin, and levofloxacin are the most active antibiotics against these strains in vitro.	2003	12499227
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2001.	during 2001, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,437 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of < 1% from 7,364 cases in nonhuman animals and 5 human cases reported in 2000. more than 93% (6,939 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 6.7% (497 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 93.0% in wild animals and 6.9% in domestic species in 2000). the number of cases reported in 2001 increased among bats, cat ...	2002	12494966
increases in fluoroquinolone-resistant neisseria gonorrhoeae--hawaii and california, 2001.	neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major cause of pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility, and it can facilitate human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) transmission. gonorrhea is the second most frequently reported communicable disease in the united states, with 361,705 reported cases in 2001. during the 1980s, gonococcal resistance to penicillin and tetracycline became widespread; as a result, cdc recommended using cephalosporins as first-line treatment for gonorrhea. since 1993, cd ...	2002	12487525
comparative risk analysis of six volatile organic compounds in california drinking water.	the widespread use and storage of volatile organic compounds (vocs) in the united states has led to releases of these chemicals into the environment, including groundwater sources of drinking water. many of these vocs are commonly found in public drinking water supplies across the nation and are considered by state or federal agencies to be potentially carcinogenic to humans. in this paper, we evaluate the detection frequencies, detected concentrations, and relative cancer risks of six vocs in d ...	2002	12487291
the cost of doing business: cost structure of electronic immunization registries.	to predict the true cost of developing and maintaining an electronic immunization registry, and to set the framework for developing future cost-effective and cost-benefit analysis.	2002	12479497
a cluster of escherichia coli o157: nonmotile infections associated with recreational exposure to lake water.	to identify cases and determine risk factors for an outbreak of escherichia coli (e. coli) o157: nonmotile (nm) infections in children attending a summer day care program in california.	2002	12477920
contaminant concentrations in sport fish from san francisco bay, 1997.	in 1997, seven sport fish species were sampled from seven popular fishing areas in san francisco bay. mercury exceeded a human health screening value in 44 of 84 (52%) samples. all collected samples of leopard shark and striped bass exceeded the mercury screening value of 0.23 microg/g wet weight. pcbs exceeded the screening value in 51 of 72 (71%) samples. ddt, chlordane, and dieldrin, had lower numbers of samples above screening values: 16 of 72 (22%) for ddt, 11 of 72 (15%) for chlordanes, an ...	2002	12474973
human exposure following mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of multiple animal species in a metropolitan zoo.	from 1997 to 2000, mycobacterium tuberculosis was diagnosed in two asian elephants (elephas maximus), three rocky mountain goats (oreamnos americanus), and one black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) in the los angeles zoo. dna fingerprint patterns suggested recent transmission. an investigation found no active cases of tuberculosis in humans; however, tuberculin skin-test conversions in humans were associated with training elephants and attending an elephant necropsy.	2002	12453358
computers in the elementary school classroom.	children now use computers throughout their education. as schools have focused on purchasing computers and providing internet access, there has been little consideration of ergonomics. even if educators and school administrators acknowledge students would benefit from better ergonomics, they may assume it is too expensive or not know where to begin. this paper describes one process used to implement low cost ergonomic improvements and provide training for teachers, staff and students in an eleme ...	2002	12441568
phase i pharmacodynamic study of time and sequence dependency of hydroxyurea in combination with gemcitabine: a california cancer consortium trial.	preclinical studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that prior exposure to hydroxyurea increases the percentage of cells in s phase, enhancing the cytotoxicity of subsequent gemcitabine treatment in human oropharyngeal kb cells. to evaluate the clinical implications of this time- and sequence-dependent potentiation, we performed a phase i trial of hydroxyurea given over 24 h followed by a 30-min infusion of gemcitabine in weeks 1 and 2 of a 3-week cycle. the dose of hydroxyurea was fixed at ...	2002	12439592
when medi-cal says 'no' to serostim.		2002	12422825
care of injection drug users with soft tissue infections in san francisco, california.	illicit injection drug use results in serious soft tissue infections that are the number one nonpsychiatric reason for admission to san francisco general hospital (sfgh), san francisco, calif.	2002	12413304
heterogeneity and seroprevalence of a newly identified avian hepatitis e virus from chickens in the united states.	we recently identified and characterized a novel virus, designated avian hepatitis e virus (avian hev), from chickens with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome (hs syndrome) in the united states. avian hev is genetically related to but distinct from human and swine hevs. to determine the extent of genetic variation and the seroprevalence of avian hev infection in chicken flocks, we genetically identified and characterized 11 additional avian hev isolates from chickens with hs syndrome and assessed th ...	2002	12409397
q fever--california, georgia, pennsylvania, and tennessee, 2000-2001.	q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium coxiella burnetii. the most common reservoirs are domesticated ruminants, primarily cattle, sheep, and goats. humans acquire q fever typically by inhaling aerosols or contaminated dusts derived from infected animals or animal products. its highly infectious nature and aerosol route of transmission make c. burnetii a possible agent of bioterrorism. although up to 60% of initial infections are asymptomatic, acute disease can manifest as a relat ...	2002	12403408
can we protect everybody from drinking water contaminants?	dozens of chemicals, both natural and manmade, are often found in drinking water. some, such as the natural contaminants uranium and arsenic, are well-known toxicants with a large toxicology database. other chemicals, such as methyl tertiary-butyl ether (mtbe) from leaking fuel tanks, we learn about as we go along. for still others, such as the alkyl benzenes, there are very little available data, and few prospects of obtaining more. in some cases, chemicals are purposely added to drinking water ...	2002	12396685
standardization of clinical cholinesterase measurements.	previous studies showed that commonly used kits for measuring cholinesterases were not optimal for determining acetylcholinesterase (ache) activity. clinical use of different kits and methodologies resulted in ache levels being reported in different units and activities that were not reproducible among laboratories. findings such as these led to a revision in california regulations (covering ache measurements for pesticide worker safety) calling for clinical laboratories to standardize their fin ...	2002	12396684
[juvenile myoclonic epilepsy in chromosome 6p12: clinical and genetic advances].	amongst idiopathic generalized epilepsies, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (jme) is the most common, accounting for 12% to 30% of all epilepsies in the western world. classic jme consists of awakening myoclonias, grand mal convulsions and eeg 4 to 6 hz polyspike waves that appear in adolescence. probands and affected family members do not have pyknoleptic 3hz spike and wave absences. however, in 10 to 30% of patients, rare or spanioleptic polyspike wave absences appear. in 1988,1995,1996,we mapped ...	2002	12389199
$215,000 to be repaid for hiv tests done without approval.		2002	12360972
persistence and amplification of st. louis encephalitis virus in the coachella valley of california, 2000-2001.	the introduction of a st. louis encephalitis virus (sle) genotype new to southeastern california during 2000 was followed by focal enzootic amplification in the coachella valley that was detected by seroconversions of 29 sentinel chickens in five of nine flocks of 10 chickens each, isolations of virus from 30 of 538 pools of 50 culex tarsalis coquillett females, and collection of 30 positive sera from 2,205 wild birds. this sle strain over wintered successfully and then amplified during the summ ...	2002	12349864
scale effects in international migration to the united states.	this study concerns regional variability in flows of international migration to the united states. specifically, the author focuses on "the geographic concentration of flows by examining the variation in the characteristics of the flows to the largest immigrant states. the flows are analysed by country of origin and by age, skill levels and labour force participation. the paper also examines flows at a finer scale to counties within the largest receiving state, california. just as across states ...	1996	12347667
bitter melon therapy: an experimental treatment of hiv infection.	people in asia often use a medicinal plant, bitter melon (mamordica charantia), to treat various diseases (e.g., malaria). it has anti-viral, anti-tumor, and immune system boosting properties. some asians, especially filipinos, eat bitter melon. they believe that bitter melon cleanses the blood and boosts the immune system. rural filipino midwives place a strong bitter melon extract in a newborn's mouth to activate the immune system. an hiv-infected man in california uses bitter melon thera ...	1995	12346831
california federal savings and loan association v. guerra, 13 january 1987.	the plaintiff employer and other similar employers challenged the constitutionality of a california law that required employers to provide female employees with up to four months unpaid pregnancy leave with reinstatement in the same or a substantially similar job. they claimed that the law was preempted by title vii of the civil rights act of 1964 because the 1964 act, as amended by the pregnancy discrimination act of 1978, required absolute neutrality in the treatment of pregnant employees wit ...	1987	12346800
sink or swim: population pressures threaten the nation's water.	since 1974, water in the us has been regulated through federal statutes such as the clean water act and the safe drinking water act, which set standards for water quality. usage regulations vary by state. the states of texas, arizona, kansas, and iowa use the "right to capture" as the basis of usage. this means any one can draw as much water as desired without cost or consideration for others' needs. this unrestricted use of water has resulted in the siphoning off of water from the colorado rive ...	1995	12346511
discretionary power: challenges to the use of student fees for abortion services.	some university and college students object to paying mandatory fees which are used to provide a wide array of student-related services. specifically, they object to the institution using a portion of the fees to provide abortions and abortion-related services in the university health services. students who reject abortion on religious grounds claim that their 1st amendment rights are violated when they are required to pay these fees as a condition of matriculation at the institution. should ...	1991	12343977
the distribution of population and employment in a polycentric city: the case of los angeles.	"the distribution of population and employment in metropolitan los angeles in 1970 and 1980 is examined in this paper. population continued to disperse in the 1970s, whereas the geographical distribution of employment combined job clustering around a few major employment centers with a high degree of general job dispersion. in los angeles polycentrism has been associated with shorter work trips, particularly intracounty trips in the more peripheral counties." population data are for 2,403 com ...	1986	12340568
policy and legislation affecting settlement of the pacific region: an historical comparison of the united states and the ussr.	this paper presents a history of policy and legislation affecting settlement of the far eastern economic region of the ussr, a similar history for the pacific division of the us, and compares the major differences and similarities between the policies and legislation of these 2 nations with respect to settlement of what are now the pacific territories of the 2 nations. by policy regarding settlement is meant legislation intentionally designed to acquire sovereignty and then populate a region wi ...	1984	12340266
the design and implementation of a regional economic-demographic simulation model.	the management of urban growth patterns in the united states in order to maximize the benefits of public and private investments in urban areas is examined. the authors present "the results of a modelling design effort to link a hybrid regional input-output model to demographic, labor force and energy models for use in planning in the san francisco bay region. extensive use of system feedback is a major component of this research effort. summary results of the model outputs are presented...."	1983	12339260
knowledge, knowledge, who's got the knowledge? the male contraceptive career.	a pilot study was conducted to explore some initial family planning concerns of men who sought to obtain reproductive health services. in-depth contraceptive histories were obtained by interviewing 30 men attending the men's reproductive health clinic in san francisco over the 1977-1978 period. the men ranged in age between 19-37. the average respondent was white, 27, and single, with some college. respondents included married and divorced men, and black, latin, and european men. the resear ...	1980	12338253
temporal abundance, parity, survival rates, and arbovirus isolation of field-collected container-inhabiting mosquitoes in eastern tennessee.	surveillance of container-inhabiting mosquitoes was conducted from june 17 through november 9, 1998, at 2 1997 la crosse virus (lac) human case sites (knox and cocke counties, tennessee). mosquitoes were collected weekly with 2 dry ice-baited centers for disease control miniature light traps, 2 omnidirectional fay traps, and 40 oviposition traps at each site. a total of 8,408 mosquitoes, composed of ochlerotatus triseriatus (n = 2,095) and aedes albopictus (n = 6,313), were reared or collected a ...	2002	12322937
avanti: similar efficacy to latex, more breaks.	the los angeles regional family planning council conducted a randomized, controlled, double-masked trial of the avanti polyurethane condom's efficacy involving 800 couples. the study was commissioned by the national institute of child health and human development in bethesda, maryland. the study found that while the avanti is comparable to a latex condom in efficacy, it was more likely to break and/or slip than the latex control condom, ramses sensitol. in 1804 uses, the avanti broke 66 times ...	1997	12321211
internal migration patterns for u.s. foreign-born, 1985-1990.	"using 1990 census data, this paper calculates the flow [of the foreign-born population in the united states] between states and from abroad; also, a multinomial logistic regression model of destination choice is estimated for resettlers and for migrants from abroad. there are three major findings. firstly, florida and california are the largest recipients of foreign-born resettlers; new york is the biggest loser of secondary migrants. secondly, the presence of large communities of mexicans in c ...	1997	12321146
undocumented latina immigrants in orange county, california: a comparative analysis.	"this article examines a unique data set randomly collected from latinas (including 160 undocumented immigrants) and non-hispanic white women in orange county, california, including undocumented and documented latina immigrants, latina citizens, and non-hispanic white women. our survey suggests that undocumented latinas are younger than documented latinas, and immigrant latinas are generally younger than u.s.-citizen latinas and anglo women. undocumented and documented latinas work in menial ser ...	1997	12320909
what's wrong with abstinence-only sexuality education programs?	the sexuality information and education council of the united states (siecus) supports abstinence, but it does not support the abstinence-only sex education promoted by a new federally-funded $50 million program. siecus supports abstinence-based programs that place messages about abstinence in a comprehensive context, but it does not believe that fear-based, abstinence-only programs will achieve their goals. in a recent study, for example, a $5 million abstinence-only initiative in california ...	1997	12319713
economic integration and labor flows: stage migration in farm labor markets in mexico and the united states.	"this article examines the probable effects of the north american free trade agreement (nafta) on migration from mexico to the united states, disputing the view that expansion of jobs in mexico could rapidly reduce undocumented migration. to the extent that nafta causes mexican export agriculture to expand, migration to the united states will increase rather than decrease in the short run. data collected in both california and the mexican state of baja california show that indigenous migrants ...	1995	12319621
"from the world beyond washington".	in the us, various anti-abortion groups have committed violent attacks against abortion providers and seekers, harassed them, destroyed property, and disrupted abortion services, leading to an unsurpassed amount of state and local legislation and litigation to make these acts illegal or to broaden the reach of existing laws to protect abortion seekers and providers. in october 1993, a federal appeals court panel repealed a lower court judge's april injunction setting up a 36-foot buffer zone ar ...	1993	12318482
immigration and urban change.	this article discusses the relationship between the new immigration (migrants who have arrived in the us since 1965) and the changing economic and ecological characteristics of the cities in which they have settled. the author concentrates on new york, los angeles, chicago, san francisco, and miami, which together contain 46% of all 1965-1980 immigrants. the new immigration began with the hart-cellar act in 1965, which abolished the old country of origins quota, affirmed family connections as ...	1989	12316381
harvest of confusion: immigration reform and california agriculture.	"agriculture was a major stumbling block to immigration reform [in the united states], largely because congress was unwilling to assign explicit priorities to the competing goals of protecting american workers and admitting supplemental immigrant farmworkers. this article describes the special agricultural worker or saw legalization program that generated 700,000 applications in california and the hypothetical calculations required to determine whether replenishment agricultural workers or raws ...	1990	12316220
the determinants of breastfeeding for mexican migrant women.	this article develops an economic model for assessing mexican agricultural migrants' decision to breastfeed in a sample of 137 women in 3 agricultural communities in california. the resulting hypotheses from the model are linked to health care and welfare program access, cultural factors, and employment. using a probit analysis of the variables, a major finding is that non-traditional practices such as out-of-home child care, birth control, and alcohol use have a negative impact on the probabi ...	1987	12314903
migration tradeoffs: men's experiences with seasonal lifestyles.	this study examines changes in work, health, and family patterns among men who migrate seasonally between mexico and the us. a representative sample of 219 mexican seasonal migrants to california was obtained in jalisco, mexico, in 1984. the data were generated through a household survey and in-depth follow-up interviews. the findings indicate that migrants experience marked changes and tradeoffs in roles and life styles which are reflected in the workplace and the family. in contrast, chang ...	1987	12314902
effects of reorganization on laboratory quality: preliminary findings and lessons learned.	reorganization and downsizing are common challenges for managers. this case study describes the implementation of a major restructuring of a clinical laboratory within a large, integrated medical-delivery organization. economic trends prompted us to evaluate the effects of a major laboratory reorganization, with a significant shift from clinical laboratory scientists to lower waged, nonlicensed technical staff, on the analytic quality and other indicators of laboratory performance. although a la ...	2002	12298436