Publications

plasmid-associated adherence of shigella flexneri in a hela cell model.	the initial interaction of shigella flexneri with hela cells was studied at 4 degrees c, a temperature that inhibits parasite-directed endocytosis. it was found that invasive strains were 10-fold more adherent to hela cells than were isogenic, noninvasive strains which had lost a 140-megadalton plasmid. adherent strains were also more hydrophobic than were nonadherent strains.	1989	2663729
congo red-mediated regulation of levels of shigella flexneri 2a membrane proteins.	the ability of shigella spp. to bind congo red from agar medium is generally correlated with their virulence properties. we used a metabolically active culture of shigella flexneri 2a to determine the effect of congo red on its membrane protein profiles. virulent s. flexneri grown in the presence of congo red at 37 degrees c showed increased levels of three proteins with mrs of 43,000, 58,000, and 63,000 (43k, 58k, and 63k proteins) in the sarkosyl-soluble membrane fractions. the observed phenom ...	1989	2663721
quantitation of the rabbit intestinal glycolipid receptor for shiga toxin. further evidence for the developmental regulation of globotriaosylceramide in microvillus membranes.	shiga toxin, produced by shigella dysenteriae 1, causes enterotoxic, cytotoxic, and neurotoxic effects, which may be mediated by a glycolipid receptor, globotriaosylceramide, gb3. to study the relationship of this receptor and toxin effects, globotriaosylceramide was quantitated and further characterized in rabbit small intestinal microvillus membranes at various ages. glycolipids were extracted from rabbit microvillus membranes, purified on unisil columns, and quantitated by high-performance li ...	1989	2663611
[biological properties of bacteria of the species shigella flexneri].	some biological properties of s. flexneri have been studied. the strains of this bacterial species have been shown to produce dnaase in 98.8 +/- 0.77% of cases and rnaase in 97.4 +/- 1.5% of cases. the capacity for the positive reaction with congo red as early as after 24-hour incubation in the thermostat has proved to be characteristic of s. flexneri (91.1 +/- 3.6%). if stored at 4 degrees c in semiliquid agar, s. flexneri cultures have been found to retain their capacity for producing the abov ...	1989	2662686
[isolation of shigella boydii serotype 14 with altered biochemical characteristics in a water-borne epidemic of dysentery].	two water-borne epidemics of bacillary dysentery have been described in a garrison in which the leading causative agent has been shigella boydii, serotype of 14 altered biochemical characteristics isolated for the first time in yugoslavia. all the isolated strains of this shigella were mannitol negative and they degradated gylocose to acidity and gas already after 24 hours, and arabinose and sorbitol to acidity and gas after 48 hours. the clinical picture of the diseased was characteristic of ba ...	1989	2662591
epidemic shigellosis due to shigella dysenteriae type 1 in south asia.		1989	2661420
electropherotyping of plasmid dna of different serotypes of shigella flexneri isolated in bangladesh.	one hundred and twenty-five shigella flexneri strains, isolated during january-december 1984, at the dhaka treatment centre of the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh, were serotyped using absorbed rabbit antisera specific for all type- and group-factor antigens, as well as a group of ten mouse and rat monoclonal antibodies. electropherotypes of the plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) were also determined. s. flexneri 2a was the predominant serotype followed by 3b, 1 ...	1989	2661251
effect of streptomycin administration on association of enteric pathogens with cecal tissue of mice.	the effect of streptomycin on the ability of shigella sonnei 3sr and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli 2sr to associate with cecal tissue of mice in vivo and in vitro was examined. after orogastric challenge, both pathogens associated in significantly greater numbers (p less than or equal to 0.05) with the cecal tissue of streptomycin-treated mice than with the tissue of untreated mice. the population levels of the pathogens were also significantly greater (p less than or equal to 0.05) in the ce ...	1989	2659535
secretory immunoglobulin a response to shiga toxin in rabbits: kinetics of the initial mucosal immune response and inhibition of toxicity in vitro and in vivo.	although the role of shiga toxin in dysentery is unknown, the toxin is cytotoxic to hela cells, causes fluid secretion in rabbit intestine, and is lethal to rabbits and mice when injected parenterally. in the present study, rabbits received three weekly doses of shiga toxin directly into chronically isolated ileal loops. within a week, secretions from these loops contained immunoglobulin a (iga) anti-shiga toxin. the titer of iga anti-shiga toxin increased after weekly doses 2 and 3. little igg ...	1989	2659525
the enteric immune response to shigella antigens.	mucosal immunity to some enteropathogens occurs naturally following infection. by learning how to optimize initiation of the mucosal immune response it will be possible to develop vaccines against a wide variety of enteropathogens and their toxic products. in the past few years, we have examined stimulation of the mucosal response to shigella antigens. we have found that the mucosal memory response to shigella lps can be stimulated by oral immunization with live, but not with killed shigella. th ...	1989	2659270
oral shigella vaccines.		1989	2659269
[determination of shigella antigens in the feces of people, immunized with enteral vaccine prepared from s. flexneri antigen].	the dynamic determination of the presence of the specific antigen and its activity in the excreta of humans subjected to enteral immunization with vaccine prepared from s. flexneri antigen was made in the agglutination test and neutralization test with the use of, respectively, antibody and antigenic erythrocyte diagnosticums. in the feces and urine of the vaccinees antibodies occurred less commonly and, as a rule, they were less active than those detected in dysentery patients at the correspond ...	1989	2658436
microbiologic and clinical study of acute diarrhea in children in aswan, egypt.	children with diarrhea presenting to a government rehydration center in aswan, egypt, were investigated to determine the etiology and clinical presentation of acute childhood diarrhea in southern egypt. among 126 outpatients and 25 inpatients with diarrhea (mean age 18 months), enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) (17% of cases), cryptosporidium (9%), salmonella spp. (7%), campylobacter jejuni/coli (7%), and shigella spp. (5%) were the most common enteropathogens identified during the high in ...	1989	2658018
[localization of ssoii restriction endonuclease and methylase genes on the map of the p4 plasmid].	the restrictional mapping of naturally occurring plasmid p4 from shigella sonnei 47 strain coding for the ssoii restriction endonuclease and methylase genes has been made. using the genetic engineering approach the locations of the ssoii host cell specificity system enzymes genes have been determined.	1989	2657413
[clinical features of overseas travellers' infectious enteritis admitted in the hospitals for infectious diseases].		1989	2657133
[survey on overseas traveller's diarrhea at narita airport quarantine station--the species of bacteria isolated and the suspected countries for infection].		1989	2657132
inoculum size in shigellosis and implications for expected mode of transmission.		1989	2656880
unusual nucleotide arrangement with repeated sequences in the escherichia coli k-12 chromosome.	between 59 and 60 min on the escherichia coli genetic map, there is a highly conserved sequence of 29 base pairs, containing an inverted repeat of seven base pairs that appears 14 times, 32 or 33 base pairs apart, downstream of the iap gene coding region. about 24 kilobase pairs downstream of the 14 repeats, a similar 29-base-pair sequence with a spacing of 32 base pairs appears seven times. nucleotide sequences hybridizing with the 29-base-pair fragment were also detected in shigella dysenteria ...	1989	2656660
control of diarrheal diseases.	the tremendous advances made in the control of diarrheal diseases in the past few years indicate what more can be achieved. even though the lives of an estimated three quarters of a million children are being saved each year, over three million children are still dying from readily preventable diarrheal disease. the challenge is to build on the successes thus far, to learn from experience, to promote changes in health habits that will prevent diarrhea, and to make all of these activities sustain ...	1989	2655632
shigellosis occurring in newborn nursery staff.	shigellosis is uncommon in the newborn nursery. we describe a case of shigella sonnei gastroenteritis occurring in a newborn. three of 32 health care providers caring for the infant acquired shigellosis. the neonate probably acquired the infection from its mother via vertical transmission. all six members of the infant's family had gastroenteritis and two siblings had stool cultures positive for shigella. transmission of shigella in the newborn nursery is potentially great. emphasis on handwashi ...	1989	2654287
characterization of virulence marker antigen of shigella spp. and enteroinvasive escherichia coli.	antisera produced in rabbits immunized with an enteroinvasive o143 strain of escherichia coli were absorbed with an avirulent derivative of the same strain. the resulting sera have been previously shown to recognize enteroinvasive pathogens when used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. in the current study, western blots (immunoblots) showed that such an absorbed rabbit antiserum recognized two proteins (ipab and ipac) which are encoded by a large, virulence-associated plasmid. these protei ...	1989	2654184
t-lymphocyte clones responsive to shigella flexneri.	t lymphocytes from a patient with shigella flexneri dysentery and postdysenteric reactive arthritis were cloned by limiting dilution with recombinant interleukin-2 and a strain of s. flexneri different from that which had infected her. five of eight clones produced proliferated in response to the shigellae used to generate the clones. the response required irradiated syngeneic blood mononuclear cells as antigen-presenting cells. one such clone, mc12, proliferated in response to both the shigella ...	1989	2654177
interaction of shigella toxin with globotriaosyl ceramide receptor-containing membranes: a fluorescence study.	the interaction of the b-subunit of shigella toxin with a globotriaosyl ceramide receptor incorporated into phosphatidylcholine vesicles was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. from the position of the maximum in the emission spectrum and the accessibility to acrylamide quenching, it is concluded that a single tryptophan of a free b-chain is located in a highly polar environment, most likely on the surface of the folded polypeptide chain. binding of b-subunits to the membrane-associated globot ...	1989	2653314
tropical infections after renal transplantation.		1989	2652678
the human gastric bactericidal barrier: mechanisms of action, relative antibacterial activity, and dietary influences.		1989	2651535
pathogenesis of shigella diarrhea. xiv. analysis of shiga toxin receptors on cloned hela cells.	binding kinetics of shiga toxin to hela ccl-2 cells and to cell lines cloned by limiting dilutions were determined. lines with a wide range of sensitivity to shiga toxin were obtained. binding data, analyzed by a computer-based scatchard model program, revealed two classes of binding sites, one of low affinity and high capacity and one of high affinity and low capacity. the number of high affinity, but not low affinity, sites present on the clones correlated with their sensitivity to toxin. tuni ...	1989	2651533
identification of an escherichia coli gene homologous to virr, a regulator of shigella virulence.	virulence in shigella spp., as well as in strains of enteroinvasive escherichia coli, is regulated by growth temperature. previously, virr had been identified as the gene controlling the temperature-regulated expression of shigella virulence. since shigella spp. and e. coli are also known to share greater than 90% dna sequence homology, we sought to determine if nonpathogenic e. coli k-12 c600 contains a gene homologous to the shigella flexneri 2a gene virr. through the use of transduction and m ...	1989	2651420
cloning of regions required for contact hemolysis and entry into llc-mk2 cells from shigella sonnei form i plasmid: virf is a positive regulator gene for these phenotypes.	two distinct regions required for both contact hemolysis and entry into llc-mk2 cells were cloned into escherichia coli from the shigella sonnei form i plasmid, pss120. the first region was cloned into an e. coli hb101 strain containing noninvasive tn1 insertion mutants of the form i plasmid, and expression of ipa (invasion plasmid antigen) gene products was restored. the plasmid carrying the first region was then transformed into e. coli lacking the form i plasmid, and additional dna fragments ...	1989	2651305
possible infection by escherichia coli or shigella sp in a surviving case of hemolytic uremic syndrome after bone marrow transplantation.		1989	2651283
enzyme-capture assay for rapid detection of escherichia coli in oysters.	enzyme-capture assays (ecas) for escherichia coli beta-d-glucuronidase (gud) were performed directly from 24-h gas-positive lauryl tryptose broth (ltb) fermentation tubes that had been inoculated with oyster homogenate seeded with e. coli. the ltb-eca method yielded results in 1 day that were equivalent to those obtained in 2 days by an ltb and ec-4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-d-glucuronide (ec-mug) method. overall, 62 of 64 (97%) positive ec-mug broths from which e. coli was isolated were correctly ...	1989	2650619
bacterial hydrophobicity, an overall parameter for the measurement of adhesion potential to soil particles.	the adhesion of salmonella typhimurium to the mineral particles quartz, albite, feldspar, and magnetite was shown to correlate with the hydrophobicity of the cell surface as measured by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. the same effects were also seen for seven other selected test strains, including streptococcus faecalis, streptococcus faecium, escherichia coli, citrobacter freundii, shigella sonnei, and shigella boydii. when the test strain of salmonella typhimurium, was repeatedly culti ...	1989	2650618
emergence of highly trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant shigella in a native american population: an epidemiologic study.	resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) emerged among shigella isolates from the navajo reservation in the southwestern united states in 1985, years after this antimicrobial agent came into common use. in the study area, tmp-smx resistance increased dramatically from 3 per cent in 1983 to 21 per cent in 1985. resistance was polyclonal and occurred in both s. sonnei and s. flexneri. no single plasmid was common to all resistant strains. however, all 28 tmp-smx resistant isolates exa ...	1989	2650535
[childhood shigellosis: clinical and microbiological characteristics].	authors present a retrospective study on 89 cases of pediatric shigellosis detected between 1983-1987. most frequent isolated strain was s. sonnei with 67.4% and s. flexneri with 31.4% cases. 73.9% of all isolements were marked between the months october-december. mean age of patients was 4.4 years and 44.9% of them need not to be hospitalized. only 3.3% of patients presented a clinical syndrome of bacillar disentery with blood and mucus. strains were resistent to ampicilin in 84.2% and to thrim ...	1989	2648914
[a 3-year evaluation of systematic research on salmonella, shigella, campylobacter and yersinia at a montpellier hospital].	this work aims at assessing the prevalence of four bacterial genus that are the most frequently involved in infectious diarrhoea, among patients usually kept apart from this type of pathology (there is not a department of digestive tract diseases, of infectious diseases, of pediatry). among 3.626 stools received in our laboratory from 1.163 patients, 12 strains of campylobacter, 11 strains of salmonella and only one strain of yersinia were isolated. no strain of shigella was found. of the 12 str ...	1989	2648269
dissemination of trimethoprim-resistant clones of shigella sonnei in bulgaria.	bacterial dysentery due to shigella sonnei remains a serious public health problem in developed countries, including bulgaria. at the national shigella reference laboratory in sofia, 17,126 strains of s. sonnei from epidemics and sporadic cases collected from 1973 to 1987 were studied. antibiotic susceptibility testing, phage typing, colicin typing, and biotyping were performed for all strains to allow intraspecies differentiation and to track any clonal distribution. of all strains, 84.3% were ...	1989	2647861
incidence and etiology of infantile diarrhea and major routes of transmission in huascar, peru.	community-based studies of diarrhea etiology and epidemiology were carried out from july 1982-june 1984 in 153 infants residing in a poor peri-urban community near lima, peru. study infants had nearly 10 episodes of diarrhea in their first year of life. diarrhea episodes were associated with organisms such as campylobacter jejuni, enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic escherichia coli, shigella, rotavirus, and cryptosporidium. these organisms appeared to be transmitted to infants in the home thro ...	1989	2646919
evaluation of two rapid methods to screen pathogens from stool specimens.	two rapid methods, the enteric pathogen screen (eps) cards of the automicrobic system (vitek systems, inc., hazelwood, mo) and the bactigen salmonella-shigella latex agglutination (lpa) method (wampole laboratories, cranbury, nj) were compared with conventional biochemical tests to screen stool cultures having suspicious colonial morphologic characteristics for the presence of salmonella and shigella in a study of 481 isolates from stool specimens and 104 stock cultures. compared with convention ...	1989	2646912
plasmid dna analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis on an epidemic-associated strain of trimethoprim resistant shiga's bacillus from gimira wereda (keffa administrative region, southwest ethiopia).	a combination of genetic mating experiments and plasmid dna analysis by gel electrophoresis was carried out on an epidemic-associated shiga's bacillus with resistance type acssuttp, isolated in 1983 from gimira wereda, keffa administrative region, south west ethiopia. the donor strain contained 9 plasmid species. their sizes in megadaltons (mdal) were: 120, 40, 35, 12.5, 6.0, 5.1, 4.3, 2.5 and 1.7. analysis of escherichia coli k12 transconjugants revealed that the 40, 35, and 4.3 mdal plasmids c ...	1989	2646117
role of m cells in initial antigen uptake and in ulcer formation in the rabbit intestinal loop model of shigellosis.	strains of shigella flexneri with different invasive and pathogenic potentials were inoculated into the intestinal lumen of acutely ligated loops in nonimmune rabbits. after 90 min, tissues processed for ultrastructural as well as light microscopy showed that the bacilli were phagocytosed by m cells over lymphoid follicles of peyer's patches and carried in vacuoles into the epithelium. nonpathogenic as well as pathogenic strains were readily taken up regardless of the presence of the 140-megadal ...	1989	2645214
introduction and spread of multi-resistant shigella dysenteriae i in thailand.	outbreaks of shigella dysenteriae i occurred in northeastern thailand in the fall of 1986 and again in the spring and fall of 1987 for the first time in over 20 years. the epidemic strain of s. dysenteriae i was resistant to tetracycline, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, but susceptible to ampicillin. trimethoprim resistance was chromosomally encoded by type i dihydrofolate reductase. in ubon province, where 10,000 cases of dysentery were reported, there were 3-5 ...	1989	2644859
shigellosis and aids. report of a case and brief review of the literature.	this report describes the fatal outcome of an infection with shigella flexneri in a 39-yr-old man with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). the pertinent literature is reviewed.	1989	2644558
case-control study of endemic diarrheal disease in thai children.	in a year-long, case-control study of endemic diarrheal disease among 1230 thai children less than five years of age, rotavirus was detected in 20%, campylobacter in 13%, shigella in 13%, salmonella in 12%, and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) in 9%. the differences in detection of enteric pathogens between patients and controls was significant for rotavirus (p less than .001), shigella (p less than .001), etec that produced heat-labile and heat-stable toxins (lt and st; p = .005), and st ...	1989	2644383
chronic shigella flexneri infection preceding development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	shigella sp. is known to be an important cause of diarrhea in homosexual men, although chronic infection is infrequently recognized. we describe recurrent and relapsing symptomatic infection due to shigella flexneri in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected homosexual man subsequently developed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome may be prone to developing chronic shigellosis because of impaired intestinal cell-mediated immunity.	1989	2644299
detection of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli after polymerase chain reaction amplification with a thermostable dna polymerase.	the direct identification of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli from clinical specimens was examined by using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for amplifying the heat-labile toxin (lt) gene. two synthetic primers, each of which was 20 bases in length, were used with the thermostable dna polymerase from thermus aquaticus to amplify the lt gene. the amplified pcr products were detected by either gel electrophoresis or hybridization to a 24-base synthetic oligonucleotide probe conjugated to alkali ...	1989	2644292
virg, a plasmid-coded virulence gene of shigella flexneri: identification of the virg protein and determination of the complete coding sequence.	on the 230-kilobase-pair (kb) virulence plasmid of shigella flexneri 2a strain ysh6000, at least seven separate genetic determinants have been identified. one of them, an approximately 4-kb region, virg, that is required for the sereny reaction, was extensively studied to examine the role of the virg region. the phenotype of a virg- mutant (m94) of ysh6000 in the cytoplasm of cultured mk cells was characterized by a kinetic study of the invading shigellae. the observed phenotype of m94 in the cy ...	1989	2644195
invasion of vero cells by salmonella species.	the invasiveness of salmonella strains for vero cells was studied by quantitative bacteriology; the technique was more sensitive than phase contrast microscopy. all of 59 salmonella strains, of 19 different serotypes, were more invasive than escherichia coli k12. three strains of shigella were as invasive as most of the salmonella strains whereas 29 strains of e. coli, two of proteus, three of klebsiella and one of serratia were much less invasive. two citrobacter strains exhibited intermediate ...	1989	2643706
intracellular spread of shigella flexneri associated with the kcpa locus and a 140-kilodalton protein.	escherichia coli k-12 hybrids carrying both the 220-kilobase plasmid and the pure-linked kcpa locus from shigella flexneri expressed a 140-kilodalton (kda) protein which was recognized by convalescent sera from monkeys infected with s. flexneri. these hybrids were tested for the ability to produce plaques in hela cell monolayers. hybrid strains which carried both the 220-kilobase plasmid and the kcpa locus had a plaque-forming efficiency of at least 10(-4) pfu/cfu, whereas the plaque-forming eff ...	1989	2643571
recurrent shigellosis complicating human immunodeficiency virus infection: failure of pre-existing antibodies to confer protection.		1989	2642653
hallucinations as an initial manifestation of childhood shigellosis.		1989	2642551
[pefloxacin in the treatment of septicemia, purulent meningitis and salmonellosis].	thirty two patients (16 female and 16 male), ranging in age from 13 to 80 years, were treated with pefloxacin (abactal) at the clinic of infectious diseases and febrile conditions. pefloxacin was applied parenterally in 21 patients with serious infections. 15 of the cases had the signs of verified septicemia, i. e. bacteriemia; 5 patients developed purulent meningitis, i. e. meningoencephalitis; and in one patient bronchopneumonia occurred. isolated causative agents (staphylococcus aureus, s. ep ...	1989	2640275
a clinical evaluation of sulbactam/ampicillin in the treatment of pediatric infections.	we have treated 42 episodes of pediatric infections with sulbactam/ampicillin since 1987. included were 9 cellulitis, 9 urinary tract infections, 5 cervical lymphadenitis, 4 meningitis, 2 thoracic empyema, 2 osteomyelitis, 2 sepsis, 1 furuncle, 1 perianal abscess, 1 dental abscess, 1 peritonsillitis, 1 salmonellosis, 1 shigellosis, 1 peritonitis, 1 suppurative thyroiditis, 1 infective endocarditis. responsible pathogens were escherichia coli in 8, staphylococcus aureus in 6, hemophilus influenza ...	1989	2637593
[pathogenic agents in acute non-enterocolic diarrheal syndrome].	along a one year period 112 infants admitted with non enterocolic acute diarrhea were studied for isolation of potentially ethiologic agents, namely enteropathogenic bacteria (salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, classic enteropathogenic, enteroinvasive and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli), rotavirus (viral rna electrophoresis) and enteroparasites (telemann and pafs). the most frequently identified pathogen was rotavirus (57.8%), followed by thermo labile toxin producing escherichia coli (19.7% ...	1989	2634863
[frequency and characteristics of campylobacter jejuni-coli diarrhea in tunisia].	because importance of campylobacter jejuni/coli in human disease, we studied frequency, clinical and biological symptoms of campylobacter enteritis. investigation has been realised on 216 cases of diarrhoea seen outside the hospital and aged from 4 days to 60 years, and 512 cases of hospitalised diarrhoea. outside the hospital, this bacteria has the same frequency as shigella and salmonella (3-5%). inside the hospital, it is rare. outside the hospital, this bacteria is isolated in babies and chi ...	1989	2633873
bacterial and viral causes of acute diarrhoea in children in kuwait.	bacterial and viral causes of acute diarrhoea were studied prospectively for one year in 343 hospitalised young children in kuwait. in 288 (84%) patients, one or more pathogens were identified compared with 12 of 86 (13.9%) children admitted with diseases other than diarrhoea (p less than 0.01). forty-four (12.9%) of the patients were infected with two or more pathogens. viral agents detected in the stools were rotaviruses (40.2%), enteric adenoviruses (1.7%), and enteroviruses (1.5%). enterobac ...	1989	2632640
carriage of enteric bacterial pathogens by house flies in yangon, myanmar.	the carriage of enteric bacterial pathogens by house flies, caught from different places of human habitation and at different seasons, was quantitatively determined in the town of tamwe, yangon, myanmar. a total of 186 fly-pools, each containing 10 live flies, were caught in entomological cages by random sampling regarding season, month, frequency and place of collection. a 10% suspension of each homogenised fly-pool in sterile normal saline was prepared on the day of collection and was cultured ...	1989	2632639
efficacy of nalidixic acid in the treatment of acute bloody diarrhea.	of sixty four children (mean age 20.1 +/- 1.2 mo) with acute bloody diarrhea and high fever, 47 had infection with non-typhoidal salmonella (nts) (20), shigella (15) and enteropathogenic e. coli (epec) (12) and were treated with nalidixic acid (na). the mean duration (h) of presence of macroscopic blood in the stool following institution of treatment was significantly shorter (p less than 0.05) in those with epec (11.5 +/- 4.9) as compared to nts (30.4 +/- 15.4) or shigella groups (22.9 +/- 15.6 ...	1989	2630475
evaluation of coagglutination test for serotyping of enteropathogenic bacteria.	results of conventional agglutination and coagglutination (coa) tests for serotyping of enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec), shigella, salmonella and vibrio cholerae were compared. eighty isolates of different serotypes of epec falling in the wellcome polyvalent (ok) 2, 3 and 4 antisera, showed good (4+) agglutination with coa reagent up to 1:960 dilution. out of 50 strains of shigella species tested, 25 of sh. dysenteriae and 5 of sh. sonnei gave good reaction up to 1:1920 dilution and 15 ...	1989	2628290
increased efficiency of stool culture for the detection of salmonella and shigella.	the wampole bactigen salmonella-shigella latex agglutination test (ssla) (wampole laboratories, cranbury, new jersey) was evaluated as a possible substitute for blind subculture of selenite broths from stool cultures. recovery rates of salmonella and shigella from eosin-methylene blue (emb) agar were reviewed to determine if this medium could be eliminated from primary stool culture. salmonella was detected in 17 of 822 stools by both ssla and culture. there were 52 false-positive ssla for salmo ...	1989	2625035
persistent diarrhoea in a rural area of bangladesh: a community-based longitudinal study.	as part of a health impact evaluation of a water supply and sanitation project in a rural area of bangladesh, diarrhoeal morbidity was recorded in children 0-4 years of age using weekly recall in household interviews, during the period march 1984 to december 1987. during the baseline year, 1984, the incidence rate of all diarrhoea episodes (3.8 episodes per child per year), and those defined as persistent, duration greater than 14 days (0.6 episodes per child per year), showed a similar age dist ...	1989	2621034
gas liquid chromatography of amines produced by the enterobacteriaceae.	1. gas liquid chromatography (glc) was used to test the production of amines by 85 strains of enterobacteriaceae. 2. the strains tested produced cadaverine, beta-phenylethylamine, putrescine, iso-amylamine, 2-methylbutylamine and iso-butylamine. 3. although the overlap in amine production between obviously different genera and species limits the general applicability of this methodology in clinical microbiology, the results obtained demonstrate the possibility of differentiating proteus rettgeri ...	1989	2620174
[long-term cryopreservation of microbial strains relevant to food hygiene].	experiments on long-time cryopreservation at -20 degrees c were conducted, using 42 microbial strains of relevance to food hygiene. blood slant agar was coated with 10% glycerol solution, so that all strains were in re-culturing conditions, following 12 months of storage. re-culturing of 18 in 20 of the microbial genera used in the experiment was possible after 24 months of storage, if strains had been kept only in 10% glycerol solution. the method proved suitable particularly for strain keeping ...	1989	2619482
depletion of hepatic glycogen in the hypoglycaemia of fatal childhood diarrhoeal illnesses.	to determine whether depletion of liver glycogen or accumulation of liver fat (steatosis) was associated with the development of hypoglycaemia in children with fatal diarrhoeal illnesses, a case-control study was carried out comparing 17 children who had blood sugars less than or equal to 30 mg/dl with 17 age matched control children who had blood sugars greater than or equal to 59 mg/dl. the most common causes of diarrhoea in the hypoglycaemic children were shigella sp. and vibrio cholerae. the ...	1989	2617656
in vitro susceptibility of shigella strains isolated from stool cultures of dysenteric patients.	a reprospective analysis was conducted on the susceptibility by diffusion of 100 shigella strains to 8 antimicrobial agents. these strains were isolated from 852 stool cultures obtained from dysenteric patients seen between january 1986 and april 1987. seventy-one per cent of the samples from which shigella sp were isolated were obtained from children under age 6 years; 86% of these samples revealed pus, with or without blood. the shigella serotypes isolated most often were s. flexneri (57%) and ...	1989	2617181
antimicrobial susceptibility of selected bacterial enteropathogens in latin america and worldwide.	we conducted an in vitro susceptibility study of bacterial pathogens to various antimicrobials. strains of shigella, salmonella, escherichia coli, and klebsiella pneumoniae collected in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s at the hospital infantil de mexico federico gomez were tested against ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amikacin, gentamicin, and furazolidone. over the 3-decade period, the resistance of enteropathogens to furazolidone showed the least overall i ...	1989	2617180
in-vitro activity of dr-3355, an optically active isomer of ofloxacin, against bacterial pathogens associated with travellers' diarrhoea.	the in-vitro activity of dr-3355, the s-(-)-isomer of ofloxacin, was determined against bacterial pathogens associated with travellers' diarrhoea. dr-3355 was highly active against isolates of enteropathogenic escherichia coli (mic90 0.05 mg/l), salmonella spp. (mic90 0.10 mg/l), shigella spp. (mic90 0.10 mg/l), campylobacter jejuni (mic90 0.39 mg/l) and vibrio parahaemolyticus (mic90 0.39 mg/l). the activity of dr-3355 against these bacteria was generally two- to eight-fold greater than that of ...	1989	2613604
cockroaches (periplaneta americana) as carriers of agents of bacterial diarrhoea in accra, ghana.	bodies and intestinal contents of 208 cockroaches (periplaneta americana), collected from kitchens in accra and some surrounding villages were cultured for enteric bacterial pathogens. six of them harboured three different serogroups of salmonella, one had shigella dysenteriae, 64 had coliforms, 13 had proteus species, two had pseudomonas species and the rest (122) carried none of the bacterial species mentioned above. the presence of salmonella species shigella dysenteriae and coliforms in thes ...	1989	2611875
symptoms associated with diarrhoeal illness at san lazaro hospital, manila in 1983 and 1984.	the clinical features associated with various agents of diarrhoeal disease were studied using 2,836 patients admitted to san lazaro hospital, manila. three general patient groups were considered including single pathogen isolations, "multiple pathogen" isolations, and "no pathogen" isolations. in general, symptoms of diarrhoeal illness were found to be non-specific. however, shigella flexneri. vibrio parahemolyticus, and rotavirus were significantly associated with a number of prominent symptoms ...	1989	2609210
signal structure of the cis-acting element recognized by virg protein, a positive regulator in agrobacterium.	virg protein is known to be the positive regulator for vir genes of ri and ti plasmids in agrobacterium. to investigate the cis-acting element recognized by virg, we have determined the transcriptional start points of the vir genes on ri plasmid (pria4b). from the analysis of the upstream sequences, it has been found that the sequences generally similar to 5'tg(a/t)aa(c/t)3' appear in phase with an 11-base pair interval, and that the -35 and -10 regions of the promoters are located nearly in the ...	1989	2608465
mixed infections in childhood diarrhoea: results of a community study in kiambu district, kenya.	one thousand four hundred and twenty diarrhoea specimens from 846 children aged 0 to 60 months were collected and analysed for bacteria, parasites and rotavirus over a 16 month period, from june 1985 to september 1986 inclusive. the study was conducted in 4 villages situated in kiambu district, kenya. all the specimens were analysed for rotavirus and parasites, including cryptosporidium. the majority of the specimens were analysed for enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec), shigella, salmonell ...	1989	2606013
bacterial pathogens isolated from cockroaches trapped from paediatric wards in peninsular malaysia.	a survey was conducted in 4 paediatric wards in malaysia to determine the distribution of various species of cockroaches and to examine their gut contents for bacteria. cockroaches were trapped from food dispensing areas (kitchens), store rooms, cupboards and open wards. 104 cockroaches were caught, consisting of periplaneta americana (67.3%), blattella germanica (26%), p. brunnea (4.8%), and supella longipalpa (1.9%). bacteria were isolated from all cockroaches except 3 p. americana. many bacte ...	1989	2603192
[infectious diarrhea in the adult].	infectious diarrhoeas are usually divided into two types; toxinogenic and invasive. invasive diarrhoeas are copious and responsible for dehydration which is the principal clinical sign; mucosal lesions and bacteraemia are absent. the most typical of toxinogenic diarrhoeas is cholera, but enterotoxicogenic e. coli and aeromonas infections have similar clinical features. in invasive diarrhoeas the responsible microorganisms penetrate into the epithelial cells of the intestine, producing fever and ...	1989	2602888
study of rwandese medicinal plants used in the treatment of diarrhoea i.	a series of 20 medicinal plants used in the rwandese traditional medicine to treat diarrhoeal diseases has been screened for antibacterial activity against several salmonella and shigella and for antidiarrhoeal activity on mice. fifty percent of the plants tested showed antibacterial activity against one or more microorganisms and 65% showed antidiarrhoeal activity.	1989	2601351
serological investigations of children in iran for campylobacter, yersinia and shigella.	serological investigations for campylobacter, yersinia and shigella in hospitalized children (different hospitals) in iran revealed a contamination rate of 15% for campylobacter, up to 19% for yersinia and between 1 and 12% for the various strains of shigellae. in diarrhoeal diseases the possibility of an infection with campylobacter, yersinia and shigellae must be considered.	1989	2599389
[restriction-modification systems of type ii in shigella strains].	two restriction-modification systems specified by two plasmids are discovered in the clinical species of shigella. the plasmids are designated pkmr114 and pkmr115. both are of 60.800 bp and belong to the incn incompatibility group. the ecori, ecorv, hindiii restriction patterns of both plasmid dnas are identical. as shown by efficiency of plating of bacteriophage lambda vir on the strains harbouring plasmids encoding ecori, ecorii, ecoriii, ecoriv, ecorv systems and plasmids studied, the discove ...	1989	2599373
exotic diarrhoeal problems and poliomyelitis.	exotic gastrointestinal infections continue to increase as world travel expands. many are debilitating and some are life-threatening. a heightened awareness of their significance and symptomatology could help to prevent unnecessary suffering or death.	1989	2594659
causes of death and the histopathologic findings in fatal shigellosis.	thirty-seven children (median age, 2 years) with shigellosis in bangladesh were subjected to postmortem examination to determine causes of death and the spectrum of intestinal histopathology. infecting species were: shigella dysenteriae 1, 7 cases; s. dysenteriae 2, 2 cases; shigella flexneri, 23 cases; shigella boydii, 4 cases; and mixed infection with shigella boydii and shigella sonnei, 1 case. complicating conditions detected before death included malnutrition in 25 cases, pneumonia in 11 ca ...	1989	2594452
[enteropathogens detected in healthy children in 3 low income communities, in recife, state of pernambuco, brazil].	stools of 646 healthy children between zero and five years of age who live in 3 communities of slightly different economic levels and sanitary conditions were investigated for enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec), enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec), shigella and salmonella. cultures were positive for enterophatogens in 82 (12.69%) of the children. epec was the most frequent isolate (6.04%) followed by shigella (4.18%) and salmonella (2.17%). invasive e. coli (eiec) was detected only twice. accord ...	1988	2593819
high incidence of false positives by a latex agglutination test for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile associated colitis in compromised patients.	detection of clostridium difficile cytotoxin using cell culture assays for the diagnosis of antibiotic-associated colitis has been used for over a decade. because the methodology is time consuming and cumbersome, a recently introduced commercial latex agglutination (la) kit has attracted much attention. we compared the sensitivity and specificity of this method with the cytotoxic assay (cta) using diarrheal stools from 652 patients at a referral tertiary care center. specimens from 71 (10.9%) pa ...	1989	2591165
comparative in vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of fk482, a new oral cephalosporin.	fk482 is an oral aminothiazolyl hydroxyimino cephalosporin with a c-3 vinyl group. its activity was compared with those of cephalexin, cefuroxime, cefixime, and amoxicillin-clavulanate. fk482 inhibited 90% of staphylococcus aureus isolates at 1 micrograms/ml and 90% of streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus agalactiae, and streptococcus pneumoniae isolates at less than or equal to 0.012 micrograms/ml, superior to cephalexin and cefuroxime and similar to cefixime. it did not inhibit oxacillin-resi ...	1989	2589845
the role of shigella spp. in childhood diarrhoea in iran and their antibiotic resistance.	the incidence of shigellae was measured in 445 children with diarrhoea in sanandaj, kordestan, and 715 in tehran during a 1-year study. 18 (4%) patients in sanandaj and 41 (5.7%) patients in tehran were positive for various shigella species. sh. boydii (7 strains) and sh. sonnei (25 strains) were the commonest species in sanandaj and tehran respectively. among the isolates from sanandaj the highest resistance was to tetracycline (55.5%), whereas in tehran it was to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim ...	1989	2587943
[effect of specimen workup on detection of shigella antigens].		1985	2582197
inflammatory bowel disease.	the place of inflammatory bowel disorders in the spondarthritis matrix has been discussed and aetiopathological and clinicoradiological features of their individual arthropathies described. particular emphasis has been placed on the arthropathies of ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease, but a comment is also included on the much rarer condition, whipple's disease. the position of reactive arthritis resulting from enteric infection in relation to the spondarthritis concept is examined in the li ...	1985	2581732
[synthesis of oligosaccharide fragments of o-specific shigella flexneri polysaccharides. ii. synthesis of trisaccharide glc alpha1----3rha alpha1----2rha alpha1----ome and tetrasaccharide glcnac beta1----2(llc alpha1----3)rha alpha1----2rh alpha1----ome].	methyl glycosides of the title linear trisaccharide and branched tetrasaccharide were synthesized by stepwise glycosylation. these oligosaccharides represent the fragments of o-antigenic polysaccharides of shigella flexneri serotypes 2b, 3a, 5b, and x.	1985	2581587
[rheumatologic syndrome in gastrointestinal diseases. clinical and pathogenetic aspects].	patients with reactive arthritis, sacroiliitis, spondylitis or reiter's syndrome following intestinal infection from yersinia, salmonella, shigella or campylobacter organisms have been reported from endemic areas and after epidemic dysenteries. possession of the antigen hla b27 affects severity and prognosis of the arthritis and is more often associated with spondylitis and reiter's syndrome. articular manifestations are also quite common systemic complications of chronic inflammatory bowel dise ...	1988	2577931
nosocomial gastroenteritis in paediatric patients.	between november 1982 and april 1985, 2228 children under the age of 5 years with acute gastroenteritis were admitted to the paediatric isolation ward of queen mary hospital, department of paediatrics, university of hong kong. in 56.2% the causative agent was identified as rotavirus, salmonella, campylobacter, shigella, escherichia coli or a combination of these pathogens. our isolation procedures included cohort nursing of all diarrhoeal patients in two separate rooms (each accommodating 6 pati ...	1989	2575634
shigella dysenteriae type 1 infections in us travellers to mexico, 1988.	in 1988, the number of shigella dysenteriae type 1 (sd1) infections reported in the usa increased five-fold over the annual mean from the previous decade. 44 (94%) of 47 interviewed patients reported recent travel to mexico; 33 (75%) of these had been tourists to the yucatan peninsula. 27 patients who had travelled to mexico were admitted to hospital, of whom 2 had a haemolytic uraemic syndrome; none died. the antimicrobial resistance pattern and plasmid profile of the yucatan strain were simila ...	1989	2570242
common themes in microbial pathogenicity.	a bacterial pathogen is a highly adapted microorganism which has the capacity to cause disease. the mechanisms used by pathogenic bacteria to cause infection and disease usually include an interactive group of virulence determinants, sometimes coregulated, which are suited for the interaction of a particular microorganism with a specific host. because pathogens must overcome similar host barriers, common themes in microbial pathogenesis have evolved. however, these mechanisms are diverse between ...	1989	2569162
endocytosis from coated pits of shiga toxin: a glycolipid-binding protein from shigella dysenteriae 1.	evidence is presented that endocytosis is involved in the transport to the cytosol of the cytotoxin from shigella dysenteriae 1, shiga toxin, which acts by removal of a single adenine residue in 28-s ribosomal rna. inhibition of endocytosis by atp depletion of the cells prevented toxin uptake. exposure of hela s3 and vero cells to toxin at low extracellular ph, where translocation to the cytosol, but not endocytosis is inhibited, allowed the toxin to accumulate in a compartment where it was prot ...	1989	2564398
examination of colonies and stool blots for detection of enteropathogens by dna hybridization with eight dna probes.	we compared three methods for detecting enteropathogens in 416 children with diarrhea: (i) examination of 10 lactose-fermenting and all non-lactose-fermenting escherichia coli (colony blots); (ii) examination of 300 colonies (replicate blots); and (iii) determination of the total bacterial growth of stools (stool blots). all specimens were spotted onto whatman 541 filters and hybridized with specific radiolabeled dna probes. enterotoxigenic e. coli was detected in 38 patients by examining colony ...	1989	2563385
detection of enteropathogens in diarrhoeal diseases among malnourished egyptian infant and children.	the influence of the pre-existing malnutrition (pem) on the severity of diarrhoea as well as the causative organisms was studied on 60 cases. the duration of diarrhoea was prolonged in cases with pem. the stool purgative rate ranged from 4-15 times/day in pem infant while it was 3-6 times in well nourished cases (wnc) (p less than 0.05). also vomiting and dehydration was more marked among pem cases (52.9% and 32.4% of cases than in wnc cases (31.3% and 12.5% of cases) (p less than 0.05). rota vi ...	1989	2562440
infection and cross-infection in a paediatric gastro-enteritis unit.	a two month study to investigate the incidence of nosocomial infection was conducted in a paediatric gastroenteritis ward of a black academic hospital. enteric pathogens were identified on admission in 61 (47.2%) of 129 patients; 56 bacterial and 25 viral. six per cent of patients had a combination of bacterial and viral pathogens. enteric pathogens most frequently identified on admission were campylobacter jejuni in 22%. rotavirus in 19.3%, epec in 10.8% and shigella spp. in 6.9% patients. twen ...	1989	2561089
studies to optimize the in vitro testing of piperacillin combined with tazobactam (ytr 830).	the combination of piperacillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam (formerly ytr 830) was studied to determine optimal disk concentrations and dilution testing conditions. in addition, the potency of the combination was compared to that of piperacillin alone. the spectrum of piperacillin was greatly expanded by the addition to tazobactam principally against beta-lactamase producing strains of haemophilus influenzae, escherichia coli, morganella morganii, proteus vulgaris, providencia st ...	1989	2560422
epidemiology and aetiology of acute childhood diarrhoea in burma: a rural community survey.	identical epidemiological and microbiological surveys were carried out in a rural community at intakaw, burma, in 2 months, one in the hot wet and the other in the cool dry season. the incidence of diarrhoea was highest in children under 3 years old and in the hot wet month when enterotoxigenic escherichia coli was the predominant pathogen. rotavirus was the commonest pathogen in the cool dry month but was absent in the hot wet month. shigellae, salmonellae and campylobacter were isolated in bot ...	1989	2559512
comparative in vitro and in vivo activities of piperacillin combined with the beta-lactamase inhibitors tazobactam, clavulanic acid, and sulbactam.	tazobactam (ytr-830h), a novel beta-lactamase inhibitor, was compared with clavulanic acid and sulbactam for enhancement of the activity of piperacillin against beta-lactamase-producing, piperacillin-resistant clinical isolates. piperacillin mics were determined in media containing a fixed concentration of 2 or 4 micrograms of the inhibitors per ml. the higher concentration was generally more effective. tazobactam was superior to sulbactam in enhancing the spectrum and potency of piperacillin. a ...	1989	2558615
phosphate regulon in members of the family enterobacteriaceae: comparison of the phob-phor operons of escherichia coli, shigella dysenteriae, and klebsiella pneumoniae.	the structure and function of the phob and phor genes of shigella dysenteriae strains and klebsiella pneumoniae, which are involved in regulation of the phosphate regulon, were analyzed. complementation tests among the genes of escherichia coli, s. dysenteriae strains, and k. pneumoniae for production of alkaline phosphatase indicate that s. dysenteriae serotype 2 and serotype 3 strains and k. pneumoniae are phoa+ phob+ phor+ but s. dysenteriae sh and serotype 1 strains are phoa phob+ phor. nucl ...	1989	2556368
[causes of infectious gastro-enteritis in children in dakar].	between february 1983 and may 1988, 1,157 stools from children aged under 15 years presenting with diarrhoea and admitted to a paediatric hospital in dakar, senegal, were examined for the presence of bacterial and parasitic agents. we looked for campylobacter and rotavirus in only 245 and 111 samples respectively. enterobacteria were detected most frequently (162/264; 61.3 per cent). among these, we found 92 (34.8 per cent) strains of enteropathogenic e. coli; 40 strains (15.1 per cent) of salmo ...	1989	2555813
enterotoxin induced diarrhoea--an update.	the pathogenic personality or the criteria required to be a successful pathogen, of enteric bacteria includes, among others, the ability to produce potent proteins which by different intracellular mechanisms elicit what we overtly see as diarrhoea. enteropathogens belonging to several genera like vibrio, escherichia, shigella, salmonella, campylobacter, aeromonas and yersinia include species capable of elaborating strikingly similar exotoxins which seem to share common mechanisms of action invol ...	1989	2554547
functional organization and nucleotide sequence of virulence region-2 on the large virulence plasmid in shigella flexneri 2a.	the 7 kb virulence region-2 of the large (virulence) plasmid in shigella flexneri 2a encodes several proteins required for invasion of intestinal epithelial cells. insertion and deletion mutagenesis, dna subcloning and sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins synthesized in minicells demonstrated five genes in this region. they encode 24, 18, 62 (ipab), 41 (ipac) and 37 (ipad)-kilodalton (kd) proteins. complementation of tn5-induced mutations in region-2 with the above plasmid construc ...	1989	2552264
[the effect of gram-negative bacteria lipopolysaccharides on the development of rauscher leukosis in balb/c mice].	the dose-dependent action of shigella sonnei lipopolysaccharide (lps) on the development of acute erythroleukocytosis, as well as rauscher chronic myeloid and lymphoid leukosis, in balb/c mice sensitive to rauscher virus was shown. bordetella pertussis lps in the doses used in this investigation stimulated the development of both acute erythroleukosis and chronic myeloid and lymphoid leukosis in balb/c mice infected with rauscher virus. lipid a isolated from b. pertussis lps was found to produce ...	1989	2544069
frameshifting is required for production of the transposase encoded by insertion sequence 1.	insertion sequence is1 has two coding frames, insa and insb, which are essential for its transposition. here, we show that a frameshifting event in the -1 direction from the 3' end region of the insa frame to an open reading frame (b' frame), extending from the 5' end of the insb frame, is involved in production of the insa-b'-insb fusion protein that has is1 transposase activity. the frameshifting event is likely to have occurred at the sequence aaaaac where the insa frame overlaps the b' frame ...	1989	2543983