Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| improved immunologic detection of clostridium difficile antigen by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. | an improved counterimmunoelectrophoresis (cie) procedure for detection of clostridium difficile antigen is described. commercially available antiserum to c. difficile toxin was absorbed with whole cells of c. difficile. cie (absorbed) was 100% sensitive and 77.5% specific when compared to the tissue culture toxin assay. instances are noted in which the cie (absorbed) and/or bacterial culture was positive and the tissue culture assay was negative. | 1983 | 6671366 |
| [clostridium difficile and its toxin in a series of cases of crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis]. | 1983 | 6670447 | |
| [clostridium difficile]. | 1983 | 6670306 | |
| detection of clostridium difficile cytotoxin in hep-2 and cho cell lines. | the detection of clostridium difficile cytotoxin was compared in two established cell lines; chinese hamster ovary (cho) and a human epithelial line, hep-2. all specimens with positive toxin assays were detected with the cho cell line, whereas only one-half of positive specimens were detected with the hep-2 cells. | 1983 | 6667607 |
| interaction of clostridium difficile toxins and mouse hepatic microsomes. | intraperitoneal administration of toxins of clostridium difficile to mice resulted in loss of hepatic cytochrome p450 and peroxidation of microsomal lipids. pretreatment with the microsomal enzyme inducer beta-naphthoflavone partially alleviated these effects and increased survival time of intoxicated animals. | 1983 | 6658814 |
| false-positive counterimmunoelectrophoresis tests for clostridium difficile: the role of clostridium bifermentans and clostridium sordellii. | 1983 | 6655298 | |
| internalization of clostridium difficile cytotoxin into cultured human lung fibroblasts. | in cultured human lung fibroblasts treated with clostridium difficile cytotoxin, the latency before appearance of the cytopathogenic effect was dose-related with a minimum of 45 min. at 37 degrees c, the toxin was accessible on all cells to inactivation with trypsin or neutralization with antitoxin during the first tenth of the latency. at 0 degrees c, the toxin was accessible considerably longer. the cytopathogenic effect was reversibly prevented by the lysosomotropic agents chloroquine and amm ... | 1983 | 6652117 |
| intestinal colonization of infant hamsters with clostridium difficile. | infant hamsters of different ages were examined for their susceptibility to enteric clostridium difficile colonization. intragastric administration of c. difficile to infant hamsters resulted in multiplication of the organism in the intestinal tracts of animals 4 to 12 days old; hamsters younger or older were resistant to c. difficile intestinal colonization. toxicity to the colonized animals could not be demonstrated despite cytotoxin titers in some infant hamsters comparable to titers found in ... | 1983 | 6642638 |
| rifampin and pseudomembranous colitis. | isolates of toxigenic clostridium difficile, the most frequent cause of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis, are almost always highly susceptible to rifampin. however, resistant isolates exist and have been associated with colitis in both hamsters and humans given rifampin. rifampin is rarely implicated in the disease in humans; only six cases have been documented, all in elderly patients receiving treatment for tuberculosis. at least three of these patients had liver disease, and all ... | 1983 | 6635443 |
| lack of relationship of clostridium difficile to antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children. | we studied prospectively the conversion rate to clostridium difficile-positive stool cultures in 31 children receiving oral antibiotics for common infections and looked for a possible association of c. difficile colonization with diarrhea. the incidence of pretreatment positive stool cultures was 35% with the majority of positive findings in infants less than 1 year of age. after treatment with oral antibiotics c. difficile was cultured from the stool of 42% of the children. eleven children deve ... | 1983 | 6634465 |
| cytotoxin production by clostridium sordellii strains. | a total of 55 strains of clostridium sordellii, 21 lethal toxin-positive and 34 lethal toxin-negative, were tested for cytotoxin production in brain heart infusion medium supplemented with 0.2% na2hpo4 (m-bhi) and cooked-meat-glucose (cmg) medium using baby hamster kidney (bhk-21/wi-2) cells as indicator cells. the m-bhi medium was preferred to cmg medium and 24 hr of incubation was sufficient for cytotoxin production. nineteen of the 21 toxigenic strains were also cytotoxigenic, and the strengt ... | 1983 | 6633300 |
| use of gas-liquid chromatography as a screening test for toxigenic clostridium difficile in diarrhoeal stools. | in order to determine if gas-liquid chromatography (glc) on concentrated stool extracts could be substituted to cell culture assay for cytotoxicity, we prospectively studied 154 diarrhoeal stools submitted for detection of clostridium difficile toxin. isocaproic-positive samples were cultured on egg yolk agar supplemented with cycloserine, cefoxitin and fructose for isolation of c difficile, and on egg yolk agar plus kanamycin for isolation of other clostridium species. of the 154 samples, 129 w ... | 1983 | 6630574 |
| efficiency of various bile salt preparations for stimulation of clostridium difficile spore germination. | taurocholate, desoxycholate, and cholate stimulated germination of clostridium difficile spores in broth medium and enhanced recovery of c. difficile spores on a selective agar medium. desoxycholate and some crude taurocholate preparations also inhibited multiplication of vegetative cells. at a concentration of 1.2 x 10(-2) m, sodium cholate inhibited multiplication of vegetative cells, but at concentrations of 1.2 x 10(-3) to 2.4 x 10(-3) m, it stimulated germination without inhibiting cell mul ... | 1983 | 6630458 |
| concomitance of cytotoxigenic and non-cytotoxigenic clostridium difficile in stool specimens. | six patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea and one patient with diarrhea unrelated to antibiotic use yielded both cytotoxigenic and non-cytotoxigenic isolates of clostridium difficile from the same stool specimens. in addition, these isolates were shown to be pathogenic and nonpathogenic, respectively, in the hamster model of antibiotic-associated colitis. these data imply that more than one toxin type of c. difficile may be harbored simultaneously. if toxin testing is used to identify c. ... | 1983 | 6630455 |
| ultrastructural effects of clostridium difficile toxin b on smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. | the mechanism by which clostridium difficile toxin b causes cells in culture to round was investigated. cultured human lung fibroblasts and rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells were treated with partially purified or purified toxin b and monitored by light and transmission electron microscopy (tem). both preparations caused progressive cell rounding which correlated with disorganization of actin-containing myofilament bundles. thin myofilaments became fragmented and finally disappeared (after 24 h) ... | 1983 | 6628564 |
| antibiotic-associated colitis due to clostridium difficile in a kodiak bear. | clostridium difficile and its toxins usually are present in feces of laboratory animals and persons with antibiotic-associated colitis. we report antibiotic-associated colitis in a captive kodiak bear (alaskan brown bear, ursus arctos) in which c difficile and its cytotoxin were found in feces. this indicates that the colitis associated with c difficile and its toxins can occur in nonlaboratory large animals and that this organism may be the causative agent in certain cases of idiopathic colitis ... | 1983 | 6625306 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a in infants. | c difficile produces two toxins, each of which is cytotoxic and lethal to animals [1]. whether one or both of the toxins is responsible for pseudomembranous colitis in humans is unknown. c difficile is rarely found in the intestinal tracts of healthy adults, and then only in relatively low numbers. the same numbers of c difficile found in adults with pseudomembranous colitis may be present in infants with no obvious adverse effects [3]. the primary cytotoxin of c difficile, toxin b, may also be ... | 1983 | 6619580 |
| pseudomembranous colitis associated with changes in an ileal conduit. | a case of antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis following total cystectomy is reported, in which there was involvement of the ileal conduit. the small bowel remaining in situ was uninvolved. bacteriological studies revealed clostridium difficile and the toxin in both colon and ileal conduit. relevant publications concerning pathogenesis are discussed, in relation to the unusual site described in this case. epidemiological evidence is reviewed which suggests that isolation of patients wi ... | 1983 | 6619315 |
| comparison of methods for recovery of clostridium difficile from an environmental surface. | survival of clostridium difficile in an aerobic environment is possible because of spore formation. when sodium taurocholate is substituted for the egg yolk of a selective medium, cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose-agar (ccfa), enhanced recovery of c. difficile spores is shown. this selective medium (tccfa) does not improve recovery of vegetative forms. in this study, dry and saline-moistened swabs, adhesive paddles, and rodac plates containing ccfa and tccfa were compared in their ability to recove ... | 1983 | 6619285 |
| enzyme immunoassay for detection of antibody to toxins a and b of clostridium difficile. | an enzyme immunoassay (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [elisa]) to detect hamster antibody to toxins a and b of clostridium difficile was developed in which toxin preparations are used to coat the solid phase. the specificity of the assay was supported by blocking tests with the toxin preparations and proteins from a nontoxigenic strain. sera from immunized and control hamsters were tested by this technique, and results were compared with those from a cytotoxicity neutralization assay. antibod ... | 1983 | 6619280 |
| effect of cefoperazone on faecal flora. | the effect of cefoperazone on the intestinal flora was investigated in 29 patients receiving the drug for 7 to 14 days. faecal specimens were cultured quantitatively for aerobic and anaerobic micro-organisms before, during and after therapy. the cefoperazone treatment was associated with major changes in the faecal flora. there was marked suppression of enterobacteria, staphylococci, streptococci, anaerobic cocci, bacteroides, fusobacteria, bifidobacteria, eubacteria and lactobacilli. the number ... | 1983 | 6619054 |
| infectious colitis endoscopically simulating inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective evaluation. | this prospective evaluation of patients presenting with mucoid bloody diarrhea and suspected idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease demonstrated a 38% incidence of infectious colitides. the infectious agents detected were campylobacter, salmonella, shigella, amoeba, and clostridium difficile. an increased awareness and the utilization of selective culture media should allow the clinician to definitively diagnose patients who present with signs and symptoms suggestive of idiopathic inflammatory bo ... | 1983 | 6618115 |
| antibodies to clostridium difficile cytotoxin in a pediatric population. | 1983 | 6613933 | |
| beta-aspartyl-epsilon-lysine, a peptide of the fecal contents of axenic mice. | small quantities of low-molecular weight peptides have been characterized in the feces of axenic mice. in fecal material of axenic mice fed an autoclaved synthetic (sn) diet, we isolated a dipeptide and characterized its structure as beta-aspartyl-epsilon-lysine. this product was also present in the feces of gnotobiotic mice harbouring clostridium perenne. we could not detect the product in the fecal contents of holoxenic mice, clostridium difficile-contaminated mice or axenic mice fed the irrad ... | 1983 | 6612090 |
| moxalactam therapy of haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in children. | thirty-four children with haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis were given prospectively either moxalactam (200 mg/kg/day) or ampicillin (400 mg/kg/day) plus chloramphenicol (75 mg/kg/day). one patient in each group died. the mean duration of fever, clinical response, sequential cerebrospinal fluid findings, and incidence of neurologic sequelae were similar between groups. moxalactam cerebrospinal fluid bioactivity was significantly greater than that of ampicillin or chloramphenicol throughou ... | 1984 | 6608581 |
| acute oligoarthritis associated with clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. | the abrupt onset of a sterile inflammatory oligoarthritis developed in a patient with active clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. the arthritis affected a hip and a knee. leukocyte counts of synovial fluid obtained from the patient's left hip and knee were elevated. he was haplotyped as hla-b27 antigen-positive. the colitis and arthritis promptly abated after treatment with oral vancomycin hydrochloride. three other cases of arthritis associated with antibiotic-induced colitis were re ... | 1984 | 6608328 |
| [reactive arthritis caused by non-yersinia intestinal infections]. | aseptic arthritis can occur following intestinal infections due to shigella, salmonella, campylobacter jejuni and clostridium difficile. these rheumatisms are rare, only occurring in about 1 p. cent of cases, generally in patients with the hla-b27 antigen. whatever the causative organism, the arthritis has features in common with all reactive arthrites. they generally have a favourable course. | 1983 | 6607501 |
| intestinal beta-lactamase activity in ampicillin-induced, clostridium difficile-associated ileocecitis. | daily oral administration of ampicillin to hamsters consistently resulted in fatal ileocecitis due to ampicillin-susceptible strains of clostridium difficile. ampicillin was not detected in the cecal contents of these hamsters once c. difficile appeared. cecal contents obtained from hamsters with ampicillin-induced ileocecitis displayed beta-lactamase activity, whereas cecal contents obtained from untreated control hamsters did not. colonization of the ceca with c. difficile corresponded to a de ... | 1983 | 6600772 |
| clindamycin as an anti-staphylococcal agent--indications and limitations. | in a general survey it is stated that for single staphylococcus aureus infections, clindamycin is not considered to be a first-line drug. its chief indication is penicillin allergy. penetration and accumulation of clindamycin within leukocytes demonstrated in vitro may be of value in the treatment of s. aureus diseases resulting in large abscesses. an insidious risk of the development of clostridium difficile diarrhoea limits the use of clindamycin in ambulatory long-term treatment of diabetic o ... | 1984 | 6598522 |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | we reviewed all rectal biopsies performed on patients with proven c. difficile infection between 1977 and 1982 (36 patients). all patients were symptomatic and all had received antibiotic treatment recently, the commonest antibiotic treatment being ampicillin or amoxycillin. there was poor correlation between the histological appearances and the severity of symptoms. a range of histological appearances was observed: normal (8%), congestion and edema (8%), nonspecific colitis (3%), infective coli ... | 1984 | 6597706 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea during treatment with imipenem. | 1984 | 6597089 | |
| impact of imipenem/cilastatin therapy on faecal flora. | to evaluate the effects of parenteral imipenem/cilastatin therapy upon human faecal microflora, stool specimens obtained from ten patients before, during and after therapy were cultured quantitatively for aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. the patients received 500 mg imipenem combined with 500 mg cilastatin every 6 h for 6-11 days. the antimicrobial therapy was associated with a small decrease in the numbers of enterobacteria, anaerobic cocci and bacteroides during treatment but afterward th ... | 1984 | 6594237 |
| epidemiology of colitis induced by clostridium difficile in hamsters: application of a bacteriophage and bacteriocin typing system. | the epidemiology of colitis induced by clostridium difficile in hamsters was studied with a new bacteriophage and bacteriocin typing system. fatal enterocolitis was induced by administration of n-formimidoyl thienamycin. environmental cultures were obtained repeatedly throughout the experiments. thirteen percent of 90 healthy hamsters were already colonized with c difficile on arrival from the supplier. mortality from enterocolitis after antibiotic administration was 75% and was not diminished b ... | 1984 | 6586860 |
| nosocomial spread of clostridium difficile. | environmental transmission of clostridium difficile, the causative agent of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis (pmc), has been supported by animal studies and implicated in spread of c. difficile among leukemic children receiving non-absorbable antibiotics. we report antibiotic-associated c. difficile-related colitis in two adults who shared a commode chair during hospitalization. | 1983 | 6550579 |
| clostridium difficile peritonitis in a neonate. a case report. | we describe a case of fatal peritonitis due to clostridium difficile in a neonate. although the patient had several clinical features that were compatible with the diagnosis of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, examination of the bowel at laparotomy disclosed that a mesenteric band caused the patient's underlying disease. postmortem histopathologic tests revealed gram-positive rods in the wall of the small intestine. clostridium difficile was the only organism recovered from an antemortem cult ... | 1984 | 6546347 |
| a survey of plasmids in clostridium difficile strains. | 1984 | 6543891 | |
| in vitro susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolates to 12 antimicrobial agents. | the "in vitro" susceptibility of 48 strains of "clostridium difficile" to 12 antimicrobial agents was determined by agar dilution method. all isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, metronidazole, piperacillin, vancomycin and n-formimidoylthienamycin, resistant or intermediate to the new cephalosporins: cefoxitin, cefotaxime and moxalactam. for clindamycin, the mic distribution appeared to be bimodal with 41.7% of the strains susceptible to 8 micrograms/ml and 58.3% resistant to 128 micrograms/ ... | 1984 | 6535652 |
| [in vitro activity of several cytostatic drugs against aerobic and anaerobic intestinal bacteria]. | the human normal intestinal flora prevents the colonization of exogenous bacteria, maintaining a constant microecology: this property is called "colonization resistance". in leukemia patients antibiotics used for prevention and/or therapy of infectious episodes can alter the intestinal microecology, so that the gut can represent the trigger zone for generalized septicemia. moreover cytotoxic drugs used in these patients can favour intestinal disturbances. in our study we evaluated the in vitro a ... | 1984 | 6534396 |
| a screen for clostridium difficile in the vagina: an out-patient study using and comparing selective media. | cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (ccfa) gives good presumptive identification of clostridium difficile after 1- or 2-day incubation whereas reinforced clostridial medium (rcm)/p-cresol is not very selective for the organism from the vagina. the identification of 91.5% of the isolates from an initial screen subjected to biochemically based tests was achieved. conventional screening of vaginal swabs failed to confirm any significant occurrence of cl. difficile in the vagina of pregnant or non-p ... | 1984 | 6524911 |
| [severe digestive complications of aids in a group of patients from zaire]. | severe digestive complications of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) were observed in 9 patients among a group of 17 patients from zaire treated for aids in belgium between may 1979-april 1983. among the 9 cases, there were 10 ailments of the upper digestive tract, 7 of intestinal disorders, 3 of hepatic disorders, and 2 of pancreatic disorders. the average age of affected patients was 35 years. 4 men averaged 32 years and 5 women averaged 39 years. their average stay in belgium was ... | 1984 | 6524266 |
| treatment of antibiotic-associated colitis with vancomycin. | sixty-five patients were treated with oral vancomycin for clostridium difficile colitis associated with treatment of infection by antibiotics. colitis was confirmed by endoscopy in patients with diarrhoea and positive tests on diarrhoeal stools for cl. difficile and/or its cytotoxin or, if endoscopy could not be performed, by the presence of fever and peripheral or faecal leucocytosis. vancomycin dosage ranged from 125 to 500 mg four times daily for an average of about ten days. the mean duratio ... | 1984 | 6520070 |
| diagnosis and epidemiology of clostridium difficile enterocolitis in sweden. | experience of the diagnosis and epidemiology of clostridium difficile in sweden is reviewed. samples from 5885 patients have been investigated at the national bacteriological laboratory in stockholm from 1978-1983. patients originate from all parts of the country and their number continues to increase. cl. difficile seem to be of growing importance, especially in nosocomial infections. most patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and colitis (aad/aac) and cl. difficile in their stools were ... | 1984 | 6520069 |
| prevention of clindamycin-induced mortality in hamsters by saccharomyces boulardii. | saccharomyces boulardii, a yeast used in a number of countries for general and antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal illnesses, was examined for possible application in the prevention of clindamycin-induced mortality in the hamster colitis model. hamsters were given free access to an aqueous 5% suspension of lyophilized yeast for 3 days before and 10 days after administration of a single oral clindamycin dose of from 0.2 to 0.8 mg/kg. mortality was recorded in groups of 7 to 20 animals every 24 ... | 1984 | 6517545 |
| clostridium difficile diarrhoea: a highly infectious organism. | this paper describes an outbreak of clostridium difficile diarrhoea in a ward for the elderly in a 550-bedded district general hospital. the measures taken to contain it and clinical features, previously undescribed, are highlighted. | 1984 | 6516973 |
| [infectious clostridium difficile diarrhea]. | 1984 | 6516058 | |
| routine culturing for clostridium difficile? | in order to determine whether routine culturing for clostridium difficile was warranted or whether culturing a selected group of patients was adequate, we conducted a prospective trial of culturing all stool specimens for c. difficile. a total of 408 specimens from 297 patients was studied. two hundred and eighteen stool specimens from 169 patients were selected on the basis of fulfilling one or more of the following criteria; (i) the stools were loose or watery; (ii) leukocytes and/or red cells ... | 1984 | 6514390 |
| cytotoxin and enterotoxin production by clostridium difficile. | 30 strains of cl. difficile isolated from faeces of patients with pseudomembranous colitis (pmc), antibiotic associated diarrhoea (aac) and other intestinal disorders and from faeces of asymptomatic carriers were studied for production of toxins. tissue culture assay was used for the detection of cytotoxin (toxin b) and ileal loop test for enterotoxin (toxin a). all cl. difficile isolates from patients with pmc and aac were found to produce cytotoxin, whereas enterotoxin was demonstrated only in ... | 1984 | 6513801 |
| a new purification procedure for clostridium difficile enterotoxin. | clostridium difficile produces two toxins, an enterotoxin and a cytotoxin. the enterotoxin was purified using fast methods (tangential flow filtration, fast protein liquid chromatography). the purified enterotoxin is composed of two subunits (a1 = 41,500, a2 = 16,000) and its pi is 3.5. | 1984 | 6508777 |
| alterations in human fecal flora, including ingrowth of clostridium difficile, related to cefoxitin therapy. | to evaluate the effects of parenteral cefoxitin therapy on human fecal flora, we cultured fecal specimens obtained from six patients before, during, and after therapy and used standard methods to identify and quantify all microorganisms. the major changes (observed in at least three patients) included the acquisition or proliferation of group d streptococcus species, coagulase-negative staphylococcus species, cefoxitin-resistant members of the family enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas species, and ... | 1984 | 6508264 |
| significance of stool toxin determination to clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | clostridium difficile toxin in stool from patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea was titered and correlated with stool consistency, presence of white cells, epithelial cells and occult blood. it was found that watery stools contained more toxin, with a higher % of positive occult blood and leukocytes than did soft or formed stools, suggesting a correlation between toxic titer and the severity of the pathologic processes of the disease. of 71 toxin-positive stools from patients with antim ... | 1984 | 6501819 |
| differential cytotoxic effects of toxins a and b isolated from clostridium difficile. | toxin a and toxin b preparations of clostridium difficile have been shown to affect metabolic functions of intact hela cells with different kinetics. the cytotoxins were purified from dialyzed filtrates of c. difficile strain vpi 10463 by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography and were concentrated by dialysis or by ultrafiltration. the toxins, which are immunologically unrelated, were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by immunochemistry with the ... | 1984 | 6500693 |
| nosocomial clostridium difficile reservoir in a neonatal intensive care unit. | a new bacteriophage/bacteriocin typing system was used to study clostridium difficile colonization in a neonatal intensive care unit. c. difficile was isolated from 21 of 62 (34%) stools from 15 of 37 (41%) infants. colonization was reduced during antimicrobial therapy and for about 1 week thereafter. one of five nurses and one of two parents studied were carriers. eight isolates were cultured from environmental surfaces. thirty of 31 c. difficile isolates were found to be a single type, cld 6,9 ... | 1984 | 6494014 |
| reexamination by bacteriophage typing of clostridium difficile strains isolated during a nosocomial outbreak. | 1984 | 6490845 | |
| studies of stools from pseudomembranous colitis, rotaviral, and other diarrheal syndromes by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. | thirty-five patients with various diarrheal syndromes and 22 controls were studied. all stool samples were carefully cultured for clostridium difficile, using selective isolation media. cytotoxin assays with proper antitoxin neutralization were done in mrc-5 cells. the stool samples were extracted four times, three times at ph 2 and once at ph 10, using chcl3 or ether. derivatizations of extracts were done with trichloroethanol, heptafluorobutyric anhydride, and heptafluorobutyric anhydride-etha ... | 1984 | 6490836 |
| frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of metabolites produced by clostridium difficile in broth enriched with amino acids. | clostridium difficile strain cdc a-567 was cultured in trypticase (bbl microbiology systems)-yeast-salt broth supplemented with 0.2% l-leucine, l-norleucine, l-isoleucine, l-tyrosine, or l-tryptophan. four extractions were done on the spent medium, three at ph 2 and one at ph 10, using chcl3 or ether. derivatizations were done with trichloroethanol, heptafluorobutyric anhydride, and heptafluorobutyric anhydride-ethanol. all samples were analyzed with frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid ... | 1984 | 6490835 |
| latex agglutination test for detection of clostridium difficile toxin in stool samples. | a total of 163 stool specimens were tested for detection of clostridium difficile and its toxin by cytotoxicity assay with tissue culture, latex agglutination test, and isolation of the organism. from 33 specimens which were positive for toxin by cytotoxicity, 30 were positive by the latex agglutination test; the organism was isolated from 21. the total number of samples which were positive with the latex agglutination test was 44. the predictive value of a positive latex agglutination result re ... | 1984 | 6490824 |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in infants in mexico. | the incidence of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxic activity were determined in the feces of 122 children under 1 year of age. samples were obtained from children receiving antibiotics and with (52 cases) or without (26 cases) diarrhea, from children with diarrhea who did not receive antibiotics (22 cases), and from healthy children (22 cases). isolation of c. difficile in feces from children in all groups was similar (mean 23.4%) except for the group with non-antibiotic-associated diarrhea ... | 1984 | 6490818 |
| fusidic acid for the treatment of antibiotic-associated colitis induced by clostridium difficile. | twenty courses of fusidic acid were given to 16 patients with antibiotic-associated colitis caused by clostridium difficile. fusidic acid was given in a dose of 0.5-1.5 g daily for seven to 21 days. diarrhoea disappeared rapidly. clinical relapse occurred after five courses and once when the patient was still on treatment. clinical cure with persistence or reappearance of toxin occurred in four further patients. nineteen courses of metronidazole were given to 19 patients who experienced six fail ... | 1984 | 6490173 |
| comparative efficacy of four antibiotics in anaerobic pulmonary infection. an experimental model in rabbits. | the efficacy of cefoxitin, mezlocillin, latamoxef and metronidazole in anaerobic lung infection was studied using a rabbit model. a mixture of bacteroides fragilis, peptococcus morbillorum, eubacterium lentum and fusobacterium nucleatum was inoculated transtracheally to produce infection within the lung. mezlocillin was most effective, achieving bacteriologic cure in 5 out of 8 animals. with cefoxitin therapy, 4 out of 8 became bacteriologically sterile. severe diarrhea with elevated titers of c ... | 1984 | 6488936 |
| polyphosphate-mediated protection from cellular intoxication with clostridium difficile toxin b. | the influence of polyphosphorylated compounds on intoxication of human lung fibroblasts with clostridium difficile toxin b was studied. atp, as well as other nucleoside di-, tri-, and tetraphosphates, inorganic polyphosphates and polyphosphorylated sugars, caused a dose-dependent (1-5 mm range) delay in the appearance of the cytopathogenic effect. with a longer phosphate chain, the delay was more pronounced, although the cytopathogenic effect always developed finally, reaching the level of the c ... | 1984 | 6487657 |
| clostridium difficile in crohn's disease. | clostridium difficile has been detected in the stools of some patients with relapse of crohn's disease. the authors looked prospectively for present or previous exposure to c. difficile cytotoxin in 10 patients with mild to severe crohn's disease. none of 25 stool samples from these 10 patients was positive for c. difficile cytotoxin. these negative stool ultrafiltrates had mild cytotoxin neutralizing activity, but this finding did not differ from that in 30 cytotoxin-negative stools from patien ... | 1984 | 6478320 |
| interaction of clostridium difficile toxin a with l cells in culture. | toxin a of clostridium difficile was purified by column chromatography and acetic acid precipitation. cells exposed to toxin a showed polarization of nuclei towards one pole of the cells. toxin a was conjugated to ferritin and applied to l cells to localize binding sites of this toxin to the cell surface. it was found that toxin a conjugate attached to the cell membrane in aggregated form. antibody specific to toxin a was prepared and used for localization of intracellular toxins in intoxicated ... | 1984 | 6478312 |
| interaction between clostridium difficile and polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the elderly and post-operative cancer patients: phagocytosis and bactericidal function. | the ability of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (pmns) from elderly healthy subjects and post-operative cancer patients to ingest and kill clostridium difficile was studied. the percentage of phagocytosis in clinically healthy subjects aged 69-82 years ranged from 20.2 +/- 3.2 (mean +/- sd) to 34.1 +/- 4.2, depending on the strain of c. difficile, from 6.7 +/- 2.2 to 11.2 +/- 2.2 in post-operative cancer patients aged 65-69, and from 68.4 +/- 3.1 to 81.1 +/- 6.3 in young healthy control subjects. in ... | 1984 | 6472200 |
| acute diarrhea in horses of the potomac river area: examination for clostridial toxins. | fecal specimens from horses in montgomery county, md, and in fairfax and loudoun counties, va, were examined for clostridium perfringens type a enterotoxin and for c difficile cytotoxin (92 and 108 specimens, respectively). the toxins were found in feces from horses that had experienced an acute diarrhea syndrome and from clinically normal horses. the toxins did not appear to be primary determinants of the diarrhea syndrome, although they may have contributed to the spectrum of clinical entities ... | 1984 | 6469842 |
| pseudomembranous colitis after topical application of clindamycin. | abdominal cramping and diarrhea developed in a 24-year-old woman with facial acne vulgaris five days after she started topical therapy with 1% clindamycin hydrochloride. a stool specimen contained a significant titer of a toxin produced by clostridium difficile. findings from sigmoidoscopy and a colonic biopsy specimen were consistent with pseudomembranous colitis. the patient became asymptomatic after ten days of supportive care and oral vancomycin hydrochloride therapy. this case is presented ... | 1981 | 6452096 |
| typing clostridium difficile. | 1984 | 6444140 | |
| in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of mt-141, a new semisynthetic cephamycin, compared with those of five cephalosporins. | the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of mt-141 were compared with those of cefoxitin, cefmetazole, moxalactam, cefotaxime, and cefoperazone. the mics of mt-141 for 90% of bacterial isolates were lower than the reference drugs against clinical isolates of campylobacter jejuni, clostridium difficile, and bacteroides fragilis, whereas against clinical isolates of other gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria, the mics of mt-141 were similar to or higher than those of the r ... | 1984 | 6440478 |
| criteria for detection of clostridium difficile toxin production by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. | counterimmunoelectrophoresis (cie) was compared with a cytotoxicity assay and isolation of toxin-producing clostridium difficile for the diagnosis of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. standardized criteria for cie positivity were established as two major precipitin lines with specific c. difficile antitoxin. using these criteria on 425 fecal specimens, we determined the sensitivity of cie (80%) to be comparable to that of the cytotoxicity assay (82%). both methods were highly specific. with carefu ... | 1984 | 6439733 |
| polymicrobial septicaemia due to clostridium difficile and bacteroides fragilis. | 1984 | 6432176 | |
| biochemical characterization and biologic actions of two toxins (d-1 and d-2) from clostridium difficile. | two toxins were isolated from a toxigenic strain of clostridium difficile. the toxins were purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange column chromatography to homogeneity as judged from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and were designated d-1 and d-2. toxin d-1 was lethal for mice, increased vascular permeability, and induced fluid accumulation in ligated rabbit ileal loops, and toxin d-2 displayed cytotoxicity in hela cells with a minimum of 1 pg of toxin. the molecular weights of toxins d-1 ... | 1984 | 6426016 |
| [clostridium difficile. frequent occurrence on a ward]. | 1984 | 6423992 | |
| clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in infants admitted to hospital with infectious gastroenteritis. | during a prospective study of infectious gastroenteritis in children under 2 years, 19 out of 390 patients (4.9%) were found to have clostridium difficile cytotoxin in the faeces. in several there was no history of use of antibiotics. the symptoms of many infants with toxin settled spontaneously, but one child became acutely and severely ill and developed a toxic megacolon and five others required, and responded to, vancomycin. cl difficile was cultured from the stools in 191 (49%) of the childr ... | 1984 | 6421363 |
| clostridium difficile toxin in faeces of infants. | 1983 | 6416381 | |
| effect of erythromycin on microbial antagonisms: a study in gnotobiotic mice associated with a human fecal flora. | the effect of erythromycin base was studied on intestinal resistance to colonization of gnotobiotic mice inoculated with a human fecal flora and challenged with six microbial strains potentially pathogenic for immunocompromised patients. fecal concentrations of erythromycin were greater than 1,000 micrograms/g in the human donor and in mice. total intestinal bacterial counts were not significantly different in the human donor and in the recipient mice and were not affected by erythromycin treatm ... | 1983 | 6413596 |
| clostridium difficile and its toxin in healthy neonates. | 1983 | 6412868 | |
| recent advances in management of bacterial diarrhea. | the number of recognized infectious causes of diarrhea potentially treatable with specific antibiotics has markedly increased within the past ten years. laboratories are developing and expanding their abilities to deal with these new pathogens. neither prophylaxis nor specific treatment of diarrhea in travelers is simple, practical, and safe. although enterotoxigenic escherichia coli is the most important cause of diarrhea in u.s. travelers to tropical areas, campylobacter jejuni causes acute di ... | 1983 | 6405474 |
| [bacterial agents of hospital infections]. | during the last decades the spectrum of microorganisms causing nosocomial infections has changed. the frequency of streptococci group a decreased and bacteria formerly considered as apathogen now cause serious infections. more and more "new" organisms are responsible for nosocomial infections. especially in immunocompromised patients legionella pneumophila causes infections with often severe and fatal course. clostridium difficile can be isolated in 6% to 48% in the stool of patients with antiba ... | 1984 | 6398796 |
| rapid differentiation of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli that produce heat-stable and heat-labile toxins by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography analysis of diarrheal stool specimens. | thirty-three stool specimens from infants in the village of tamooh near cairo, egypt, were studied by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography (fpec-glc). in 13 of the diarrheal cases, the suspected causative agent isolated was escherichia coli which produced heat-stable toxin (st), and in 10 other cases e. coli that produced heat-labile toxin (lt) were isolated. ten control stool samples, collected from infants from whom no pathogenic organisms were isolated, were analyzed at ... | 1984 | 6394617 |
| treatment of pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | pseudomembranous colitis is caused by release of toxins from clostridium difficile when it colonizes the large intestine. this clostridium is susceptible to concentrations of vancomycin which are readily attained in the colon after oral administration. when vancomycin is given orally to infected patients in a dose of 125 mg every 6 h, a rapid clinical cure can be expected. some patients may relapse after the vancomycin is stopped, but a further course of treatment will control symptoms. | 1984 | 6394575 |
| production and release of toxins a and b by clostridium difficile. | the production and release of toxins a and b by clostridium difficile during in-vitro culture was investigated. cell-associated toxin a was detected by immunoelectrophoresis of bacterial extracts released by ultrasonication and by fluorescent antibody labelling of whole cells. extracellular toxin a was detected by immunoelectrophoresis and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; extracellular toxin b was detected by cytotoxin assay. both toxins a and b were produced and released during the decline ... | 1984 | 6389875 |
| evaluation of the 24-h api 20a anaerobe system for identification of clostridium difficile. | accurate identification of clostridium difficile is important when antibiotic-associated diarrhea or pseudomembranous colitis is suspected. presumptive identification of c. difficile was made on the basis of microscopic features and colony characteristics on cycloserine, cefoxitin, fructose, and egg yolk agar medium. we studied the reliability of the 24-h api 20a anaerobe system for definitive identification of c. difficile. this system showed low dependability after the recommended 24 h of incu ... | 1984 | 6381531 |
| selected aspects of nosocomial infections in the 1980s. | unusual or rare pathogens and syndromes may become significant problems in nosocomial infection. pathogens that usually produce community-onset disease, particularly respiratory viruses, legionella, and atypical mycobacteria, also cause nosocomial infection. conversely, nosocomial pathogens may also produce disease in the community, as has been seen with clostridium difficile. contamination of parenteral and antiseptic solutions continues to be a problem in hospitals. hospital-acquired viral inf ... | 1984 | 6380284 |
| [clostridium difficile and pseudomembranous colitis]. | 1984 | 6374792 | |
| rapid identification of clostridium difficile by direct detection of volatile organic acids from primary isolation media. | 1984 | 6373841 | |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile-induced intestinal disease. | the epidemiology of clostridium difficile-induced intestinal disease is an intriguing subject about which there are few answers but many remaining questions. although it is accepted that altered intestinal microecology (usually the result of antimicrobial therapy) is a major predisposition to disease, the details of microbial interactions are not yet known and clearly involve more than simple overgrowth of a resistant member of the resident flora. a variety of reservoirs of c. difficile are reco ... | 1984 | 6372032 |
| antimicrobial agent-associated colitis and diarrhea: historical background and clinical aspects. | in the late 1970s it was found that clostridium difficile causes a lethal, clindamycin-induced ileocecitis in the syrian hamster; this animal model has been an invaluable aid to our understanding of antimicrobial agent-induced diarrhea in humans. c. difficile is involved in almost all cases of pseudomembranous colitis and in approximately one-fourth of cases of antimicrobial agent-associated diarrhea in humans in which a pseudomembrane is not detected. the presenting signs and symptoms of c. dif ... | 1984 | 6372031 |
| breast feeding and toxigenic intestinal infections: missing links in crib death? | infant botulism results when clostridium botulinum spores germinate, colonize the gut, and there produce botulinal toxin, which after absorption causes flaccid muscle paralysis. the observed variation in the severity of the disease was linked to the infant's milk source, in that all sudden death cases indistinguishable from typical crib death occurred in infants who had been formula-fed, whereas the more gradual onset, hospitalized cases occurred in infants who were predominantly breast-fed. sec ... | 1984 | 6372029 |
| anaerobic infections in childhood. | anaerobic bacteria are part of the normal flora of mucous membranes and outnumber aerobic bacteria in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. anaerobes can be isolated from pediatric patients with various infections when appropriate techniques for transportation and cultivation of samples are employed. frequently anaerobes are isolated in combination with other facultative or aerobic bacteria. the genera or groups of anaerobes most frequently isolated from pyogenic infections in children are ... | 1984 | 6372028 |
| adsorption of clostridium difficile antiserum for rapid detection of toxin. | 1984 | 6370572 | |
| clostridium difficile. colonization and toxin production in a cohort of patients with malignant hematologic disorders. | we examined 45 (80%) of 56 consecutive adult patients with malignant hematologic disorders who were hospitalized during a 15-week period at emory university hospital, atlanta. stool samples for clostridium difficile culture and cytotoxin assay were obtained on admission and then weekly during each patient's hospitalization. on admission, four patients had detectable c difficile in their stool samples, which was associated with prior antimicrobial use but not with prior cancer chemotherapy. one o ... | 1984 | 6370168 |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | clostridium difficile has become one of the commonest pathogens of the lower intestinal tract. this organism appears unique in that infection almost always occurs during or after antibiotic therapy, suggesting that some component of the normal microflora prevents colonization by c. difficile. once it has overgrown in the colon, c. difficile releases several toxins which cause tissue damage and diarrhea. infection can range from a simple self-limited diarrheal illness to fulminant colitis with pe ... | 1984 | 6369936 |
| a selective enrichment broth for the isolation of clostridium difficile. | 1984 | 6368602 | |
| improved enzyme immunoassays for the detection of antigens in fecal specimens. investigation and correction of interfering factors. | solid phase enzyme immunoassays (eia) are widely used for the detection of infectious agents in body fluids such as stool specimens. however, we found that stool specimens contained substances which desorb from 50% to 68% of the immunoreactant from solid phase surfaces. this desorbing activity decreased the sensitivity of eia systems for toxin a of c. difficile, rotavirus and adenovirus. the desorbing activity in stool specimens was partially heat labile at 56 degrees c for 30 min, was present i ... | 1984 | 6366064 |
| sealed adult mice: new model for enterotoxin evaluation. | outbred, inbred, and congenic strains of conventional mice which were ano-rectally occluded with cyanoacrylate ester glue and converted to sealed adult mice (sam) were given, per os, crude cholera enterotoxin (ct) in 10% nahco3. at 6 h when the response was maximal, mice were killed, the small intestines were removed, and gut weight/body weight ratios were calculated. experimental mice gave a linear response after receiving 1.5 to 60 micrograms of ct. purified heat-stable enterotoxin from escher ... | 1984 | 6363287 |
| [clostridium difficile and antibiotic-associated colitis in risk patients: 2-month epidemiologic study in an intensive care unit]. | a toxin produced by clostridium difficile has been implicated in the pathogenesis of antibiotic-associated colitis. it is not known how often the microorganism is encountered in germany particularly in high risk patients. therefore, following a lethal case of colitis, stool samples of 90 patients and 30 staff members of an intensive care unit were screened routinely for c. difficile over 2 months. the organism was found in 6 of 41 patients treated with antibiotics (14.6%); four of them apparentl ... | 1983 | 6358656 |
| clinical usefulness of vancomycin. | the antibacterial spectrum, pharmacokinetics, and clinical uses of vancomycin are reviewed. vancomycin interferes with peptidoglycan biosynthesis in multiplying organisms and is bactericidal. it is supplied as the hydrochloride salt and is available in 500-mg ampuls. vancomycin is usually administered intravenously or orally. i.v. vancomycin should be administered slowly (over 30--60 min) and in an adequate volume (100--250 ml) of 5% dextrose injection. usual adult dose is 500 mg every six hours ... | 1983 | 6354567 |
| evaluation of mezlocillin in elective gastrointestinal surgery. | we report the interim results of two trials to evaluate the place of mezlocillin in elective intestinal operations. sixty-four operations for gastro-oesophageal disease have been performed where patients were randomly allocated to mezlocillin or cefuroxime. wound sepsis occurred in 19% of the mezlocillin patients compared with 3% of those receiving cefuroxime. seventy-three operations have been performed for colorectal cancer in whom three doses of antibiotic were used for prophylaxis. patients ... | 1983 | 6352606 |
| the "clostridial effect" of selective decontamination of the human gut with trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole in neutropenic patients. | during 59 periods of hospitalisation, 39 patients with either acute myeloid leukemia (22), acute lymphatic leukemia (9), acute undifferentiated leukemia (1), blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia (6) or high-grade malignant non-hodgkin lymphoma (1) were subjected to aggressive polychemotherapy after selective decontamination of the gut. the patients were given an amphotericin b suspension in a dosage of 1.2 g/day for two days, after which one tablet of trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (tmp/sm ... | 1983 | 6352509 |
| ceftazidime therapy of serious bacterial infections. | ceftazidime, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin, was administered to 30 patients with serious bacterial infections in a randomized dosing trial with daily doses of 1.5 or 3 g. both regimens were equally efficacious, with satisfactory clinical responses in 28 instances (93%) and microbiological eradication of 79% of initial bacterial isolates. the development of resistance to ceftazidime during therapy was observed in three cases (enterobacter agglomerans, enterobacter cloacae, and pseudomonas ae ... | 1983 | 6340601 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for clostridium difficile toxin a. | antibodies against clostridium difficile toxin a were purified by affinity chromatography from antiserum prepared against crude c. difficile toxin preparations. the affinity-purified antibody preparation was free of detectable amounts of antibodies to other c. difficile antigens, as demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and specifically neutralized the cytotoxicity of toxin a. an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was subsequently developed using the antibody preparation ... | 1983 | 6338036 |