Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| clostridium difficile cytotoxin inhibits protein synthesis in fibroblasts and intestinal mucosa. | the pathophysiology of clostridium difficile colitis is thought to be mediated by release of toxin a, an enterotoxin, and toxin b, a cytotoxin. we compared the differential effects of toxin b on protein synthesis in imr-90 fibroblasts and in hamster esophagus, stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, and cecum in organ culture. toxin b in low concentrations stimulated (p less than 0.001) incorporation of [3h]leucine into fibroblast proteins, whereas at higher dosages it inhibited incorporation (p ... | 1986 | 3758606 |
| hydrophobic and adherence properties of clostridium difficile. | nine strains of clostridium difficile isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients and four other species of clostridia were tested for relative hydrophobicity by determining the degree of adherence to polystyrene. under three different conditions of growth all strains of clostridium difficile had high rates of adherence, whereas the other clostridial species showed no pronounced adherence. isolates of clostridium difficile were also tested for their ability to adhere to human embryonic i ... | 1986 | 3758054 |
| [pseudomembranous rectocolitis]. | the following conclusions were drawn from a study of 15 cases of pseudo-membranous coloproctitis (pmcp): pmcp was seen in subjects of both sexes and all ages. the causative agent was found in all antibiotic classes. clinical signs comprised constant diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, toxic shock and, more rarely, pseudo-occlusive, pseudo-perforative surgical evidence. diagnosis involved visualization of pseudo-membranes by endoscopy. lesions were most frequent in the left colon and increased in se ... | 1986 | 3752911 |
| [undesirable colorectal effects of drugs]. | the most severe adverse reactions associated with medicinal treatment of the colon involve pseudomembranous colitis following antibiotic treatment, notably with clindamycin, lincomycin and betalactamine. the frequency of this adverse reaction is poorly defined: 1 per 100 to 1 per 5 000 treatments depending on the study. lesions are explained by the cytotoxic effect of clostridium difficile toxin. necrotizing anorectitis has been seen in cases of abuse of suppositories containing propoxyphene. th ... | 1986 | 3752909 |
| isolation of clostridium difficile from human jejunum: identification of a reservoir for disease? | the possibility that the small intestine may represent a reservoir for clostridium difficile was studied, using segments of human jejunum collected at necropsy. our results (three of 100 specimens positive for c difficile culture) support the hypothesis that c difficile can be found in human jejunum and that it adheres to the normal mucosa as a resident bacterium. these findings suggest that gastrointestinal disease caused by c difficile has an endogenous origin. | 1986 | 3745477 |
| predicting the susceptibility of anaerobes to cefoperazone, cefotaxime, and cefoxitin with the thioglycolate broth disk procedure. | a variety of clinical anaerobic isolates were tested against cefoperazone (216 strains), cefoxitin (120 strains), and cefotaxime (120 strains) by the thioglycolate anaerobic broth disk method, and the results were compared with the national committee for clinical laboratory standards reference agar dilution method. the broth disk and reference breakpoint concentrations were as follows: cefoperazone, 60 and 64 or 30 and 32 micrograms/ml; cefotaxime, 30 and 32 micrograms/ml; cefoxitin, 18 and 16 m ... | 1986 | 3745418 |
| the carrier state: clostridium difficile. | 1986 | 3745032 | |
| cell surface binding site for clostridium difficile enterotoxin: evidence for a glycoconjugate containing the sequence gal alpha 1-3gal beta 1-4glcnac. | this study was undertaken to determine whether a binding site for clostridium difficile enterotoxin (toxin a) exists in the brush border membranes (bbms) of the hamster, an animal known to be extremely sensitive to the action of the toxin. toxin a was the only antigen adsorbed by the bbms from the culture filtrate of c. difficile. the finding that binding activity could not be destroyed by heat indicated that a carbohydrate moiety might be involved. we therefore examined erythrocytes from variou ... | 1986 | 3744552 |
| [incidence and origin of clostridium difficile in neonatology]. | the epidemiology of clostridium difficile was studied prospectively in 101 newborn infants by screening of fecal samples collected in the first or second day of life and in the fourth or fifth one. a vaginal swab and a stool specimen were collected from mothers before delivery. environmental cultures were obtained from selected sites in the ward, while colonization of intestinal tract and contamination of the hands were evaluated in the personnel. c. difficile was isolated from the feces of 13 i ... | 1986 | 3741636 |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxins a (enterotoxin) and b (cytotoxin) in clinical specimens. evaluation of a latex agglutination test. | a new latex test, culturette brand rapid latex test for detection of clostridium difficile toxin a, was tested on 408 stool samples. in 247 frozen tissue culture supernate specimens previously obtained from patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cad), the latex test (enterotoxin) was positive in 182 (74%) as compared with 194 (79%) for the repeat tissue culture (p greater than 0.1) cytotoxin (toxin b) test. testing of 161 fresh stool samples found the latex test superior to tissue cultu ... | 1986 | 3739972 |
| sporogenesis and toxin a production by clostridium difficile. | the kinetics of spore production by clostridium difficile were not paralleled by release of c. difficile toxin a in vitro. toxin a was not found to be associated with either purified whole spores or spore coats. residual traces of toxin a detected in spore contents were almost certainly derived from contaminating vegetative cell debris. thus, toxin a is unlikely to be a spore constituent or associated with sporogenesis. | 1986 | 3735389 |
| detection of clostridial toxins in stools from children with diarrhoea. | a cell-culture assay was used to detect toxins directly in stools from sporadic cases of infantile diarrhoea. cytotoxins were revealed in 11 out of 58 samples from children with diarrhoea, nine of whom had no common enteric pathogens in their stools. a preliminary characterisation of the cytotoxins was obtained by neutralisation tests with clostridial antitoxins. | 1986 | 3735388 |
| aetiology and epidemiology of acute gastro-enteritis in swedish children. | in a prospective 1-year study, 144 children attending or admitted to hospital and 272 children outside hospital with acute gastro-enteritis and 200 controls were investigated by a broad panel of diagnostic methods for enteropathogenic agents in the faeces and for related antibody responses. enteropathogens were identified in 77% of the inpatients, 63% of the outpatients and 8% of the controls. rotavirus and yersinia enterocolitica were detected significantly more often among inpatients. altogeth ... | 1986 | 3734469 |
| application of a technique for serogrouping clostridium difficile in an outbreak of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | a severe outbreak of clostridium difficile antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad) in an orthopaedic surgical unit is reported. thirty-seven cases and eight relapses were observed. the 45 related strains together with another 13 strains of c. difficile isolated during the same period in other wards of the same hospital were typed by detection of cytotoxin production, determination of sorbitol fermentation and serogrouping by agglutination with six rabbit antisera defining the serogroups a, b, c, d ... | 1986 | 3734468 |
| effect of moxalactam on human fecal microflora. | five healthy male adults received 2 g of moxalactam every 12 h for 7 days. the alterations of fecal microflora were investigated before, during, and after treatment with moxalactam. on day 7 of treatment, the number of total bacteria was decreased in all subjects. there was marked suppression of the obligate anaerobic bacteria and enterobacteria to undetectable levels, but the counts of streptococcus spp. and lactobacillus spp. increased. on day 7, two subjects had clostridium innocuum and clost ... | 1986 | 3729329 |
| [clostridium difficile and its significance as an intestinal pathogenic bacterium]. | 1986 | 3725396 | |
| an in-vitro model of colonisation resistance to clostridium difficile infection. | to investigate the importance of the normal gut flora in preventing the establishment of clostridium difficile in vivo we have developed an in-vitro test system based on growth in faecal emulsions. growth of c. difficile and cytotoxin production are inhibited in faecal emulsions from healthy adults, but not in sterilised emulsions; the importance of viable bacteria in the inhibitory system is evident. generally, faecal emulsions derived from infants, children and geriatric patients were less inh ... | 1986 | 3723582 |
| technique for measuring 50% end points in cytotoxicity assays for clostridium difficile toxins. | serial dilutions of clostridium difficile culture filtrates were incubated overnight with hela cell monolayers. cells were fixed in formalin, stained with crystal violet, rinsed, and drained. cell rounding could be observed microscopically in the stained monolayers. absorbance of the retained dye on monolayers in the drained wells was measured at 595 nm-405 nm. end points could also be estimated visually. the dilution at which dye absorbance was reduced by 50% agreed with that determined by micr ... | 1986 | 3722420 |
| rapid identification of clostridium difficile by determination of leucine arylamidase activity. | 1986 | 3720738 | |
| changing epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of clostridium difficile toxin-associated colitis. | one hundred and ninety patients with clostridium difficile toxin-associated colitis (ctac) or pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) were identified, from microbiology records, disease index and proctoscopy service records, and studied retrospectively. ctac was associated with cephalosporin antibiotic administration in 70 per cent of the patients. ctac developed postoperatively in 108 patients after all types of surgery with no preponderance for abdominal surgery. identification of cytotoxin in stool sa ... | 1986 | 3719271 |
| evaluation of a commercial cytotoxicity assay for detection of clostridium difficile toxin. | a comparative study was performed to determine the accuracy of clostridium difficile toxin detection. a commercial cytotoxicity assay (bartels immunodiagnostic supply, bellevue, wash.) was compared with conventional microcytotoxicity assays, using vero and mrc-5 cells. the bartels system was found to be essentially equivalent to conventional cytotoxicity assays currently being performed for routine c. difficile toxin detection. | 1986 | 3711282 |
| variations in the anaerobic faecal flora of ten healthy human volunteers with special reference to the bacteroides fragilis-group and clostridium difficile. | ninety nine stool specimens of ten healthy human volunteers were collected over a one year period, and processed anaerobically. the individual variations in intestinal colonization with bacteria of the bacteroides fragilis-group were detected, using the bacteroides bile esculin medium and an identification scheme for bile-resistant bacteroides species. clostridium difficile agar supplemented with cycloserine/cefoxtin was used to detect the incidence of c. difficile in this group. the species of ... | 1986 | 3705797 |
| clostridium difficile in diarrheal disease. | 1986 | 3701124 | |
| evaluation of a commercial kit for the routine detection of clostridium difficile cytotoxin by tissue culture. | the toxi-titer microtiter plate system (bartels immunodiagnostic supplies, inc., bellevue, wash.) is a simplified procedure for detecting the cytotoxin produced by clostridium difficile in stool filtrates. in a parallel study of 74 stool specimens, results from the toxin-titer system compared favorably with those from the conventional system. our experience with the toxin-titer system in testing 540 stool specimens was, in general, satisfactory, although a few problems with toxin control did occ ... | 1986 | 3700631 |
| method for the typing of clostridium difficile based on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [35s]methionine-labeled proteins. | a typing method for clostridium difficile based on the incorporation of [35s]methionine into cellular proteins, their separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and their visualization by autoradiography is described. on analysis of the radiolabeled-protein profiles, nine distinct groups were observed (a to e and w to z). the method, which is simple, reproducible, and readily expandable, has been applied in epidemiological studies to demonstrate cross-infection and ... | 1986 | 3700603 |
| yersinia colitis masquerading as pseudomembranous colitis. | we describe a 15-month-old male who presented with fever and diarrhea 24 hr after receiving antibiotics for otitis media. a flexible sigmoidoscopy was initially interpreted endoscopically as antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis, and the patient was treated with vancomycin. the diagnosis of antibiotic-associated colitis was excluded in our patient by the negative stool examination for clostridium difficile toxin, the failure to obtain supportive features on rectal biopsy, and the failur ... | 1986 | 3698772 |
| clinical considerations in the diagnosis of antimicrobial agent-associated gastroenteritis. | most gastrointestinal infections secondary to the use of antimicrobial agents that have been documented are related to overgrowth of clostridium difficile which produces a spectrum from severe pseudomembranous colitis to mild diarrhea or asymptomatic carriage. the most common inducers of pseudomembranous colitis or antimicrobial agent-associated diarrhea are ampicillin, clindamycin, and various cephalosporins, but almost all antimicrobials may cause this problem. symptoms vary from watery to blo ... | 1986 | 3698542 |
| an evaluation of ampicillin pharmacokinetics and toxicity in guinea pigs. | sodium ampicillin was administered subcutaneously to 350-550 g male dunkin hartley guinea pigs at doses of 6, 8 and 10 mg/kg tid for 5 days. over a period of 12 days, the lowest ampicillin dose appeared to be tolerated well. however, significant body weight reduction and mortality occurred with the two higher dosage regimens. cecal cultures of dead animals confirmed the presence of clostridium difficile, an organism associated with antibiotic-induced enterotoxemia. assay of serum collected from ... | 1987 | 3695404 |
| rectal swab cultures for clostridium difficile surveillance studies. | we compared the recovery of clostridium difficile from hospitalized patients by two collection methods: rectal swabs and stool cultures. rectal swab cultures were as sensitive as stool cultures and were more easily obtained. transport of swabs in an anaerobic vacutainer system resulted in longer survival times compared with transport in amies medium. | 1987 | 3693551 |
| [effect of clostridium difficile toxin on human large intestine motility. in vitro studies]. | 1987 | 3683327 | |
| acute diarrhoea in adults: a prospective study. | a prospective study of 74 adults with acute diarrhoea was carried out in sydney in 1984-1985 to determine the infective agents that were involved and their relationship to clinical, epidemiological and laboratory features. thirty-four potential pathogens were identified in 32 (43.2%) patients. these included, in order of frequency: campylobacter spp., rotavirus, clostridium difficile, salmonella enteritidis, aeromonas hydrophila, vibrio parahaemolyticus, adenovirus, a small round virus and giard ... | 1987 | 3683260 |
| [mucosal blood flow as a cause of pseudomembranous colitis]. | 1987 | 3682263 | |
| plasmid profiles of clostridium difficile isolates from patients with antibiotic-associated colitis in two community hospitals. | 1987 | 3680990 | |
| immunization of adult hamsters against clostridium difficile-associated ileocecitis and transfer of protection to infant hamsters. | in this investigation, the role of antibodies against clostridium difficile toxins a and b in protecting hamsters against c. difficile-associated ileocecitis was examined. we also studied the transfer of protection against c. difficile-associated intestinal disease from immunized female hamsters to their infants. adult female hamsters immunized parenterally with toxoid a or a mixture containing both toxoids a and b were protected against clindamycin-induced c. difficile-associated fatal ileoceci ... | 1987 | 3679541 |
| [evaluation of an experimental animal model allowing the study of the cecal microflora in the hamster, antagonistic to clostridium difficile]. | the purpose of this study was the development and evaluation of an experimental model allowing the investigation of hamster anti-clostridium difficile coecal microflora. the existence of this "barrier" was verified in conventional hamsters. such hamster coecal flora was then orally transferred to c3h germ-free mice. in such animals, the "barrier effect" was maintained. after treatment with erythromycin, the colonization resistance was always maintained; despite two subsequent processes, dilution ... | 1986 | 3674782 |
| diarrhoea associated with clostridium difficile. | 1987 | 3672820 | |
| quantitative cell-adhesion assay for clostridium difficile cytotoxin. | a quantitative assay for clostridium difficile cytotoxin has been developed, based on the observation that suspended fibroblasts exposed to cytotoxin fail to adhere to plastic. a dye-binding technique was used to quantitate adherent cells, in order to obviate microscopy. adherent bhk cells were fixed with glutaraldehyde and cell protein was stained with coomassie blue r-250. cell-bound dye was eluted and estimated spectrophotometrically. the amount of eluted dye was proportional to the number of ... | 1987 | 3669053 |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxin in various tissue culture monolayers. | thirty stool filtrates known to contain clostridium difficile toxin based on previous testing on mccoy cells were tested for toxicity on primary african green monkey kidney (agmk), mccoy, mrc-5, primary rhesus monkey kidney (rmk), and vero cells. all 30 filtrates showed cytotoxic effect at greater than or equal to 1:100 dilution on mccoy and vero cells. a total of 22 filtrates were positive on mrc-5 monolayers, while only 16 and 10 filtrates showed positive cytotoxic effect on agmk and rmk cells ... | 1987 | 3667920 |
| susceptibility of clostridium difficile to metronidazole, its bioactive metabolites and tinidazole. | 1987 | 3665909 | |
| acute gastroenteritis in children attending day-care centres with special reference to rotavirus infections. i. aetiology and epidemiologic aspects. | acute gastroenteritis (ge) among 214 children (aged 6 months-7 years) attending day-care centres (ddcs) in the copenhagen county was studied during a 12-month period. a total of 197 cases of ge was observed in 109 children (i.e. 51% of the participants). the aetiology was as follows: rotavirus (n = 48) (24%), pathogenic bacteria (n = 11) (6%), giardia lamblia (n = 3) (2%), while the aetiology of 68% remains unknown. the pathogenic bacteria included yersinia enterocolitica, thermophilic campyloba ... | 1987 | 3661178 |
| vancomycin. | vancomycin is a narrow-spectrum bactericidal antibiotic used primarily for treatment of serious staphylococcal infections. it is the alternative therapy of choice when the penicillins and cephalosporins cannot be used. vancomycin is also used in (1) methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections; (2) streptococcal endocarditis in conjunction with an aminoglycoside in patients intolerant of penicillin or ampicillin; (3) infections, including those involving prosthetic devices, caused by g ... | 1987 | 3657307 |
| isolation of clostridium difficile from diarrhoea patients in bangladesh. | an attempt was made to detect clostridium difficile and its toxin from the stools of 20 patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad), 35 with colitis, six with chronic diarrhoea and 300 with watery diarrhoea. two toxigenic and three non-toxigenic strains were isolated from patients associated with antimicrobial therapy. all 300 stools from watery diarrhoea patients, not associated with antibiotics, were negative for cl. difficile and its toxin. we conclude that cl. difficile might be a ca ... | 1987 | 3656496 |
| production of a unique cytotoxin by campylobacter jejuni. | campylobacter jejuni is an important diarrheal pathogen worldwide; the mechanisms by which it causes disease remain unclear. because of its association with inflammatory diarrhea, we postulated that c. jejuni might produce a cytotoxin similar to that produced by shigella sp., enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157, or clostridium difficile. filtrates of 12 polymyxin-treated isolates of c. jejuni were placed on hela cells (sensitive to shiga toxin cytotoxicity) and chinese hamster ovary (cho) ce ... | 1987 | 3653987 |
| evaluation of gamma radiation levels for reducing pathogenic bacteria and fungi in animal sewage and laboratory effluents. | sewage samples collected from animal wastes and from effluents at an animal disease laboratory were inoculated with known numbers of pathogenic organisms and subjected to various doses of gamma radiation from a 60co source. surviving test organisms were quantitatively determined by selective and enrichment techniques. the experiment was modeled as a quantal assay in which probit analysis was applied to obtain d10 values. the d10 value represents the irradiating dose required to reduce the popula ... | 1987 | 3651881 |
| [medical topics: clostridium difficile diarrhea of patients with chronic disease; rounded blood cells of runners]. | 1986 | 3650465 | |
| care study--clostridium difficile: enteric spread of infection. | 1986 | 3635777 | |
| [determination of the biological activity of clostridium difficile toxins in in vivo and in vitro experiments]. | the biological activity of the filtrates of 29 c. difficile strains was studied in vivo (suckling white mice) and in vitro (cell cultures of different species and origin). the action of the filtrates on the experimental models in vivo was evaluated from the cytotoxic effect index, while in vitro the intensity of the cytotoxic effect was evaluated from the percentage of dead cells in the monolayer. the results of the comparative determination of toxicity characteristics in vivo and in vitro demon ... | 1987 | 3630480 |
| rapid detection of clostridium difficile toxin in faeces. | 1987 | 3626930 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in uremic patients. | an outbreak of 94 episodes of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in 62 patients in a nephrology ward over a two-year period was investigated. quantitative stool cultures were performed on ten uremic patients not on antibiotics and without diarrhoea and on ten healthy controls. all diarrhoeal episodes were associated with clostridium difficile, and no other bacterial pathogens were isolated. thirty-two relapses occurred in 16 patients, fourteen of the relapses without preceding antibiotic ... | 1987 | 3622506 |
| clostridium difficile. | 1987 | 3620589 | |
| utility of a rapid latex test for the detection of clostridium difficile in fecal specimens. | currently, the method of choice for the laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile disease is the detection of cytotoxin in stool filtrates by tissue culture. since many hospital laboratories do not have tissue culture facilities, there is a need for a rapid test which is both sensitive and specific to diagnose c. difficile disease. a commercial latex agglutination was compared with the conventional cytotoxin tissue culture assay for the detection of c. difficile or its toxin(s) in fecal spec ... | 1987 | 3619398 |
| [clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in stools of hospitalized infants. effects of antibiotic treatment]. | 1987 | 3619318 | |
| [detection of clostridium difficile toxin by latex agglutination reaction]. | 1987 | 3613165 | |
| clostridium difficile--a spectrum of virulence and analysis of putative virulence determinants in the hamster model of antibiotic-associated colitis. | each of nine different toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile was administered orally to groups of hamsters pre-treated with clindamycin and housed individually in sterile isolator boxes. faecal pellets and caecal contents from well, diarrhoeic, moribund and freshly dead animals were analysed for c. difficile and toxins a (enterotoxin) and b (cytotoxin), and tissue obtained when animals were killed was examined histologically. not all strains were equally virulent in this model. four strains ... | 1987 | 3612744 |
| the effects of clostridium difficile crude toxins and toxin a on ileal and colonic loops in immune and non-immune rabbits. | rabbits were solidly immunised by parenteral injection of purified clostridium difficile toxin a such that they resisted an intravenous challenge with a normally lethal dose of toxin a. ileal and colonic loops constructed in non-immune and immune animals received challenge injections of crude culture filtrate or purified toxin a of c. difficile. protection of ileum was manifest after sufficient initial mucosal damage resulted in release of high levels of antitoxin a into the loop lumen of immune ... | 1987 | 3612743 |
| commercial latex agglutination test for detection of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | a commercially available latex agglutination test for clostridium difficile was compared with a cell culture cytotoxin assay and bacteriological culture for the laboratory diagnosis of c. difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis (cad). stool specimens from 626 patients were tested by the three methods, and specimens from 118 patients (19%) were positive by at least one of the methods. the results of the three tests agreed in 88% of the specimens tested, overall, but they agreed in only 34% of t ... | 1987 | 3611316 |
| effect of various diets on toxin production by two strains of clostridium difficile in gnotobiotic mice. | when axenic mice fed a commercial diet were monoassociated with two toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile, 100% of them died 3 days after inoculation and both enterotoxin and cytotoxin were produced in their intestinal tract. however, when axenic mice were fed various semisynthetic diets before c. difficile challenge, some of them survived and their fecal cytotoxin and enterotoxin productions were highly reduced, whereas the c. difficile population level did not decrease to a great extent. ... | 1987 | 3610315 |
| the effects of acute clostridium difficile diarrhea on fecal nitrogen content in adult hospitalized patients. | clostridium difficile diarrhea (cdd) is a frequent cause of hospital-associated infectious diarrhea and a common reason for nutritional consultation. limited data are available on fecal nitrogen losses during infectious diarrhea in adults. eleven patients with acute cdd were studied for stool volume and fecal nitrogen. the mean stool output was 630 +/- 110 g/day and fecal nitrogen 2.5 +/- 0.3 g per 24 hour period (mean +/- sem). fecal nitrogen loss was increased from the predicted 12.0 mg/kg bw/ ... | 1987 | 3598023 |
| calcium and calmodulin in cellular intoxication with clostridium difficile toxin b. | in cultured human lung fibroblasts treated with clostridium difficile toxin b, the development of the cytopathogenic effect was inhibited by the proton ionophore monensin but was not affected by some other ionophores. the calcium channel blockers verapamil and lacl3 protected the cells against intoxication, as did the calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine, amitriptyline, r 24571, and dansylcadaverine. since these agents could not prevent intoxication when added after the toxin internalization w ... | 1987 | 3597551 |
| role of volatile fatty acids in colonization resistance to clostridium difficile in gnotobiotic mice. | clostridium difficile is an agent involved in the development of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. the purpose of this work was to investigate the role of volatile fatty acids (vfas) in resistance to colonization by c. difficile by using a gnotobiotic animal model. accordingly, germfree mice were associated with different hamster flora, and the vfas in their cecal contents were measured by gas chromatography. the results showed that vfas were produced mainly by the intestinal flora ... | 1987 | 3596806 |
| biochemical studies on the effect of clostridium difficile toxin b on actin in vivo and in vitro. | we describe a simplified procedure for purification of clostridium difficile toxin b. in this procedure, cytotoxicity is associated with a single protein band with a molecular mass of 230 kilodaltons. we used direct fluorescent staining of actin filaments to study the effect of this toxin on cultured cells. morphologic changes were preceded by a decrease in the number and length of stress fibers followed by their disappearance with condensation of cellular actin around the nucleus. we then showe ... | 1987 | 3596804 |
| factors influencing the phagocytosis of clostridium difficile by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. | phagocytosis of clostridium difficile by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmns) and the possible role of the clostridial toxins in this process were investigated. phagocytosis of c. difficile was independent of aerobiosis and clearly depended on opsonization. either complement or antibodies to c. difficile could serve as opsonins. toxigenic strains of c. difficile were more resistant to phagocytosis than were nontoxigenic strains. pretreatment of pmns with as much as 10,000 units of toxins fr ... | 1987 | 3596798 |
| role of clostridium difficile toxins in disease. | 1987 | 3596176 | |
| differential effects of clostridium difficile toxins a and b on rabbit ileum. | the pathogenesis of clostridium difficile enterocolitis appears to involve colonization of the bowel followed by release of toxin a, an enterotoxin, and toxin b, a cytotoxin. the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of purified toxins a and b on intestinal secretion, epithelial permeability, and morphology in perfused rabbit ileal loops. intestinal permeability after toxin exposure was assessed by blood-to-lumen clearance of [3h]mannitol. toxin a at doses of 5-100 micrograms/10 cm i ... | 1987 | 3596162 |
| pediatric gastroenteritis in primary care and in hospitalized patients. | one-hundred and fifty-seven consecutive children below seven years of age (primary care n = 48, hospitalized patients n = 109) with acute gastroenteritis of assumed infectious origin were studied. rotavirus was demonstrated by electron microscopy of faeces in 44% of all patients. the occurrence of rotavirus among patients in primary care, 15%, was significantly lower than among hospitalized patients, 57% (p less than 0.01). adenovirus was isolated in six per cent and enterovirus in two per cent ... | 1987 | 3589234 |
| biological mode of action of clostridium difficile toxin a: a novel enterotoxin. | antibody neutralisation and toxin a elution experiments showed that toxin a uptake from rabbit intestinal lumen was a continuous process. the kinetics of the ileal and colonic responses were significantly different; a much longer incubation (4 h) with toxin was required for colon, compared with 45 min for the ileum, to induce fluid accumulation at 12 h. fluid secretion was induced only when toxin had gained access to deeper tissues, probably achieved by several toxin uptake-tissue damage cycles. ... | 1987 | 3585958 |
| the effects of clostridium difficile toxins a and b on membrane integrity and protein synthesis in intestinal cells in vivo and in vitro and in mccoy cells in vitro. | clostridium difficile toxins a and b inhibited protein synthesis in mccoy tissue-culture cells but not in intestinal cells in vitro or in vivo. toxins a and b had no effect on membrane permeability of either intestinal cells or mccoy cells. | 1987 | 3585957 |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile in pseudomembranous and antibiotic-associated colitis in north india. | 1986 | 3584906 | |
| clostridium difficile diarrhea in critically ill burned patients. | we followed up 112 patients in the university of washington burn center, seattle, for the development of clostridium difficile diarrhea. diarrhea developed in 20 patients with a mean burn size of 42%, mean age of 38 years, and 49 mean total antibiotic days, for an incidence of 17%. eleven patients had 16 episodes of nonspecific diarrhea. nine patients had 11 episodes of c difficile-positive diarrhea and 15 episodes of nonspecific diarrhea for an incidence of 45% of all patients with diarrhea. th ... | 1987 | 3579579 |
| bowel flora changes in humans receiving cefixime (cl 284,635) or cefaclor. | twelve healthy young male subjects received either cefixime, a new oral cephalosporin (cl 284,635), or cefaclor (six subjects on each drug) orally for 2 weeks. in the case of cefixime, single daily doses of 400 mg were taken; with cefaclor, the dosage was 250 mg three times daily. modest changes in the fecal flora were noted in both drug groups, but the changes were of different types. in the case of cefixime, there was more of an impact on the indigenous flora, and in the case of cefaclor, ther ... | 1987 | 3579262 |
| fatal clostridium difficile cellulitis. | 1987 | 3575013 | |
| correlation between susceptibility to chloramphenicol, tetracycline and clindamycin, and serogroups of clostridium difficile. | a total of 114 clostridium difficile strains were analysed for a possible correlation between serological susceptibility to chloramphenicol, tetracycline and clindamycin, and serogrouping. all 17 chloramphenicol-resistant strains belonged to serovar i, while none of 32 tetracycline-resistant strains belonged to serovar i. all strains included in serovar iii were tetracycline- and clindamycin-resistant. | 1987 | 3574240 |
| therapy of relapsing clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis with the combination of vancomycin and rifampin. | seven patients with multiple bacteriologic and symptomatic relapses of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and/or colitis were treated with vancomycin and rifampin in combination. diarrhea and abdominal pain promptly resolved in all, and neither c. difficile nor its toxin could be recovered from their stools shortly after therapy. however, stools of all patients subsequently became culture-positive for c. difficile and occasionally had demonstrable cytotoxin. except in one instance followi ... | 1987 | 3571889 |
| treatment of relapsing clostridium difficile diarrhoea by administration of a non-toxigenic strain. | two patients with relapsing clostridium difficile diarrhoea following metronidazole and vancomycin therapy were colonised with a non-toxigenic avirulent clostridium difficile strain given orally in three doses. both patients appeared to respond without side-effects. oral bacteriotherapy with a defined nontoxigenic strain of clostridium difficile would appear to represent an acceptable, alternative and novel way to treat hospitalised patients who relapse with clostridium difficile diarrhoea after ... | 1987 | 3569251 |
| comparative activity of metronidazole and tinidazole against clostridium difficile and peptostreptococcus anaerobius. | broth dilution mics of metronidazole against 38 strains of clostridium difficile (0.13 microgram/ml) and 11 strains of peptostreptococcus anaerobius (0.11 microgram/ml) were lower than those of tinidazole (0.16 and 0.17 microgram/ml, respectively). as molar concentrations the nitroimidazoles were equally active. the mics of the two drugs correlated positively, and the relative activity of tinidazole increased with decreasing susceptibility of both species. | 1987 | 3566248 |
| suppression by saccharomyces boulardii of toxigenic clostridium difficile overgrowth after vancomycin treatment in hamsters. | saccharomyces boulardii prevented the development of high counts of clostridium difficile, high titers of toxin b, and positive latex agglutination tests after cessation of vancomycin treatment for hamsters. the protocol used was designed to stimulate relapse of human c. difficile-associated colitis. s. boulardii was protective in this model. | 1987 | 3566236 |
| splenic abscess due to clostridium difficile and pseudomonas paucimobilis. | extraintestinal infection by clostridium difficile is a rare entity. herein we describe a 62-yr-old man with c. difficile bacteremia complicated by a splenic abscess. of particular interest was the isolation of c. difficile and pseudomonas paucimobilis from the splenic abscess. prompt antibiotic therapy and splenectomy resulted in a favorable outcome. although rare, these organisms should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a splenic abscess. | 1987 | 3565349 |
| intestinal bacteria antagonistic to clostridium difficile in mice. | overgrowth by clostridium difficile has been reported in conventional mice injected intraperitoneally with ampicillin. in this study, we aimed to determine which types of indigenous intestinal bacteria were eliminated by ampicillin to allow overgrowth by c. difficile. c. difficile overgrowth was associated with a decrease in the numbers of lactobacilli, an increase in bacteroidaceae and a slight decrease in the frequency of isolation of fusiform-shaped bacteria (clostridia). c. difficile cytotox ... | 1987 | 3560860 |
| pseudomembranous colitis: a lethal complication of hirschsprung's disease unrelated to antibiotic usage. | seventy-two new cases of hirschsprung's disease were seen between 1980 and 1985. twenty-six patients (36%) developed the clinical features of enterocolitis and, of nine patients who died, colitis was the immediate cause of death in six. histologic material was available from 20 patients with colitis; this showed nonspecific inflammation typical of hirschsprung's colitis in 13 cases but seven had pseudomembranous colitis (pmc). five of the patients with pmc had not recently been exposed to antibi ... | 1987 | 3559870 |
| monospecific antibodies for detection of clostridium difficile enterotoxin. | tests of polyclonal antisera to homogeneous enterotoxin preparations of clostridium difficile by immunoblotting demonstrated that cross-reactions occurred with proteins from cell lysates of nearly all clostridium species. there was a notable reduction in the amount of crossreaction when only culture supernatants were analysed. the enterotoxin could be easily identified by its unique high molecular weight of 230,000. the findings suggest that care must be taken when immunological tests other than ... | 1987 | 3552665 |
| successful pregnancy in a renal transplant recipient taking cyclosporin a. | a 27 year old woman with a fourth cadaveric renal transplant successfully completed a 33 week pregnancy whilst taking cyclosporin a and prednisolone. her renal function remained stable despite recurrent urinary tract infections, hypertension, gestational diabetes, and clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. the infant, delivered electively at 33 weeks, was small for gestational age but otherwise normal. | 1986 | 3551903 |
| pharmacokinetic differentiation and consequences for normal microflora. | the pharmacokinetic properties of a drug are decisive for effective antibacterial therapy, the ability of the drug to reach a site of infection, but they also contribute to whether concentrations become undesirably high in places where the antibiotics are not wanted but where they may interfere with the normal microflora. the microflora in the intestines is particularly important because of the sheer numbers of bacteria present there and the consequences of imbalance such as diarrhoea and select ... | 1986 | 3547629 |
| effect of beta-lactam prodrugs on human intestinal microflora. | the ampicillin prodrugs bacampicillin, pivampicillin, and talampicillin, the mecillinam prodrug pivmecillinam and the sulbactam prodrug sulbactam pivoxil all have a greatly improved oral availability compared to the parent drug. they show no antibacterial activity themselves until transformed into active drugs after absorption. this double advantage makes them less likely to influence the intestinal microbial ecosystem. ampicillin has been reported to cause marked changes in the colon microflora ... | 1986 | 3547627 |
| anaerobic infections and clostridium difficile colitis emerging during antibacterial therapy. | almost all cases of clostridium difficile-related pseudomembranous colitis are related to antimicrobial therapy. virtually all antibacterial agents have been implicated, notable exceptions being vancomycin and parenterally administered aminoglycosides. the most prominent causes of colitis are ampicillin, clindamycin and various cephalosporins. in general, this complication is related to suppression of indigenous flora and overgrowth of c. difficile. in the case of ampicillin, however, c. diffici ... | 1986 | 3547621 |
| evaluation of aztreonam, cefoperazone, latamoxef and ceftazidime in the hamster colitis model. | aztreonam, ceftazidime, cefoperazone and latamoxef (moxalactam) were evaluated in a hamster model for antibiotic-associated colitis. aztreonam, a novel monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic specifically directed against aerobic gram-negative bacteria with limited activity against gram-positive and anaerobic bacteria did not cause haemorrhagic caecitis and death in hamsters when administered intraperitioneally or orally. quantitative caecal cultures showed no changes in the anaerobic caecal microflor ... | 1986 | 3546243 |
| comparison of clostridium difficile detection by monolayer and by inhibition of nucleoside uptake. | detection and identification of clostridium difficile toxin by traditional monolayer assay were compared with results obtained by a new procedure based on toxin-dependent inhibition of target cell uptake of a radioactive nucleoside. a high degree of correlation was noted between the two determinations. although the new procedure was quantitative and objective, its value is seen at present as a rapid screen that may support results obtained in monolayers and as a potential assay for other, curren ... | 1987 | 3544801 |
| [clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in the stools of young hospitalized children. influence of antibiotic treatment]. | clostridium difficile has been searched in 153 stool samples from 138 children aged 0 to 12 months. we divided the population in two groups depending on the antibiotic treatment. we have found c difficile in 39 samples (25%). the colonization rate increases with age ranging from 5% before 1 month, to 36% between 1 and 6 months and 54% between 6 and 13 months. an environmental sampling yielded once c difficile. contamination may be related to the environment. 29% of the isolates produced a cytopa ... | 1986 | 3543815 |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated intestinal disease. | toxigenic clostridium difficile is the major cause of antimicrobial agent-associated pseudomembranous colitis and is the etiological agent of approximately 30% of cases of nonspecific colitis and diarrhea (without colitis) induced by antimicrobial agents. in addition, c. difficile has been implicated in certain intestinal diseases not related to prior antimicrobial administration. c. difficile has been reported to be one of the most common enteropathogens isolated from stool specimens submitted ... | 1986 | 3539522 |
| [clostridium difficile--one of the causes of enterocolitis in man]. | 1986 | 3538722 | |
| [isolation of clostridium difficile from the stools of hospitalized patients with diarrhea]. | 408 stool samples from 354 hospitalized patients with diarrhea were evaluated for the presence of clostridium difficile. c. difficile was detected in stools of 42 patients (12%), 19 of them being hospitalized in neurosurgery units. the strains were cytotoxigenic in 31 cases and non cototoxigenic in 11 cases. the diagnosis of c. difficile induced diarrhea was based on the clinical setting [presence of diarrhea that could be attributed to antimicrobial therapy and endoscopy for detection of pseudo ... | 1986 | 3534766 |
| review of frequency-pulsed electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography studies of diarrheal diseases caused by members of the family enterobacteriaceae, clostridium difficile, and rotavirus. | 1986 | 3533981 | |
| interaction of clostridium difficile and escherichia coli with microfloras in continuous-flow cultures and gnotobiotic mice. | we studied the interactions between the entire cecal flora of hamsters and the pathogens clostridium difficile and escherichia coli in gnotobiotic mice and in a continuous-flow (cf) culture system in which the growth medium consisted of an extract of fecal pellets from germfree mice. cf cultures and germfree mice were colonized first with c. difficile and e. coli and then with the cecal flora of hamsters. both in vivo and in vitro hamster flora markedly suppressed the potential pathogens. conten ... | 1986 | 3533778 |
| [adverse effects of antimicrobiological agents and countermeasures--clostridium difficile enteritis: with special reference to early diagnosis]. | 1986 | 3531585 | |
| review of clostridium difficile-associated diseases. | clostridium difficile has recently become recognized as an important nosocomial pathogen. this review summarizes what is known about the isolation of the organism, the spectrum of clinical disease, virulence factors, treatments, and methods of prevention. risk factors for c. difficile disease are also discussed. the most important risk factor is the use of certain antibiotics (ampicillin, cephalosporins, and clindamycin). c. difficile is associated with 96% to 100% of cases of pseudomembraneous ... | 1986 | 3524319 |
| clostridium difficile in habitats other than the human gastro-intestinal tract. | 1986 | 3522751 | |
| oral bacitracin vs vancomycin therapy for clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea. a randomized double-blind trial. | the effectiveness of a ten-day course of either oral bacitracin or oral vancomycin hydrochloride for treatment of clostridium difficile-induced antibiotic-associated diarrhea was compared in a randomized double-blind study. bacitracin was as effective as vancomycin in resolving diarrhea; most patients responded within five days of therapy with either drug. three patients receiving bacitracin worsened during therapy; two of these were considered treatment failures. neither c difficile nor its tox ... | 1986 | 3521518 |
| antibiotic-associated colitis caused by clostridium difficile: relapse and risk factors. | relapse is a common sequel of antibiotic-associated colitis due to clostridium difficile. it has been suggested that cl. difficile may persist in the stools in spite of the resolution of symptoms after treatment and this may cause the relapse. our study was designed to define the factors that predispose to relapse and to determine if prolonging treatment to clear cl. difficile from the stools might prevent relapse. of 60 consecutive patients, 36 with more severe disease required treatment. treat ... | 1986 | 3520264 |
| [clostridium difficile-induced enterocolitis: pathogenesis, clinical course, epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis]. | clostridium difficile-induced enterocolitis almost exclusively occurs associated with antibiotic exposure. the organisms produce several exotoxins of which toxins a (enterotoxin) and b (cytotoxin) are of primary importance. it is assumed that preceding antibiotic therapy creates an ecological niche allowing massive proliferation of the organisms and production of their toxins. the clinical course varies from mild diarrhoea to severe pseudomembranous colitis. patients over 40 years of age are pri ... | 1986 | 3519433 |
| comparison of minitek anaerobe ii, api an-ident, and rapid ana systems for identification of clostridium difficile. | three commercial anaerobic systems, minitek (bbl microbiology systems, cockeysville, md), api an-ident (analytab products, plainview, ny), and rapid ana (innovative diagnostic systems, decatur, ga) were evaluated for ability to identify 45 clostridium difficile isolates accurately. minitek correctly identified 66% of c. difficile isolates to species, 27% were incompletely identified, and 7% were misidentified. most of the discrepancies with minitek were due to false negative biochemical results. ... | 1986 | 3518405 |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxin a by immunoblotting. | a clinical isolate of clostridium difficile has been tested for its toxin production. both toxins, toxin a and toxin b, could be detected by tissue culture and in animal models as well. antibodies against a crude toxin a preparation have been prepared. these antibodies are able to neutralize the toxin both in the mouse lethality test and tissue culture test systems. the specificity of this antiserum has been analysed by electroimmunoprecipitation methods. using immunoblotting, it could be demons ... | 1986 | 3518293 |