Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease. | 1983 | 6885673 | |
| usefulness of counterimmunoelectrophoresis for detecting toxin of clostridium difficile. | 1983 | 6881095 | |
| bacteriophage and bacteriocin typing scheme for clostridium difficile. | the study of the epidemiology of infection with clostridium difficile would be aided by a way to type individual bacterial isolates. we therefore sought bacteriophages for use in typing. with mitomycin c exposure (3 micrograms/ml), filtrates from 10 strains of c. difficile had plaque-forming lytic activity on other c. difficile strains. individual phage were passaged and made into high-titer stock preparations for typing. electron microscopy revealed tailed phage particles from one such preparat ... | 1983 | 6874905 |
| active and passive immunization to protect against antibiotic associated caecitis in hamsters. | the administration of clindamycin to hamsters induces a lethal enterocolitis as a consequence of toxins produced in the alimentary tract by clostridium difficile. the lethal and cytopathic effects of c. difficile toxins are neutralized in vitro by c. sordellii antitoxin and hamsters may be protected against clindamycin induction of caecitis by passive immunization using c. sordellii antitoxin. to examine active immunization using c. difficile and c. sordellii toxoids, groups of male and female s ... | 1983 | 6873474 |
| transferable resistance to clindamycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline in clostridium difficile. | resistance to clindamycin, erythromycin, and streptogramins in clostridium difficile could be transferred to a susceptible strain by mixed culture at low frequencies (1 x 10(-8) to 4 - 10(-8) per donor cell). transfer of tetracycline resistance occurred at frequencies of 3 x 10(-7) to 5 x 10(-7). no plasmid dna involved in these transfers could be detected. | 1983 | 6870225 |
| [antibiotics and diarrhea, "clostridium difficile"]. | 1983 | 6867526 | |
| influence of age, sex, and diet on asymptomatic colonization of infants with clostridium difficile. | a total of 40% of 107 stool samples from infants 1 to 52 weeks of age were found to contain clostridium difficile antigens, detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. within the group tested, there was no detectable variation by age or sex. infants fed formula were nearly four times more likely to carry c. difficile than were those exclusively breast fed (62 versus 16%), whereas breast-fed infants also receiving formula or solids had an intermediate rate of colonization (35%). the distributions w ... | 1983 | 6863502 |
| [clostridium difficile - enterocolitis as a nosocomial problem]. | 1983 | 6862991 | |
| role of clostridium difficile and campylobacter jejuni in relapses of inflammatory bowel disease. | findings from recent studies on the role of clostridium difficile and campylobacter jejuni in exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease are in conflict. we examined stool specimens from 32 patients who had inflammatory bowel disease in relapse for the presence of c difficile and c difficile cytotoxin. in the last 19 cases stool specimens were also cultured for c jejuni. c difficile was identified in one patient who was receiving antimicrobial therapy. in no patient was c difficile cytotoxin de ... | 1983 | 6858121 |
| [clostridium difficile in the feces in acute diarrhea, irritable colon and ulcerative colitis]. | 1983 | 6857791 | |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis caused by clostridium difficile. a review of 40 cases. | we found antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad) and pseudomembranous colitis caused by clostridium difficile in 19% of patients with diarrhoea related to antibiotic therapy or with diarrhoea for which no other cause could be found. ampicillin, cephalosporins and co-trimoxazole appear to be the agents most commonly associated with this complication. the clinical presentation of aad falls into two categories: (i) an early-onset type characterized by severe diarrhoea with watery stools which may con ... | 1983 | 6857419 |
| an outbreak of clostridium difficile necrotizing enterocolitis: a case for oral vancomycin therapy? | during a 2-month period, 13 infants in this neonatal intensive care unit developed necrotizing enterocolitis, increasing the prevalence in inborns from 5.2 to 20.5/1,000 live births. fifty-seven perinatal and neonatal factors, many of which have previously been associated with necrotizing enterocolitis, were compared between the infants with necrotizing enterocolitis and 17 unaffected inborn control infants admitted concurrently. clostridium difficile cytotoxin was detected in the stools of 12 a ... | 1983 | 6856405 |
| [studies on clostridium difficile and antimicrobial associated diarrhea or colitis]. | clostridium difficile has been implicated as the major cause of antimicrobial associated colitis or diarrhea. c. difficile was found in stools from 21 of 120 healthy subjects. c. difficile was found in stools from 8 of 9 patients with antimicrobial associated pseudomembranous colitis and in stools from 16 of 96 patients with antimicrobial associated diarrhea. the cytopathic toxin to hela cell neutralized by antitoxin to c. difficile was found in stools from all patients with antimicrobial associ ... | 1983 | 6854944 |
| splenic abscess due to clostridium difficile. | 1983 | 6854068 | |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for antibodies to clostridium difficile toxins in patients with pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was established with purified toxins from clostridium difficile as antigen to measure antibody response in patients with pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) and prolonged antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad). positive elisa titres were defined in a control population. antibodies of igg class against toxin b were demonstrated in 6/88 (7%) control sera and in 31/61 (51%) sera from 11/19 (58%) patients. antibodies of iga class were found in one patient while an ... | 1983 | 6854035 |
| evaluation of the usefulness of counterimmunoelectrophoresis for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated colitis in clinical specimens. | results of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (cie) were compared with those of isolation of clostridium difficile and assay for cytotoxicity in hela cells. on the basis of 471 stool specimens, cie exhibited a sensitivity of 38% and a specificity of 88% as compared with the cytotoxin assay. the predictive value of a reactive cie results is low (17%), whereas the predictive value of a nonreactive cie result is significant (96%) and therefore warrants its use as a screening test. in addition, stool filt ... | 1983 | 6853688 |
| absorption of oral vancomycin - possible associated toxicity. | we report a case of an anephric child who accumulated significant concentrations of vancomycin during oral therapy for clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. sustained serum vancomycin levels of 34 microgram/ml and csf level of 4.2 microgram/ml were documented during an unexplained clinical syndrome of fever and encephalopathy. discontinuation of drug and performance of hemodialysis reduced serum concentrations to 24 microgram/ml and were associated with rapid resolution of symptoms. pa ... | 1983 | 6853034 |
| study of diarrhea in critically ill patients. | there has been an impression that diarrhea occurs commonly in seriously ill patients treated in icus. in view of the sparsity of published work on the problem, we embarked on a prospective study of all patients admitted to the icu for more than 48 h over a 12-month period. three factors were examined in detail: nasogastric feeding, cimetidine administration, and antibiotic treatment. other factors also were considered, notably the nature of the underlying illness and the spread of a possible inf ... | 1983 | 6848311 |
| foodborne transmission of clostridium difficile. | 1983 | 6847849 | |
| isolation of clostridium difficile from pigs. | 1983 | 6845597 | |
| diarrhoea associated with clostridium difficile in a hospital population. | the incidence of disease associated with clostridium difficile was investigated in a general hospital population over a period of six months. in 26 (14.5%) of 179 patients studied, c. difficile was either isolated or faecal cytotoxin was detected. the incidence of other enteropathogenic bacteria, except aeromonas hydrophila, was low. faecal cytotoxin was not detected in nine patients (35%), and non-cytotoxigenic strains of c. difficile were isolated from these patients. in seven patients, a sele ... | 1983 | 6843465 |
| comparison of bacterial isolation, cytotoxicity assay, and counterimmunoelectrophoresis for the detection of clostridium difficile and its toxin. | 1983 | 6842010 | |
| antagonism of toxigenic clostridium difficile by nontoxigenic c. difficile. | cefoxitin-treated hamsters were first colonized with a nontoxigenic strain of clostridium difficile, and then a toxigenic strain of c. difficile was administered. toxigenic c. difficile was suppressed to a mean cecal population level of less than 0.2% of that found in control animals given only toxigenic c. difficile after cefoxitin treatment. colonization with nontoxigenic c. difficile before toxigenic c. difficile was associated with 93% survival, as opposed to 21% survival of the control anim ... | 1983 | 6842009 |
| pseudomembranous colitis in clostridium difficile-monoassociated rats. | germfree rats were monoassociated with either a toxin-producing strain of clostridium difficile (tox+) or a variant of this strain (toxr) which produced much less toxin (1/10,000) in vivo and in vitro. monoassociation of germfree rats with c. difficile tox+ resulted in mortality (17%) and in pathology to the small and large intestines, livers, and lungs. cecal filtrates from the tox+-monoassociated rats were cytotoxic for tissue culture cells. the cytotoxicity of cecal filtrates could be blocked ... | 1983 | 6840842 |
| clostridium difficile toxin associated with chronic diarrhea and failure to gain weight. | two young children are described in whom chronic diarrhea associated with the presence of clostridium difficile toxin responded to treatment with oral vancomycin. c. difficile infection should be considered in the evaluation of young children with diarrhea who fail to gain weight, even in the absence of prior antibiotic treatment. | 1983 | 6839628 |
| norleucine-tyrosine broth for rapid identification of clostridium difficile by gas-liquid chromatography. | a new medium, norleucine-tyrosine (nt) broth, was developed for rapid identification of clostridium difficile on the basis of caproic acid and p-cresol production. the nt broth consists of 0.5% trypticase (bbl microbiology systems, cockeysville, md.), 0.5% yeast extract (difco laboratories, detroit), 0.2% l-norleucine and 0.2% l-tyrosine (wt/vol; final concentrations), and a mixture of salts. the procedure for demonstrating caproic acid and p-cresol production involves extracting nt broth cultur ... | 1983 | 6833488 |
| double-contrast enema in antibiotic-related pseudomembranous colitis. | pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) is a potentially fatal disease often associated with antibiotic therapy. the condition is now known to be due to an enterotoxin produced by clostridium difficile. diagnosis is based on the endoscopic finding of the typical pseudomembranes, stool culture, and assay of the stools for the specific toxin. radiography with double-contrast medium (dce), which can be performed in patients not critically ill, often yields pathognomonic findings and permits early diagnosis. | 1983 | 6832539 |
| clostridium difficile colitis unassociated with antibiotic therapy. | 1983 | 6831181 | |
| the non-value of counterimmunoelectrophoresis for the direct rapid detection of clostridium difficile toxin in stool filtrates. | 1983 | 6829507 | |
| the use of cie for the detection of clostridium difficile toxin in stool filtrates: laboratory and clinical correlation. | two cie procedures (cie-1, cie-2) for the detection of clostridium difficile in diarrheal stools were evaluated by comparison to cytotoxin assay and culture results and by comparison to a clinical likelihood of c. difficile-induced diarrhea. using a combination of toxin assay and culture results for reference, the cie-1 and cie-2 procedures had sensitivities of 33% and 47%, specificities of 89% and 91%, and positive predictive values of 42% and 54%, respectively. using clinical likelihood for re ... | 1983 | 6829506 |
| outbreaks of diarrhea associated with clostridium difficile and its toxin in day-care centers: evidence of person-to-person spread. | clostridium difficile was associated with five outbreaks of diarrhea occurring in three day-care centers caring for children less than 2 years of age during a three and one-half-month period; two centers had one outbreak of diarrhea, and one had three outbreaks. the frequency of isolation of c. difficile and its toxin was determined in stool specimens from 65 children attending the three day-care centers. twelve of 21 (57%) children who had diarrhea excreted c. difficile and its toxin, whereas o ... | 1983 | 6827409 |
| relapse of antibiotic associated colitis: endogenous persistence of clostridium difficile during vancomycin therapy. | this study reports 24 patients with antibiotic associated colitis due to clostridium difficile. fifteen patients were treated with vancomycin due to the severity of the colitis and in eight of these a clinical relapse of the colitis occurred after vancomycin therapy was stopped. bacteriological investigations of these patients indicated that c difficile was able to persist in stool samples during vancomycin therapy in the absence of detectable cytotoxin. this was in contrast with the seven patie ... | 1983 | 6826104 |
| differentiation of clostridium difficile toxin from clostridium botulinum toxin by the mouse lethality test. | the mouse lethality test is the most sensitive method for confirming the diagnosis of infant botulism. both clostridium difficile and clostridium botulinum produce heat-labile toxins which are lethal for mice and can be found in the feces of infants. these two toxins can be distinguished from one another in this assay when both are present in the same fecal specimen because they appear to be immunologically distinct toxins. | 1983 | 6824325 |
| chronic diarrhea associated with clostridium difficile in children. | clostridium difficile toxin was associated with chronic diarrhea without classic symptoms of colitis in seven children (age range, 7 weeks to 7 years). all patients had received antibiotics. six of the seven were treated with vancomycin hydrochloride and demonstrated improvement. after treatment, four patients suffered relapses, and three required further therapy. one patient had four relapses. during all clinical relapses, toxin reappeared in the stool; recovery was always associated with its d ... | 1983 | 6823927 |
| clostridium difficile cytotoxin in a pediatric population. | assays for cytotoxin of clostridium difficile were performed on stool samples submitted to the laboratory for routine microbiologic study. cytotoxin was recovered from 8.6% of 208 pediatric patients studied. cytotoxin was identified significantly more often in younger patients (median age, 11 months) and in those with hospital-associated illness (17%) and antibiotic-associated illness (18%). hospitalization and antibiotic use were significant independent risk factors. clinical diagnoses in patie ... | 1983 | 6823926 |
| vancomycin. | vancomycin is a narrow-spectrum bactericidal antistaphylococcal antibiotic that was introduced in 1956 because of its efficacy against resistant penicillinase-producing staphylococci. it was effective for serious staphylococcal infections for which no satisfactory alternative to penicillin g was available at the time. when methicillin and the other semisynthetic penicillins and the cephalosporins were introduced, the role of vancomycin was relegated to the alternative therapy of choice when the ... | 1983 | 6823162 |
| isolation of clostridium difficile from patients and the environment of hospital wards. | rectal swabs from 122 patients and 497 environmental swabs from several wards were examined for the presence of clostridium difficile in order to assess the role of the environment in the spread of this organism. clostridium difficile was isolated from 6/27 (22.2%) oncology patients and from 8/163 (4.9%) environmental specimens obtained from the oncology unit. items found positive for c difficile were those subjected to faecal contamination such as commode chairs, bed pans, dust pans, discard bi ... | 1983 | 6822682 |
| household pets as a potential reservoir for clostridium difficile infection. | the purpose of this study was to assess the carriage of clostridium difficile by household pets to determine their potential as a reservoir of infection. the selective cycloserine-cefoxitin medium was used for c difficile isolation, and tissue culture used for detection of cytotoxin. carriage of c difficile by household pets was found to be common (23%). the carriage tends to be transient and does not appear to be associated with gastrointestinal disease. although carriage was higher in animals ... | 1983 | 6822681 |
| [a case of clostridium difficile septicemia]. | 1982 | 6820037 | |
| [clostridium difficile and klebsiella oxytoca in antibiotic-associated colitis]. | 1982 | 6816862 | |
| clostridium difficile in toxic megacolon. | 1982 | 6814650 | |
| clostridium difficile in toxic megacolon. | 1982 | 6811052 | |
| clostridium difficile in toxic megacolon complicating acute inflammatory bowel disease. | 1982 | 6809132 | |
| carbohydrate fermentation by clostridium difficile. | biochemical properties of clostridium difficile were reinvestigated for the practical identification of the organism in clinical laboratories. bacterial growth in 2% proteose peptone medium supplemented with 0.01% l-cysteine.hcl and 0.1% agar supported sufficient growth to read the fermentation results just as well as did pre-reduced anaerobically sterilized medium. incubation for 2 days was long enough for determining the ability to ferment fructose, glucose, mannitol, mannose, melezitose, and ... | 1982 | 6806571 |
| spontaneous persistent pseudomembranous colitis related to clostridium difficile in ischaemic bowel disease. | 1982 | 6805624 | |
| chronic osteomyelitis due to clostridium difficile. | osteomyelitis caused by anaerobic bacteria is rarely reported, and a case of chronic osteomyelitis of the femur may be the first in which clostridium difficile was the causative agent. the organism was isolated over several months and, although initially sensitive to penicillin, it developed resistance during this time. the organism's repeated isolation may have been due to the presence of resistant spores. although the patient had no gastrointestinal symptoms the source of the organism was prob ... | 1982 | 6803907 |
| clostridium difficile in association with sporadic diarrhoea. | a total of 154 patients admitted to an infectious diseases unit were included in a year's prospective survey of sporadic diarrhoeal disease. stools from 19 of them yielded clostridium difficile, generally on more than one occasion. twelve of these patients were assessed as having a severe or moderately severe gastrointestinal illness: cl difficile was the only pathogen isolated from 10 of them, and two had an associated salmonella infection. seven had had a recent course of antibiotics, but five ... | 1982 | 6799113 |
| immunological analysis of the edta-soluble antigens of clostridium difficile and related species. | antigens were extracted with edta from 32 strains representing 10 species of clostridium. when these antigens were examined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, marked cross-reactions were observed between c. difficile, c. sordellii and c. bifermentans. the cross-reactive antigen, visualized by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, was carbohydrate. | 1981 | 6798159 |
| acute arthritis associated with clostridium difficile colitis. | 1981 | 6794747 | |
| non-clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis responding to both vancomycin and metronidazole. ? | 1981 | 6794714 | |
| effects of clostridium difficile, lactobacillus casei, bacillus subtilis and lactobacillus sp. on anomalous lower bowel function on germfree mice. | 1981 | 6793297 | |
| diet as a coadjuvant for development of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hamsters (mesocricetus auratus). | during a study of the effects of nutrition on experimental tumors in hamsters, fatal diarrhea developed. to determine the role of diet in this condition and the relationship between diet and antibiotics, two diets were used, ground commercial diet and a purified diet. two antibiotics were used, neomycin sulfate and vancomycin. diarrhea was evident soon after the animals were given the combination of purified diet and neomycin sulfate. vancomycin initially acted as a suppressor of diarrhea, but h ... | 1981 | 6790835 |
| isolation of clostridium difficile from the small bowel. | 1981 | 6789993 | |
| spread of clostridium difficile among patients receiving non-absorbable antibiotics for gut decontamination. | 1981 | 6789988 | |
| [pseudomembranous colitis due to clostridium difficile and the new therapeutic approach (author's transl)]. | 1980 | 6787148 | |
| bacterial interference between clostridium difficile and normal fecal flora. | clostridium difficile has been shown to be the cause of virtually all cases of pseudomembranous colitis related to the administration of antimicrobial agents. it is possible that some antimicrobial agents alter the normal bacterial flora of the gastrointestinal tract so as to permit colonization and/or proliferation by c. difficile. the inhibitory activity of representative fecal bacteria from 23 anaerobic and aerobic genera against c. difficile was examined using two in vitro procedures. strain ... | 1981 | 6785366 |
| fatal pseudomembranous colitis despite eradication of clostridium difficile. | 1981 | 6779895 | |
| mucosal damage mediated by clostridial toxin in experimental clindamycin-associated colitis. | a toxin produced by clostridium difficile has been implicated in the pathogenesis of antibiotic-associated colitis in humans and experimental animals. this study was undertaken in order to define the sequential evolution of caecal mucosal lesions in the hamster and to relate those lesions directly to the clostridial toxin. sterile filtrates from a culture of c. difficile and from caecal contents of clindamycin-treated hamsters were studied with respect to their effects on the caecal mucosa and o ... | 1980 | 6776012 |
| inhibition of binding of clostridium difficile toxin by steroids. | no detectable inhibition of binding of clostridium difficile toxin to human erythrocyte lysate was found with alpha-d-(+)-fucose, 1-(-)-fucose, ribose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, xylose, galactosamine, glucosamine, mannosamine, n-acetyl glucosamine, n-acetyl galactosamine, n-acetyl mannosamine, n-acetyl neuraminic acid, lactose, sucrose, lactulose, neuraminidase, saponin, or amantadine. inhibition was found, however, with a number of sterols and bile acids. in general, bile acids were more a ... | 1980 | 6772711 |
| medical management of antimicrobial-associated diarrhea and colitis. | gastrointestinal complications, including diarrhea, may occur with virtually all antimicrobial agents. such diarrhea may represent either a common, nonspecific adverse effect, or it may be one of the manifestations of antimicrobial-associated colitis (aac), a potentially fatal complication. clostridium difficile and a cytotoxin neutralized by clostridium sordellii antitoxin has been isolated from the stools of nearly all patients with antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis, many patients ... | 1982 | 6765392 |
| aspects on antibacterial treatment of anaerobic infections. | a review is given of current antibiotic treatment of anaerobic infections. it is emphasized that infections with bacteroides fragilis constitute the main problem, virtually all other anaerobe organisms of clinical significance are sensitive to penicillin. particularly useful antibiotics for infections with b. fragilis are cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin and the nitroimidazoles. vancomycin is the drug of choice for pseudomembranous colitis provoked by clostridium difficile. | 1982 | 6762654 |
| colitis caused by clostridium difficile: a review. | recent evidence has incriminated a toxin-producing anaerobe, clostridium difficile, as the causative agent of pseudomembranous colitis, an acute inflammatory bowel disease that generally occurs in association with antimicrobial therapy. a wide variety of antimicrobial agents appear to promote c. difficile infection and thereby precipitate colitis. although the exact pathogenetic mechanisms are not known, several hypotheses, related to the ability of antibiotics to suppress competing bacteria and ... | 1982 | 6758571 |
| fluorescent-antibody test for detection of clostridium difficile in stool specimens. | we evaluated a direct fluorescent-antibody test to detect clostridium difficile, the most frequent cause of antibiotic-associated colitis. c. difficile organisms were injected into the ear veins of new zealand white rabbits to induce antibodies, and the globulin fractions of their sera were conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate. the resulting conjugate strongly stained all 40 isolates of c. difficile tested. it also stained isolates of c. sordellii, c. bifermentans, c. chauvoei, and c. sporog ... | 1982 | 6752186 |
| vaginal carriage and neonatal acquisition of clostridium difficile. | the relationship between vaginal carriage and subsequent neonatal acquisition of clostridium difficile was investigated. vaginal carriage of c. difficile was detected in 11% of women attending the department of genital medicine clinic. c. difficile was isolated from the vagina in 18% of 50 mothers before delivery, and 8% after delivery; 62% of their babies had positive faecal cultures. eight of nine of the babies whose mothers had positive cultures before delivery became colonised with c. diffic ... | 1984 | 6748040 |
| in vitro and in vivo neutralizing activity of human colostrum and milk against purified toxins a and b of clostridium difficile. | the neutralizing activity (na) of supernates of colostral samples collected postpartum from 55 women and tested against a 50% cytopathic dose of purified toxins a and b of clostridium difficile was evaluated in y1 adrenal cells. thirty-one (56%) of the samples had na against one or both toxins. samples of breast milk were collected postpartum from five women-three had colostral na and two did not. all milk specimens from the three women with colostral na had na titers of 1:1-1:4 throughout the s ... | 1984 | 6747345 |
| prospective study of clostridium difficile colonization and paracresol detection in the stools of babies on a special care unit. | infants' stools were examined for the presence of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in a study performed over a one-year period on a special care baby unit. overall, 21% of infants were colonized, but the organism was only recovered in a seven-month period during which its weekly prevalence in the group varied from zero to 44%, with a distinct clustering of colonized infants being observed. tests for the presence of cytotoxin in the stools and in supernatants of broth that had been inocula ... | 1984 | 6747283 |
| selective enrichment broth culture for detection of clostridium difficile and associated cytotoxin. | a procedure was devised for routine examination of feces for clostridium difficile with selective enrichment broth culture containing increased levels of carbohydrates and antibiotics to detect cytotoxin and volatile acids in broths inoculated with fecal samples. c. difficile was detected and identified with a rapidity comparable to that of conventional culture on selective cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose agar. detection rates for c. difficile in inoculated broths (111/401 or 27%) were significan ... | 1984 | 6746889 |
| [bacterial etiology of hospital-acquired infections]. | during the last decades the spectrum of microorganisms causing nosocomial infections has changed. the frequency of streptococci group a decreased and bacteria formerly considered as apathogen now cause serious infections. more and more "new" organisms are responsible for nosocomial infections. especially in immunocompromised patients legionella pneumophila causes infections with often severe and fatal course. clostridium difficile can be isolated in 6% to 48% in the stool of patients with antiba ... | 1984 | 6745985 |
| clostridium difficile in the genital tract. | 1984 | 6744015 | |
| immediate postnatal inoculation of a microbial barrier to prevent neonatal diarrhea induced by clostridium difficile in young conventional and gnotobiotic hares. | the cecal content of a healthy young hare (a 10-fold dilution prepared in anaerobiosis) was transferred into gnotobiotic recipient mice. the fecal flora of recipient mice was inoculated into 49 conventional young hares (kept in a closed building) immediately after birth. all the inoculated hares survived until weaning whereas 35% of 48 non-treated conventional hares died of diarrhea. clostridium difficile and c perfringens were present in all the diarrheal noninoculated hares, whereas these spec ... | 1984 | 6742589 |
| [colitis caused by clostridium difficile not associated with antibiotic therapy]. | 1984 | 6741407 | |
| relapsing clostridium difficile enterocolitis cured by rectal infusion of normal faeces. | repeated recurrence of clostridium difficile-associated enterocolitis is uncommon but troublesome for the afflicted patient. the patient described here received vancomycin treatment several times but always had a relapse of c. difficile enterocolitis 2-3 weeks after discontinuation of treatment. she did not form serum antibodies to c. difficile cytotoxin (toxin b). rectal infusion of enemas prepared from fresh faeces resulted in final cure. | 1984 | 6740251 |
| clostridium difficile isolation in neonates in a special care unit. lack of correlation with necrotizing enterocolitis. | the stools of 78% of 45 infants in a special care baby unit yielded clostridium difficile on culture, and in 67% of these it was possible to detect c. difficile toxin by means of a tissue culture technique. the stools of six of the seven infants with necrotizing enterocolitis were positive for c. difficile, but neither of the two most severely affected contained c. difficile toxin. the incidence of c. difficile isolation was similar in infants treated by exchange transfusion, those treated with ... | 1984 | 6740221 |
| effect of therapy with latamoxef (moxalactam) on carriage of clostridium difficile. | twenty-seven patients receiving latamoxef (moxalactam) as a single antimicrobial agent were studied prospectively for clostridium difficile carriage and development of diarrhoea or colitis. stools were available prior to therapy from only seven patients, one of whom (14.3%) was an asymptomatic carrier. none of twelve patients studied during therapy were carriers. seven of 27 patients (25.9%) were colonized with cl. difficile after completion of latamoxef therapy, and three patients had cytotoxin ... | 1984 | 6735965 |
| role of volatile fatty acids in colonization resistance to clostridium difficile. | the in vitro inhibition of clostridium difficile by volatile fatty acids was correlated with the ph and concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the ceca of hamsters of different ages. the concentrations of cecal volatile fatty acids increased with the age of the animals. maximum concentrations of individual volatile fatty acids were attained when the animals were ca. 19 days old, with acetic, propionic, and butyric acids occurring in the highest concentrations (72, 16, and 32 microequivalents/ ... | 1984 | 6735467 |
| asymptomatic neonatal colonisation by clostridium difficile. | in a prospective survey of infants born in a single maternity unit, asymptomatic faecal colonisation by clostridium difficile occurred in 31 (47%) of 66 babies who provided a faecal sample during week one of life and at age 14 and 28 days, and in 46 (30.7%) of the total of 150 babies for whom at least one faecal sample was obtained during the month of study. there was no evidence for acquisition of the organism from the mother during delivery and colonisation was unrelated to the means of delive ... | 1984 | 6732277 |
| comparative in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin against campylobacter spp. and other bacterial enteric pathogens. | a comparison was made of the in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin (bay o 9867) with nine other antibiotics against isolates of campylobacter jejuni, salmonella spp., shigella spp., yersinia enterocolitica, clostridium difficile, vibrio spp., and escherichia coli. minimum inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin were the lowest of any compound tested for all organisms except c. difficile. | 1984 | 6732220 |
| immunochemical fingerprinting of clostridium difficile strains isolated from an outbreak of antibiotic-associated colitis and diarrhoea. | twenty eight strains of clostridium difficile , isolated from an outbreak of antibiotic-associated colitis and diarrhoea in an orthopaedic ward and from sporadic cases throughout sweden, were sent to edinburgh for immunochemical fingerprinting without information about their origin. edta extracts of the organisms were examined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (cie), polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) and electroblot transfer. two patterns were revealed by cie: group a (18 strains) and gro ... | 1984 | 6726785 |
| unravelling the secrets of clostridium difficile. | 1984 | 6725969 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | during the course of 1 year, clostridium difficile was isolated from 145 (4 per cent) of 3591 faecal specimens submitted to a hospital routine bacteriology laboratory. these c. difficile positive specimens came from 95 patients or 10.99 per cent of 864 patients investigated for suspected gastroenteritis. in a control population of 318 persons c. difficile was isolated from only 10 of them or 3.1 per cent; this difference was statistically significant. we conclude that as this increase in the iso ... | 1984 | 6725965 |
| systemic absorption of oral cholestyramine. | a patient with clostridium difficile -toxin colitis was treated with oral cholestyramine, but died of other causes 15 days later. at autopsy, the colitis had resolved, but cholestyramine particles were found within the vessels of most body tissues, most prominently in his ulcerated distal esophagus. clusters of bacteria were found adjacent to some of the cholestyramine particles, suggesting a common portal of entry. | 1984 | 6724264 |
| clostridium difficile enterotoxin (toxin a): new results. | 1984 | 6724112 | |
| polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns produced by clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of pseudomembranous colitis following antimicrobial therapy. there is evidence to suggest that this organism may be hospital acquired. polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic (page) analysis of protein profiles of c. difficile cell extracts was examined for possible usefulness in epidemiologic studies. at least 50 bands could be distinguished in soluble cell extracts of c. difficile. freeze-thawing of extracts and/or length of storage time did not affect the pro ... | 1984 | 6718936 |
| inciting and etiologic agents of colitis. | since 1979, 3,115 stool samples were tested for detection of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin; these were obtained from patients who had drug-related diarrhea. presumed or proven colitis due to c. difficile was diagnosed in 130 patients. drugs implicated most commonly as causing or associated with the onset of enterocolitis due to c. difficile were ampicillin (38 episodes), cephalosporins (71), clindamycin (36), and the aminoglycosides (45). the hamster model of colitis was employed to ex ... | 1984 | 6718935 |
| clostridium difficile colitis in surgical patients. | the clinical course of 75 patients with diarrhea and positive c. difficile toxin stool assays has been examined. the mean age of the patients was 68 years. five of 25 surgical nursing units accounted for two thirds of the cases. many patients were immuno-suppressed with cancer, sepsis, or diabetes mellitus. the median onset of diarrhea was 2.7 days after initial administration of antibiotics. fever and leukocytosis were frequently seen. diarrhea ceased in 30 percent of the patients after withdra ... | 1984 | 6711751 |
| clostridium difficile and its toxins. | 1984 | 6706412 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with the use of antineoplastic agents. | eight patients are presented in whom treatment with antineoplastic agents, in particular the folic acid antagonist methotrexate, precipitated clostridium difficile-related diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis. the clinical presentation of these patients was identical to that encountered in patients developing antibiotic associated diarrhoea and colitis. clostridium difficile-related diarrhoea and colitis should be suspected in any patient developing diarrhoea during the course of anti-neoplast ... | 1984 | 6705768 |
| clostridium difficile in young children. association with antibiotic usage. | clostridium difficile was isolated from the stools of 11/52 (21%) of children aged 0 to 2 years hospitalized with diarrhoea, and from 17/52 (33%) of a control group of hospitalized children with no diarrhoea; this difference was not significant. direct demonstration of c. difficile toxin from the stools was positive in 1 case with diarrhoea and in 5 control cases. the children with positive stool culture for c. difficile had had significantly more treatments with antibiotics or chemotherapeutics ... | 1984 | 6702456 |
| pseudomembranous colitis with recurring diarrhoea and prolonged persistence of clostridium difficile in a 10-year-old girl. | a 10-year-old girl developed, after treatment with amyxocillin, a clinically and sigmoidoscopically apparent pseudomembranous colitis with positive clostridium difficile stool culture. treatment with vancomycin resulted in rapid clinical cure, but there was a relapse of diarrhoea and reappearance of c. difficile, with no pseudomembranous colitis, within one month. clinical symptoms subsided spontaneously but c. difficile persisted for 2 more months in the stools. this case reflects three differe ... | 1984 | 6702443 |
| clostridium difficile and gastroenteritis: how strong is the association in children? | 1984 | 6701103 | |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxin with mccoy cell monolayers and cell suspensions and comparison with hela cell assay. | mccoy cell monolayers were compared with hela cell monolayers for the detection of clostridium difficile toxin in 301 stool samples. tests were positive (greater than or equal to 1/100 dilution) in 83 and 81 specimens tested with mccoy and hela cell monolayers, respectively. mccoy cell suspensions were compared with hela cell monolayers in 532 stool filtrates. overall, 90 positive specimens were within one dilution and 432 filtrates were negative with either test, giving a correlation coefficien ... | 1984 | 6699153 |
| an outbreak of clostridium difficile necrotizing enterocolitis. | 1984 | 6694887 | |
| detection of clostridium difficile in faeces by direct gas liquid chromatography. | stool specimens examined for the presence of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin were screened by gas liquid chromatography for the presence of volatile fatty acids and p-cresol. twenty seven of 110 (25%) stools yielded c difficile or cytotoxin; iso-valeric acid was detected in 63/110 (57%) and iso-caproic acid in 18/110 (16%) stools. para-cresol was found in 24/71 (34%) stools examined. iso-valeric acid was detected in 85% of stools positive for c difficile, whereas iso-caproic acid (41%) a ... | 1984 | 6693575 |
| rapid death of infant rhesus monkeys injected with clostridium difficile toxins a and b: physiologic and pathologic basis. | clostridium botulinum can colonize and produce botulinal toxin in the human infant intestine, which the toxin then permeates to cause generalized flaccid paralysis, and occasionally, sudden death. this study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that toxins produced by other intestinal clostridia, e.g., c. difficile, might also cause systemic illness and sometimes death in infants (j pediatr 100:568, 1982). because this hypothesis could not be evaluated clinically until the systemic manifestatio ... | 1984 | 6690674 |
| incidence and origin of clostridium difficile in neonates. | the stools of 65 of 92 (71%) infants in a special care nursery yielded clostridium difficile on culture. ninety percent of stools collected after 6 to 35 days in the unit were positive, and 36% of these also contained toxin. when tested in vitro, 94% of the isolates produced toxin. of 110 swabs collected from the environment of the unit, 9% were positive for c. difficile, but the stools of 12 nurses working on the unit were negative. thirty-five vaginal swabs collected from mothers just before d ... | 1984 | 6690469 |
| massive mural edema in severe pseudomembranous colitis. | three patients had severe acute pseudomembranous colitis due to clostridium difficile toxin and required surgical resection. in addition to the characteristic mucosal lesions, the colonic specimens showed a marked degree of diffuse mural edema that extended into the muscularis propia and involved areas of the colon with and without pseudomembranes. to our knowledge, such extreme edema has not been previously noted in pathologic descriptions of this disorder; it may possibly result from a toxic e ... | 1983 | 6687545 |
| loss of surface fibronectin from human lung fibroblasts exposed to cytotoxin from clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile cytotoxin caused an irreversible dose- and time-dependent loss of fibronectin from the surfaces of human lung fibroblasts, paralleling the appearance of the cytopathic effect. fibronectin was not required for the intoxication process. the results lend further support to a transmembrane connective link between fibronectin and the microfilaments. | 1983 | 6682405 |
| [efficacy of tinidazole against anaerobes in comparison with metronidazole, ornidazole, cefoxitin and lamoxactam]. | the in vitro inhibitory activity of tinidazole, metronidazole, ornidazole, cefoxitin and moxalactam was determined against 150 isolates of clinically important anaerobes including bacteroides fragilis, bacteroides bivius and clostridium perfringens by means of agar dilution tests. the members of 18 gramnegative and 14 grampositive species were inhibited by tinidazole at less than or equal to 0,01-8 micrograms/ml thus being without exception susceptible to the drug. a similar in vitro activity wa ... | 1983 | 6681175 |
| [anaerobic effect of tinidazol compared with metronidazol, ornidazol, cefoxitin and lamoxactam]. | the in vitro inhibitory activity of tinidazole, metronidazole, ornidazole, cefoxitin and moxalactam was determined against 150 isolates of clinically important anaerobes including bacteroides fragilis, bacteroides bivius and clostridium perfringens by means of agar dilution tests. the members of 18 gramnegative and 14 grampositive species were inhibited by tinidazole at less than or equal to 0,01-8 micrograms/ml thus being without exception susceptible to the drug. a similar in vitro activity wa ... | 1983 | 6676177 |
| toxin a of clostridium difficile: production, purification and effect in mouse intestine. | clostridium difficile produces one diarrhoeogenic toxin designed a, and one cytopathogenic toxin designed b. toxin a was purified in a four-step-fractionation procedure. in the last purification step the toxin was separated by elution with galactose from an agarose gel. the purified toxin a induced a clear and watery hypersecretion in intestinal loops of mouse, while mixtures of toxin a and b induced a haemorrhagic secretion. at an ed50 value for the purified toxin a of 0.5 microgram there was a ... | 1983 | 6673499 |