Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| [epidemiology of acute infectious diarrhea in switzerland (endemic diarrhea)]. | acute infectious diarrhoea and its etiology are described. toxin-induced diarrhoea, usually caused by foodstuffs, and travellers' diarrhoea (etiologically different from endemic diarrhoea) are mentioned. the epidemiology of acute diarrhoea in adults in switzerland, which has so far not been investigated extensively, is documented from results of our own prospective study. these results demonstrate that 30% of endemic diarrhoea cases in switzerland are caused by salmonella and campylobacter and 1 ... | 1984 | 6334358 |
| occurrence of clostridium difficile toxin-associated gastroenteritis following antibiotic therapy for otitis media in young children. | the pathogenesis of diarrhea following antibiotic therapy for otitis media in young children remains unknown. we performed a prospective study evaluating the incidence of diarrhea and clostridium difficile toxin in 115 outpatients (ages 6 months to 6 years) with acute otitis media treated with ampicillin, amoxicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. in 21 patients younger than one year of age six of 11 developing diarrhea had toxin-positive stools compared with three of 10 without diarrhea (p = ... | 1984 | 6333674 |
| comparative study of the nature and biological activities of bacterial enterotoxins. | it is apparent that there are considerable similarities between many of the enterotoxins produced by enteric pathogens. although the effect of most of these toxins is restricted to the intestine in vivo, many cells are also sensitive to intoxication in vitro. the resultant in-vitro biochemical changes may have no pathological significance but serve to underline the central role of cyclic nucleotides in cellular fluid regulation. the biological activity of these enterotoxins is the result of inte ... | 1984 | 6327986 |
| [effect of the ingestion of wheat bran on the fecal microbial flora of human donors and of recipient gnotoxenic mice, and on the barrier effects exerted by these flora against various potentially pathogenic microorganisms]. | the effect of bran ingestion on the flora of the human digestive tract was studied using two methods: quantitative enumeration of various microbial populations of the faecal flora, and a demonstration of the antagonistic effect exerted by the faecal flora against various potentially pathogenic bacteria of the environment. since this latter study cannot be effected in human subjects, we used a model constituted by axenic mice inoculated with patients' flora. faecal samples from 3 human donors rec ... | 1984 | 6326642 |
| clostridial toxins in neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. | clostridium difficile cytopathic toxin was found in the faeces or gut content of five of 39 neonates with necrotising enterocolitis (nec). toxin concentrations were uniformly low and did not differ from those found in healthy neonates. c difficile is unlikely to be involved in the pathogenesis of nec. stools from 33 babies with nec were also tested for c perfringens alpha toxin, with negative results. | 1984 | 6324700 |
| inactivation of clostridium difficile cytotoxin by the neutrophil myeloperoxidase system. | the cytotoxin of clostridium difficile was examined for sensitivity to oxidant secretory products of neutrophils. exposure to myeloperoxidase, h2o2, and a halide resulted in loss of toxin activity measured by tissue-culture cytotoxicity. the peroxide requirement was provided by reagent h2o2, a peroxide-generating enzyme (glucose oxidase), or a peroxide-producing intestinal microorganism, lactobacillus acidophilus. human neutrophils stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate caused similar toxin ina ... | 1984 | 6321608 |
| gastrointestinal cytomegalovirus infection in a homosexual man with severe acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | a 44-yr-old white homosexual man with a history of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia developed watery diarrhea and fever. flexible sigmoidoscopy revealed yellow plaques in the sigmoid colon suggestive of pseudomembranous colitis. stool examination for ova and parasites, clostridium difficile toxin, and cultures for pathogens, including clostridium difficile, were negative. infection with multiple organisms, including mycobacterium avium intracellulare, toxoplasma gondii, herpes simplex, and cytomeg ... | 1983 | 6313468 |
| the polymicrobial origin of intestinal infections in homosexual men. | to determine the microbial cause and the clinical and pathologic correlates of anorectal and intestinal symptoms in homosexually active men, we performed comprehensive microbiologic studies, anoscopy, sigmoid-oscopy, and rectal biopsy in men examined in a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. enteric pathogens were found in 95 of 119 consecutive homosexual men with anorectal or intestinal symptoms and in 29 of 75 randomly selected homosexual men without such symptoms (p less than 0.001). the ... | 1983 | 6308444 |
| clostridium difficile toxin-induced intestinal secretion in rabbit ileum in vitro. | in rabbit ileum in vitro clostridium difficile toxin (200 microliter crude extract) almost abolished net na absorption, by decreasing mucosa to serosa flux, and induced net cl secretion by increasing the serosa to mucosa flux. these flux changes were induced when there was no visible histological damage to the mucosa. the toxin did not influence adenylate or guanylate cyclase activity in a plasma membrane fraction of isolated rabbit enterocytes nor did it affect camp concentrations in intact rab ... | 1983 | 6303915 |
| in vitro susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolates to cefotaxime, moxalactam, and cefoperazone. | the in vitro susceptibility of 20 isolates of clostridium difficile to cefotaxime, moxalactam, and cefoperazone was determined by a standard agar dilution method. the median minimal inhibitory concentrations were 64, 32, and 32 mug/ml for cefotaxime, moxalactam, and cefoperazone, respectively. | 1982 | 6285817 |
| implication of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens iota toxins in experimental lincomycin-associated colitis of rabbits. | following oral administration of lincomycin, over 50% of two groups of 12 rabbits each died between 4 and 56 days with distended, non-hemorrhagic, fluid-filled ceca. bacteria-free cecal filtrates from the rabbits that died were lethal for mice, cytopathic in y-1 tissue culture monolayers, and caused increased vascular permeability in rabbit skin. although the cecal filtrates of both groups had similar biological activity, the filtrate activity of one group was neutralized by clostridium perfring ... | 1982 | 6285077 |
| clostridium difficile toxin as a confounding factor in enterovirus isolation. | a peculiar cytotoxic effect, occasionally encountered in the course of inoculating cell cultures with fecal specimens for routine enterovirus isolation attempts, was shown to be produced by clostridium difficile toxin. | 1980 | 6273451 |
| [influence of cefotiam (sce-963, ctm) on bowel flora (author's transl)]. | the influence on bowel flora of ctm was studied in 5 children who were taking normal diet. 1) in the cases following no diarrhea, administration of ctm caused no significant changes in bowel flora. in the cases following diarrhea, administration of ctm caused a fall in coliform, bep group, lactobacillus and peptostreptococcus. however, after the administration was discontinued, the reduced bowel flora was returned to the normal range within a few days. 2) no overgrowth of bowel flora by pseudomo ... | 1981 | 6270414 |
| [transferable tetracycline resistance in "clostridium difficile" (author's transl)]. | tetracycline (tc) resistance is transferable from a resistant strain of clostridium difficile to a sensitive strain and this resistance is not curable. resistances to erythromycin and clindamycin are curable but not transferable. these results suggest for these resistances a plasmid determinism. it is shown that a plasmid-mediated tc resistance (pip401) of c. perfringens is also transferable to c. difficile. tc resistance is inducible in c. perfringens and constitutively expressed in c. difficil ... | 1980 | 6247949 |
| effects of clostridium difficile toxin on tissue-cultured cells. | a partially purified toxin of clostridium difficile induced similar morphologic changes in three different tissue-cultured mammalian cell lines. the morphologic changes were not associated with biochemical changes indentical to those caused by the enterotoxins of vibrio cholerae and escherichia coli. although the mechanisms responsible for the noncytotoxic morphologic effects remain to be delineated, the toxin appears to exert its effects by directly affecting membrane constituents. | 1980 | 6245152 |
| [isolation of clostridium difficile from anaerobic myonecrosis of the upper extremity]. | 1984 | 6238682 | |
| interaction between clostridium difficile toxin a and mammalian cells. | 1983 | 6228124 | |
| ceftazidime in patients with pseudomonas infections. | ceftazidime was administered to 41 patients with serious infections caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa (24 cases) and other bacteria (17 cases). the clinical response rate of pseudomonas infections (88%) was similar to that of other bacteria (94%) with microbiological eradication of 83% of initial pseudomonas isolates compared to 82% of non-pseudomonas strains. the development of resistance to ceftazidime during therapy was observed in 3 cases (enterobacter agglomerans, enterobacter cloacae, and p ... | 1983 | 6225762 |
| ceftazidime in severe infections: a swiss multicentre study. | a total of 105 patients (mean age 57, range 15 to 90) with serious infections were treated with intravenous ceftazidime, usually 2 g 8-hourly. most patients had complicating factors such as major surgery, cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease, catheters or anatomical abnormalities. eighty-seven infectious episodes in 77 patients could be assessed for efficacy. bacteraemia was diagnosed in 26% of these episodes. seventy-five per cent of infections were due to gram-negative bacteria, pseudomona ... | 1983 | 6225761 |
| 16,16-dimethyl-prostaglandin e2 inhibits toxin release from clostridium difficile. | 1983 | 6221643 | |
| piperacillin sodium: antibacterial spectrum, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and adverse reactions. | piperacillin sodium is a beta lactam antibiotic with a broad range of antibacterial activity that includes gram-negative bacilli, gram-positive cocci (except penicillinase-producing s. aureus) and anaerobic pathogens such as clostridium difficile, and bacteroides fragilis. piperacillin inhibits many of the members of the enterobacteriaceae, including klebsiella sp and pseudomonas, at lower concentrations than required for carbenicillin and ticarcillin. piperacillin sodium is administered by intr ... | 1982 | 6220262 |
| in vitro antibacterial activity of norfloxacin (mk-0366, am-715) and other agents against gastrointestinal tract pathogens. | a comparison was made of the in vitro activities of norfloxacin and of nine other orally administered antibacterial agents against 180 clinical isolates representing the bacterial species most frequently implicated in infections of the gastrointestinal tract in humans. the 90% minimal inhibitory concentrations showed norfloxacin to be 4, 15, 4, 17, 17, 17, and 33 times more active than the next best compound tested against campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni, escherichia coli, salmonella spp., shi ... | 1983 | 6219622 |
| a prospective randomized trial to compare mezlocillin and metronidazole with cefuroxime and metronidazole as prophylaxis in elective colorectal operations. | a prospective randomized trial has compared a broad spectrum ureidopenicillin with a broad spectrum cephalosporin for prophylaxis against the aerobic organisms encountered during elective colonic surgery. even though only two doses of antibiotics were administered the incidence of severe sepsis was low. severe wound infection occurred in three of the patients receiving mezlocillin and metronidazole (6 per cent) compared with six in the group receiving cefuroxime and metronidazole (13 per cent). ... | 1983 | 6198367 |
| prospective study of gram-stained stool smears in diagnosis of clostridium difficile colitis. | gram stains of stools from patients with diarrhea and control patients with no diarrhea were examined for a predominance of gram-positive rods and the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. results were compared with those from lower gastrointestinal endoscopy for pseudomembranes. clostridium difficile culturing, and c. difficile toxin assay. the gram stain was moderately difficult to interpret and was not useful in diagnosing diarrheal disease associated with c. difficile. | 1983 | 6190839 |
| production of antitoxins to two toxins of clostridium difficile and immunological comparison of the toxins by cross-neutralization studies. | we prepared antitoxins specific for each of two toxins of clostridium difficile and used these to demonstrate that the toxins are immunologically distinct. | 1982 | 6172384 |
| intoxication of cultured human lung fibroblasts with clostridium difficile toxin. | the cytopathogenic effect of partially purified toxin from clostridium difficile on cultured human lung fibroblasts was studied. conditions for determination of 50% tissue culture dose were standardized. the cytopathogenic effect of the toxin was dependent on toxin concentration, exposure time, and density of the cells. transfer of the cells to 0 degrees c did not inhibit binding of toxin to the fibroblast surface, but prevented the development of the cytopathogenic effect. both binding of toxin ... | 1981 | 6167521 |
| diarrhoea and simultaneous excretion of clostridium difficile cytotoxin and c perfringens enterotoxin. | 1984 | 6150266 | |
| occurrence of clostridium difficile toxin in inflammatory bowel disease. | the occurrence of clostridium difficile toxin in faeces has been studied in 53 inpatients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) at 57 admissions. before faecal sampling of the patients had had sulphasalazine therapy--17 for more than 1 year--and 16 patients had taken antibiotics on 20 occasions within the last year. the toxin was found in 3 out of 57 samples (5%). in all cases it could be detected only in undiluted stool filtrate. none of the patients was treated for the c. difficile infection; ... | 1983 | 6144171 |
| typing scheme for clostridium difficile: its application in clinical and epidemiological studies. | epidemiological studies of clostridium difficile diarrhoeal disease have been hindered by the lack of a typing scheme for this organism. a typing method based on the incorporation of sulphur-35-labelled methionine into cellular proteins and their separation by sodium dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed clear pattern differences between strains, and nine distinct groups within the c difficile species were established. 98% of 250 clinical strains derived from four hospitals w ... | 1984 | 6143871 |
| the influence of drugs on the response of a cell culture preparation to bacterial toxins. | the influence was studied of lanthanum chloride, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, indomethacin and sodium cromoglycate on the morphological changes induced in vero cells by the action of the cholera toxin, the thermolabile enterotoxin (lt) and the vero cell cytotoxin (vt) of escherichia coli, the enterotoxin of clostridium perfringens, and the cytotoxin of clostridium difficile. these drugs were able to inhibit the effects produced by c. difficile cytotoxin but not by the other toxins examined. | 1984 | 6142959 |
| metronidazole or vancomycin for clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea. | 1983 | 6140511 | |
| prospective randomised trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for clostridium-difficile-associated diarrhoea and colitis. | 101 patients with clostridium-difficile-associated diarrhoea or colitis were prospectively randomised to 10-day oral courses of metronidazole, 250 mg four times a day, or vancomycin, 500 mg four times a day. 7 did not complete the protocol and were dropped from analysis. pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) was diagnosed after endoscopy in 33 patients. of the remaining patients without pmc, 38 had both c difficile culture and cytotoxin and 23 had only culture evidence of c difficile. 52 evaluable pati ... | 1983 | 6138597 |
| relapsing clostridium difficile enterocolitis cured by rectal infusion of homologous faeces. | 1983 | 6137662 | |
| clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease. | stools from 109 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (13.4%) contained clostridium difficile or its toxin, an incidence similar to the stools of 99 control patients with diarrhoea (11.9%), but significantly higher than the stools of 77 control patients with a normal bowel habit (1.4%). sixty-six per cent of the diarrhoea controls, but only 11% of the inflammatory bowel disease patients, reported recent antibiotic use: however, 67% of inflammatory bowel disease patients were taking sulphasala ... | 1983 | 6135648 |
| clostridium difficile and its toxins. | 1983 | 6134163 | |
| stimulation of enterotoxin production of clostridium difficile ny antibiotics. | 1983 | 6131337 | |
| peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. laboratory and clinical studies. | during a three year period, 1979-81, 82 patients were treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (capd). the incidence of peritonitis was reduced significantly during the three years from one episode per 20 patient-weeks to one episode every 37 patient-weeks. 83% of the 136 episodes of peritonitis were treated successfully by antibiotic therapy alone. 62% of the total episodes were managed successfully with intraperitoneal cefuroxime. in 13 (16%) patients, capd failed because of perito ... | 1982 | 6129474 |
| toxin a (enterotoxin) from clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated colitis. | 1982 | 6128576 | |
| necrotizing enterocolitis during agranulocytosis and clostridium difficile colitis. | 1982 | 6126653 | |
| enteropathogenicity: recent developments. | recent studies have added important new information to our understanding of the pathogenesis and ethiology of diarrheal disease. vibrio cholerae produces a heat-labile enterotoxin, affecting cyclic amp. a very similar heat-labile enterotoxin is produced also by certain strains of escherichia coli, as well as by citrobacter, klebsiella, and aeromonas. e. coli may also produce a heat-stable enterotoxin, stimulating guanylate cyclase activity. in order to produce the pathologic effects, e. coli fir ... | 1982 | 6126611 |
| cross infection and clostridium difficile. | 1982 | 6125795 | |
| cross-infection and clostridium difficile. | 1982 | 6125644 | |
| atypical clostridium difficile colitis in neutropenic patients. | 1982 | 6123878 | |
| clostridium difficile from stools of normal children. | 1982 | 6122967 | |
| clostridium difficile in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative colitis. | 1982 | 6122916 | |
| clostridium difficile, enterocolitis, and hirschsprung's disease. | 1982 | 6121250 | |
| pseudomembranous colitis. a complication of sulfasalazine therapy in a patient with crohn's colitis. | pseudomembranous colitis is a potentially life-threatening acute medical problem usually associated with a history of previous antibiotic exposure. presented here is a case of sulfasalazine associated pseudomembranous colitis in a patient with known crohn's colitis. the diagnosis was confirmed by identifying clostridium difficile toxin in the stool. this a newly reported complication of sulfasalazine therapy. | 1981 | 6119900 |
| association between clostridium difficile and enterocolitis in hirschsprung's disease. | 1982 | 6119496 | |
| gas-liquid chromatography and clostridium difficile. | 1981 | 6118692 | |
| gas-liquid chromatography as screening test for clostridium difficile. | 1981 | 6118541 | |
| purified clostridium difficile cytotoxin stimulates guanylate cyclase activity and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity. | antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis has been linked with clostridium difficile toxin. we examined the effect of toxins from four strains of c. difficile isolated from patients with pseudomembranous colitis on colonic adenylate (ec 4.6.1.1) and guanylate cyclase (ec 4.6.1.2) activities. partially purified toxins had a cytotoxic effect on hamster fibroblasts in culture at a concentration of 10 ng/ml. likewise, these toxins enhanced colonic guanylate cyclase activity two- to threefold, w ... | 1981 | 6114928 |
| enterotoxin(s) of clostridium difficile. | 1981 | 6114310 | |
| is pseudomembranous colitis infectious? | a cluster of eight patients in two adjacent hospital wards acquired acute diarrhoea within a period of 11 days. all their stool samples contained clostridium difficile toxin and c. difficile was isolated in every case. three patients had rectal biopsy findings compatible with pseudomembranous colitis (pmc). all the patients responded to treatment with oral vancomycin. until the possibility of pmc being acquired by cross-infection is clarified such patients should be nursed in isolation with stri ... | 1981 | 6109999 |
| clostridium difficile and non-antibiotic-associated colitis. | 1980 | 6106775 | |
| clostridium difficile and chronic inflammatory bowel disease. | 1980 | 6103129 | |
| clostridium difficile and chronic bowel disease. | 1980 | 6101850 | |
| clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea: a role in inflammatory bowel disease? | 56 patients with diarrhoea were screened for the presence of clostridium difficile toxin in their stool. the test was positive in 9: 5 had severe inflammatory bowel disease and were receiving systemic steroids; 2 were on steroids for other conditions; 1 had been on antibiotics; and in 1 there was no apparent predisposing factor. in each case clearance of the toxin was associated with clinical improvement. evidently cl. difficile toxin is not specific for antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, but is a ... | 1980 | 6101842 |
| therapeutic implications of clostridium difficile toxin during relapse of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. | clostridium difficile toxin was present in the stools of six patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease during symptomatic relapse. only two of these individuals had received antibiotics known to cause pseudomembranous colitis, and on proctoscopy none had pseudomembranes. in all patients disappearance of toxin, either with vancomycin therapy (five patients) or spontaneously (one patient), was associated with symptomatic improvement. cl. difficile toxin may complicate chronic inflammatory b ... | 1980 | 6101841 |
| enzyme immunoassays for detection of clostridium difficile toxins a and b in fecal specimens. | enzyme immunoassays for detection of clostridium difficile toxins a and b were developed with use of a double-sandwich microtiter plate format. each assay was specific for its respective toxin and was sensitive to 0.1 ng of toxin. neither assay was reactive with 13 other species of clostridia. one hundred fifty fecal specimens submitted for tissue culture cytotoxicity assay were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). of the 79 tissue culture-positive specimens, 72 (91%) were pos ... | 1984 | 6101243 |
| quantitative assay for acute intestinal inflammation based on myeloperoxidase activity. assessment of inflammation in rat and hamster models. | an assay was devised to quantitate acute intestinal inflammation based on the assessment of myeloperoxidase activity. myeloperoxidase is an enzyme found in neutrophils and, in much smaller quantities, in monocytes and macrophages. myeloperoxidase was solubilized with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and myeloperoxidase activity was measured with a dianisidine-h2o2 assay. in neutrophil suspensions, myeloperoxidase activity was directly related to cell number down to as few as 500 cells. myelope ... | 1984 | 6092199 |
| micro-organisms in gastroenteritis. | we present bacteriological and virological findings together with salient clinical features from a prospective study of 447 children aged under 2 years admitted to hospital with infectious gastroenteritis. putative pathogenic micro-organisms were identified in the stools of 75% of these children. eight identifiably distinct groups of viruses, found on electron microscopy and tissue culture were present in 67% of patients--rotavirus was detected most frequently. pathogenic bacteria (salmonellas, ... | 1984 | 6091568 |
| cefotaxime-associated diarrhea and clostridium difficile. | a patient with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial pneumonitis, treated with prednisolone, developed mild colitis due to clostridium difficile in association with the use of cefotaxime (ctx). diarrhea was successfully treated with the discontinuation of ctx and initiation of oral vancomycin. | 1984 | 6088823 |
| effect of bacterial contamination on cecal size and cecal contents of gnotobiotic rodents. | in the present investigation the effect of various bacterial contaminations of gnotobiotic mice and rats on cecal size is presented. of the species tested, bacteroides oralis and fusobacterium nucleatum did not establish in germ-free mice. streptococcus mutans, clostridium difficile, a neisseria strain and two recent cecal isolates established, but failed to exert an effect upon the cecum of mice. a group k streptococcus and b. fragilis increased the cecal size apparently by increasing the level ... | 1969 | 5808078 |
| autoantibodies to colon in germfree rats monocontaminated with clostridium difficile. | germfree rats monocontaminated with the anaerobic microorganisms clostridium difficile or another clostridium species (strain g 62) produce auto-antibodies to colon antigen. the antigen can be extracted with phenol water from the feces of germfree rats. antibodies, demonstrable by means of passive hemagglutination of antigen sensitized sheep erythrocytes appear after monocontamination for 35 days or longer. the indirect immunofluorescence techniques, applied to sections of germfree rat colon, ga ... | 1969 | 4886046 |
| immunological studies in ulcerative colitis. iv. origin of autoantibodies. | the incidence and height of antibody titers to colon, assayed by indirect hemagglutination with a heat stable colon extract from germ free rats, is significantly higher in sera from patients with ulcerative colitis than in those from healthy controls or from patients with amebic liver abscess or dysentery. while sera from ulcerative colitis patients and controls are indistinguishable in regard to incidence and height of antibody titers to forsman antigen, staphylococcus aureus s 209, clostridium ... | 1968 | 4879999 |
| the immune response in a patient to an infection with bacteroides fragilis ss. fragilis and clostridium difficile. | 1972 | 4629360 | |
| clostridium difficile in hospital patients. | 1985 | 4093157 | |
| inhibitory effect of a copper-dipeptide complex on the establishment of a clostridium perenne strain in the intestinal tract of gnotobiotic mice. | a semisynthetic diet fed to axenic mice was found to prevent the establishment of a clostridium perenne strain in their intestinal tract. this inhibitory effect did not occur when axenic mice were preinoculated with a strain of clostridium difficile. the inhibitory effect was related to the presence in the intestinal contents of axenic mice of both dietary copper and a dipeptide, aspartic-epsilon-lysine. when c. difficile was inoculated into axenic mice, the dipeptide disappeared from the digest ... | 1985 | 4091557 |
| in vitro susceptibility of clostridium difficile to new beta-lactam and quinolone antibiotics. | the in vitro susceptibilities of 34 to 73 clinical isolates of clostridium difficile to 24 antimicrobial agents, including 18 beta-lactams, 4 fluoroquinolones, clindamycin, and metronidazole were examined. metronidazole was the most active (mic for 90% of the isolates [mic90], 0.5 microgram/ml), followed by the carbapenems (sch 34343, 4 micrograms/ml; imipenem, 8 micrograms/ml) and the antipseudomonas penicillins (piperacillin, 8 micrograms/ml; ticarcillin, 32 micrograms/ml; carbenicillin, 32 mi ... | 1985 | 4083868 |
| clostridium difficile induced colitis occurring during cefotaxime therapy. | 1985 | 4082361 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis in leukemia patients. | leukemia patients with diarrhea or other abdominal symptoms have been investigated for the presence of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in stools. of the patients studied 19% had c. difficile, in most cases together with cytotoxin. all patients but one had received antibiotics, while one had been treated with cytotoxic agents only. symptoms of colitis were most often abdominal pain and distension rather than diarrhea. owing to the not infrequent fatal evolution, it is recommended that rou ... | 1985 | 4076283 |
| clostridium difficile-associated colitis in uremic patients. | five uremic patients managed in a renal unit developed clostridium difficile-associated colitis. four cases occurred in a cluster at about the same time. all patients had previously received or were on antibiotic therapy at the onset of diarrhea and one patient was also on oral steroid therapy. cefotaxime, a third generation cephalosporin was involved in all five cases. all patients had severe diseases with explosive diarrhea and systemic toxicity. the diagnosis was confirmed in all cases by cul ... | 1985 | 4075596 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea follows perioperative prophylaxis with cefoxitin. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea during prolonged therapy of obstetric and gynecologic infections is known to occur with use of all classes of antibiotics except vancomycin and the aminoglycosides. we present 11 cases of c. difficile-associated diarrhea which followed a short course of perioperative prophylaxis with cefoxitin during a 1-year period. nine of the cases of c. difficile-associated diarrhea were among 162 women who received cefoxitin perioperative prophylaxis for cesarean se ... | 1985 | 4073152 |
| lack of relationship between clostridium difficile toxin and inflammatory bowel disease in children. | conflicting reports have appeared concerning the role of clostridium difficile toxin in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. therefore, we prospectively evaluated the incidence of c. difficile toxin in 44 children with inflammatory bowel disease of variable clinical severity over a 1-year period. only 3/128 stool specimens provided by these patients were found to be toxin-positive. these three stool specimens were from three different patients with crohn's disease of moderate severity who had no ... | 1985 | 4067226 |
| identification of clostridium difficile using the api zym system. | the use of the api zym system for the identification of clostridium difficile was investigated. the enzyme profiles generated by this system readily distinguished strains of clostridium difficile from other clostridia commonly isolated from faeces. enzyme activity of clostridium difficile was influenced by the composition of the culture medium but appeared to be independent of the age of the culture. given careful standardisation of techniques the api zym system is a suitable alternative to conv ... | 1985 | 4065138 |
| chronic diarrhea associated with hypogammaglobulinemia and enteropathy in infants and children. | in order to define the gastrointestinal manifestations and small intestinal structure and function in a group of infants with chronic nonspecific diarrhea and hypogammaglobulinemia, we retrospectively identified 55 such patients from a population of 518 children evaluated for chronic diarrhea over a 6-year span (10.6%). all patients had igg levels 2.0 sd or more below the mean values for age. patients with biochemical evidence of protein loss (enteropathy or nephropathy) were excluded. there was ... | 1985 | 4064865 |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with single-dose cefazolin prophylaxis. | diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis are associated with antimicrobial therapy and prophylaxis. clostridium difficile colitis occurred in a patient who received a single dose of cefazolin for prophylaxis at cesarean section. prompt remission occurred after treatment with oral vancomycin. | 1985 | 4058831 |
| [disorders of intestinal flora in intensive care patients]. | the intestinal flora under normal conditions prevents colonisation of the intestinal mucosa with pathogenic bacteria. various diseases as well as antibiotics may disturb the host/bacteria balance. if patients are in addition immunocompromised, otherwise commensal bacteria may cause life threatening infections. treatment of intensive care patients with antibiotics thus should account for preservation of resistance against colonization. antibiotics active against anaerobes or poorly absorbed from ... | 1985 | 4058231 |
| clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens in upper gut of infants with protracted diarrhoea. | 1985 | 4056073 | |
| survey of neuraminidase production by clostridium butyricum, clostridium beijerinckii, and clostridium difficile strains from clinical and nonclinical sources. | neuraminidase production was investigated in 57 clostridium butyricum strains, 16 clostridium beijerinckii strains, and 25 clostridium difficile strains. neuraminidase activity was found only in c. butyricum strains originating from one human newborn with neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, two newborns with hemorrhagic colitis, one infected placenta, and one adult with peritonitis, it was concluded that neuraminidase was not a major virulence factor in c. butyricum strains. | 1985 | 4056013 |
| superinfections during antimicrobial treatment with betalactam-aminoglycoside combinations in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies. | the frequency, etiology and risk factors of superinfections during and/or within one week after antibiotic therapy with betalactam-aminoglycoside combinations were evaluated in 631 patients with hematologic malignancies admitted to the institute of hematology of rome from january 1982 to december 1984. 356 patients (56%) developed 402 episodes of proven or presumed infection. of these patients, 78 developed 102 superinfections. overall, superinfections responded less satisfactorily to antibiotic ... | 1985 | 4055041 |
| antibiotic-associated colitis due to clostridium difficile: double-blind comparison of vancomycin with bacitracin. | a randomized double-blind study was carried out in patients with unresolving antibiotic-associated colitis due to clostridium difficile, to compare the effect of bacitracin (80,000 u/day) with vancomycin (500 mg/day) on the resolution of symptoms, clearance of organism, and prevention of relapse. forty-two patients with colitis, 9 of whom had a pseudomembrane, were randomized, 21 patients to each treatment group. the two groups were comparable in age, disease severity, and antibiotic exposure. f ... | 1985 | 4043661 |
| identification of clostridium difficile by detection of p-cresol in a cooked meat medium. | 1985 | 4043071 | |
| [incidence of diarrhea caused by toxin-producing clostridium difficile in hungary]. | 1985 | 4034181 | |
| spontaneous pseudomembranous colitis not associated with clostridium difficile. | this paper describes two patients who developed macroscopically and microscopically typical pseudomembranous colitis without prior exposure to antimicrobial agents and without detectable clostridium difficile or its toxin in the faeces. | 1985 | 4031517 |
| comparative in-vitro activity of sch 34343 for a wide spectrum of clinically significant anaerobic bacteria. | one hundred and fifty strains of anaerobic bacteria including 45 bacteroides, 19 fusobacteria, 41 cocci, 34 clostridia, and 11 gram-positive non-sporeforming rods were tested by agar dilution for their susceptibilities to cefoxitin, cefuroxime, latamoxef (moxalactam), penicillin g, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, metronidazole and sch 34343. excluding the 34 clostridia, 115 of the 116 remaining strains were inhibited by less than or equal to 1 mg/l of sch 34343. one isolate of bacteroides fragilis ... | 1985 | 4030546 |
| serum antibody response to clostridium difficile toxins in patients with clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | consecutive serum samples from 61 patients with clostridium difficile diarrhoea were investigated for antibody response to c. difficile toxins a and b in an indirect enzyme immunoassay (elisa) and in a neutralization assay against c. difficile cytotoxin. sera from 64 blood donors, elderly healthy females and patients with other known intestinal enteropathogens served as controls. an immune response was detected by elisa in approximately half of the patients with c. difficile diarrhoea. the speci ... | 1985 | 4030111 |
| studies with temocillin in the hamster model of antibiotic-associated colitis. | the studies reported here were designed to ascertain whether or not the new beta-lactam antibiotic, temocillin, would produce antibiotic-associated colitis in the hamster. the experiments were controlled with clindamycin and cefoxitin, which are known to induce antibiotic-associated colitis experimentally and clinically. all three antibiotics were administered to groups of animals both parenterally and orally. clindamycin, at 1 mg/hamster, caused a slow onset of antibiotic-associated colitis by ... | 1985 | 4029030 |
| pseudomembranous colitis and wound infection following perioperative use of multiple antibiotics. | the prophylactic use of antibiotics in elective surgery of the colon is accepted practice, but it has inherent risks. the authors report the case of a 70-year-old woman who had wound infection and severe, relapsing pseudomembranous colitis due to clostridium difficile after a short course of antibiotics given orally and parenterally at the time of elective resection of the colon. perioperatively, she received erythromycin base and neomycin orally, plus netilmicin and metronidazole intravenously. ... | 1985 | 4027790 |
| clostridium difficile colitis following head and neck surgery. report of cases. | clostridium difficile, a toxin-producing, gram-positive anaerobe, has been implicated as the causative agent of pseudomembranous colitis, an acute inflammatory bowel disease that generally occurs in association with antimicrobial therapy. this subject has received extensive review in the general surgical, medical, and pediatric literature but has not been specifically addressed in the literature of our specialty. we present the report of four recent cases, including one that progressed to the cl ... | 1985 | 4026668 |
| activity of a peptidyl prodrug, alafosfalin, against anaerobic bacteria. | alafosfalin, an antibacterial phosphonodipeptide requiring peptide transport for activity, was tested for activity against clinical strains of anaerobic bacteria in peptide-free roche sensitivity test medium no. 5 agar. it was active against bacteroides spp., fusobacterium nucleatum, and clostridium perfringens but not against clostridium difficile. alafosfalin activity was antagonized by appropriate peptides. synergy was obtained with other cell wall-active antibiotics. | 1985 | 4026269 |
| clostridium difficile in patients with cystic fibrosis. | one hundred seven patients with cystic fibrosis (cf) and 54 other patients with risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated disease were entered into a bacteriologic study to compare the rate of recovery of c difficile and cytotoxin in feces with occurrence of diarrhea and to investigate potentially protective or permissive relationships of fecal flora. toxigenic c difficile was recovered from 22% of cf patients and 11% of patients with other diagnoses. unlike the latter group, the majorit ... | 1985 | 4025261 |
| kinetics of cytotoxin production in feces of gnotobiotic mice and rats associated with two strains of clostridium difficile. | 1985 | 4022976 | |
| experimental models of clostridium difficile enterocolitis in gnotobiotic mice. | 1985 | 4022975 | |
| effect of filtrate containing clostridium difficile toxin on rectal mucosa maintained in organ culture. | rectal biopsies were maintained in organ culture over a 24-hour culture period, with good preservation of histological architecture. a filtrate containing clostridium difficile toxin significantly inhibited the rise in epithelial alkaline phosphatase activity normally seen during culture. this effect was abolished by pre-incubation of the filtrate with clostridium sordellii antitoxin, or heat inactivation. this effect is most probably due to a toxin of c. difficile. the method provides a new qua ... | 1985 | 4018440 |
| production of toxins a and b by clostridium difficile strains isolated from infants and adults. | 1985 | 4015295 | |
| in vitro activity of sch 34343 and cefbuperazone against anaerobic bacteria. | the in vitro activities of sch 34343, a new penem antibiotic, and cefbuperazone, a new cephamycin antibiotic, were determined against 459 clinical anaerobic bacterial isolates and compared with the activities of imipenem and cefoxitin, respectively, by an agar dilution method. both penems showed potent and similar activity against all anaerobic bacteria tested, particularly peptococcus spp., bacteroides fragilis, and clostridium perfringens. all organisms except a single strain of fusobacterium ... | 1985 | 4015069 |
| evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea. | the appropriate approach to the diagnosis and management of acute infectious diarrhea is determined by the frequency and setting of the illness, the recognizable causes or syndromes, the cost and yield of available diagnostic tests, and the treatability of the disease. acute diarrhea affects everyone throughout the world from one to more than six times each year, depending on age, location, and living conditions. the range of identifiable viral, bacterial, and parasitic etiologies is great, and ... | 1985 | 4014291 |
| [the role of clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated enteritis]. | 1985 | 4010560 | |
| germinability and heat resistance of spores of clostridium difficile strains. | out of 111 clostridium difficile strains, 108 produced spores in numbers of more than 10(5)/ml and the remaining three did not produce any spores in brain heart infusion medium. the germination frequency in the medium without lysozyme varied widely from strain to strain, ranging from less than 10(-8) to 10(0), and in 77 of the 108 strains the germination frequency was 10(-5) or less. the spores, when treated with sodium thioglycollate and then inoculated into the medium containing lysozyme, germ ... | 1985 | 4010539 |