Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| considerations in the laboratory diagnosis of antibiotic-associated gastroenteritis. | clostridium difficile has been shown to be the major cause of antibiotic-associated gastroenteritis in both humans and experimental animals. during the past few years an increasing number of laboratories have attempted to detect, isolate, and identify this organism and its toxin from clinical samples. direct visualization of c. difficile in patient specimens using immunofluorescent microscopy has been proposed. the major disadvantage of this method was its lack of specificity due to crossreactio ... | 1986 | 3516548 |
| [transfer of the cecal flora of the hamster to the germfree c3h mouse: use of this model to study the flora of the anti-clostridium difficile barrier]. | the purpose of this work was the research and development of an experimental model to study anti-clostridium difficile caecal microflora in the hamster. first the existence of this "barrier" was verified in conventional hamsters. then, the caecal flora from these animals was orally transferred to c3h germfree mice. the barrier effect was maintained in the axenic mice. the comparative bacteriological analysis of hamster and mouse feces did not reveal important variations in the dominant anaerobic ... | 1986 | 3516351 |
| effect of clindamycin on the ability of a continuous culture of colonic bacteria to ferment carbohydrate. | a continuous culture model of the proximal colon was used to study the effect of clindamycin on the ability of colonic bacteria to ferment carbohydrate. six steady state anaerobic cultures of human faeces, in a medium simulating ileostomy effluent, were treated with 26 micrograms/ml clindamycin. they were paired with six untreated cultures, run under identical conditions. clindamycin treatment eliminated the anaerobic bacteria, significantly decreased osmolality and the output of volatile fatty ... | 1986 | 3514388 |
| bacterial diarrhoea. | bacterial infections are important causes of diarrhoea in infants and children, particularly in developing countries and in other settings where standards of personal and community hygiene are low. knowledge of bacterial diarrhoeas has been significantly expanded in recent years by the finding that many episodes of acute diarrhoea are due to infections with bacteria which produce enterotoxins that interfere with intestinal fluid and electrolyte transport (the 'enterotoxigenic' diarrhoeas). sever ... | 1986 | 3514008 |
| gnotobiotic models for study of the microbial ecology of clostridium difficile and escherichia coli. | hamster flora introduced into germfree mice reduced the cecum to conventional size, suppressed populations of escherichia coli and clostridium difficile to the same degree that mouse flora did, and corrected the hypocellularity that is characteristic of the small bowel of germfree mice. a highly toxigenic strain of c. difficile readily induced cecitis in germfree and antibiotic-treated conventional mice, and histological examination frequently revealed pseudomembranes. toxins a and b were both d ... | 1986 | 3512730 |
| enterocolitis in hirschsprung's disease: a controlled study of the etiologic role of clostridium difficile. | cytopathic toxin neutralized by clostridium sordellii antiserum was found in the feces of seven out of 13 children with hirschsprung's disease complicated by enterocolitis (54%). clostridium difficile was isolated from ten of these 13 children (77%). the frequency of fecal toxin positivity, the magnitude of toxin titers, and the isolation rate of c difficile were all significantly greater in children with hirschsprung's enterocolitis than in children whose hirschsprung's disease was not complica ... | 1986 | 3511213 |
| in vitro activity of coumermycin in comparison to other non-beta-lactam antibiotics against staphylococci, streptococci, and clostridium difficile. | 1987 | 3509379 | |
| lysosomal involvement in cellular intoxication with clostridium difficile toxin b. | the process of internalisation of clostridium difficile toxin b into human lung fibroblasts was further studied, with the aim of elucidating the fate of endocytosed toxin. development of the toxin-induced cytopathogenic effect was reversibly inhibited at 18 degrees c and in the presence of 200 mm kcl or 1-20 mm benzyl alcohol, i.e. at conditions when the fusion between endosomes and lysosomes is prevented. fibroblasts treated with toxin at 37 degrees c but transferred to 18 degrees c within 10 m ... | 1986 | 3508493 |
| [antimicrobial sensitivity of clostridium difficile]. | 1987 | 3506279 | |
| in vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of the oral cephalosporin bmy-28100. | bmy-28100 was compared with cephalexin, cefaclor, cefixime, and cefteram and found to be more active than the reference cephalosporins against staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, streptococcus faecalis, and clostridium difficile. bmy-28100 was the next most active, after cefteram, against streptococcus pyogenes and streptococcus pneumoniae. against gram-negative bacteria, bmy-28100 showed similar activity to that of cefaclor. the antimicrobial activity of bmy-28100, including bact ... | 1987 | 3501756 |
| recovery of pefloxacin in saliva and feces and its action on oral and fecal floras of healthy volunteers. | pefloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, was given to 10 volunteers in single 400-mg oral doses repeated at 12-h intervals during 7 days. serum, saliva, and feces samples were collected before and at appropriate intervals after the initiation of treatment. drug concentrations were determined by bioassay. qualitative and quantitative analyses of the saliva and fecal floras were performed. mean concentrations in saliva (3.46 micrograms/ml on day 1 and 7.54 micrograms/ml on day 7) were closely related to ... | 1987 | 3481248 |
| clostridium difficile colitis induced by cytarabine. | pseudomembranous enterocolitis (pmc) has become a widely recognized syndrome of nausea, abdominal distention, and severe (frequently bloody) diarrhea (1). while this syndrome was first associated with the administration of clindamycin, almost all antimicrobial drugs can serve as predisposing agents (2). we wish to report a patient with typical pmc induced by the administration of cytarabine. | 1987 | 3477943 |
| in vitro activity of imipenem against gram-positive anaerobic bacteria. | the in vitro activity of imipenem, a new penem antibiotic, was determined against 210 clinical gram-positive anaerobic isolates and compared with the activities of metronidazole, clindamycin, cefoxitin, moxalactam, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone and cefotiam. all investigated strains were inhibited by a 4-mg/l concentration of imipenem. cefoxitin demonstrated good activity against most strains with exception of some clostridium difficile and clostridium ramosum strains. cephalosporins were classed in ... | 1987 | 3473047 |
| cytotoxicity and antibiotic-associated diarrhea related to clostridium difficile. | 1986 | 3465839 | |
| neutralization of cytotoxic activity of clostridium difficile with fecal flora. | 1987 | 3453624 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis following treatment with metronidazole and vancomycin. | a 25 year old woman developed clostridium difficile colitis following a course of vancomycin and metronidazole prescribed for pelvic inflammatory disease. the condition resolved after treatment with vancomycin given alone. colitis following this combination of antibiotics has not been described previously. | 1987 | 3451227 |
| effect of age on the sensitivity of cell cultures to clostridium difficile toxin. | the effect of age on the sensitivity of four cell lines, human foreskin fibroblasts (hfs), cho-k1, hep-2, and wi-38 to detect clostridium difficile toxin was tested. this study also addressed the sensitivity of these cell lines as expressed by early toxin detection. twenty-eight positive and 13 negative patient specimens were tested. cell cultures were inoculated at ages 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 14 days and examined for cytopathic effects at 4, 24, and 48 hours post-inoculation. the sensitivity of t ... | 1987 | 3449315 |
| effect of various sodium taurocholate preparations on the recovery of clostridium difficile spores. | the effect of four sodium taurocholate preparations, which are easily available in japan, on recovery of clostridium difficile spores was examined. all preparations, except for one, enabled the recovery of nearly all spores counted microscopically. moreover, by using 69 toxigenic and 34 nontoxigenic c. difficile strains, the relationship between the recovery of spores in the medium with sodium taurocholate and toxigenicity of c. difficile was analyzed. it was noted that the number of strains wit ... | 1987 | 3444427 |
| epidemiology and prevention of clostridium difficile infections in a leukemia unit. | a 29-month prospective study was carried out in a leukemia unit with the aim of investigating the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infections and limiting their spread. systematic cultures of stools and assays for cytotoxin were performed on patient admission and at weekly intervals, yielding 1,355 cultures and assays. the study period was divided in period a, before total unit renovation, and period b, afterwards. during period b all patient carriers of clostridium difficile received vanco ... | 1987 | 3440454 |
| epidemiological aspects of clostridium difficile in a pediatric hospital and its role in diarrheal disease. | the influence of antibiotics on the frequency of colonization by clostridium difficile and the presence of its cytotoxin in infants and older children was examined to determine its role in diarrheal disease. cytotoxin was more closely associated with cases of diarrhea, both in infants and in children than the microorganism, although not significantly. the isolates were typed by means of sensitivity to bacteriophages and bacteriocins and their cytotoxigenic potential was also determined. less tha ... | 1987 | 3436315 |
| ability of two clostridium difficile strains from man and hare to produce cytotoxin in vitro and in gnotobiotic rodent intestines. | cytotoxin production by human (vp1) and hare (fd) strains of clostridium difficile were compared both in vitro in a broth culture and in vivo in intestinal contents of gnotobiotic rodents. strain vp1 produced about 1,000 times more cytotoxin than the fd strain, both in vitro and in vivo, although the population levels of the two strains were not significantly different either in vitro or in vivo. ninety percent of gnotobiotic rats and 100% of gnotobiotic mice established with the vp1 strain died ... | 1986 | 3435052 |
| effect of streptococcus parvulus and peptostreptococcus magnus on cytotoxin levels of clostridium difficile in anaerobic continuous flow culture. | an anaerobic continuous flow (cf) culture method was used in order to study the effect of peptostreptococcus magnus and streptococcus parvulus, anaerobic gram-positive cocci which are members of intestinal bacterial flora, on growth and cytotoxin-activity of clostridium difficile. the growth- and the cytotoxin activity-patterns of c. difficile in an established cf culture of p. magnus were similar to those of c. difficile alone. on the other hand, in the mixed culture system of c. difficile and ... | 1987 | 3431487 |
| in-vitro comparison of roxithromycin and erythromycin against 900 anaerobic bacterial strains. | the in-vitro antibacterial activity of roxithromycin was assessed by an agar dilution method against 900 recent clinical anaerobic isolates by five laboratories in england, france, germany and japan. roxithromycin had similar activity to erythromycin against most anaerobic bacteria, the latter being slightly more active against gram-negative bacilli. roxithromycin inhibited 53% of the bacteroides fragilis group strains; the noticeable exception was bact. thetaiotaomicron, only 17% of strains of ... | 1987 | 3429381 |
| in vitro antibacterial activity of rifaximin against clostridium difficile, campylobacter jejunii and yersinia spp. | fifty-four isolates of campylobacter jejunii, 91 isolates of yersinia spp. and 56 isolates of clostridium difficile, recovered from stools of patients with diarrhoea or other intestinal disturbances and from stools of asymptomatic patients receiving antibiotic therapy, were tested in vitro for susceptibility to rifaximin, rifampicin and neomycin. the in vitro antibacterial activities were found to be comparable against the aerobic bacterium; on the contrary, against microaerophilic and anaerobic ... | 1987 | 3428130 |
| retardation of growth in syrian hamsters associated with prolonged colonization with clostridium difficile. | 1987 | 3426356 | |
| role of competition for nutrients in suppression of clostridium difficile by the colonic microflora. | the cecal flora of mice is able to eliminate clostridium difficile from the mouse cecum even when c. difficile is the first organism established. we used a continuous-flow (cf) culture model of the cecal flora to investigate the possibility that competition for nutrients is one mechanism for this antagonism. the medium for the cf cultures consisted of homogenates of fecal pellets from germfree mice. carbohydrate analysis showed that mouse flora depleted 74 to 99.8% of the various carbohydrates f ... | 1988 | 3417352 |
| clostridium difficile in an oncology unit. | in one year 21 new cases of clostridium difficile infection occurred on a paediatric oncology unit. eleven cases were in a two month period. this infection should be regarded as a communicable disease. investigations to detect c difficile should be carried out in children with malignant disease who have diarrhoea. | 1988 | 3415338 |
| acute diarrhoea in adults: aetiology, clinical appearance and therapeutic aspects. | a prospective study of acute diarrhoea was performed during 15 months 1981/1982 and included 731 patients and 240 controls. 43% had been infected abroad. a cluster of travellers with bacterial pathogens was diagnosed in july-august. the following pathogens were found: campylobacter (18%), enterotoxigenic e. coli (6%), salmonella spp. (5%), rotavirus (4%), yersinia enterocolitica (3%), giardia lamblia (3%), shigella spp. (2%), clostridium difficile (2%), enteroviruses (2%) and entamoeba histolyti ... | 1988 | 3406670 |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile colonization in newborns: results using a bacteriophage and bacteriocin typing system. | we used a typing system based on bacteriophage and bacteriocin susceptibility to study the epidemiology of clostridium difficile colonization of newborn infants. c. difficile was found in the stools of 30 (16.0%) of 187 infants who were screened. increased length of stay in the nursery (p less than .001) and delivery by cesarian section (p less than .001) were associated with higher rates of colonization. the isolates initially detected from the environment and the infants were strain b1811-1700 ... | 1988 | 3403992 |
| pseudomembranous colitis associated with antibiotic prophylaxis in orthopaedic surgery. | we report 16 orthopaedic patients who had antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (pseudomembranous colitis) after operation. there was an association with the use of cephradine and with the prolongation of prophylaxis for more than three peri-operative doses. five cases occurred as a cluster, suggesting that the causative agent, clostridium difficile, may be infectious in some situations. | 1988 | 3403605 |
| pathogenesis of postantibiotic diarrhoea caused by clostridium difficile: an in vitro study in the rabbit intestine. | to elucidate the pathophysiological changes leading to postantibiotic diarrhoea caused by clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin, oral ampicillin was given to rabbits, and jejunal, ileal, and caecal segments of those that developed diarrhoea were investigated in vitro. the rabbits that, in response to treatment, harboured clostridium difficile in their colonic lumen were studied, and the results expressed according to the presence or absence of clostridium difficile and/or its cytotoxin. thus, ... | 1988 | 3396947 |
| effect of a single dose of cefotaxime or ceftriaxone on human faecal flora. a double-blind study. | the effect of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone on faecal flora was investigated in women undergoing routine vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy. three groups of 9 patients received, in a double-blind fashion and just before surgery, cefotaxime 2g intravenously, ceftriaxone 2g intravenously or no antibiotic (controls). stools were collected before prophylaxis (sample 1) and after surgery (samples 2 and 3). the only alteration after cefotaxime was a decrease of non-fastidious aerobic gram-negative flora i ... | 1988 | 3396490 |
| clostridium difficile and acute enterocolitis. | clostridium difficile belonging to groups not normally detected in infancy was the only potential pathogen detected in the stools of two infants with severe enterocolitis. further information regarding the virulence of this organism was obtained by use of a recently introduced typing scheme. | 1988 | 3389873 |
| evidence for cross-infection in an outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in a surgical unit. | environmental studies were performed in a hospital outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. transmission was associated with the sluice room and the storage room where medical equipment was found to be contaminated with c.difficile. typing of isolates by antibiotic-susceptibility patterns and profiles of edta-extracted proteins showed the presence of an "epidemic" strain common to the majority of patients and environmental sites. control of the outbreak was achieved by improvement ... | 1988 | 3385765 |
| purification and characterization of toxin b from clostridium difficile. | toxin b from clostridium difficile was purified to homogeneity and characterized. purification of toxin b was achieved by gel filtration, chromatography on two consecutive anion-exchange columns, and chromatography on a high-resolution anion-exchange column in the presence of 50 mm cacl2. the molecular weight of toxin b was estimated to be 250,000 by denaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and 500,000 by gel filtration. no subunits were apparent when the t ... | 1988 | 3384474 |
| vertebral osteomyelitis caused by clostridium difficile. a case report and review of the literature. | 1988 | 3381119 | |
| in vitro activities of two oxazolidinone antimicrobial agents, dup 721 and dup 105. | the antibacterial activities of dup 105 and dup 721, new oxazolidinone antimicrobial agents, were compared with those of beta-lactams and glycopeptides. ninety percent of staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis isolates, including methicillin-resistant isolates, were inhibited by 4 micrograms of dup 105 and 1 microgram of dup 721 per ml. dup 721 inhibited hemolytic streptococcus groups a, b, c, f, and g at a concentration of less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml, and it inhibited vir ... | 1988 | 3377467 |
| studies on the resistance of clostridium difficile to antimicrobial agents. | the susceptibility of c. difficile isolated at the department of medical microbiology of the university of zurich to a wide selection of antibacterial, antimycobacterial and antifungal agents was tested in vitro. great differences in susceptibility were found against chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, rifamycin, and tetracycline. resistance to clindamycin and erythromycin could always be transferred jointly to a susceptible c. difficile strain by mixed culture on filters at low frequenc ... | 1988 | 3376619 |
| in vitro activity of flomoxef in comparison to other cephalosporins. | flomoxef and cefazolin had nearly the same activity against staphylococci, which was stronger than that of other cephalosporins. against streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus agalactiae and streptococcus pneumoniae, cefotaxime and cefazolin were more active than flomoxef, but the other cephamycins were less active than flomoxef. in comparison to the other cephalosporins, latamoxef and flomoxef had higher activity against branhamella catarrhalis, whereas cefotaxime, latamoxef and cefotetan were m ... | 1988 | 3372024 |
| emergence in gnotobiotic mice of nontoxinogenic clones of clostridium difficile from a toxinogenic one. | in previous studies, we showed that diet composition or saccharomyces boulardii ingestion could protect gnotobiotic mice against lethal clostridium difficile infection. using an original method, we detected nontoxinogenic clones from feces of protected mice challenged with a toxinogenic clone of c. difficile. these clones became established at the same level as the toxinogenic one after about 30 days. in these protected mice bearing nontoxinogenic clones, no enterotoxin production could be detec ... | 1988 | 3372017 |
| electrophoretic characterization of clostridium difficile strains isolated from antibiotic-associated colitis and other conditions. | clostridium difficile has been recognized as the cause of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis and of less severe diarrheal diseases associated with the use of antimicrobial agents. however, healthy carriers of this microorganism have been found, particularly healthy neonates and small children. various typing systems have been used to clarify the epidemiology of c. difficile. we used the electrophoretic patterns of edta-extracted proteins to characterize c. difficile strains from vari ... | 1988 | 3356792 |
| stool caproic acid for screening of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is the prime etiologic agent in the production of pseudomembranous colitis by its powerful cytotoxin. the most common test for the toxin is a tissue culture method with neutralization of cytopathic effect by a c. difficile antiserum. this method is expensive and requires a minimum of 72 hours before results can be obtained. attempts to create a rapid method, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent, latex agglutination, and fluorescent antibody test are fra ... | 1988 | 3354506 |
| mucosal association by clostridium difficile in the hamster gastrointestinal tract. | for many organisms, mucosal association is an important virulence determinant. although studied in detail for other intestinal pathogens, this aspect of pathogenicity has not been studied for clostridium difficile. we compared the ability of an avirulent non-toxigenic strain (m-1), a highly virulent toxigenic strain (b-1), and a poorly virulent toxigenic strain (bat) of c. difficile to adhere to different regions of the gastrointestinal tract of hamsters pre-treated with clindamycin. strain b-1 ... | 1988 | 3346902 |
| absence of diarrhea in toxic megacolon complicating clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. | we describe a patient with clostridium difficile-associated pseudomembranous colitis who presented with toxic megacolon without diarrhea. the discussion includes a brief review of the literature, and suggests an important role for endoscopy in the diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis and, possibly, as part of the therapy for toxic megacolon associated with clostridium difficile colitis. the unusual combination of toxic megacolon without antecedent diarrhea should be recognized as a possible man ... | 1988 | 3344734 |
| immunoblots and plasmid fingerprints compared with serotyping and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for typing clostridium difficile. | two new methods for typing clostridium difficile, immunoblotting and plasmid fingerprinting, were compared with serotyping and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page). of these methods, immunoblotting was found to be the most valuable for use in a comprehensive typing system. more groups could be distinguished by immunoblotting than by serotyping or page. immunoblotting results were also more reproducible and distinctive than results by page. plasmid fingerprinting was an excellent marker for ... | 1988 | 3343314 |
| effects of clostridium difficile toxins a and b in rabbit small and large intestine in vivo and on cultured cells in vitro. | clostridium difficile is recognized as the major cause of antibiotic-associated colitis. c. difficile produces two toxins, a (enterotoxin) and b (cytotoxin), that are implicated in the pathogenesis of the colitis. we examined the dose responses, time course, and synergism of these two toxins in ligated rabbit intestinal loops and in tissue culture. in rabbit small intestinal loops, toxin a caused histologically demonstrable intestinal tissue damage as early as 2 h. the secretory response greater ... | 1988 | 3343050 |
| evaluation of a latex agglutination test for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated colitis. | current methods for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated colitis (cac) based on detection of cytotoxin b by a tissue culture assay (tca) require technical expertise and up to 48 hours incubation. recently, a latex agglutination (la) test (marion laboratories) for rapid diagnosis of cac has become available. although early evaluations have been favorable, new evidence suggests that the la reagent binds a soluble bacterial antigen that is not unique to toxigenic strains of c. difficile. t ... | 1988 | 3341282 |
| clostridium difficile in neonates: serogrouping and epidemiology. | a typing scheme for clostridium difficile based on serogrouping, toxigenicity and sorbitol fermentation was applied to 270 strains isolated in one neonatal ward during a 6-month prospective study. two hundred and twenty-three strains were isolated from 377 faecal samples of 114 neonates and 47 from 92 environmental specimens. the isolates were distributed among five different types; 87% of the faecal and 85% of the environmental isolates belonged to two of these types (toxigenic, sorbitol negati ... | 1988 | 3338476 |
| infectious complications in four long-term recipients of the jarvik-7 artificial heart. | this article describes the infectious complications that occurred among four of the longest-term recipients of the jarvik-7 artificial heart. infection arising from the drive lines, with spread to the mediastinal periprosthetic space, was the major limiting factor in long-term use of the device in these patients. periprosthetic infections were due to coagulase-negative staphylococci, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and other pseudomonas species. other infectious complications incu ... | 1988 | 3336199 |
| [reactive arthritis in enteral infections]. | certain gastrointestinal tract infections can trigger reactive arthritis. the best known triggering agents are yersinia, salmonella, shigella, campylobacter jejuni, and possibly clostridium difficile. the clinical findings show a subacute onset of mono- or oligoarthritis, less often of asymmetric polyarthritis with predominance of the lower limbs. the clinical picture is somewhat modified by the genetic constitution (hla type) of the patient. hla-b27-positive patients appear to have more severe ... | 1987 | 3326361 |
| purification and immunochemical properties of a wall protein antigen from clostridium difficile atcc 11011. | a wall-surface protein antigen, designated 32k antigen, was extracted from whole cells of clostridium difficile strain atcc 11011 with phosphate buffered saline and purified by ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and chromatofocusing. the 32k antigen preparation was determined to be highly homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the amino acid composition of the antigen was characteristic in the predominance of the acidic amino acids, the very low conte ... | 1987 | 3320689 |
| pharmacokinetic properties of the cephalosporins. | most cephalosporins can only be administered parenterally. among agents that are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, those with bioavailabilities of 85 to 90% include cefroxadine, cefadroxil, cefsumide, cephalexin, cephradine, cephacetrile, and cefazaflur. most cephalosporins are eliminated rapidly, with serum half-lives (t1/2s) of 1 to 2 hours. exceptions are cefonicid with a t1/2 of 4.4 hours, cefpiramide with a t1/2 of 5.0 hours, and cefotetan with a t1/2 of 3.5 hours. the longest half- ... | 1987 | 3319507 |
| side effects of cephalosporins. | cephalosporins generally cause few side effects. hypersensitivity reactions are less common than with the penicillins and modern studies have presented data contradicting a true cross-reactivity to cephalosporins in patients who have previously reacted to penicillins. other hypersensitivity reactions to cephalosporins include fever, arthralgia and exanthema observed in two clusters of children who had been given cefaclor. nephrotoxicity is not a problem with modern cephalosporins, although sligh ... | 1987 | 3319495 |
| comparison of alcohol shock enrichment and selective enrichment for the isolation of clostridium difficile. | two enrichment methods were compared for their ability to recover clostridium difficile from stool samples. one method used selective enrichment in an antibiotic-containing broth followed by detection with a latex particle agglutination (lpa) reagent. the other used enrichment in a non-selective broth following treatment of the specimen with alcohol. with clinical specimens enrichment culture was significantly more successful at detecting c. difficile than direct plating. alcohol shock enrichmen ... | 1987 | 3315708 |
| [implantation of a mutant of escherichia coli requiring diaminopimelic acid in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic mice]. | a dap- auxotroph mutant of escherichia coli dp50 requiring dap and thymidine for growth was used as the receptor strain in genetic engineering. it failed to be implanted in axenic mice. however, when an inoculum containing more than 10(7) bacteria/ml was used, the dap+ reverse mutant devoid of requirement for dap became implanted. when axenic mice were previously associated with clostridium difficile containing dap in the cell wall, the strain dap- became implanted even when the inoculum was too ... | 1986 | 3314677 |
| symposium on antimicrobial agents. metronidazole. | metronidazole, a nitroimidazole derivative, is a unique antimicrobial agent that is active against both bacterial and parasitic organisms, although only the anaerobic members of these groups are susceptible. it has been used for the treatment of trichomoniasis for almost 30 years and is also effective in amebiasis and giardiasis. more recently, metronidazole has emerged as a principal agent for the treatment of anaerobic infections. it is highly effective against all species of anaerobes except ... | 1987 | 3312851 |
| automation in clinical microbiology: a new approach to identifying micro-organisms by automated pattern matching of proteins labelled with 35s-methionine. | a new rapid automated method for the identification and classification of microorganisms is described. it is based on the incorporation of 35s-methionine into cellular proteins and subsequent separation of the radiolabelled proteins by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). the protein patterns produced were species specific and reproducible, permitting discrimination between the species. a large number of gram negative and gram positive aerobic and anaerobic orga ... | 1987 | 3312300 |
| [experiences with ceftazidime in the therapy of neonatal infections]. | our experience of ceftazidime during the last three years has in almost every respect been favourable. as monotherapy it has resulted in clinical responses at least as good as those from gentamicin and ampicillin. the pharmacokinetics and activity of ceftazidime are far superior to those of gentamicin. we have not been able to demonstrate any significant haematological or biochemical side effects of ceftazidime therapy nor does it adversely affect neonatal blood clotting mechanisms. the incidenc ... | 1987 | 3312037 |
| [implantation of clostridium difficile in infants during antibiotherapy]. | in the adults, it is known that antibiotics allow colonization by c. difficile and its multiplication, in infants this facts is discussed. to study the influence of antibiotic treatment on the colonization of infants' intestinal tract by c. difficile, we searched this bacteria twice a week in hospitalized newborns since their birth. the population was divided in 2 groups: one never received any antibiotic, the other was treated with beta-lactams. c. difficile was isolated on appropriated selecti ... | 1987 | 3302865 |
| [activity of fusidic acid on strictly anaerobic bacteria]. | fusidic acid is a well known antimicrobial agent due to its narrow spectrum of activity against gram positive bacteria and especially staphylococci. therefore, it is after used preventively against bacterial infection in traumatology, but the susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria is not well known. we have studied, the in vitro activity of sodium fusidate against 147 strains of anaerobic bacteria. this antibiotic has a moderate activity against bacteroides, more significant against clostridium, p ... | 1987 | 3302863 |
| inhibitory activity of fecal flora against the multiplication of clostridium difficile. | 1986 | 3296983 | |
| cloning and expression of secreted antigens of clostridium difficile in escherichia coli. | the feasibility of the cloning and expression of clostridium difficile antigens in escherichia coli was investigated. the expression of a limited number of cloned clostridial antigens under the control of clostridial promoter elements in e. coli was observed. | 1988 | 3286505 |
| infections after experimental cadaver bone marrow transplantation in beagle dogs. transplantations with and without selective gastrointestinal decontamination. | experimental transplantations of cadaver bone marrow (bmt) in beagle dogs were performed to evaluate the problems and potentials in a preclinical setting. the effectiveness of selective decontamination of the gut (sd) and gnotobiotic surveillance in preventing infections during longer aplastic periods was investigated. three groups of dogs were compared. group a: controls. group b: dogs with bmt, without sd and irregular gnotobiotic surveillance. group c: dogs with bmt, with sd and regular gnoto ... | 1988 | 3283036 |
| effect of inoculum size on detection and recovery of clostridium difficile in selective broth cultures. | 1988 | 3278014 | |
| comparison of api zym system with api an-ident, api 20a, minitek anaerobe ii, and rapid-ana systems for identification of clostridium difficile. | the api zym system was compared with four anaerobe identification systems for the definitive identification of clostridium difficile by using 88 cultures of c. difficile grown on mueller-hinton blood agar medium. the api zym system yielded a distinct and consistent enzyme profile for all test strains, whereas the sensitivities of the other systems in identifying c. difficile ranged from 78 to 96% (an-ident, 77.9%; rapid-ana, 88.6%; minitek anaerobe ii, 90.9%; and api 20a, 95.5%). the api zym sys ... | 1988 | 3277989 |
| prospective study comparing imipenem-cilastatin with clindamycin and gentamicin for the treatment of serious surgical infections. | surgical infection remains a leading cause of hospital morbidity and mortality. we compared the efficacy and toxicity of imipenem-cilastatin sodium in 32 patients with that of clindamycin phosphate and gentamicin sulfate in 25 patients. in the imipenem-cilastatin group, 87.5% had a favorable outcome, with a 12.5% failure rate and 13 adverse reactions. in the clindamycin-gentamicin group, 80% had a favorable outcome, with a 20% failure rate and ten adverse reactions. two significant superinfectio ... | 1988 | 3277587 |
| identification and molecular cloning of a 70 kda species-specific antigen common to clostridium difficile. | three common antigens (cb 1, 2 and 3), characteristic of clostridium difficile species were identified by immunoblot analysis using homologous and heterologous rabbit antisera, raised against whole cells from 9 distinct strains of c. difficile. a gene library of c. difficile genomic dna was constructed in escherichia coli by cloning in sau 3a-cleaved clostridial dna fragments into the bacteriophage vector lambda embl3. out of 3000 plaques screened using the whole cell antisera, 27 clones were po ... | 1988 | 3273466 |
| [epidemiological study of the pathogenicity of clostridium difficile using a new serogrouping method]. | 1988 | 3272512 | |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium difficile determined by disc diffusion and breakpoint methods. | the susceptibility of 160 isolates of clostridium difficile to eight antimicrobial agents was studied by two methods. there was generally good agreement between the results obtained with the disc diffusion and breakpoint methods. more than 90% of isolates studied were considered sensitive by both methods. however there was a major difference between the results obtained with the two methods for penicillin g and clindamycin, resistance to both agents being overestimated by the disc diffusion meth ... | 1988 | 3263353 |
| hemorrhagic necrotizing enterocolitis associated with clostridium difficile infection in four foals. | severe hemorrhagic necrotizing enterocolitis was determined to be the cause of death for 4 foals. toxigenic clostridium difficile was isolated form the intestine of each foal, and large, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria lined the surface of necrotic villi. this finding of toxigenic c difficile associated with enteritis in foals adds another possible cause to the list of infectious agents that should be considered when evaluating foals with enteritis. definitive diagnosis requires a thorough di ... | 1988 | 3262102 |
| in vitro activity of cefotaxime against clinically significant pathogens. | the present in vitro antibacterial activities of cefotaxime and 8 other cephalosporins (cefoperazone, cefmenoxime, cefpiramide, latamoxef, cefamandole, cefmetazole, cefotiam and cephazolin) were evaluated simultaneously in 384 strains of gram-positive cocci, 595 strains of enterobacteriaceae, 240 strains of non-fermenters and 143 strains of anaerobes and miscellaneous organisms. the results were expressed as minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) range, mic50 and mic90. of the beta-lactams, cefo ... | 1988 | 3260852 |
| reactive arthritis associated with clostridium difficile enteritis. | reactive arthritis of one or more peripheral joints developed after an enteric infection with clostridium difficile in 2 adult patients. other reactive signs such as conjunctivitis, mucous membrane lesions and urethritis were absent. one patient had the hla-b27 antigen. short term followup showed a benign course of the arthritis. three other cases of arthritis associated with c. difficile were reviewed. | 1988 | 3259987 |
| [occurrence of clostridium difficile in the feces of children of rio de janeiro, rj, brazil]. | 1988 | 3252437 | |
| clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea: a report of seven cases. | 1988 | 3241980 | |
| an evaluation of a rapid latex test for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | we present here the results of an evaluation of a rapid latex test for detection of cl. stridium difficile-associated in comparison with our standard cytotoxin assay and culture for c. difficile. some 515 diarrheal stools were examined. c. difficile was cultured from 70 specimens (13.5%); 53 specimens (10.2%) were positive with the latex test, and 50 (9.6%) by cytotoxin assay. the latex test did not differ significantly from the cytotoxin assay in sensitivity or specificity compared to culture r ... | 1988 | 3241736 |
| evaluation of a commercial latex test for clostridium difficile for reactivity with c. difficile and cross-reactions with other bacteria. | seventy-eight species of bacteria (739 isolates) were tested for reactivity with a commercial latex test for clostridium difficile. all noncytotoxic as well as cytotoxic strains of c. difficile reacted positively. immuno-specific cross-reactions were found only with c. sporogenes, proteolytic c. botulinum, and peptostreptococcus anaerobius. | 1988 | 3235677 |
| clostridium difficile in acute and long-stay elderly patients. | a recent report suggested that clostridium difficile (cl. difficile) was endemic in chronic-care facilities. we have examined the prevalence of cl. difficile carriage in 67 patients in a large geriatric hospital. cl. difficile was sought by both toxin and culture methods, but was not detected in the stools of any patient. these findings suggest that cl. difficile is not part of the normal faecal flora in elderly in-patients. | 1988 | 3232587 |
| [study of an epidemic of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea]. | twenty three clostridium difficile strains isolated from diarrheic faecal samples of 22 patients in a neurosurgical department of the pellegrin hospital in bordeaux between january 1984 and may 1987 (15 isolated in 1984, 2 in 1985, 3 in 1986 and 3 in 1987) and 15 strains isolated from 15 patients in other departments of the same hospital in 1984 have been compared using their antimicrobial susceptibility, cytotoxin production and electrophoretic pattern. twelve of the 15 strains isolated in the ... | 1988 | 3231846 |
| species-specific oligonucleotide probes for rrna of clostridium difficile and related species. | the large copy number of rrna makes it an appealing target for oligonucleotide probes designed to identify microorganisms. given that nucleotide sequences in rrna are known to reflect phylogeny, species-specific rrna probes should be feasible if the sequences found in closely related species are different. we sequenced portions of the 16s rrna of three closely related clostridia found in the human colonic microflora: clostridium bifermentans, c. sordellii, and c. difficile. the rrnas of these th ... | 1988 | 3230127 |
| impact of cefixime on the normal intestinal microflora. | the ecological effects on the normal intestinal microflora after cefixime tablets in doses of 200 mg twice daily for 7 days were studied in 10 healthy volunteers. stool specimens were collected before and 2, 4, 7, 14 and 21 days after start of treatment. plasma samples were collected during 12 h after the first dose on day 1 and 1 sample was taken on day 7 for bioassay of cefixime concentration. peak plasma concentration of cefixime occurred after about 4 h with a mean of 3.0 mg/l. the mean auc0 ... | 1988 | 3222669 |
| fast protein purification of clostridium difficile cytotoxin. | 1988 | 3215944 | |
| in vitro activity of flomoxef compared to moxalactam, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, and clindamycin against anaerobes. | to assess the in vitro activity of flomoxef (6315-s), moxalactam, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, and clindamycin against anaerobes 197 clinical isolates (27 bacteroides fragilis, 42 b. thetaiotaomicron, 10 b. vulgatus, 7 b. ovatus, 6 b. uniformis, 6 b. distasonis, 7 bacteroides melaninogenicus group, 11 bacteroides oralis group, 21 clostridium difficile, 7 c. perfringens, 3 c. sporogenes, 3 clostridium spp., 33 propionibacterium acnes, 14 peptococcaceae) were studied by means of agar dilution tests. the ... | 1988 | 3214438 |
| yield of stool cultures, ova and parasite tests, and clostridium difficile determinations in nosocomial diarrheas. | stool cultures for bacterial pathogens, ova and parasites, and clostridium difficile are usually ordered for patients with nosocomial diarrhea. in the interest of cost containment we undertook an 18-month retrospective study to assess the cost/benefit of performing each of these three tests. during the study period nosocomial diarrhea developed in 118 patients. of 452 bacterial stool cultures ordered, only one was positive for campylobacter jejuni and none for ova and parasites. however, of 126 ... | 1988 | 3207206 |
| efficacy and safety of cefpirome (hr810). | sixty adult patients with suspected systemic bacterial infections were treated with cefpirome 1 g or 2 g twice daily for 5-22 days. forty-seven patients were evaluable for clinical efficacy. diagnoses in evaluable patients were urinary tract infections (20), pneumonia (10), soft tissue infections (17), and bone and joint infections (4); four patients had two infections each. nine patients were bacteraemic and all were cured; the responsible bacteria were escherichia coli (6), streptococcus pneum ... | 1988 | 3204079 |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile-related disease. | 1988 | 3195507 | |
| [comparative characterization of the morphologic changes induced by the cytotoxic action of a filtrate of clostridium difficile strain b in cell cultures]. | investigations carried out by the authors have demonstrated the possibility of the simultaneous evaluation of the results of the quantitative and qualitative characterization of the cytotoxic action of the filtrate of c. difficile strain b in the cultures of diploid human cells and cells fl. the action of the filtrate used in the same dilution (1:1,000) over equal incubation periods (15 minutes) has resulted in the appearance of different morphological changes in each of these cultures. the degr ... | 1988 | 3188732 |
| the in-vitro activity of pd127,391, a new quinolone. | mics of pd127,391 a new 4-quinolone, and of ci934 and ciprofloxacin, two previously reported 4-quinolones, were determined for common clinical bacterial isolates by an agar-dilution method. pd127,391 was the most active drug against enterobacteriaceae and acinetobacter spp (mics less than 0.12 mg/l) and as active as ciprofloxacin against aeromonas spp. (mics less than 0.008 mg/l) and pseudomonas aeruginosa (mics less than 1 mg/l). it was more active than ciprofloxacin against pseudomonas spp. in ... | 1988 | 3182416 |
| ciprofloxacin in combination with metronidazole. | ciprofloxacin has a reduced activity against anaerobic pathogens. therefore, a combination of ciprofloxacin with an antimicrobial agent active against anaerobes, such as metronidazole, seems to be interesting for the treatment of mixed aerobic/anaerobic infections. high metronidazole concentrations (10 mg/l or 40 mg/l) neither affected the bactericidal efficacy of ciprofloxacin on aerobic pathogens, such as escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa and enterococcus faecalis ... | 1988 | 3182096 |
| lack of association between clostridium difficile toxin and diarrhea in infants. | 1988 | 3174309 | |
| purification and some properties of cytotoxin produced by clostridium difficile. | the cytotoxin produced by clostridium difficile was highly purified by using ammonium sulfate fractionation and successive column chromatographies of deae-sephadex a-25, hydroxyapatite, bio-gel a-0.5m, phenyl-sepharose cl-4b, and mono q. the purified cytotoxin gave a single band on conventional and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dithiothreitol. its molecular weight was estimated to be 260,000 and 50,000 by gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-po ... | 1988 | 3173147 |
| clostridium difficile in preterm neonates. | stool specimens from premature neonates over the first month of life were examined for the presence of toxigenic clostridium difficile and to evaluate a possible correlation between colonization and bowel disorders or prior antibiotic administration. results showed a high isolation rate (63%) of clostridium difficile with similar incidence in infants treated or not with antibiotics and with or without bowel disorders. differentiation among strains according to sds-page, antibiotic susceptibility ... | 1988 | 3173125 |
| oral fluoroquinolone therapy in clostridium difficile enterocolitis. | 1988 | 3172400 | |
| chemical colitis due to endoscope cleaning solutions: a mimic of pseudomembranous colitis. | a unique form of colitis was observed during endoscopy of the lower gastrointestinal tract in 21 patients. the patients were prepared using either tap-water enemas or standard lavage solutions. patients were found to have discrete or confluent white plaques adherent to the colonic mucosa, mild to severe erythema of the surrounding mucosa, and variable amounts of foamy liquid upon withdrawal of the endoscope. stool assays for clostridium difficile toxin and bacterial cultures were negative. mucos ... | 1988 | 3169504 |
| in vitro activity of cefotetan compared with that of other antimicrobial agents against anaerobic bacteria. | the activity of cefotetan against 430 strains of anaerobic bacteria was compared with that of cefoxitin, ceftizoxime, clindamycin, metronidazole, and chloramphenicol. percent susceptible values for the bacteroides fragilis group were 60, 80, 29, 86, 100, and 100%, respectively. percent susceptible values for the b. fragilis species were 91, 92, 46, 98, 100, and 100%, respectively. non-b. fragilis-group bacteroides species were inhibited very well (90 to 100%) by all drugs except ceftizoxime (80% ... | 1988 | 3163908 |
| a multicenter study of the in vitro antianaerobic activity of cefotetan compared with other antimicrobial agents. | the in vitro antianaerobic activity of cefotetan was compared with that of chloramphenicol, clindamycin, cefoxitin, and penicillin in a multicenter study. both agar dilution and broth microdilution testing procedures, as described by the national committee for clinical laboratory standards (nccls), were employed; a total of 1,377 strains were examined. results were interpreted using the u.s. food and drug administration- and nccls-recommended criteria. this study indicates that bacteroides fragi ... | 1988 | 3163901 |
| clostridium difficile colitis following antiviral therapy in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | 1988 | 3163893 | |
| susceptibility of clostridium difficile strains to new antibiotics: quinolones, efrotomycin, teicoplanin and imipenem. | 1985 | 3159714 | |
| extra-intestinal clostridium difficile. | 1987 | 3153598 | |
| haemolytic uraemic syndrome and pseudomembranous colitis. | two cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus) associated with pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) are described. the toxin of clostridium difficile was detected post mortem in the stool of one patient and the other patient showed a good therapeutic response to oral vancomycin, an antibiotic with established efficacy in the management of pmc. when associated with hus, pmc is probably an independent specific disease that, in common with many other infections, may activate hus. | 1988 | 3153053 |
| [clostridium difficile in the colon of patient with pseudomembranous colitis and contamination of environment]. | 1988 | 3150408 |