Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| loperamide related toxic megacolon in clostridium difficile colitis. | 1990 | 2217023 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease in long-term care facilities. | 1990 | 2212583 | |
| the effect of cefuroxime axetil on the faecal flora of healthy volunteers. | the effect on the faecal flora of cefuroxime axetil, an oral ester of cefuroxime, was examined in ten healthy volunteers following a dose of 250 mg twice a day for 41/2 days. the mean blood concentration 2 h after the ninth dose was 3.6 mg/l and the urinary excretion was approximately 40% in 6 h and 50% in 24 h. two volunteers developed mild diarrhoea and one candida vaginitis. although there was variation between volunteers in the changes found in the faecal flora, the major effects were a redu ... | 1990 | 2211457 |
| faecal excretion of ciprofloxacin after a single oral dose and its effect on faecal bacteria in healthy volunteers. | high concentrations of ciprofloxacin have been shown to persist in the faeces of volunteers for several days after a week of oral treatment with this drug, which was also found to have a prolonged effect on aerobic gram-negative intestinal bacteria. to determine whether a shorter course of ciprofloxacin would have the same prolonged effect, we treated ten healthy adult volunteers with a single oral dose of 750 mg ciprofloxacin and found that this was not followed by any significant changes in th ... | 1990 | 2211433 |
| open trial of cefepime (bmy 28142) for infections in hospitalized patients. | the safety and efficacy of cefepime, a new broad-spectrum, semisynthetic parenteral cephem antibiotic, were evaluated in an open trial at a single hospital. seventy patients were treated with cefepime: 44 had lower respiratory tract infections, 4 had urinary tract infections, and 22 had skin or soft tissue infections. of 65 clinically evaluable patients, 64 (98%) had satisfactory responses. no mortality or superinfections occurred. of 57 respiratory and urinary tract pathogens, 54 (95%) were era ... | 1990 | 2203309 |
| prevention of clostridium difficile-induced experimental pseudomembranous colitis by saccharomyces boulardii: a scanning electron microscopic and microbiological study. | the ability of saccharomyces boulardii to protect mice against intestinal pathology caused by toxinogenic clostridium difficile was studied. different regions of the intestine of experimental mice were prepared for observation by scanning electron microscopy or homogenized for c. difficile enumeration and quantification of toxin a by enzyme immunoassay and toxin b by cytotoxicity. the test group was treated for 6 d with an s. boulardii suspension in drinking water and challenged with c. difficul ... | 1990 | 2200843 |
| escherichia coli o157:h7-associated colitis. a clinical and histological study of 11 cases. | hemorrhagic colitis is characterized by abdominal cramps, bloody diarrhea, and no or low-grade fever. most cases are caused by the shiga-like toxin-producing bacteria, escherichia coli o157:h7. nineteen colonic biopsy specimens and one resection specimen were reviewed from 11 patients with e. coli o157:h7-associated colitis to determine whether histologic features could be useful in diagnosis or in suggesting pathogenesis. all specimens showed hemorrhage and edema in the lamina propria. specimen ... | 1990 | 2188868 |
| the influence of the normal flora on clostridium difficile colonisation of the gut. | the normal stable flora of the gut of man and other adult animal species provides an effective barrier to infection by clostridium difficile. attempts to understand this mechanism have involved continuous flow and batch culture systems and colonisation of antibiotic pre-treated or germ free animals with gut flora from the same or unrelated species. in general attempts to re-create the barrier effect with the whole caecal or faecal flora have been successful both in vitro and in vivo, whereas att ... | 1990 | 2184849 |
| multicenter in vitro comparison of piperacillin and nine other antibacterials against 1,629 clinical isolates. | the antibacterial spectrum of activity of piperacillin was compared with that of other antibiotics against isolates of escherichia coli, enterobacter cloacae, haemophilus influenzae, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, pseudomonas cepacia, pseudomonas maltophilia, serratia marcescens, enterococcus sp, bacteroides fragilis, bacteroides bivius, and clostridium difficile obtained from laboratories at hospitals in st. louis, in memphis, and in newark, new jersey. of the 1,629 isolates tes ... | 1990 | 2183941 |
| safety of parenteral third-generation cephalosporins. | knowledge of side effects associated with different cephalosporins may be of help to prescribers. there are several side effects that are common to all cephalosporins, but overall, cefotaxime and ceftizoxime cause the fewest adverse reactions. bleeding is probably the most common serious side effect of cephalosporins. moxalactam causes coagulopathy and bleeding more often than do other cephalosporins, probably because it is carboxylated and has a methylthiotetrazole side chain. cefoperazone also ... | 1990 | 2183609 |
| [colitis due to chemotherapeutic agent]. | from 1965 through 1989, a total of 1,382 cases of malignant trophoblastic neoplasms, were treated in our hospital. colitis related to chemotherapy was observed in 110 cases. this toxic reaction was specific to 5-fluorouracil treatment and may result in pseudomembranous colitis if improperly treated. staphylococcus aureus or clostridium difficile was the causative agent. for the early detection of this disease, it is necessary to monitor the bacteria flora in the smear of fecal substance. vancomy ... | 1990 | 2178081 |
| microbiological studies of the enterocolitis of hirschsprung's disease. | the results of a prospective study of 20 cases of newly diagnosed hirschsprung's disease (nine of whom developed enterocolitis) and 10 normal controls showed no variations in the bacterial flora (including clostridium difficile) in the stools of the groups studied. viral studies showed that rotavirus was present in the stools of seven of the nine cases of enterocolitis during the episode. we suggest that hirschsprung's enterocolitis may have a complex infective aetiology and that rotavirus plays ... | 1990 | 2176779 |
| genetic analysis of a tetracycline resistance element from clostridium difficile and its conjugal transfer to and from bacillus subtilis. | a tetracycline resistance (tcr) determinant from clostridium difficile strain 630 was cloned into the escherichia coli plasmid vector puc13. the resulting plasmid pppm20, containing an insert of 3.4 kbp, was mapped and a 1.1 kbp saci-hindiii fragment wholly within the tcr gene was identified. dot-blot hybridization studies with the 1.1 kbp fragment showed that the tcr gene belonged to hybridization class m. tcr could be transferred between c. difficile strains and to bacillus subtilis at a frequ ... | 1990 | 2172445 |
| persistent excretion of rotavirus by pregnant cows. | in a study of the epizootiology and prevalence of enteropathogens which may be involved in neonatal calf diarrhoea, 10 in-calf cows from a herd with a history of rotavirus-induced calf diarrhoea were monitored over a period of six to seven months. all the cows excreted rotavirus intermittently without showing any clinical signs, and 21.8 per cent of faecal samples contained rotavirus. reoviruses were isolated from 87 per cent of the samples from the cows, and from all the 10 calves born to them. ... | 1990 | 2164274 |
| hydrolytic enzyme production by clostridium difficile and its relationship to toxin production and virulence in the hamster model. | thirty isolates of clostridium difficile expressing different degrees of toxigenicity and virulence in an animal model were assayed for the production of chondroitin-4-sulphatase, hyaluronidase, heparinase, collagenase and protease. all strains demonstrated some hydrolytic enzyme activity. there was no direct correlation between toxigenic status, or virulence, and hydrolytic enzyme production. however, all five strains known to be highly virulent in the hamster model had hyaluronidase, chondroit ... | 1990 | 2156075 |
| human safety and pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular dose of a novel spectinomycin analog, trospectomycin (u-63,366f). | in this study, local and systemic tolerance and pharmacokinetics of trospectomycin sulfate in human beings were evaluated for the first time. trospectomycin sulfate (u-63,366f; trospectomycin) or sterile saline was administered to 96 healthy male volunteers in doses ranging from 0.25 ml (75 mg) to 3.3 ml (1,000 mg) in a single intramuscular injection in a double-blind, randomized design. volunteers were screened to establish baseline vital signs and laboratory test values. pain and tenderness at ... | 1990 | 2150907 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a carries a c-terminal repetitive structure homologous to the carbohydrate binding region of streptococcal glycosyltransferases. | a detailed analysis of the 8130-bp open reading frame (orf) of gene toxa and of an upstream orf designated utxa, indicates the presence of a transcription terminator stem-loop for toxa, promoter sequences, and shine-dalgarno boxes for toxa and utxa. no transcription terminator between toxa and utxa is suggested by the sequence. toxa contains two domains, one-third (c-terminal) with a repetitive structure and the residual two-thirds with no repetitions. the 2499-bp sequence encoding the repetitiv ... | 1990 | 2148295 |
| fructose 1-phosphate and the regulation of glucokinase activity in isolated hepatocytes. | fructose 1-phosphate kinase was partially purified from clostridium difficile and used to develop specific assays of fructose 1-phosphate and fructose. the concentration of fructose 1-phosphate was below the detection limit of the assay (25 pmol/mg protein) in hepatocytes incubated in the presence of glucose as sole carbohydrate. addition of fructose (0.05-1 mm) caused a concentration-dependent and transient increase in the fructose 1-phosphate content. glucagon (1 microm) and ethanol (10 mm) ca ... | 1990 | 2145154 |
| [in vitro activity of imipenem against hospital bacteria]. | imipenem proved highly active against enterobacteriaceae: the different bacterial groups exhibited similar mode mics (0.12 to 0.25 micrograms/ml), except for serratia (0.25-0.5 micrograms/ml), proteus mirabilis (0.5 micrograms/ml), indole-positive proteus (2 micrograms/ml) and providencia (1 mu/ml). the mics of cefotaxime-resistant strains (cephalosporinase hyperproducing or very broad spectrum betalactamase producing) were within the susceptibility range. imipenem also exhibited satisfactory ac ... | 1990 | 2139936 |
| in vitro activity of teicoplanin, vancomycin, a16686, clindamycin, erythromycin and fusidic acid against anaerobic bacteria. | the in vitro activity of teicoplanin and a16686, two new glycopeptide antibiotics was determined against 196 isolates of anaerobic bacteria. the activity of teicoplanin and a16686, in comparison with that of vancomycin, clindamycin, erythromycin and fusidic acid was 2 to 16 times higher against the gram positive anaerobes, namely, propionibacterium acnes, clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, clostridium species, peptococcus species and peptostreptococcus species. however, bacteroides ... | 1990 | 2139737 |
| studies of the subgingival microflora in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | two unique forms of periodontal disease, hiv-gingivitis and hiv-periodontitis, have been described in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). in order to determine the bacterial species associated with periodontitis in aids patients, the predominant cultivable microflora was examined in 21 subgingival plaque samples from 11 aids patients with periodontitis. the presence of putative periodontal pathogens including actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, bacteroides intermedius, por ... | 1990 | 2123926 |
| nucleotide sequence of clostridium difficile toxin a gene fragment and detection of toxigenic strains by polymerase chain reaction. | a 1947 base pair (bp) fragment of the toxin a gene of clostridium difficile was sequenced. a continuous open reading frame was found, which contained 4 distinct groups of repeat nucleotide sequence with 88 to 100% identity within each group. the arrangement of the groups (a, 81 bp, b, c and d, 63 bp) was abcccdabcddabcccdabccdabcdabc. based on nucleotide sequence data from the c repeat group, a pair of oligonucleotide primers were synthesised and used in the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to am ... | 1990 | 2118866 |
| identification of toxigenic clostridium difficile strains by using a toxin a gene-specific probe. | a 4.5-kilobase psti fragment encoding part of the toxin a gene was isolated and used as a dna probe in colony hybridization studies with 58 toxigenic and 17 nontoxigenic clostridium difficile strains. all 58 toxigenic strains showed positive hybridization, in contrast to the 17 nontoxigenic strains. southern blot analysis with the toxin a gene probe showed hybridization to a single fragment of equal intensities for hindiii-digested genomic dnas isolated from c. difficile strains of wide-ranging ... | 1990 | 2118549 |
| c. difficile toxin a increases intestinal permeability and induces cl- secretion. | mucosal sheets of guinea pig ileum mounted in ussing chambers were used to determine effects of highly purified clostridium difficile toxin a on intestinal structure and barrier function in the absence of recruited neutrophils and blood flow. with the use of standard electrophysiological and morphological techniques, our results indicate that 5 micrograms/ml mucosal toxin a induces substantial alteration in epithelial permeability and in structure of absorptive cells. transepithelial fluxes of m ... | 1990 | 2116728 |
| enterotoxins from clostridium difficile; diarrhoeogenic potency and morphological effects in the rat intestine. | the action of toxins a, b, and c from clostridium difficile was studied in the small intestine and colon of rats. all three caused fluid accumulation in the small intestine, maximal secretion being induced by 1 micrograms of toxin a, 20 micrograms of b, and 15 micrograms of c. both toxins a and c caused shedding of epithelial cells from the villi without visible damage to crypt cells; toxin a caused further extensive necrosis and bleeding. toxin b caused secretion without visible damage to the e ... | 1990 | 2115017 |
| interaction of clostridium difficile toxin a with cultured cells: cytoskeletal changes and nuclear polarization. | experiments done on in vitro-cultured cells exposed to toxin a from c. difficile showed a series of cytopathologic changes leading to cell retraction and rounding accompanied by the marginalization of the nucleus, which localized at one pole of the cell. cytoskeleton appeared to be strongly involved in such modifications. in particular, the microfilament system seemed to be involved in cell retraction, while microtubule network integrity and function seemed to be necessary for the nuclear displa ... | 1990 | 2114363 |
| toxin a of clostridium difficile is a potent cytotoxin. | clostridium difficile is the cause of antibiotic-associated colitis in humans. the organism produces toxin a, which is generally known as the enterotoxin, and toxin b, which is known as the cytotoxin. toxin a has been reported to have slight cytotoxic activity; in this study we show that cell lines (f9, otf9-63, and p19) which express a carbohydrate to which toxin a binds are more sensitive to the toxin. these cell lines can be used as research tools for determining concentrations of biologicall ... | 1990 | 2112562 |
| comparison of a dot immunobinding assay, latex agglutination, and cytotoxin assay for laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | c. diff-cube, a dot immunobinding assay (dia) (difco laboratories, ann arbor, mich.) for detection of clostridium difficile toxin a in stool specimens, was compared with latex agglutination (la) (marion laboratories, kansas city, mo.) and cytotoxin assay (cta) for the laboratory diagnosis of c. difficile-associated diarrhea. a total of 200 stool specimens collected from 169 patients with suspected c. difficile diarrhea were tested. of the 198 specimens evaluated by all three methods, 36 (18%) fr ... | 1990 | 2112561 |
| lactic acid bacteria and human health. | although claims for health and nutritional benefits have been made for lactic acid bacteria in fermented dairy products for nearly a century, the nutritional and therapeutic value of these organisms is still controversial. this article will review the scientific basis of these claims. there are numerous studies showing fermentation of food with lactobacilli increase the quantity, availability, digestibility, and assimilability of nutrients. the basis for this conclusion comes from direct measure ... | 1990 | 2109988 |
| nucleotide sequence of clostridium difficile toxin a. | 1990 | 2109310 | |
| macrophage-dependent stimulation of t cell-depleted spleen cells by clostridium difficile toxin a and calcium ionophore. | clostridium difficile toxin a causes severe intestinal inflammation and fluid secretion in rabbit ileum and is chemotactic for neutrophils in vitro. the mechanism of intestinal injury produced by toxin a appears to involve direct epithelial cell damage as well as recruitment of an inflammatory cell response. the current study was undertaken to determine if toxin a can directly stimulate a proliferative response in lymphocytes. highly purified toxin a, in the presence of the calcium ionophore, io ... | 1990 | 2105851 |
| diarrhea in tube-fed patients: feeding formula not necessarily the cause. | this study of diarrhea in tube-fed patients was undertaken to determine the proportion of cases in which feeding formula is not responsible for the diarrhea, the causes other than the feeding formula, and the diagnostic approach to diarrhea in tube-fed patients. | 1990 | 2105646 |
| molecular characterization of the clostridium difficile toxin a gene. | the gene encoding the toxin a protein of clostridium difficile (strain vpi 10463) was cloned and sequenced. the coding region of 8,133 base pairs had a mol% g + c of 26.9 and encodes 2,710 amino acids. the deduced polypeptide has a molecular mass of ca. 308 kilodaltons. nearly a third of the gene, at the 3' end, consists of 38 repeating sequences. the repeating units were grouped into two classes, i and ii, on the basis of length and the low levels of dna sequence similarities between them. ther ... | 1990 | 2105276 |
| detection of variant toxin a without hemagglutination activity of clostridium difficile and analysis of its biochemical and biological characteristics. | 1990 | 2101141 | |
| actin and lamin comprised filaments in the nuclei of chinese hamster ovary cells affected with clostridium difficile enterotoxin a. | the major change in the ultrastructure of chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells treated with clostridium difficile enterotoxin a was the formation of bundles of filaments in the nucleoplasm. the filaments appeared after 2.5 h and disappeared by the fourth hour of incubation with the toxin. to partially characterize these filaments, laser diffractometry and ultrastructural immunocytochemistry were employed. the bundles consist of coiled filaments of about 11 nm and 16 nm diameter and a main long axia ... | 1990 | 2090392 |
| [reactive arthritis]. | the term reactive arthritis was introduced to describe an acute non-purulent arthritis complicating an infection elsewhere in the body. reactive arthritis can also be classified into hla-b27 associated and non-associated forms. rheumatic fever is an example of the hla-b27 non-associated forms with genetic factors other than hla-b27 involved. hla-b27 associated reactive arthritis includes enteric, urogenic and idiopathic arthritides. the bacteria known to trigger post-enteritic reactive arthritis ... | 1990 | 2087418 |
| incidence of cytotoxin producing isolates of clostridium difficile in faeces of neonates and children in nigeria. | one hundred and fifty six (156) confirmed isolates of clostridium difficile from faeces of neonates and children in parts of anambra state, nigeria were screened and assayed for cytotoxin production by the tissue culture technique and the frequency of occurrence estimated. twenty three out of 156 isolates were found to be cytotoxin positive isolates representing a frequency of 14.8%. there was no difference between the frequency of occurrence of cytotoxin positive isolates in neonates and childr ... | 1990 | 2087200 |
| [occurrence of clostridium difficile in feces of children with dysfunction of the digestive tract and other disorders]. | thousand and six hundred ninety two fecal samples from children of few weeks old up to over ten years were tested for the presence of clostridium difficile. most of them were treated with antibiotics and showed diarrhea symptoms. hundred and twenty three strains of c-difficile were submitted to serological typing and their sensitivity to 10 selected antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents was determined. among 109 strains of c. difficile tested for enterotoxin production by latex test 82 strains ... | 1990 | 2087130 |
| [value of microbiologic studies for diagnosis of post-enteritis reactive arthritis]. | reactive arthritis may develop within a period of some days until upto 3 weeks after infections with yersinia enterocolitica, yersinia pseudotuberculosis, campylobacter jejuni/coli, shigella and salmonella. intestinal infections with klebsiella pneumoniae, clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, cryptosporidium, strongyloides stercoralis, taenia saginata and schistosoma mansoni are, in some cases, considered to be responsible for reactive arthritis. detection of pathogenic bacteria in fe ... | 1990 | 2085058 |
| cloning of clostridium difficile toxin b gene and demonstration of high n-terminal homology between toxin a and b. | high titered clostridium sordellii lethal toxin antiserum, cross-reactive with c. difficile cytotoxin b (toxb), was used to isolate toxb fragments from a c. difficile expression library. recombinant clones containing toxb fragments of the 5' and 3' end were isolate. a 2.5-kb hincii fragment of chromosomal dna overlaps both groups of clones. a partial restriction map of the total toxb gene is presented. the gene is positioned upstream of utxa and toxa, toxb has a size of 6.9 kb, corresponding to ... | 1990 | 2082160 |
| microfilament-disrupting clostridium difficile toxin b causes multinucleation of transformed cells but does not block capping of membrane ig. | the effects of clostridium difficile toxin b on some actin-dependent cellular functions were studied. a three-day incubation of intoxicated b-lymphocytes and transformed 3t3 fibroblasts resulted in dose-dependent multinucleation. using vimentin-negative daudi cells we showed that this effect of toxin b does not involve vimentin. as dna and protein syntheses are not impaired in the cells used, the results suggest that toxin b has an effect on the actin-containing contractile ring during mitosis, ... | 1990 | 2081549 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 1990 | 2076119 | |
| clostridium difficile associated disease in thailand. | over a twenty-six month period 383 fecal specimens from 269 diarrheal patients and 114 control patients were examined for clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin. c. difficile was isolated from 13 (4.8%) of overall age group of diarrheal patients and from 3 (2.6%) of controls. fecal cytotoxin was detected in 106 (52.5%) of 203 diarrheal patients and in 17 (22.4%) of 76 controls. sixty-one percent of antibiotic-associated diarrheal patients (less than 3 years) and 51% of non-antibiotic associated ... | 1990 | 2075479 |
| clostridium difficile in the elderly. | 1991 | 2071922 | |
| ciprofloxacin and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | 1991 | 2071919 | |
| risk factors for the development of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea during a hospital outbreak. | to evaluate the risk factors associated with a nosocomial outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 1991 | 2071877 |
| diarrhea: a neglected nosocomial hazard? | 1991 | 2071876 | |
| [physiopathology of clostridium difficile-related intestinal disease. role of the colonic ecosystem]. | 1991 | 2060744 | |
| enzyme profiles of clostridium difficile strains isolated from children. | clostridium difficile isolates from children with haematological malignancies, diarrhoea and healthy neonates as well as standard strains were examined by api zym (standard test) system and api zym research kit for glucosidases and peptidases. the results of expanded enzymatic characterization are presented. | 1991 | 2060317 |
| [what is your diagnosis? bacterial diarrhea. culture for clostridium difficile and toxin determination]. | 1991 | 2052818 | |
| time-dependent killing of clostridium difficile by metronidazole and vancomycin. | killing of clostridium difficile by metronidazole and vancomycin was studied with a batch culture method. pre-reduced 50 ml volumes of brain heart infusion broth containing one of a range of concentrations of either vancomycin or metronidazole were inoculated with approximately 10(6) cfu/ml of c. difficile. the cultures were incubated anaerobically at 35 degrees c for 24 h. total viable counts and spore counts were performed with a modified miles and misra technique. concentrations of metronidaz ... | 1991 | 2050597 |
| treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection with ceftibuten. | ceftibuten is an orally active third generation cephalosporin with increased potency against members of the enterobacteriaceae. in this study, 74 women with acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection (uti) were enrolled in an open study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this new antibiotic. patients were treated with 400 mg ceftibuten once daily for seven days and followed for four to six weeks after cessation of therapy. all pathogens were eradicated during treatment, including five coagu ... | 1991 | 2050421 |
| correlation of immunoblot type, enterotoxin production, and cytotoxin production with clinical manifestations of clostridium difficile infection in a cohort of hospitalized patients. | to determine whether strain-specific differences in immunoblot type, enterotoxin production, or cytotoxin production correlated with clinical presentation of clostridium difficile infection, we evaluated isolates obtained from 428 prospectively studied hospitalized patients. of 99 isolates available for immunoblot typing, 61 were recovered from asymptomatic carriers and 38 were from patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhea. of 17 immunoblot types, the seven types comprising the majority of ... | 1991 | 2050409 |
| [clostridium difficile and its toxins]. | 1991 | 2047717 | |
| exacerbation of ulcerative colitis. | 1991 | 2044913 | |
| [refractory clostridium difficile infection. untraditional treatment of antibiotic-induced colitis]. | intestinal clostridium difficile infections are treated successfully with antibiotics. relapses can be a problem. we describe a patient who suffered seven relapses after treatment with all the medicaments reported to be efficacious. she was cured only after treatment with faeces administered by duodenal tube. | 1991 | 2042156 |
| [the influence of cefpirome on intestinal bacterial flora]. | cefpirome (cpr, hr810), a new parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic, was studied for its effect on the intestinal bacterial flora in pediatric patients. the subjects were children admitted for infections (6 males and 3 females, 1 month to 5 years 1 month old, weighted 3.94 to 21.0 kg). cpr was intravenously administered at a dose between 19.0 to 40.0 mg/kg, 3 to 4 doses daily over 6 to 12 days. the feces from these children were collected before, during, and after administration, and bacteria were ... | 1991 | 2041149 |
| in vitro synergy studies with clostridium difficile. | agar dilution anaerobic susceptibility studies using rifampin, vancomycin, metronidazole, and bacitracin individually and in combination were performed with clostridium difficile. fifty-five strains of c. difficile were studied. eighty-five percent of strains tested (29 of 34) were synergistically inhibited by the combination of bacitracin and rifampin (fractional inhibitory concentration, less than or equal to 0.50). | 1991 | 2039211 |
| positive role of clostridium difficile infection in diarrhea in infants and children. | a retrospective review of children with clostridium difficile infection and diarrhea identified 43 patients. fifteen (35%) had immunoglobulins below the normal range for age, and typified those with transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy, because all increased their levels over the following 12 months. the age of those with hypogammaglobulinemia was significantly younger (p less than 0.01), averaging 18.8 months, than those with normal immunoglobulins who had a mean age of 4.6 yr. the number ... | 1991 | 2038989 |
| passive immunization of hamsters against disease caused by clostridium difficile by use of bovine immunoglobulin g concentrate. | gestating holstein cows were vaccinated with clostridium difficile toxoid prepared from the culture filtrate of a strain that produces high levels of toxins a and b and other antigens. a bovine immunoglobulin g (igg) concentrate was prepared from colostrum collected at parturition. the results of our studies showed that hamsters treated prophylactically with the hyperimmune bovine igg concentrate were protected against c. difficile disease. these results suggest that orally administered hyperimm ... | 1991 | 2037383 |
| electron microscopic investigation of lysogeny of clostridium difficile strains isolated from antibiotic-associated diarrhea cases and from healthy carriers. | an electron microscopic investigation was performed on 28 clostridium difficile strains isolated from 15 antibiotic-associated diarrhea cases and from 13 healthy infants. through the use of supernatants of the cultures induced by mitomycin c (1 or 3 micrograms/ml), 18 of the 28 c. difficile strains proved to harbor phage particles with a different morphology and size. most of the phages revealed belonged in phage group b1 with a non-contractile tail. seven of the 11 toxin-producing, lysogenic c. ... | 1991 | 2036214 |
| high activity of inclusion bodies formed in escherichia coli overproducing clostridium thermocellum endoglucanase d. | the formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies by escherichia coli overproducing clostridium thermocellum endoglucanase d (egd) was investigated. egd was found in inclusion bodies as a 68 kda form, whereas the size of the cytoplasmic form was 65 kda. upon solubilization with urea followed by dialysis, the 68 kda form was converted to the 65 kda species. proteolysis occurred within the cooh-terminal, reiterated region of the 68 kda form, which is conserved among most c. thermocellum endoglucanases ... | 1991 | 2026260 |
| risk factors for clostridium difficile cytotoxin-positive diarrhea after control for horizontal transmission. | this study identifies risk factors that predispose hospitalized patients to diarrhea caused by clostridium difficile. | 1991 | 2016508 |
| prospective study of clostridium difficile intestinal colonization and disease following single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery. | a total of 108 volunteers undergoing an elective surgical procedure were randomly given a single 2-g intravenous prophylactic dose of either a cephalosporin or mezlocillin. stool samples were cultured for clostridium difficile the day before the operation and later on postoperative days 4, 7, and 14. c. difficile was detected in 23.0% of patients who received a cephalosporin (cefoxitin, 8.3%; cefazolin, 14.3%; cefotetan, 20.0%; ceftriaxone, 25.0%; cefoperazone, 43.7%), in 3.3% of patients given ... | 1991 | 2014978 |
| influence of fosfomycin on the intestinal and pharyngeal flora of man. | the influence of 5 g fosfomycin i.v. every 12 hours on the intestinal and pharyngeal flora was studied in eight healthy, male volunteers. the escherichia coli counts were markedly reduced during application and returned to normal in all subjects within a maximum period of 12 days. the total count of enterococci was reduced by one to two decimal potencies under medication. there was no change in the counts of bacteroides and anaerobic lactobacteria. no selection of clostridium difficile was obser ... | 1991 | 2013503 |
| comparative antimicrobial spectrum and activity of ceftibuten against clinical isolates from west germany. | the in vitro activity of a new oral cephalosporin, ceftibuten, was determined against 837 clinical isolates by agar dilution technique and compared with that of the oral cephalosporins, cefaclor, cefuroxime, cefixime, cefpodoxime, and cefprozil. against enterobacteriaceae, ceftibuten was the most active of the compounds. ceftibuten mic90s were less than or equal to 0.25 micrograms/ml for most members of the family enterobacteriaceae, 0.13 microgram/ml for haemophilus influenzae, 4 micrograms/ml ... | 1991 | 2013211 |
| comparison of traditional gas chromatography (gc), headspace gc, and the microbial identification library gc system for the identification of clostridium difficile. | three gas chromatography (gc) methods were compared for the identification of 52 clinical clostridium difficile isolates, as well as 17 non-c. difficile clostridium isolates. headspace gc and microbial identification system (mis) gc, an automated system which utilizes a software library developed at the virginia polytechnic institute to identify organisms based on the fatty acids extracted from the bacterial cell wall, were compared against the reference method of traditional gc. headspace gc an ... | 1991 | 2007632 |
| clostridium difficile--a common and costly colitis. | clostridium difficile infection manifests as a self-limiting diarrhea, protracted colitis, or toxic pseudomembranous colitis. the incidence of c. difficile in a 514-bed community hospital was studied retrospectively; 155 patients of a total 18,262 admitted during 1988 were identified with c. difficile as an admitting or subsequent diagnosis. the method of diagnosis, mode of therapy, and related costs were analyzed. we have determined that education, with an emphasis on pathogenesis and preventio ... | 1991 | 1999131 |
| adp-ribosylation in clostridium difficile toxin-treated cells is not related to cytopathogenicity of toxin b. | adp-ribosylation of a protein in human fibroblasts treated with partially purified clostridium difficile toxin b was previously reported. here we show that the same protein was adp-ribosylated also in human fibroblasts exposed to supernatant from a c. difficile strain producing neither toxin a nor toxin b. furthermore, in chinese hamster ovary and in vero cells, showing toxin b-induced cytopathogenic effect, the protein was not significantly adp-ribosylated. the results indicate that the adp-rib ... | 1991 | 1995067 |
| identification of toxigenic clostridium difficile by the polymerase chain reaction. | toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile are causative agents of pseudomembranous colitis and antimicrobial agent-associated diarrhea and colitis. the toxigenicity is routinely assayed by using highly sensitive cell cultures. we used a simple and rapid polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay to differentiate toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of c. difficile. two sets of oligonucleotide primer pairs derived from nonrepeating sequences of the toxin a gene were used to amplify 546- and 252-bp dna ... | 1991 | 1993763 |
| clostridium difficile disease in a department of surgery. the significance of prophylactic antibiotics. | a clustering of clostridium difficile-associated disease in a department of surgery prompted a program of infection control and the evaluation of contributing factors. fifty patients had diarrhea and positive assays for c difficile cytotoxin during the study period. twenty-one of the 36 cases that developed among patients admitted to the surgical services occurred on two adjacent general surgery wards that shared attending surgeons and house staff. perioperative prophylactic antibiotics predated ... | 1991 | 1992999 |
| [the problems of rapid diagnosis of clostridium difficile as causative agent of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis]. | this paper compares three common methods for the detection of clostridium difficile, i.e. latex agglutination, culture and cytotoxic activity. the sensitivity of the latex agglutination test alone is 70%, of the culture 100% and of the cytotoxin test 66%. specificities are 93, 96 and 100%, respectively. the latex agglutination has positive and negative predictive values of 58 and 96%; the respective values for the culture are 77 and 100%, for the cytotoxin assay 100 and 96%. whereas all tests ar ... | 1991 | 1990415 |
| molecular detection of persistent borrelia burgdorferi in the urine of patients with active lyme disease. | current diagnostic tests for lyme disease (ld) are dependent upon the host serologic response and are insensitive early in infection and, possibly, following antibiotic therapy. we cloned a library of borrelia burgdorferi 297 dna and studied one clone, ly-1, for its potential in diagnostic and pathogenic studies. using pulsed-field electrophoresis, we demonstrated that ly-1 is of chromosomal origin and estimated that the b. burgdorferi chromosome is approximately 1,100 kb in size. the 3.7-kb ly- ... | 1991 | 1987041 |
| construction and expression of the complete clostridium difficile toxin a gene in escherichia coli. | cloned fragments constituting the 8.1-kb toxin a gene of clostridium difficile were used to reconstruct the intact gene. the recombinant toxin expressed in escherichia coli was cytotoxic, enterotoxic, and lethal. in addition, toxic lysate caused hemagglutination of rabbit erythrocytes. the toxic activities were inhibited by antibody specific for toxin a. our findings demonstrate that the biological activities exhibited by native toxin a are functions of a single protein encoded by the 8.1-kb tox ... | 1991 | 1987027 |
| ciprofloxacin and pseudomembranous colitis. | 1990 | 1979116 | |
| ciprofloxacin and clostridium difficile infection. | 1990 | 1978050 | |
| pseudomembranous colitis associated with ciprofloxacin. | 1990 | 1976960 | |
| nosocomial clostridium difficile colonisation and disease. | to assess the risk of acquiring clostridium difficile diarrhoea or colitis in patients colonised with c difficile, rectal swabs taken weekly for 9 weeks from patients with long-term (at least 7 days) hospital stays on three wards were cultured for c difficile. 60 (21%) of 282 patients were culture-positive for c difficile during their hospital stay, of whom 51 were symptom-free faecal excretors. c difficile diarrhoea developed in the other 9 patients; 2 were culture-positive for c difficile and ... | 1990 | 1975332 |
| false-positive clostridium difficile latex agglutination tests. | 1990 | 1972242 | |
| clostridium difficile carriage after infection. | 1990 | 1968608 | |
| rapid identification of toxigenic clostridium difficile by polymerase chain reaction. | 1990 | 1968161 | |
| bacteriotherapy for clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | 1990 | 1967389 | |
| [relation between isolation of bacteriophages from clostridium difficile and cytotoxicity of the strains]. | we studied the possible relationship between the presence of bacteriophages and cytotoxicity of clostridium difficile strains from multiple origin. a total of 143 strains were studied, 38.46% showed lysogenic activity to at least one of control strains and 85.3% produces cytopathic effects on mccoy cells, that were neutralized by c. sordellii antitoxin. all bacteriophages seen on electron microscopy showed similar shape and size (hexagonal head shape and flexible tail ended in a basal plate). ac ... | 1991 | 1954265 |
| the clinical significance of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis in the 1990s. | antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis is an uncommon but potentially serious adverse reaction, resulting in acute diarrhoea and characterised by colonic pseudomembranes. a direct relationship between the disease, recent antibiotic therapy and proliferation of clostridium difficile in the colonic lumen was established in the late 1970s. it is thought that antibiotic therapy may alter the enteric flora, enabling c. difficile to proliferate and produce toxins with cytopathic (toxin b or cy ... | 1991 | 1930740 |
| nucleotide sequence and phylogeny of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase encoded by the plasmid pscs7 from staphylococcus aureus. | the nucleotide sequence of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene (cat) and its regulatory region, encoded by the plasmid pscs7 from staphylococcus aureus, was determined. the structural cat gene encoded a protein of 209 amino acids, which represented one monomer of the enzyme chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat). comparisons between the amino acid sequences of the pscs7-encoded cat from s. aureus and the previously sequenced cat variants from s. aureus, staphylococcus intermedius, staphy ... | 1991 | 1929326 |
| in vitro and in vivo evaluation of tiacumicins b and c against clostridium difficile. | tiacumicins b and c are members of a novel group of 18-membered macrolide antibiotics with in vitro activity against clostridium difficile. the mics against 15 strains of c. difficile were 0.12 to 0.25 microgram/ml for tiacumicin b, 0.25 to 1 microgram/ml for tiacumicin c, and 0.5 to 1 microgram/ml for vancomycin. the resistance frequency for both compounds against c. difficile was less than 2.8 x 10(-8) at four and eight times the mic. the in vivo activities of the tiacumicins against two strai ... | 1991 | 1929250 |
| control of nosocomial transmission of clostridium difficile based on sporadic case surveillance. | the recognition of a cluster of antibiotic-associated nosocomial clostridium difficile disease (ncdd) caused by serotype c in a surgical ward led to a hospital-wide ncdd surveillance and control program. the initial step included: (a) gas-liquid chromatography screening of inpatients' diarrheal stools; (b) enteric isolation precautions, cohorting and terminal room disinfection in wards with a cluster of two or more ncdd cases per month. during a 12-month period, the quarterly incidence of ncdd r ... | 1991 | 1928155 |
| the chemotactic response of human granulocytes to clostridium difficile toxin a is age dependent. | elderly patients are at high risk for developing diarrhea and colitis as a complication of antimicrobial therapy. clostridium difficile, the causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis produces an enterotoxin (toxin a) and a cytotoxin (toxin b). of these two exotoxins, toxin a appears to be largely responsible for the inflammatory phenomena of c. difficile colitis, because it produces secretion, pronounced granulocytic infiltration, and epithelial cell necrosis and ulceration i ... | 1991 | 1928037 |
| a comparative biochemical, pharmacological and immunological study of clostridium novyi alpha-toxin, c. difficile toxin b and c. sordellii lethal toxin. | the three clostridial cytotoxins, i.e. alpha-toxin of c. novyi (tox alpha-nov), toxin b of c. difficile (toxb-dif) and lethal toxin of c. sordellii (lt-sor) consist of single peptide chains of about 200,000 (tox alpha-nov), 250,000 (lt-sor) and 275,000 (toxb-dif) mol. wts. toxb-dif and lt-sor but not tox alpha-nov cross-reacted with rabbit polyclonal antibodies. toxicity upon i.v. injection in mice was similar (ld50, 100 hr, 50-200 ng/kg) and was characterized by a slowly developing fluid loss i ... | 1991 | 1926186 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a and its effects on cells. | clostridium difficile toxin a in its native form is a high molecular weight (520-540 k) aggregate with five major biological activities. it is lethal, enterotoxic, cytotoxic and cytotonic, and induces hemagglutination of rabbit red blood cells. possibly these activities are contained in separate components. a major subunit of c. 230-310 k has been defined but lower molecular weight components cannot be excluded. the major component has been cloned, and sequence analysis indicated a complicated p ... | 1991 | 1926159 |
| [antibiotic-associated colitis--the dark side of antibiotic therapy]. | intestinal side effects after antibiotic therapy are frequent. mostly, harmless diarrhea disappears after cessation of therapy without inducing colitis; however, changing of the intestinal flora sometimes leads to colonization of the colon by toxin-producing strains of clostridium difficile, inducing sometimes severe pseudomembranous colitis. a rapid correct diagnosis by anamnesis, clinical signs, endoscopical aspect and demonstration of toxin in the stool allows an efficient treatment. the ther ... | 1991 | 1926012 |
| life-threatening complications of empiric ceftriaxone therapy for 'seronegative lyme disease'. | lyme disease, now the most common tick-borne illness in the united states, has recently received much media attention, due in part to its potentially serious sequelae in untreated patients. because a rare patient with late illness may lack antibodies to the etiologic agent, borrelia burgdorferi, physicians may be tempted to give empiric antibiotics for illnesses that may not be lyme disease. we have described a patient who, despite negative laboratory evidence for late lyme disease, was treated ... | 1991 | 1925730 |
| [the norrköping study. cephalosporins are often the implicating factors in clostridium difficile infections]. | in a retrospective study carried out at norrköping central hospital, the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea and colitis was found to be correlated to in-patient consumption (in terms of defined daily doses) of the implicated anti-microbial agents. the third generation cephalosporin, cefotaxime, was implicated 38 times more often than small spectrum penicillins. in general, the cephalosporins were predominantly responsible, accounting for 46 per cent (67/147) of the episodes ... | 1991 | 1921624 |
| clostridium difficile in inflammatory bowel disease relapse. | stools of 65 patients with exacerbation of symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease were examined for the presence of enteric pathogens and clostridium difficile. ten (16%) had c. difficile toxin. symptoms in all patients cleared after therapy, with improvement correlating with elimination of toxin from the stool. | 1991 | 1919950 |
| production of monoclonal antibody to clostridium difficile toxin a which neutralizes enterotoxicity but not haemagglutination activity. | nine monoclonal antibodies (mab) to clostridium difficile toxin a were produced. the isotype of one mab (37b5) was igg2b, kappa, and that of the other eight mabs was igm, kappa. immunoblot analysis after non-denatured page showed that with the exception of one mab (112g6) all mabs gave a positive reaction with the 540 kda band of toxin a. immunoblot analysis showed that four mabs (2e15, 3b4, 37b5 and 49c4) gave a positive reaction with the 240 kda major band of toxin a. in neutralisation tests w ... | 1991 | 1916231 |
| new clostridium difficile serotypes in poland. | polish isolates of clostridium difficile strains of different origin were studied. all strains were serotyped according to the delmee scheme. twenty-one strains remained untypeable. by typing them with antisera against 5 polish strains we observed 5 new serotypes. | 1991 | 1915796 |
| modulation of clostridium difficile induced mortality as a function of the dose and the viability of the saccharomyces boulardii used as a preventative agent in gnotobiotic mice. | the ability of viable and nonviable saccharomyces boulardii to protect gnotobiotic mice from clostridium difficile induced mortality was tested. with the exception of irradiated s. boulardii, which retained some activity, only viable yeast protected the mice from lethality. the survival of c. difficile infected mice was dependent on the dose of the yeast provided in the drinking water. | 1991 | 1913342 |
| cytokine response by human monocytes to clostridium difficile toxin a and toxin b. | clostridium difficile toxins a and b isolated from strain vpi 10463 were tested for induction of cytokine release by human monocytes. toxin b at 10(-12) m activated human monocytes as measured by release of interleukin-1 (il-1), tumor necrosis factor (tnf), or il-6. these effects of toxin b were heat labile (51 degrees c, 30 min). toxin b was as effective as bacterial lipopolysaccharides in inducing il-1 beta but less effective in inducing tnf or il-6. toxin b and lipopolysaccharides were synerg ... | 1991 | 1910012 |
| enhancement of cell-mediated cytotoxicity by clostridium difficile toxin a: an in vitro study. | cells from the immune system exhibiting cytotoxic activity are able to kill tumor or infected cells in a major histocompatibility complex-restricted (cytotoxic lymphocytes) or non-restricted (natural killer cells) manner. in order to exert such a cytotoxicity they have to bind the target cell and release cytotoxic factors able to induce target cell death. treatment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with toxin a from clostridium difficile induced an enhancement of the cytotoxic efficien ... | 1991 | 1907410 |
| purification and characterisation of toxin b from a strain of clostridium difficile that does not produce toxin a. | most toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile produce both toxin a and toxin b. the toxin produced by c. difficile strain 8864 was characterised and compared with those produced by c. difficile strain 10463. toxin a was not detected by immunoassay in cultures from strain 8864 and all the cytotoxic activity produced by this strain was neutralised by antiserum to toxin b. toxin b from strain 8864 was purified and compared with toxin b from strain 10463. the size of the purified subunits of toxin ... | 1991 | 1906544 |