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expression of the f glycoprotein gene from human respiratory syncytial virus in escherichia coli: mapping of a fusion inhibiting epitope.a cdna copy of the gene encoding the entire amino acid sequence of the fusion (f) protein of human respiratory syncytial virus (strain a2) was inserted into a bacterial expression vector containing the lambda pr promoter. upon heat induction, escherichia coli cells harboring the vector produced a 45-kda peptide which reacted with rabbit polyclonal antiserum to the native f protein. expression of the f gene resulted in severe inhibition of bacterial growth, which was overcome by deletion of the d ...19911714666
respiratory viruses induce production of histamine-releasing factor by mononuclear leukocytes: a possible role in the mechanism of virus-induced asthma.histamine-releasing factor (hrf) is a cytokine produced by mononuclear leukocytes when stimulated with antigens or mitogens. hrf is capable of inducing degranulation of basophils and release of histamine. to determine if respiratory viruses can induce hrf production, mononuclear leukocytes from healthy adult donors were exposed to influenza or respiratory syncytial virus in vitro. hrf activity was tested by culturing the supernatants with fresh peripheral blood leukocytes and measuring the perce ...19911714484
psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold.it is not known whether psychological stress suppresses host resistance to infection. to investigate this issue, we prospectively studied the relation between psychological stress and the frequency of documented clinical colds among subjects intentionally exposed to respiratory viruses.19911713648
mapping of a fusion related epitope of the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein.the region of the fusion glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus which reacts with a neutralizing and fusion inhibiting monoclonal antibody, was mapped using a deductive method derived from analysis of western blot reactivity of proteolytic fragments. reaction of the whole fusion protein was found to be so conformationally dependent, that complete digestion of the protein with a variety of proteases resulted in fragments which were not sufficiently reactive to permit mapping. for this reason ...19911711741
immunodominant t-cell epitope on the f protein of respiratory syncytial virus recognized by human lymphocytes.the lymphocyte proliferative responses to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) were evaluated for 10 healthy adult donors and compared with proliferative responses to a chimeric glycoprotein (fg glycoprotein) which consists of the extracellular domains of both the f and g proteins of rsv and which is produced from a recombinant baculovirus. the lymphocytes of all 10 donors responded to rsv, and the proliferative responses to the whole virus were highly correlated with the responses to the fg glycop ...19911710289
synthetic peptides corresponding to the f protein of rsv stimulate murine b and t cells but fail to confer protection.we have previously located a major neutralization site of the fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in the polypeptide region extending from amino acids ile221 to glu232. in this report, 8 peptides corresponding to the six major hydrophilic regions of the f1 subunit were selected to analyse their immunogenic and protective capacities as well as their ability to block the high neutralization activities of 4 monoclonal antibodies (mabs). only 5 of the 8 peptides tested induced specif ...19911706591
[the rapid diagnosis of chronic nonspecific lung diseases].rapid methods for the detection of viral antigens and immunoglobulins in nasal and bronchial washings from patients with chronic nonspecific pulmonary diseases (cnpd) are described. these methods are based on viral antigen and immunoglobulin agglutination with cellulose particles sensitized with specific sera and gamma-globulin fractions. the investigation takes just 3-5 min. respiratory syncytial virus, influenza a and b, parainfluenza viruses, adenoviruses, immunoglobulins g and m, and immunog ...19901704447
sequence comparison between the fusion protein of human and bovine respiratory syncytial viruses.the nucleotide sequence was determined for the fusion (f) protein-coding mrna of the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (strain rb 94) and the amino acid sequence of the f protein was deduced for comparison with the sequence of human respiratory syncytial virus subtypes a and b (rss-2 and 18537 strains). the human and bovine rs virus f proteins (excluding the cleaved signal peptide) share 83 to 84% homology. the greatest divergence occurred within the f2 subunit in the region preceding the cleav ...19901703214
a subgroup-specific antigenic site in the g protein of respiratory syncytial virus forms a disulfide-bonded loop.an antigenic site (represented by 15 amino acids, residues 174 to 188, designated peptide 12) of the large glycoprotein g of respiratory syncytial virus was demonstrated to be subgroup specific in peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests with murine monoclonal antibodies and human postinfection sera. the role of individual amino acids in this subgroup-specific site was determined by use of single-amino-acid-deletion sets of peptides. when monoclonal antibodies were reacted with the deleti ...19901697913
the respiratory syncytial virus subgroup b attachment glycoprotein: analysis of sequence, expression from a recombinant vector, and evaluation as an immunogen against homologous and heterologous subgroup virus challenge.the attachment glycoprotein g of respiratory syncytial (rs) virus is important in both the antigenic and molecular diversity of the rs viruses. previous work has shown that the glycoprotein g of a subgroup a rs virus expressed from a recombinant vaccinia virus provides significant protection against homologous but not heterologous subgroup virus challenge. we undertook the cdna cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the g mrna of a subgroup b rs virus (8/60) to extend molecular comparisons of the ...19901697126
respiratory syncytial virus: virology, diagnosis, and vaccination.attempts to develop a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine have revealed the antigenic heterogeneity of the virus and have highlighted the difficulties of inducing protective responses in very young infants. of the two subgroups of the virus, a and b, that cocirculate, a appears to be the most aggressive in infants, but protection against both will be required. although a degree of protection is transferred from mother to the infant via the placenta and by breast feeding, the mechanisms of protec ...19901696677
demonstration of respiratory syncytial virus in an autopsy series.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) antigen was demonstrated in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded autopsy tissue using an immunoperoxidase technique. eighteen autopsy cases were selected on the basis of one of the following criteria: a positive culture for rsv, antemortem or postmortem; positive elisa test for rsv, antemortem or postmortem; or postmortem histology suggestive of paramyxovirus infection. controls included three cases from which parainfluenza or influenza virus had been cultured and ...19901695371
could preventive intranasal interferon lower the morbidity in children prone to respiratory illness?recent studies have demonstrated that rhinovirus infections can be prevented in the family setting through use of intranasal interferon sprays which are commenced when another family member develops a cold. one hundred and twenty-seven children aged 4-9 years who had been hospitalized during their first year of life for severe infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus were studied virologically and epidemiologically during a seven-month period which included the winter months. the hypothe ...19901692602
identification of a linear epitope on the fusion glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus.the fusion glycoprotein of the edinburgh strain of respiratory syncytial (rs) virus was cloned from infected cell mrna. a full-length clone was subjected to sequence analysis, and compared with other strains of rs virus. the inferred primary amino acid sequence was used to generate a nested set of overlapping peptides spanning the mature protein. peptides were synthesized on polyethylene pins and examined for their reactivity towards high titre human antisera. decameric peptides spanning the hig ...19901689370
location of a highly conserved neutralizing epitope in the f glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus.trypsin digestion of the purified f protein from human respiratory syncytial virus (long strain) generated a set of fragments in the amino-terminal third of the f1 subunit which contained the epitope 47f involved in neutralization. sequencing of five escape mutant viruses selected with monoclonal antibody 47f allowed us to map precisely two amino acid residues (262 and 268) of the f1 subunit which are essential for the integrity of this important epitope. the results are discussed in terms of th ...19901688629
respiratory syncytial virus in children's hospitals. 19911683996
genomic sequences of respiratory syncytial virus in otitis media with effusion. 19911681337
characteristics of successive epidemics of respiratory syncytial virus infection. 19911681283
the role of barrier precautions in infection control.barrier precautions are a fundamental component of any infection control strategy and a critical aspect of all isolation systems. because many infections are transmitted from patient-to-patient via the hands of personnel, gloves and gowns are widely recommended to provide an extra measure of protection against cross-infection. it is not clear whether gloves are superior to handwashing (if performed obsessionally) in this respect, and there is little evidence that gowns confer additional benefit. ...19911679825
suppressed expression of icam-1 and lfa-1 and abrogation of leukocyte collaboration after exposure of human mononuclear leukocytes to respiratory syncytial virus in vitro. comparison with exposure to influenza virus.human mononuclear leukocytes (mnl) exposed to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) produce net il-1 inhibitor bioactivity with the anticipated consequences of cell cycle arrest, suppressed virus-specific proliferation, and reduced expression of activation markers. these studies were undertaken to investigate effects of exposure and resultant net il-1 inhibitor activity on the expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (icam-1), and its ligand the lymphocyte function-associated antigen (lfa ...19911677945
humanised monoclonal antibody to respiratory syncytial virus. 19911674780
depression of lymphocyte responses to phytohaemagglutinin in lambs experimentally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus.eight lambs were experimentally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) and the responses of their peripheral blood lymphocytes to the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin and brsv antigen compared with that of control lambs injected with tissue culture fluid. the lymphocyte transformation responses to phytohaemagglutinin were significantly reduced five and 10 days after experimental infection with brsv (p less than 0.05). it appears that these reductions were associated with cd4+ lymphoc ...19911674620
[epidemiologic and etiologic study of acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age].this study also included epidemiologic data to determine the risk factors for the enhancement of these infections. the coagglutination technique for the rapid diagnosis of streptococcus was tried. five hundred and thirty one samples of pharingeal swabs were obtained from children with ari. 74% were younger than one year old. brochopneumonias constituted 66.39% of the cases. in total 357 agents were isolated 35% corresponding to bacteria in pure culture, 23.3% to mixed infections and 11.6% only v ...19911670472
acute respiratory infections. 19911669902
surveillance of respiratory syncytial virus infection: england and wales 1988-91. 19911669860
longitudinal study of acute respiratory diseases in rio de janeiro: occurrence of respiratory viruses during four consecutive years.the occurrence of different viruses in nasopharyngeal secretions from children less than 5 years old with acute respiratory infections (ari) was investigated over a period of 4 years (1982-1985) in rio de janeiro. of the viruses known to be associated with ari, all but influenza c and parainfluenza types 1, 2 and 4 were found. viruses were found more frequently in children attending emergency or pediatric wards than in outpatients. this was clearly related to the high incidence of respiratory sy ...19911668974
[respiratory syncytial virus, a pathogenic agent of the respiratory system]. 19911665224
[from prevention to treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infections]. 19911665220
[respiratory syncytial virus and immune response: from the diagnosis of infection to prospects of vaccination]. 19911665219
[virological surveillance of acute respiratory tract illnesses of children in morioka, japan. ii. rhinovirus infection].rhinoviruses (hrvs) were isolated from 307 children (7.1%) in the virological surveillance of 4334 children with acute respiratory tract illnesses in morioka, japan (september 1973-december 1983). although hrvs were isolated throughout the year, frequency of hrv infection was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) during the april-november (233/2853; 8.2%) than during the december-march (47/1481; 5.0%). there were two peaks of incidence in may (9.5%) and september (9.1%). during the may-septem ...19911665166
detection of rotavirus antigen in tracheal aspirates of infants and children with pneumonia.clinical manifestations of respiratory tract infection often precede or coincide with rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants and children. to investigate the possible association between respiratory tract manifestations and rotavirus infection, the authors determined human rotavirus (hrv) antigen and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) antigen in tracheal aspirates of 58 children with clinically diagnosed pneumonia by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and immunofluorescent antibody technique ...19911661224
antiviral activity of 1-docosanol, an inhibitor of lipid-enveloped viruses including herpes simplex.this article reports that 1-docosanol, a 22-carbon-long saturated alcohol, exerts a substantial inhibitory effect on replication of certain viruses (e.g., herpes simplex virus and respiratory syncytial virus) within primary target cells in vitro. to study the basis for its viral inhibitory activity, a suspension of 1-docosanol was formulated in an inert and nontoxic surfactant, pluronic f-68; this suspension exerted potent inhibitory activity on the ability of susceptible viruses to infect cultu ...19911660151
viral pneumonia.viral pneumonias are common in infants and young children but rare in adults. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and para-influenza viruses are the most frequent viral pathogens in infants and children. influenza virus types a and b account for over one half of viral pneumonias in adults. immunocompromised hosts are susceptible to pneumonias caused by cytomegalovirus (cmv) and other herpesviruses, as well as rubeola and adenovirus. diagnosis of viral pneumonia depends on appropriate viral culture ...19911659594
clinical and serological studies in a series of 45 patients with guillain-barré syndrome.we retrospectively reviewed the clinical files of 45 guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) patients admitted to our department between 1979 and 1989. the age distribution was bimodal with a first peak in young adults (20-40 years), and a second one between 60 to 70 years. seasonal distribution showed a late fall and a hivernal predominance. three patients experienced a second attack of gbs 2-9 years after the first one. thirty-one (69%) presented antecedent events, most often a respiratory tract infecti ...19911655983
isolation of adenovirus from lambs with upper respiratory syndrome.the role of viruses in the etiology of recurrent upper respiratory disease in newly weaned lambs was studied during 1984-1985 at the north dakota sheep experiment station. serum samples collected from lambs at weaning, from lambs with signs of respiratory disease, and 3 weeks following the onset of clinical signs were tested for antibodies to ovine adenovirus (oav), respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), and parainfluenza type-3 virus (pi-3). virus isolation studies were performed on nasal secretion ...19911655060
rotavirus infection of the oropharynx and respiratory tract in young children.oropharyngeal aspirates were obtained from 89 infants hospitalized with respiratory illnesses accompanied or not by diarrhea and 33 control patients without the diseases. rotavirus was detected from 25 of these patients by immunocytology, isolation of the virus in cultures of ma104 cells, or both. none of the control patients gave a positive result. the infection involves squamous cells and globlet cells probably originating from the oropharynx, and ciliated columnar epithelial cells from the re ...19911653306
replication of parainfluenza type-3 virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus in isolated bovine type-ii alveolar epithelial cells.the objectives of our research were to determine whether bovine pulmonary type-ii alveolar epithelial cells could be isolated from bovine lung and maintained in tissue culture and to determine whether isolated bovine type-ii alveolar epithelial cells would support productive viral replication of bovine parainfluenza type-3 virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus. type-ii alveolar epithelial cells were isolated from lungs of 4- to 7-day-old male holstein calves by enzymatic dissociation of p ...19911652906
purification of human respiratory syncytial virus: superiority of sucrose gradient over percoll, renografin, and metrizamide gradients.a method was devised for producing and purifying human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) preparations with high titers. previous attempts to obtain substantial amounts of purified human respiratory syncytial virus have been unsuccessful due to the extreme lability of this virus, its close association with the host cell membrane, and its tendency to aggregate during concentration procedures. we describe a comparative study of various purification media as well as a novel approach for obtaining h ...19911650782
viral vaccines for the prevention of childhood pneumonia in developing nations: priorities and prospects.in concert with bacteria, respiratory viruses play a major role in the high rates of acute lower respiratory infection (alri) experienced in developing nations. respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza and influenza viruses, and the adenoviruses are the predominant viral causes of alri in both developed and developing regions. in this review, the epidemiologic data from developing nations for these viral infections are summarized and the current status of viral vaccines for prevention of alri ...19911650495
pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory infections in the developing world: respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza viruses.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and parainfluenza viruses (pivs) are the most frequently isolated pathogens in infants and children with acute lower respiratory infection (lri) in the developed world. less information is available about their importance in lri in the developing world, but they are probably important there also. the pathogenesis of viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia involves inoculation and early replication in the upper respiratory tract, followed by aspiration into the lower r ...19911650494
viral pneumonitis.viral pneumonitis can affect all age groups and normal as well as compromised hosts. this article discusses salient features of pneumonitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, influenza a and b viruses, and cytomegalovirus. the clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment and prevention for each agent are discussed.19911649731
[virological surveillance of acute respiratory tract illnesses of children in morioka, japan. i. epidemiological patterns of infection with respiratory viruses over a 10-year period].a virological surveillance of acute respiratory tract illnesses (rti) of children in morioka, japan, was maintained from september 1973 to december 1983. nasal and throat swabs were collected from 4,334 children with rti. these patients consisted of 3,500 children (80.8%) with upper rti (urti) and 834 children (16.2%) with lower rti. when these patients with urti were classified by maximum temperature recorded into 4 groups (less than or equal to 37.0 degrees c, 37.1-37.9 degrees c, 38.0-38.4 de ...19911649233
serum antibodies against respiratory tract viruses in episodes of acute otitis media.although the findings of epidemiological studies have suggested viral respiratory tract infection (rti) to be crucially involved in the development of acute otitis media (aom), the relationship between aom and viral rti remains unclear. serum samples, obtained in the acute and convalescent phases of 57 aom episodes (in 35 children during the first three years of life) were analysed for igg antibodies against influenza a viruses, influenza b viruses, parainfluenza virus type 1, respiratory syncyt ...19911645761
detection of cattle infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus using nucleic acid hybridization.a ribonucleic acid (rna) hybridization assay to identify cattle infected by bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is described. the rna probe was derived from the coding region at the 3' end of the genome of the nadl strain of bvdv. total rna from infected cell cultures or peripheral blood leukocytes from suspect animals was extracted and applied to nylon membranes with a slot blot apparatus. peripheral blood leukocytes were tested concurrently for bvdv by virus isolation. the results of hybridizat ...19911645592
[evaluation of 5 methods for the diagnosis of infections by respiratory syncytial virus].to compare and evaluate four different rapid methods of respiratory syncytial virus antigen detection with the isolation of the virus in cell culture.19921643129
bovine respiratory syncytial virus nucleocapsid protein: mrna sequence analysis and expression from recombinant vaccinia virus vectors.the nucleotide sequence of the mrna encoding the nucleocapsid (n) protein of bovine respiratory syncytial (brs) virus, strain 391-2, was determined. recombinant vectors containing a cdna of the complete n gene were constructed, and expression of the n protein in eukaryotic cells was demonstrated using two different vector systems. the brs virus n mrna was 1197 nucleotides in length, exclusive of poly(a), and had a single major open reading frame that encoded a polypeptide of 391 amino acids with ...19921634882
oligomerization and post-translational processing of glycoprotein g of human respiratory syncytial virus: altered o-glycosylation in the presence of brefeldin a.the post-translational maturation of the attachment g glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was investigated. the g protein formed homo-oligomers which sedimented in sucrose gradients at the same rate as the fusion f protein tetramer. oligomerization of the g protein was insensitive to carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazine, showing that this step occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum prior to o-glycosylation which initiated in the trans-golgi compartment. the sedimentation of t ...19921634876
sequence analysis of the 22k, sh and g genes of turkey rhinotracheitis virus and their intergenic regions reveals a gene order different from that of other pneumoviruses.the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of three genes of turkey rhinotracheitis virus (trtv) together with the nucleotide sequences of the relevant intergenic regions were determined. the deduced amino acid sequence of one of the genes shows significant identity (42%) to that of the 22k protein of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). the trtv 22k gene, like that of rsv, has a second open reading frame, although the amino acid sequence deduced from this reading frame does not show an ...19921629697
gene junction sequences of bovine respiratory syncytial virus.the nucleotide sequences of seven gene junctions (n-p, p-m, m-sh, sh-g, g-f, f-m2 and m2-l) of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) strain a51908 were determined by dideoxynucleotide sequencing of cdnas from polytranscript mrnas and from genomic rna. by comparison with the consensus sequences derived from human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) mrnas, gene-start and gene-end sequences were found in all brsv mrnas. there was a perfect match between the brsv and hrsv in all gene-start sequen ...19921626423
testing of bronchoalveolar lavage for the laboratory diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infections. 19921625082
testing of bronchoalveolar lavage for the laboratory diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infections. 19921625081
oesophageal foreign body: an unusual cause of respiratory symptoms in a three-week-old baby.impaction of a foreign body in the oesophagus is common in children. if the event is not witnessed by an adult or the object is radiolucent the diagnosis is difficult as respiratory symptoms may predominate. we report a three-week-old child with respiratory symptoms who had both a respiratory syncytial virus infection and a radio-lucent oesophageal foreign body. this case is the youngest yet reported and serves as a remainder of the difficulties in the diagnosis of this important condition.19921624897
[isolation of chlamydia pneumoniae and antibodies to the agent in patients with acute bronchitis].isolation of chlamydia pneumoniae and serologic tests were performed on 85 children and adults patients with acute bronchitis admitted to the kitasato institute hospital from january 1989 to may 1991. c. pneumoniae was isolated from sputa or tonsillar swabs in 11 of 57 (19%) patients examined. of these, 10 patients were tested serologically and 9 (90%) had 16 or higher titer of igg antibody. a total of 68 patients were tested serologically, and 17 (25%) revealed positive; 14 had a fourfold rise ...19921624841
rapid diagnosis of respiratory viral infections by using a shell vial assay and monoclonal antibody pool.we compared the detection of seven respiratory viruses by using a commercially available monoclonal antibody pool in a 2-day shell vial assay with that by using standard cell culture with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa)-negative nasal secretions from hospitalized children. we found 179 respiratory virus isolates by either method in 675 specimens. overall, the shell vial assay detected 147 of 179 (79%) of the positives after 2 days; cell culture detecte ...19921624569
immunoglobulin g antibody avidity in patients with respiratory syncytial virus infection.the titer and avidity of respiratory syncytial virus-specific antibodies were measured in 196 serum specimens from 93 children with an acute, laboratory-confirmed respiratory syncytial virus infection. an enzyme immunoassay method based on the ability of urea to dissociate the bound antibodies with low avidity from the antigen was used. three patterns of immune responses were observed. children less than 6 months of age usually had low titers of antibodies with high avidity in their acute-phase ...19921624567
[induction of il2 responsiveness in allergen-stimulated lymphocytes from children with post respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection].induced interleukin 2 (il2) responsiveness in allergen-stimulated lymphocytes from children with post respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection was studied. induction of il2 responsiveness in the patients lymphocytes was observed upon stimulation with allergens such as dermatophgoides farinae (df) antigen, ovalbumin (ova) and alpha-casein. such responses were not induced in age-matched normal lymphocytes. maximum response was shown in lymphocytes from children who had been suffering from the i ...19921622335
recent observations regarding the pathogenesis of recurrent respiratory syncytial virus infections: implications for vaccine development.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza virus are common pathogens for all age groups. currently licensed influenza virus vaccines generally provide protection from clinically detectable disease caused by antigenically matched challenging viruses. in contrast, vaccine development for rsv has been hampered by the inability of candidate vaccines to induce protective immunity to naturally occurring infection. the precise mechanism(s) responsible for the rsv vaccine failures have not been de ...19921621415
[common cold: diagnostic steps? antibiotics?].the common cold is caused by more than 100 virus types. however, the clinical manifestation is always similar with rhinorrhea, stuffiness, sneezing, pharyngitis, laryngitis and cough. the local inflammatory reactions are not due to the presence of virus but caused by locally produced inflammatory mediators. bacterial superinfections may cause otitis or sinusitis. bacterial nasopharyngitis has been described in children. this entity possibly exists also in adults. traditional viral cultures are r ...19921615453
cotton rats previously immunized with a chimeric rsv fg glycoprotein develop enhanced pulmonary pathology when infected with rsv, a phenomenon not encountered following immunization with vaccinia--rsv recombinants or rsv.in studies conducted in the 1960s, children previously immunized with a formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine (fi-rsv) developed a greater incidence and severity of pulmonary disease during subsequent natural rsv infection than did controls. it was previously shown that cotton rats immunized with fi-rsv or immunoaffinity-purified fusion (f) glycoprotein developed enhanced pulmonary histopathology following intranasal challenge with rsv. in the present studies, various fo ...19921609551
etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children in a rural community in the gambia.approximately 500 children younger than 5 years old resident in 7 villages in a rural area of the gambia were monitored closely for 1 year for episodes of acute lower respiratory tract infection (alri). each episode was investigated with antigen detection techniques and antibody assays as well as culture for bacteria and viruses. a pathogen was identified in 76 (34.2%) of 222 cases with clinical signs of alri and in 34 (42%) of the 81 cases who, in addition, had radiologic evidence of alri. evid ...19921608684
antiviral activities of ribavirin, 5-ethynyl-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide, and 6'-(r)-6'-c-methylneplanocin a against several ortho- and paramyxoviruses.5-ethynyl-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide (eicar) and 6'-(r)-6'-c-methylneplanocin a (tj13025) are two novel antiviral agents which are targeted against imp dehydrogenase and s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, respectively. these compounds have been examined for their activities against various strains of orthomyxoviruses (influenza virus) and paramyxoviruses (parainfluenza virus, mumps virus, measles virus, and respiratory syncytial virus) in vitro. eicar was 10- to 59-fold more ac ...19921605607
[epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus infections in the canary islands].respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infection in young children. outbreaks of rsv infection occur yearly during the winter or spring in temperate climates. our study of 634 hospitalized children under 3 years of age with bronchiolitis and pneumonia (november 1988 to january 1990) revealed that 227 (35.8%) had vrs infections. these cases showed a yearly epidemic pattern with 86.8% of the cases occurring during the winter. furthermore, 67.4% of the cases ...19921605415
summertime respiratory syncytial virus infection: epidemiology and clinical manifestations.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common serious pathogen known to produce annual winter epidemics in young children. a 2-year study of children with significant respiratory disease during the summer revealed a 21% incidence of rsv infection. respiratory secretions collected from ill children in the lsumc outpatient clinics, from children seen by private physicians, and from children hospitalized with respiratory tract disease were assayed for rsv antigens. approximately 39% of those survey ...19921604385
serious respiratory tract disease caused by respiratory syncytial virus: prospects for improved therapy and effective immunization. 19921603639
respiratory syncytial virus infection in an adult with wegener's granulomatosis.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has been documented as a pathogen in adults who are immunocompromised because of various underlying conditions. to our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with wegener's granulomatosis (wg) and rsv infection resulting in a fatal outcome.19921600799
successful therapy with ribavirin of late onset respiratory syncytial virus pneumonitis complicating allogeneic bone transplantation.a 21-year-old patient developed interstitial pneumonitis nine months post bone marrow transplant for acute myeloblastic leukaemia. immunofluorescence of broncheoalveolar lavage fluid revealed the presence of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). aerosolized ribavarin therapy resulted in rapid resolution of the pneumonitis with full recovery without any side effects. ribavarin therapy should be considered early in the management of bmt patients who develop rsv pneumonitis.19921600691
approaches to immunization against respiratory syncytial virus. 19921600380
pneumonia in childhood: etiology and response to antimicrobial therapy.a prospective eight-month study was carried out in 50 children admitted to hospital for radiologically confirmed community-acquired pneumonia. a potential causative agent of infection was identified in 44 (88%) cases. using virus isolation, virus antigen detection and enzyme immunoassay serology, respiratory virus infection was diagnosed in 30 (60%) patients. antibody assays for seven bacteria and antigen detection from serum and urine for streptococcus pneumoniae produced evidence of bacterial ...19921597197
effect of "in vitro" exposure of bovine alveolar macrophages to different strains of bovine respiratory syncytial virus.a vaccine strain of respiratory syncytial (rs) virus and an isolate from pneumonic calves (ac2) were inoculated onto cultures of bovine alveolar macrophages recovered by lung lavage, and the functional properties of the cells observed over a period of 10 days. in most cultures no infectious virus was produced although immunofluorescence indicated the presence of virus antigens in some cells. no significant difference was noted between infected and control macrophage cultures in their capacity to ...19921595187
effect of respiratory syncytial virus on adherence, colonization and immunity of non-typable haemophilus influenzae: implications for otitis media.adherence of non-typable haemophilus influenzae to respiratory epithelium was evaluated in a cotton rat model of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. colonization with non-typable h. influenzae increased to a maximum within 4 days of rsv infection compared to rsv negative controls (4.58 +/- 0.17 vs 3.82 +/- 0.23 log colony forming units (cfu) per ml, p less than 0.05) and then declined over the subsequent 10 days (2.0 +/- 0 vs 3.78 +/- 0.39 cfu per ml, p less than 0.0001). in a second se ...19921592548
pulmonary eosinophilic response to respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice sensitized to the major surface glycoprotein g.to investigate the contribution of immunity to individual respiratory syncytial (rs) virus proteins to the augmentation of pulmonary pathology, mice were scarified with recombinant vaccinia viruses (rvv) expressing individual rs virus proteins. the pulmonary response to infection with rs virus was monitored by bronchoalveolar lavage (bal). in mice vaccinated with the major surface glycoprotein (g), 14-25% of bal cells were eosinophils; these comprised less than 3% of bal cells from other groups ...19921591217
epidemiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections, especially those due to haemophilus influenzae type b, in the gambia, west africa.mortality surveys undertaken in rural areas of the gambia, a small country on the west coast of africa, indicate that acute lower respiratory tract infections (alri) are the most frequent cause of death among children and that approximately 1 in 25 rural gambian children dies from an alri before the age of 5 years. community surveys suggest that each child experiences an average of one episode of alri accompanied by radiographic changes before reaching this age. etiologic studies have shown that ...19921588169
vaccination against acute respiratory virus infections and measles in man.several viruses may cause more or less severe acute respiratory infections in man, some of which are followed by systemic infection. only for influenza and measles are licensed vaccines available at present. the protection induced by influenza vaccines, which are based on inactivated whole virus or viral subunits, depends largely on the matching of vaccine strain and circulating virus. measles vaccines, which are based on attenuated live virus, have been quite effective in controlling the diseas ...19921587542
molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the mumps virus gene encoding the l protein and the trailer sequence.we have cloned and determined the nucleotide sequences of the seventh gene of the miyahara strain of mumps virus (muv) encoding the l protein. the l gene is 6925 nucleotides in length and contains a single long open reading frame which is capable of coding for a protein of 2261 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 256,571 da. the deduced amino acid sequence of the l protein of muv showed significant homology with those of six other paramyxoviruses, human parainfluenza type 2 virus, ...19921585659
[usefulness of microbial investigations in community-acquired pneumonia].community acquired pneumonia (cap) is a common and well known disease, however there is no definite agreement on a common diagnostic-therapeutic strategy. to evaluate the usefulness of microbial investigations in the clinical practice we performed a prospective study on 93 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of cap. group i consisted of 46 patients that underwent a diagnostic protocol including sputum, blood cultures and detection of specific antibodies against m. pneumoniae, adenovirus, respi ...19921585029
an outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus in a bone marrow transplant center.an outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection occurred among 31 patients in a marrow transplant center over a 13-week period beginning in january 1990. rsv infection was also documented in 35 family members and employees. of 18 patients with pneumonia, 14 (78%) died. none of 13 with upper respiratory infection died. preengraftment patients tended to develop pneumonia more frequently than did engrafted patients. early administration of ribavirin may have had a beneficial effect in pa ...19921583345
identification of subgroups of bovine respiratory syncytial virus.the occurrence of antigenic variation among nine isolates of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) was determined by examining their reaction patterns to human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) subgroup a and b monoclonal antibodies (mabs) by enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoprecipitation with fractionation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by using mabs and polyclonal antisera to hrsv and brsv. shared epitopes were demonstrated on four of five structural protein ...19921583108
immunoglobulin therapy in older infants and children.the availability of intravenous immunoglobulin preparations and human monoclonal antibodies has broadened the potential utility of antibody therapy to include treatment of viral infections such as cytomegalovirus and respiratory syncytial virus and prevention and treatment of serious bacterial infections such as endotoxic shock and pneumonia in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. as new polyclonal and monoclonal immunoglobulin preparations are developed for specific organisms or cl ...19921578124
humoral immunity to respiratory syncytial virus infection in the elderly.the relationship between serum immunoglobulins and the severity and risk of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in the institutionalized elderly was prospectively assessed during the winter of 1989-1990 at a 591 bed nursing home. forty rsv infections were identified out of 149 respiratory illnesses by isolation of the virus or by a greater than or equal to 4-fold rise in rsv-specific igg by eia. acute serum rsv igg levels were similar in those with rsv infection and those with non-rsv il ...19921573388
distinguishing between respiratory syncytial virus subgroups by protein profile analysis.we subgrouped 75 strains of respiratory syncytial virus by a protein profile method (ppm) which relies on different mobilities of the phosphoprotein in one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and does not require monoclonal antibodies. when compared with enzyme immunoassay, ppm correctly subgrouped 54 of 56 subgroup a and all 19 subgroup b strains.19921572961
severe respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia after autologous bone marrow transplantation: a report of three cases and review.three patients with acute leukemia who underwent autologous bone marrow transplantation (bmt) in complete remission, developed a severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) pneumonia, which was fatal in two. identification of rsv was made on the products of bronchoalveolar lavage by direct immunofluorescence. as already described by others, the initial course of rsv infection varies, depending on whether it occurs sooner or later after bmt with a better prognosis in the latter situation. treatment ...19921571714
respiratory syncytial virus infection reinforces reflex apnea in young lambs.to evaluate the effect of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection on reflex apnea elicited by application of water on the laryngeal mucosa, 11 healthy, term lambs were chronically instrumented at 2 wk of age. six lambs were inoculated with bovine rsv, and five lambs were mock-infected. the lambs were studied awake and unsedated before and 4, 8, 14, and 21 d after infection. rsv infection was associated with slight rhinorrhea and with moderately increased tracheal mucous discharge. there was ...19921570205
respiratory syncytial virus: a pediatric nursing plan of care.thirty-three pediatric cases of respiratory syncytial viral (rsv) infections were treated at providence hospital's pediatric intensive care unit (picu), anchorage, ak, between september 1987 and march 1988. our 8-bed picu nursing and respiratory therapy staff learned effective techniques in caring for patients with rsv. our aim in this article is to share our approach in providing comprehensive care for patients with rsv infections.19921569520
[infectious agents associated with exacerbations of chronic obstructive bronchopneumopathies and asthma attacks].infections of the respiratory airways are frequently responsible for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) and attacks of asthma. however, the causal infectious agents in practice are rarely precisely identified. we have undertaken a prospective study with the aim of researching into the bacteria and viruses associated with these exacerbations. forty-seven patients who were in hospital between 1987 and 1989 for attacks of asthma (13 episodes) or exacerbations of copd (35 ...19921565831
mucosal t cell distribution during infection with respiratory syncytial virus.groups of 12-week-old balb/c mice were inoculated intranasally with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and sacrificed at regular intervals after infection. t lymphocyte subset distribution was determined in lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage (bal), peripheral blood, and spleen by means of flow cytometry employing monoclonal antibodies against the t cell membrane antigens thy1.2 (pan-t), ly2 (cd8), and l3t4 (cd4). thy1.2+ cells increased in the lung from 35.4% of total lymphocytes before infectio ...19921564449
the efficacy of nebulized metaproterenol in wheezing infants and young children.the benefit of beta-adrenergic agonists in the treatment of acutely wheezing infants and young children has not been well documented in the outpatient setting. to determine the efficacy of nebulized metaproterenol sulfate, 74 children aged 36 months or younger with acute wheezing participated in a double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. children received nebulized metaproterenol, either as an initial treatment or after a control treatment with normal saline solution. at bas ...19921558072
respiratory syncytial virus infection of alveolar macrophages in adult transplant patients.pulmonary epithelial cells are thought to be the primary cellular targets for infection by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in vivo. to determine whether other pulmonary cells are infected by rsv, bronchoalveolar lavage cells from six adult transplant patients, four of whom had acute rsv infection, were examined by in situ immunohistochemistry to identify infected lung cells. both alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells were infected with rsv in vivo. at the single-cell level, three-color imm ...19921554223
reinfection of lambs with bovine respiratory syncytial virus.eight lambs which were experimentally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) when they were six to eight weeks old were challenged with the same virus seven months later. after reinfection, lambs developed mild clinical disease and the virus was isolated from nasal swabs from three lambs and peripheral blood from two lambs. reinfection resulted in changes in peripheral blood cell populations. there was an early increase in the number of cd8+ t lymphocytes and b (lca p220+) lympho ...19921553439
respiratory syncytial virus infection of human primary nasal and bronchial epithelial cell cultures and bronchoalveolar macrophages.in adults, clinical symptoms caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are usually confined to the upper respiratory tract, whereas rsv infection in infants frequently causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia. the preferential localization of rsv infection to the upper airways may partially be due to protective immunity, but may also depend on a difference in susceptibility of epithelial cells from upper and lower airways, or on antiviral activities of bronchoalveolar macrophages (am). in this study ...19921550681
effect of changes in the nucleotide sequence of the p gene of respiratory syncytial virus on the electrophoretic mobility of the p protein.a consensus sequence for the p protein gene of the rsn-2 strain of respiratory syncytial (rs) virus was obtained by pcr amplification of cdna obtained by reverse transcription. this established that the extent of sequence variation between two p genes of strains of antigenic subtype b is similar to that among a strains, confirming the conservation of p genes within subtypes and the divergence of the two antigenic subtypes of rs virus. the p protein of rs virus exhibits anomalous electrophoretic ...19921549911
human cytotoxic t cells stimulated by antigen on dendritic cells recognize the n, sh, f, m, 22k, and 1b proteins of respiratory syncytial virus.we examined the human cytotoxic t-cell repertoire of nine adults to 9 of the 10 proteins of respiratory syncytial (rs) virus. peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal adults were stimulated with rs virus in vitro. the resulting polyclonal cultures were tested for lysis of b-lymphoblastoid cell lines infected with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing each of nine individual rs virus proteins. the use of peripheral blood dendritic cells to present antigen gave more easily reproducible res ...19921548754
class-specific antibodies to bovine respiratory syncytial virus in experimentally infected lambs.enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (elisa) was used to titrate virus-specific igg, igm and iga levels in nasal secretions, lung lavage fluids and serum samples sequentially obtained from lambs experimentally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). virus-specific igg and igm responses were measured by the indirect double antibody sandwich elisa using anti-bovine rsv monoclonal antibody, as capture antibody, and peroxidase-conjugated anti-sheep igg and anti-sheep igm. virus-specif ...19921547834
the nucleotide sequence of the l gene of marburg virus, a filovirus: homologies with paramyxoviruses and rhabdoviruses.the nucleotide sequence of the l gene of marburg virus, strain musoke, has been determined. the l gene has a single long open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 2330 amino acids (mw 267,175) that represents the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase. the putative transcription start signal (3'cuaccuauaauu 5') and the termination signal (3' uaauucuuuuu 5') of the gene could be identified. computer-assisted comparison of the l protein with l proteins of other nonsegmented negative-stranded rna vi ...19921546452
respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in a lung transplant recipient: case report.a 29-year-old man underwent bilateral lung transplantation and received maintenance immunosuppressive therapy. he was readmitted 11 months later with symptoms of cough, sneezing, and rhinorrhea. the physical examination was normal. laboratory results were significant for a reduction of fev1 and an interstitial infiltrate on chest films. the patient had recently undergone bronchoscopy for rejection surveillance, and 2 days before admission the bronchoalveolar lavage cultures returned positive for ...19921540615
comparison of the ability of formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus, immunopurified f, g and n proteins and cell lysate to enhance pulmonary changes in balb/c mice.formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (fi-rsv), a lysate of hep-2 cells and proteins f, g and n, immunopurified from infected cell cultures, were compared for their ability to prevent infection and to enhance changes in lung cytology associated with rsv challenge. mice were immunized at three weekly intervals with serial dilutions of the preparations and challenged by the nasal route 1 week after the last injection; their lungs were analysed 4 days later. the concentration of the immu ...19921539464
initiation of cytotoxic t-cell response and protection of balb/c mice by vaccination with an experimental iscoms respiratory syncytial virus subunit vaccine.respiratory syncytial virus is an important human pathogen causing serious lower respiratory tract infections of children and elderly people. previous studies on the development of experimental subunit vaccines either expressed by recombinant dna technology or prepared from purified viral proteins absorbed on adjuvant (iscoms) have shown promise. the present work reports on the effectiveness of an experimental iscoms vaccine in initiating humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and in providi ...19921539463
protective activity of a human respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin prepared from donors screened by microneutralization assay.to explore the feasibility of preparing a human immune globulin specific for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) by screening plasma donors, the ability of seven rsv antibody assays to identify plasma-yielding igg with high virus-neutralizing and animal-protective activities was compared. igg prepared from plasma units selected by microneutralization assay had significantly higher activity in protecting mice from respiratory rsv challenge than did iggs prepared from plasmas selected by three direc ...19921538152
[severe respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia following bone marrow autograft. 3 cases].three patients developed severe respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia after bone marrow autograft for acute leukaemia. clinically, the disease presents as interstitial or bilateral alveolo-interstitial pneumonia with hypoxaemia. signs of ent infection (otitis media, sinusitis) are present in 30 percent of the cases. in all 3 patients, the syncytial virus was isolated by direct immunofluorescence in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. in 2 patients the infection began soon after the autograft, in deepl ...19921532059
immunogenicity of recombinant adenovirus-respiratory syncytial virus vaccines with adenovirus types 4, 5, and 7 vectors in dogs and a chimpanzee.recombinant adenovirus type 4, 5, and 7 expressing the fusion glycoprotein (f) gene, the attachment glycoprotein (g) gene, or both f and g genes of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was constructed. intratracheal immunization of dogs with ad7f induced moderate titers of rsv-neutralizing antibodies. after booster immunization with ad4f, the dogs developed high titers of rsv-specific antibody. subsequently, three two-dose vaccination regimens, ad4f/ad5f, ad7g/ad4g, and ad7fg/ad4fg, were compared w ...19921527411
respiratory syncytial virus: a comparison of diagnostic modalities.this study compared prospectively viral culture for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) with three rapid rsv antigen detection tests: rsv eia and testpack rsv (tp), and directigen rsv (dir). additionally two methods of specimen collection were compared: nasopharyngeal rub (rub) and nasopharyngeal wash (wash). true positives were defined as positive rsv viral culture or at least two positive antigen tests. one hundred ninety-eight wash specimens obtained from children 3 years of age or younger duri ...19921523070
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