Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| genetic analysis of hepatitis a virus strains recovered from the environment and from patients with acute hepatitis. | the molecular epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) was studied by analysing hav strains recovered from environmental water samples over a 7 year period and strains recovered from patients with acute hepatitis over a 5 year period. a total of 54 samples of raw domestic sewage and 66 samples of river water were collected. hav particles were concentrated and detected by nested rt-pcr. hav infection in patients with acute hepatitis was serologically diagnosed in 26 of 74 serum samples, which were ... | 2001 | 11714971 |
| transmission of hepatitis a through household contact. | in the usa, cost effectiveness assessments support childhood hepatitis a vaccination in geographical areas with elevated disease rates, but not nationally. however, these studies do not address the reduction in disease transmission which may result from routine childhood vaccination. using decision analysis, we estimated the number and age distribution of secondary hepatitis a cases occurring within households with an index case. based on the age of the index case, we determined household size a ... | 2001 | 11703577 |
| detecting the presence of infectious hepatitis a virus in molluscs positive to rt-nested-pcr. | the objective of this study was to determine the presence of infectious hepatitis a virus (hav) in molluscs naturally contaminated with viral hav-rna. | 2001 | 11696097 |
| antibodies to hepatitis a virus in italian patients with chronic liver disease. | to improve our knowledge for future hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccination strategies we carried out a multicentre study on naturally acquired immunological protection against hav in patients with chronic hepatitis in italy. we enrolled 830 consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis on their first observation at one of the six italian liver units participating in the study. six hundred and fifty-eight patients (79.3%) were positive for total anti-hav and 172 (20.7%) were negative. the anti-hav neg ... | 2001 | 11693512 |
| the epidemiology of hepatitis a infection in palestine: a universal vaccination programme is not yet needed. | in palestine, there has been an increase in the reported incidence of acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection since 1995. since overt clinical disease occurs only among adults, questions were raised whether or not a shift in the epidemiology of hav has occurred. this is generally characterized by a decrease in the overall incidence rate and a shifting in the mean age of infection towards adolescence and early adulthood. the need for a vaccination programme is being discussed. to resolve this iss ... | 2001 | 11693511 |
| nucleic acid testing: update and applications. | nucleic acid testing (nat) holds the promise of closing the window of infectiousness for hepatitis c virus (hcv) and the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in the general blood supply. pioneering work by the source plasma industry with nat for hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), and parvovirus b19 suggests that, in the future, the risk of other viral infections may be reduced using similar technology. the european commission decree that, by july 1999, all source plasma for fraction ... | 2001 | 11685721 |
| magnitude and quality of antibody response to a combination hepatitis a and hepatitis b vaccine. | interference between antibodies generated by a combination hepatitis a and b vaccine was investigated by evaluating the quantity and quality of anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) and anti-hepatitis b surface antigen (hbs) antibodies generated by twinrix (hepatitis a inactivated and hepatitis b (recombinant) vaccine). the magnitude of the immune response was determined by a retrospective analysis of eight clinical trials, completed during stepwise development of twinrix. the functionality of anti-hav w ... | 2002 | 11684316 |
| [autoimmune hepatitis with prolonged igm antibodies to hav. are serological markers reliable in ruling out a diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis?]. | we present the case of a 44-year-old woman who was referred to us for jaundice, choluria and acholia. review of the patient's clinical history revealed that tests for hepatitis a virus (hav) igm antibody had been positive 4 and 2 years previously and continued to be so. the patient showed a score of 16 in the international autoimmune hepatitis group's system when the hav marker was not taken into account and a score of 13 when this marker was taken into account. the persistence of this viral mar ... | 2001 | 11674957 |
| genetic variability of hepatitis a virus in south america reveals heterogeneity and co-circulation during epidemic outbreaks. | genetic analysis of selected genome regions of hepatitis a virus (hav) suggested that distinct genotypes of hav could be found in different geographical regions. in order to gain insight into the genetic variability and mode of evolution of hav in south america, an analysis was performed of sequence data obtained from the vp1 amino terminus and the vp1/2a region of hav strains isolated over a short period of time in uruguay, argentina and chile. sequences obtained from 22 distinct hav isolates w ... | 2001 | 11602776 |
| interaction of picornavirus 2c polypeptide with the viral negative-strand rna. | the picornavirus membrane-associated polypeptide 2c is believed to be required for viral rna synthesis. hepatitis a virus (hav)- and human rhinovirus (hrv)-encoded recombinant 2c proteins have been expressed, purified and examined for their ability to interact with the terminal sequences of viral positive- and negative-strand rnas. the results demonstrate that both the hav- and the hrv-encoded 2c polypeptide specifically interact with the 3'-terminal sequences of the negative-strand rna, but not ... | 2001 | 11602773 |
| [expression of hepatitis a virus recombinant proteins in escherichia coli]. | on the basis of coding regions on the fragments of genes p1 and p2 of hepatitis a virus (hav) recombinant proteins of this virus have been synthesized in the prokaryotic expressing system of e. coli, isolated and studied with the use of sera obtained from hepatitis a patients. the capacity of hav recombinant proteins for binding with the sera of patients with hepatitis a in the acute stage has been shown with the use of immunoblotting and the indirect solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. the results ... | 2001 | 11548267 |
| protease inhibitors as potential antiviral agents for the treatment of picornaviral infections. | the picornavirus family contains several human pathogens including human rhinovirus (hrv) and hepatitis a virus (hav). in the case of hrvs, these small single-stranded positive-sense rna viruses translate their genetic information into a polyprotein precursor which is further processed mainly by two viral proteases designated 2a and 3c. the 2a protease (2apro) makes the first cleavage between the structural and non-structural proteins, while 3c protease (3cpro) catalyzes most of the remaining in ... | 2001 | 11548209 |
| genetic analysis of hepatitis a virus outbreak in france confirms the co-circulation of subgenotypes ia, ib and reveals a new genetic lineage. | genetic analysis of selected genome regions of hepatitis a virus (hav) suggested that distinct genotype could be defined in different geographic locations. in order to study the degree of genetic variability among hav isolated during a single epidemic outbreak, sequences from a 148 base pair segment within the vp1 amino terminal region were obtained for eight distinct hav isolates from an outbreak that occurred in north bretagne (france). these sequences were compared among themselves and with p ... | 2001 | 11536228 |
| rapid and efficient extraction method for reverse transcription-pcr detection of hepatitis a and norwalk-like viruses in shellfish. | as part of an effort to develop a broadly applicable test for norwalk-like viruses and hepatitis a virus (hav) in shellfish, a rapid extraction method that is suitable for use with one-step reverse transcription (rt)-pcr-based detection methods was developed. the method involves virus extraction using a ph 9.5 glycine buffer, polyethylene glycol (peg) precipitation, tri-reagent, and purification of viral poly(a) rna by using magnetic poly(dt) beads. this glycine-peg-tri-reagent-poly(dt) method c ... | 2001 | 11526018 |
| past infection with hepatitis a virus among vancouver street youth, injection drug users and men who have sex with men: implications for vaccination programs. | in canada, inactivated hepatitis a vaccines are targeted selectively at those at increased risk for infection or its complications. in order to evaluate the need for routine hepatitis a vaccination programs in vancouver for street youth, injection drug users (idus) and men who have sex with men (msm), we determined the prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a virus (hav) and risk factors for hav in these groups. | 2001 | 11517645 |
| yield and future issues of nucleic acid testing. | despite the much lower actual yield than that estimated for hepatitis c virus (hcv) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) nucleic acid testing (nat)-only positives in the usa and germany, look-back procedures have revealed that no hcv transmission has occurred in germany since the introduction of nat. this indicates sufficient sensitivity of the pool-pcr approach. the slow ramp-up of hepatitis b virus (hbv) however, may require a different approach. it has been shown in germany that the pooling ... | 2001 | 11499978 |
| seroepidemiology of hepatitis a infection in india: changing pattern. | recent changes in the epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection and the availability of effective vaccines have renewed interest in this infection. we determined the age-related prevalence of anti-hav antibodies in india and looked for differences by known risk factors for hav infection. | 2001 | 11497169 |
| analysis of full-length hepatitis a virus genome in sera from patients with fulminant and self-limited acute type a hepatitis. | type a hepatitis still poses a considerable problem worldwide. why some patients progress to fulminant type a hepatitis and others do not is still unknown. to examine whether genomic differences of hepatitis a virus (hav) are responsible for the severity of the disease, we analyzed the whole hav genomes from patients with fulminant and self-limited acute type a hepatitis. | 2001 | 11495028 |
| detailed analysis of the requirements of hepatitis a virus internal ribosome entry segment for the eukaryotic initiation factor complex eif4f. | the hepatitis a virus (hav) internal ribosome entry segment (ires) is unique among the picornavirus iress in that it is inactive in the presence of either the entero- and rhinovirus 2a or aphthovirus lb proteinases. since these proteinases both cleave eukaryotic initiation factor 4g (eif4g) and hav ires activity could be rescued in vitro by addition of eif4f to proteinase-treated extracts, it was concluded that the hav ires requires eif4f containing intact eif4g. here, we show that the inability ... | 2001 | 11483730 |
| activity of the hepatitis a virus ires requires association between the cap-binding translation initiation factor (eif4e) and eif4g. | the question of whether translation initiation factor eif4e and the complete eif4g polypeptide are required for initiation dependent on the ires (internal ribosome entry site) of hepatitis a virus (hav) has been examined using in vitro translation in standard and eif4g-depleted rabbit reticulocyte lysates. in agreement with previous publications, the hav ires is unique among all picornavirus iress in that it was inhibited if translation initiation factor eif4g was cleaved by foot-and-mouth disea ... | 2001 | 11483729 |
| tt virus infection in cases of fulminant hepatic failure-evaluation by clonality based on amino acid sequence of hypervariable regions. | the significance of tt virus (ttv) infection in the pathogenesis of acute liver disease is uncertain. serum ttv-dna was determined by polymarase-chain reaction (pcr) methods using both hemi-nested (ng059/ng063 and ng061/ng063) and single-step (t801/t935) primers in four patients with fulminant hepatic failure and one patient with late onset hepatic failure in whom hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) markers were negative. of these five patients, the ttv-dna was positive in two pa ... | 2001 | 11470631 |
| experimental hepatitis a virus infection in guinea pigs. | although many of the properties of hepatitis a virus (hav) are known, several aspects of hav pathogenesis are still not understood, such as the mechanism underlying the hepatotropism or hav replication in extrahepatic sites. detailed studies of these aspects were hampered mostly by the lack of accessible animal models, since only nonhuman primates are susceptible to experimental infections. an alternative animal model would also be of interest to assess the primary replication site and for the e ... | 2001 | 11468723 |
| human enteric viruses in coquina clams associated with a large hepatitis a outbreak. | an outbreak of hepatitis a, affecting 183 people, occurred in valencia (spain). epidemiological evidence pointed to an association of the outbreak with consumption of coquina clams (donax sp), imported frozen from peru. shellfish were analysed for the presence of hepatitis a virus (hav), enteroviruses, rotaviruses, astroviruses, caliciviruses and hepatitis e virus. hav was detected in 75% of assayed shellfish samples. other enteric viruses were occasionally found in the same samples. molecular e ... | 2001 | 11464770 |
| changing epidemiology of hepatitis a and hepatitis e in urban and rural india (1982-98). | the epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) was assessed among age-stratified urban high socioeconomic, lower middle socioeconomic status and rural populations from western india in 1998. when compared with previous surveys, a clear shift from high to intermediate endemicity of hav was evident only for higher socioeconomic population (1982-98), raising the possibility of outbreaks of hepatitis a in this category. a decrease in anti-hav positivity was noted in rural ch ... | 2001 | 11454182 |
| hepatitis c and cirrhotic liver disease in the nile delta of egypt: a community-based study. | residents of egypt's nile river delta have among the world's highest seroprevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection. to assess the impact of hcv on chronic liver disease, we studied the association between hcv, other hepatitis viruses, and cirrhotic liver disease in a cross-sectional, community-based survey of 801 persons aged > or = 10 years living in a semi-urban, nile delta village. residents were systematically sampled using questionnaires, physical examination, abdominal ultrasonograph ... | 2001 | 11442209 |
| immunogenicity of hepatitis a vaccination in decompensated cirrhotic patients. | hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccination is recommended in chronic liver disease because of an increased morbidity and mortality associated with hav superinfection. however, data regarding the efficacy of hav vaccination in patients with advanced chronic liver disease is limited. we assessed the efficacy of a standard hav vaccination schedule in decompensated chronic liver disease in comparison with compensated disease and defined clinical predictors associated with seroconversion. eighty-four anti-h ... | 2001 | 11431730 |
| risks associated with hepatitis a and hepatitis b in patients with hepatitis c. | individuals with hepatitis c virus (hcv) are at risk for acquiring hepatitis a virus (hav) or hepatitis b virus (hbv) because of shared risk factors. a number of organizations recommend vaccination against hav and hbv for patients with hcv. the rationale for vaccinating these patients is to prevent hepatic superinfections. acute hav superinfection causes more severe disease, acute hepatic failure, and higher fatality rates in patients with underlying chronic liver disease, specifically chronic h ... | 2001 | 11418785 |
| immunoglobulin a nephropathy associated with hepatitis a virus infection. | renal involvement in association with nonfulminant hepatitis a virus (hav) infections have been reported infrequently and when present have been characterized by mild proteinuria, microscopic hematuria and slight urinary sediment abnormalities. acute renal failure and nephrotic syndrome are extremely rare complications. this report describes a case of acute renal failure and nephrotic syndrome following a nonfulminant course of hav infection with biopsy proven immunoglobulin a nephropathy. the c ... | 2001 | 11411012 |
| a new g-tailing method for the determination of the poly(a) tail length applied to hepatitis a virus rna. | to study the role of the poly(a) tail length during the replication of poly(a)-containing plus-strand rna virus, we have developed a simple reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr)-based method that substantially improves the previously reported pat [poly(a) test] assay. in contrast to the pat assay, the new method is based on the enzymatic 3' elongation of mrna with guanosine residues, thus immediately preserving the 3' end of the rna and creating a unique poly(a)-oligo(g) junct ... | 2001 | 11410680 |
| closed-circuit system for the depuration of mussels experimentally contaminated with hepatitis a virus. | in italy, the consumption of raw or slightly cooked mussels represents the most important risk factor for the transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav). although there exist effective methods for the bacterial depuration of contaminated mussels, these methods are poorly effective on enteric viruses. the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a closed-circuit depuration system that uses both ozone and uv light for disinfecting water and that allows salinity and temperat ... | 2001 | 11403143 |
| molecular epidemiology of viral pathogens and tracing of transmission routes: hepatitis-, calici- and hantaviruses. | background: the need to rapidly identify new therapeutic drugs and vaccines for clinically important viral infections has resulted in intensive study of the molecular properties of viruses. modern molecular techniques have provided tools for tracing infections and studying the evolution of viruses. objective study and design: two examples illustrating how modern molecular techniques can be used in clinical virology and molecular epidemiology (hepatitis and caliciviruses), and one example documen ... | 2001 | 11397654 |
| hepatitis a control in a refugee camp by active immunization. | an outbreak of hepatitis a occurred among children of a refugee camp in croatia. in order to disrupt the outbreak, we decided to vaccinate children from 1 to 15 years of age in the camp, in addition to intensified general preventive measures. assuming high prevalence of hepatitis a virus antibodies within this population, we conducted anti-hav testing of the children eligible for vaccination. of 108 children tested, 74 (68.5%) were anti-hav positive. we vaccinated 34 children. one month after va ... | 2001 | 11395194 |
| allogenic bone marrow transplantation with a donor presenting with an acute hepatitis a. | we report the unique occurrence of an allogenic bone marrow transplantation performed as the donor was suffering from an acute hepatitis a. the bone marrow was contaminated at the time of collection, as demonstrated by hepatitis a virus (hav) rna detected by rt-pcr. hepatitis a virus infection in such a situation could have resulted in a severe liver disease in the recipient. however, although we could demonstrate that the recipient had been infected, he did not develop a symptomatic hepatitis a ... | 2001 | 11394666 |
| protracted, but not acute, hepatitis a virus infection is strongly associated with hla-drb*1301, a marker for pediatric autoimmune hepatitis. | hla alleles are known to be associated with susceptibility to develop autoimmune hepatitis (ah), and hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is postulated as a putative trigger for ah. we investigated whether hla may influence the outcome of the hav infection by studying 67 children with self-limited and 39 children with protracted forms of this infection. hla typing of the uncomplicated forms showed no significant increase of any hla class i or ii alleles. in contrast, drb1*1301 was present in 46.1% ... | 2001 | 11391541 |
| association between seropositivity of antibodies against hepatitis a virus and helicobacter pylori. | helicobacter pylori and hepatitis a virus (hav) are documented to share common transmission routes including fecal-oral. this study examined the association between seropositivity of antibodies against h. pylori (anti-hp) and hav (anti-hav) via a community-based survey of 40 randomly selected kindergartens in 10 urban and 10 rural areas. serum samples from 2,047 healthy preschool children and 104 teachers were screened for anti-hp by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and for anti-hav by micropa ... | 2000 | 11388513 |
| epstein-barr virus specific salivary antibodies as related to stress caused by examinations. | epstein-barr virus (ebv) is prevalent in 90% of the population. after primary infection it remains in a latent state and the majority of the virus carriers are asymptomatic during their life. among the immunocompromized patients such as organ and bone marrow transplant recipients, individuals lacking t cell immunity, and patients treated with corticosteroid, cancer, and aids patients ebv primary infection and reactivation can cause life threatening diseases. immunosupression may occur also durin ... | 2001 | 11360247 |
| change in hepatitis a virus seroepidemiology in southern taiwan: a large percentage of the population lack protective antibody. | hepatitis a, the predominant reported etiologic form of viral hepatitis in taiwan, continues to be a disease primarily of children and young adults. a seroepidemiologic study was performed to assess the seroprevalence of hepatitis a (hav) antibodies in the southern taiwan general population in 1998 and is compared with results of a similar study in 1992. a total of 948 subjects (477 male and 471 female) with ages ranging from 0.3 to 63 years were stratified into 14 age-specific groups. the prese ... | 2001 | 11360241 |
| genetic relatedness of cuban hav wild-type isolates. | knowledge of the nucleotide sequence in the region of the putative vp1/2a junction of the hepatitis a virus (hav) genome has enabled differentiation of hav strains and their classification into seven genotypes, in some of which sub-genotypes a and b can be defined. a 168 base segment encompassing the putative vp1/2a junction of 27 clinical wild-type isolates of hav from cuba was amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and then sequenced. the cuban isolates are clustered with ... | 2001 | 11360240 |
| molecular epidemiology of hepatitis a virus in korea. | the prevalence of antibodies for hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) in adolescents and young adults has decreased remarkably following the economic growth in korea. as a result, this age group has a high risk for hav infection paradoxically, and over 1500 cases of clinically overt hepatitis a occurred in 1998. human isolates of hepatitis a virus (hav) are categorized within four genotypes (i, ii, iii, and vii). in some geographic regions, closely related isolates cluster, suggesting endemic spread of ... | 2001 | 11350547 |
| prevalence of enterically transmitted hepatitis viruses in patients attending a tertiary--care hospital in south india. | the prevalance of enterically transmitted hepatitis viruses, namely, hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) were studied in 404 patients with acute hepatitis attending a tertiary-care hospital in south india. presence of current hav/hev infection was ascertained by the demonstration of igm antibodies. in 381 patients tested for both agents, hav igm was present in 51(13.3%) and hev igm present in 66(17.3%). there was dual infection in 3 males (0.8%). hev infection was seen mostly in ... | 2000 | 11344607 |
| electron microscopy of buffalo green monkey kidney cells persistently infected with hepatitis a virus and immunolocalization of hav antigens. | studies were carried out to analyse the ultrastructural changes and the distribution of hepatitis a virus (hav)/antigens at subcellular level in buffalo green monkey kidney (bgmk) cells persistently infected with hm-175 strain of hav. hav infected bgmk cells showed distinct abnormalities in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic membrane as compared to uninfected cells. the abnormalities were characterized by wavy arrays, structures like myelin, annulate lamellae, cytoplasmic inclusion bodies ... | 2000 | 11344603 |
| improved method for the recovery of hepatitis a virus from oysters. | hepatitis a is one of the major infectious diseases epidemiologically associated with worldwide shellfish consumption. molecular detection using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to detect hepatitis a virus (hav) in contaminated shellfish can be hindered by low virus recoveries during the concentration process and by natural pcr inhibitors in shellfish. this study evaluated and modified two major steps of a processing procedure for virus concentration from oysters: acid adsorption-elution and solv ... | 2001 | 11337037 |
| interaction study of peptide from vp3 capsid protein of hepatitis a virus through monolayers and fluorescence spectroscopy. | a synthetic peptide with the sequence [lys113]vp3(110--121): fwrkdlvfdfqv, corresponding to an epitope of the vp3 capsid protein of hepatitis a virus (hav), was synthesized by solid phase and characterized. to obtain insight into its physicochemical properties and to understand its possible mechanism of action at the membrane level, interaction with dppc or dppc/dppg (95/5) liposomes and lipid monolayers of dppc, dppg, sa, ps, pa and sm were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and langmuir--blo ... | 2001 | 11312535 |
| duplex rt-pcr for simultaneous detection of hepatitis a and hepatitis e virus isolated from drinking water samples. | a duplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) protocol for simultaneous detection of hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) in water samples has been developed and demonstrated. both hav and hev were concentrated from drinking water samples through a one-step concentration protocol. different cdna could be produced in the rt step carried out with a random primer in a single reaction tube. two different sets of primers specific for hav-cdna and hev-cdna were used ... | 2000 | 11296746 |
| prevalence of hepatitis a virus and hepatitis b virus immunity in patients with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed hepatitis c: implications for vaccination strategy. | administration of vaccine for hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) is recommended for patients with chronic hepatitis c (chc) because of the potential for increased severity of acute hepatitis superimposed on existing liver disease. the aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of antibodies directed against hav and hbv in patients with chc, analyze demographic and risk factors associated with this prevalence, and develop a cost-effective vaccination strategy. | 2001 | 11280565 |
| serological and molecular testing in viral hepatitis: an update. | the routine serological diagnoses of the three major forms of viral hepatitis - a, b and c - as well as delta hepatitis, are important in the evaluation of acute and chronic viral hepatitis. increasingly, molecular virology is also being used to evaluate patients with chronic hepatitis c, with genotype and viral load testing to plan therapy. | 2001 | 11264571 |
| an outbreak of hepatitis a associated with green onions. | forty-three cases of serologically confirmed hepatitis a occurred among individuals who ate at restaurant a in ohio in 1998. serum samples from all restaurant a employees who worked during the exposure period were negative for igm antibodies to hepatitis a virus (hav). a matched case-control study determined that foods containing green onions, which were eaten by 38 (95%) of 40 case patients compared with 30 (50%) of 60 control subjects, were associated with illness (matched odds ratio, 12.7; 95 ... | 2001 | 11262211 |
| icc/pcr detection of enteroviruses and hepatitis a virus in environmental samples. | this study applied the integrated cell culture/polymerase chain reaction methodology (icc/pcr) for rapid and specific detection of both cytopathogenic and noncytopathogenic viruses. results of this study showed that the use of direct rt-pcr or conventional cell culture alone may yield erroneous results with the analysis of environmental samples. the purpose of this study was to compare cultural, molecular, and combined assays for the most effective method of virus detection in variable environme ... | 2001 | 11261495 |
| pcr-sscp analysis of 5'-nontranslated region of hepatitis a viral rna: comparison with clinicopathological features of hepatitis a. | the recent development of the sensitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) method allowed us to detect the presence of hepatitis a virus (hav) rna in sera from hepatitis a patients. to determine whether differences in hav are related to the wide range of clinical severity, we used pcr-single strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) to analyze the amplified product of the 5'-nontranslated region (5'ntr), where relatively homologous sequences are reported and the internal ribo ... | 2000 | 11258569 |
| combining hepatitis a and b vaccination in children and adolescents. | hepatitis a and b are common infections worldwide and their severity is related to the individual's age upon initial infection. furthermore, when hepatitis b infection occurs in infants, the risk of becoming a chronic carrier is 90%. for hepatitis a, the lower incidence of disease arising from an improvement in living conditions leaves a greater number of children, adolescents and young adults susceptible to residual circulating virus. consequently, initial infection occurs later in life when cl ... | 2001 | 11257370 |
| fecal shedding of hepatitis a virus in indian patients with hepatitis a and in experimentally infected rhesus monkey. | hepatitis a is highly endemic in india. the surveillance reports for the disease from this region are primarily based on the demonstration of hepatitis a virus (hav) specific serum igm and igg antibodies. the present study was conducted to assess the presence and duration of fecal shedding of hav in patients with hepatitis a and in an experimentally infected rhesus monkey. nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was applied to fecal specimens from 67 sporadic cases of hep ... | 2001 | 11251306 |
| infection of hepatitis a virus in japanese haemophiliacs. | outbreaks of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in haemophiliacs have been reported from many countries. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis a virus antibody (havab) in japanese haemophiliacs. | 2001 | 11243755 |
| rapid decline of antibodies after hepatitis a immunization in liver and renal transplant recipients. | hepatitis a vaccine is safe and achieves good seroconversion rates in liver (ltx) and renal (rtx) transplant recipients. | 2001 | 11233913 |
| infection with hepatitis a and tt viruses and socioeconomic status in rio de janeiro, brazil. | the prevalence of antibodies directed against the enterically transmitted hepatitis a virus (hav) was measured in 2 groups of people living in rio de janeiro, brazil. of 1,056 health care workers (hcws), 778 (73.7%) were anti-hav positive. a high prevalence of anti-hav antibodies (85.7%) was also found among 274 voluntary blood donors (bds). tt virus (ttv) is a dna virus that has been found in the sera of patients with post-transfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology. occurrence of virus shedding ... | 2001 | 11233846 |
| [assessment of the pcr-southern blot technique for the analysis of viremia in patients with acute hepatitis a]. | assessment of viremia in hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is not frequently performed with conventional methods because the techniques used are laborious, have low sensitivity are usually performed in feces. the aims of this study were to develop a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and southern blot technique to detect hav-rna in the serum of patients with acute hav infection and to determine the relationship between hav-rna and anti-hav igm and alanine aminotransferase (alt) levels. the presence ... | 2001 | 11219133 |
| biophysical validation of epaxal berna, a hepatitis a vaccine adjuvanted with immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (iriv). | inactivated vaccines usually contain an adjuvant which potentiates the immune response to the antigen. during the last 70 years aluminium salts have been the only adjuvant licensed for human use. the adjuvanting activity is based on their serving as an antigen depot and inducing a localized inflammatory response. our efforts to develop a potent and well tolerated adjuvant has focussed on the use of immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (iriv). the iriv base is a liposome with a me ... | 2000 | 11214236 |
| predictors of liver-related complications in patients with chronic hepatitis c. | chronic hepatitis c is the leading cause of decompensated liver disease requiring liver transplantation and a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc). in liver clinic series, about 20% of those chronically infected with hepatitis c virus (hcv) develop cirrhosis over 20 years. from epidemiological data, however, it is clear that certain subgroups of patients are more likely to develop liver-related complications than others. both host and viral factors have been implicated in individual sus ... | 2000 | 11209965 |
| a serological re-evaluation of acute non-a non-b hepatitis from the early 1970s. | the epidemiology and natural history of recently discovered viruses, which may be responsible for cases of seronegative infectious hepatitis, are currently being investigated. retrospective studies of stored sera can provide a historical perspective of these infections. | 2000 | 11198574 |
| the cost-saving potential of prevaccination antibody tests when implementing a mass immunization program. | a seroprevalence study of hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), and varicella-zoster virus (vzv) was carried out among saudi arabian national guard soldiers with the objective of determining the cost-saving potential of prevaccination antibody tests when implementing an immunization program for the soldiers. a systematic sampling of 450 blood samples from 1,350 soldiers who donated blood at our hospital was carried out. antibody tests were performed using the enzyme-linked immunosorb ... | 2001 | 11197089 |
| adaptation of primate cell-adapted hepatitis a virus strain hm175 to growth in guinea pig cells is independent of mutations in the 5' nontranslated region. | previous studies of hepatitis a virus (hav) genotypes after adaptation of wild-type virus to growth in cell cultures of primate origin identified determinants for growth in cell culture in the viral 2b and 2c protein-coding regions of the genome and demonstrated that an increased growth efficiency in a particular cell line was achieved by subsequent mutations in the 5' nontranslated region (5'ntr). the results reported in this study demonstrate that the passage of hav adapted to primate bs-c-1 c ... | 2001 | 11172101 |
| molecular epidemiology of hepatitis a virus in amsterdam, the netherlands. | the transmission of sporadic community-acquired hepatitis a virus (hav) among different risk groups in amsterdam was verified by applying molecular techniques on fecal samples. these were collected in 1997/1998 from 33 persons with hav infection that was confirmed serologically. from 8 of these persons serial stool samples were collected. nested rt-pcr targeting the vp3-vp1 and vp1-p2a regions followed by sequence analysis established the duration of fecal hav rna excretion in stool and the epid ... | 2001 | 11170043 |
| suppression of hepatitis b virus replication mediated by hepatitis a-induced cytokine production. | acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection can cause severe hepatitis especially in patients with underlying chronic liver disease. in patients with pre-existing chronic hepatitis b (hbv) acute hav infection can suppress hbv replication. the exact mechanism of hbv suppression during acute hav infection is still a subject of debate. one mechanism may be the production of hav infection-induced cytokines leading to suppression of hbv replication and viral clearance. | 2001 | 11169072 |
| viral hepatitis during pregnancy. | a great degree of controversy prevails over the existing reports on the severity and outcome of acute viral hepatitis (avh) during pregnancy. the present study describes the outcome of avh associated with pregnancy. a correlation was also assessed for gestation period, viral etiology and outcome of avh. | 2001 | 11166742 |
| characterization of recombinant hepatitis a virus genomes containing exogenous sequences at the 2a/2b junction. | hepatitis a virus (hav) differs from other members of the family picornaviridae in that the cleavage of the polyprotein at the 2a/2b junction, commonly considered to be the primary polyprotein cleavage by analogy with other picornaviruses, is mediated by 3c(pro), the only proteinase encoded by the virus. however, it has never been formally demonstrated that the 2a/2b junction is the site of primary cleavage, and the actual function of the 2a sequence, which lacks homology with sequence of other ... | 2001 | 11152515 |
| hepatitis a: old and new. | the hepatitis a virus (hav), a picornavirus, is a common cause of hepatitis worldwide. spread of infection is generally person to person or by oral intake after fecal contamination of skin or mucous membranes; less commonly, there is fecal contamination of food or water. hepatitis a is endemic in developing countries, and most residents are exposed in childhood. in contrast, the adult population in developed countries demonstrates falling rates of exposure with improvements in hygiene and sanita ... | 2001 | 11148002 |
| hepatitis a vaccine. | inactivated hepatitis a vaccines are highly immunogenic and efficacious. because of their high disease rates and importance as a reservoir of transmission to others, children should be the primary focus of vaccination. a long-term strategy of sustained routine vaccination of children living in areas with consistently elevated hepatitis a rates has been adopted. ultimately, elimination of hav transmission will require vaccination of all children in the us. this effort would be facilitated by the ... | 2000 | 11144382 |
| prospective study of pathogen burden and risk of myocardial infarction or death. | we previously demonstrated that the risk of coronary artery disease (cad) increased in relation to the number of pathogens (the "pathogen burden") in a cross-sectional study. in the present prospective study with a different patient cohort, we evaluated the effect of pathogen burden on the risk of myocardial infarction (mi) or death among cad patients. | 2001 | 11136684 |
| neutralization of hepatitis a virus (hav) by an immunoadhesin containing the cysteine-rich region of hav cellular receptor-1. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infects african green monkey kidney (agmk) cells via the hav cellular receptor-1 (havcr-1), a mucin-like type 1 integral-membrane glycoprotein of unknown natural function. the ectodomain of havcr-1 contains an n-terminal immunoglobulin-like cysteine-rich region (d1), which binds protective monoclonal antibody (mab) 190/4, followed by an o-glycosylated mucin-like threonine-serine-proline-rich region that extends d1 well above the cell surface. to study the interaction of h ... | 2001 | 11134285 |
| detection methods for human enteric viruses in representative foods. | although viral foodborne disease is a significant problem, foods are rarely tested for viral contamination, and when done, testing is limited to shellfish commodities. in this work, we report a method to extract and detect human enteric viruses from alternative food commodities using an elution-concentration approach followed by detection using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). fifty-gram lettuce or hamburger samples were artificially inoculated with poliovirus type 1 (pv ... | 2000 | 11131900 |
| assessment of synthetic peptides for hepatitis a diagnosis using biosensor technology. | in the present work we demonstrate the application of a commercial biosensor instrument (biacore 1000, biacore ab, uppsala) for the detection of antibodies against the hepatitis a virus (hav) in human serum samples using linear and branched synthetic peptides related to the vp3 capsid protein of hav. we also studied the conformation of the synthetic peptides by circular dichroism (cd) in order to analyse the changes in secondary structure of the constructs that could influence their recognition ... | 2000 | 11121543 |
| prevalence of hepatitis a virus infection in sewage plant workers of central italy: is indication for vaccination justified? | prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus (hav) was studied in a group of 65 sewage plant workers living in tuscany, central italy. in order to evaluate the effect of several confounders (age, place of birth, income, educational degree, sea-food consumption, etc.), subjects under study were matched with 160 other workers residing in the same area. anti-hav was detected in about 51% of sewage workers and 44% of other employees. the difference was not statistically significant. both univariate ... | 2000 | 11115708 |
| asian perspectives on viral hepatitis a. | recent decades have witnessed a marked decline in the prevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in asian populations, especially in children. this is attributable to general improvements in socio-economic status and hygiene, which have, in turn, made a large population of young adults susceptible to the disease. the hav infection rarely results in death and mortality is age-dependent. according to previous reports, it may be more severe in persons with underlying chronic liver disease (cld ... | 2000 | 11101002 |
| prevalence of hepatitis a virus antibodies in patients with chronic liver diseases. | the age of persons with hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in the general population has risen; these persons are at increased risk of clinically severe disease, especially patients with chronic liver disease. the aim of the present study was to analyze the prevalence of total antibodies against hav in patients with chronic liver disease. | 2000 | 11084818 |
| hepatitis a virus-specific immunoglobulin a mediates infection of hepatocytes with hepatitis a virus via the asialoglycoprotein receptor. | the mechanisms underlying the hepatotropism of hepatitis a virus (hav) and the relapsing courses of hav infections are unknown. in this report, we show for a mouse hepatocyte model that hav-specific immunoglobulin a (iga) mediates infection of hepatocytes with hav via the asialoglycoprotein receptor, which binds and internalizes iga molecules. proof of hav infection was obtained by detection of hav minus-strand rna, which is indicative for virus replication, and quantification of infectious viri ... | 2000 | 11069989 |
| screening international travelers for hepatitis a antibodies versus routine vaccination: how generalizable are the results? | 2000 | 11069869 | |
| screening travelers for hepatitis a antibodies: an observational cost-comparison study of vaccine use. | to measure the seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) in a health plan population of travelers and to determine whether prevaccination screening for anti-hav can reduce unnecessary vaccination and thus promote the most effective, economic use of hepatitis a vaccine. | 2000 | 11069868 |
| the possible role of hepatitis a virus in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. | the possible association between hepatitis a virus (hav) infection and coronary artery disease (cad) was studied. blood from 391 patients undergoing coronary angiography was tested for serum igg antibodies to hav and c-reactive protein (crp). of the 391 patients, 205 (52%) had anti-hav igg antibodies. cad prevalence was 74% in hav-seropositive and 52% in hav-seronegative patients (p<.0001); significance persisted after adjustment for either traditional cad risk factors or for risk factors plus o ... | 2000 | 11069227 |
| detection of hepatitis a viral rna in sera of patients with acute hepatitis a. | the detection of hepatitis a virus (hav) is important for diagnosis and epidemiological studies of hepatitis a. the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique is a sensitive test to detect hav-rna in specimens. the aims of the present study were to clarify the detection rate of serum hav-rna by pcr and the natural history of hav viraemia, and to determine the correlation between viraemia and the clinical characteristics in patients with acute hepatitis a. | 2000 | 11059935 |
| use of filter paper disks for hepatitis a surveillance. | venous blood collection is a cumbersome and uncomfortable procedure during hepatitis a surveillance. collection of capillary blood by finger prick is an alternative method. | 2000 | 11059181 |
| the changing epidemiological pattern of hepatitis a in an urban population of india: emergence of a trend similar to the european countries. | the present study was undertaken to determine the seroprevalence of the antibody against hepatitis a virus (igg anti-hav) in an urban population sample from delhi (india) and to assess any change in the epidemiological pattern of hav infection in this part of the world. a total of 500 healthy subjects were enrolled and divided into groups on the basis of age, sex and per capita income and evaluated for the presence of igg anti hav antibodies using a commercially available kit. the mean age of al ... | 2000 | 11049092 |
| [algorithm for specific laboratory diagnosis in viral hepatitis among inpatients (lecture)]. | 2000 | 11031429 | |
| immunogenicity and reactogenicity of the combined hepatitis a and b vaccine in young adults. | the combination of hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) vaccinations can offer convenience, increased compliance and cost saving. we have studied the immunogenicity, reactogenicity and safety of combined hepatitis a and b vaccination in young adults (16-35 years old). eighty healthy young adults were divided into two random groups. one group received the combined hepatitis a and b vaccine (hab) in one arm while the other group was administered concomitant hepatitis a and b vaccine ... | 2000 | 11027806 |
| detection of poliovirus, hepatitis a virus and rotavirus from sewage and water samples. | a modified adsorption-elution technique for concentration of enteric viruses from sewage and water samples was developed. the viruses in water were concentrated by negatively charged membrane filtration, eluted with 2.9% tryptose phosphate broth containing 6% glycine ph 9.0, and reconcentrated using centrifugation by a speedvac concentrator. the presence of poliovirus, hepatitis a virus (hav) rna, and rotavirus antigen was determined by cell culture isolation, nested polymerase chain reaction (n ... | 2000 | 11023063 |
| immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in taiwanese adults and children. | the safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine (avaxim, 160 antigen units) was evaluated in 190 subjects: 50 children aged from 2 to 5 years, 70 children aged from 6 to 17 years and 70 adults aged from 18 to 30 years in a monocentric, open, non-controlled, phase iii trial conducted in taipei, taiwan from december 1996 to october 1997. the vaccine was administered intramuscularly, with a two-dose schedule 6 months apart. clinical adverse events were monitored during the seven ... | 2000 | 11023061 |
| current seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus infection among kindergarten children and teachers in taiwan. | taiwan was a hyperendemic area for hepatitis a virus (hav) infection before the late 1980s. the seroprevalence of hav infection was higher than 90% with most hav infection occurring during childhood. this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of hav infection among preschool children in central taiwan. a community-based survey was carried out in 54 kindergartens in 10 urban areas, 10 rural areas and 2 aboriginal areas randomly selected through stratified sampling. serum samples of 2,549 healt ... | 2000 | 11023060 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus and varicella zoster antibodies in a javanese community (yogyakarta, indonesia). | hepatitis a virus (hav) cause an acute inflammation of the liver. varicella-zoster virus (vzv) cause chickenpox (varicella) and herpes zoster. effective vaccines against hepatitis a and varicella are available for children, adolescents and adults. in order to implement an appropriate vaccination policy, a baseline to assess the potential benefits and sections of the population who would benefit most are required. we investigated seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus and varicella zoster antibodies ... | 2000 | 11023059 |
| sources of infection among persons with acute hepatitis a and no identified risk factors during a sustained community-wide outbreak. | hepatitis a is a common vaccine-preventable disease in the united states. most cases occur during community-wide outbreaks, which can be difficult to control. many case-patients have no identified source. | 2000 | 11015549 |
| development of an immunomagnetic capture reverse transcription-pcr assay for the detection of norwalk virus. | norwalk virus (nv) is the prototype human virus of the family caliciviridae. a rapid immunomagnetic capture/reverse transcription-(imc/rt-)pcr assay was developed for the detection of nv. immunomagnetic capture (imc) utilizes paramagnetic beads coupled to a virus-specific antibody and allows separation of virus from contaminating materials and virus concentration in a single step. the detection limit of the developed assay was approximately 250-750 genomic equivalents/ml of 10% stool suspension. ... | 2000 | 11011082 |
| hepatitis a post hepatitis a vaccination? | 2000 | 11003737 | |
| genetic relatedness of hepatitis a virus isolates during a community-wide outbreak. | in 1993-94, a community-wide outbreak of hepatitis a occurred in stanislaus county, california. stool specimens collected from a sample of 33 case patients were used to evaluate the duration of hepatitis a virus (hav) excretion and the genetic relatedness of hav isolates. twenty-four percent of the patients had a stool sample positive for hav antigen by enzyme immunoassay, whereas 91% had at least one stool positive for hav rna by rt-pcr amplification. children were found to excrete low levels o ... | 2000 | 11002242 |
| hepatitis a. | hepatitis a remains an important cause of community-acquired hepatitis in the united states and in the world. in recent years, improvements in personal hygiene and environmental sanitation have led to declines in overall hepatitis a infection rates in developed countries, although sporadic outbreaks still occur with similar rates of hospitalization and loss of work. therapy remains supportive and prevention holds the key to elimination of widespread infection. acute infection can be prevented or ... | 2000 | 10987112 |
| investigations of the epidemiology of infections with hepatitis a virus in jamaica. | between january 1995 and august 1998, a study was conducted to elucidate the epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) in jamaica. participants were recruited from six sites across the island. the potential risk factors for transmission which were studied included age of the individual, gender, residence (urban v. rural area), sanitary facilities (flush toilet v. pit) and source of domestic water (indoor plumbing v. other). there were 128 male subjects and 211 female, aged 3-90 years. the mean age ... | 2000 | 10983562 |
| the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus and its determinants in the netherlands: a population-based survey. | the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus was assessed in a dutch nationwide sample (n = 7367). a questionnaire was used to study the association with various sociodemographic characteristics. overall, 33.8% (95% ci 31.6-36%) of the population had hepatitis a antibodies. the seroprevalence was less than 10% in people under 35; it increased from 25% at 35 years to 85% at 79 years. for those 15-49 years of age, turks (90.9%) and moroccans (95.8%) had greater seroprevalence than autochthono ... | 2000 | 10982070 |
| hepatitis a in south-eastern sydney 1997-1999: continuing concerns for gay men and an outbreak among illicit drug users. | the incidence of hepatitis a virus (hav) in south-eastern sydney is one of the highest in australia with large outbreaks previously associated with male-to-male sexual contact. we report hav notification trends over the period 1 june 1997 to 31 may 1999 for this location. in the first twelve-month period, 233 cases were notified (crude rate 30.5/100,000 per year) with a peak incidence of 110/100,000 in males aged 20-39 years. over 60% of male cases reported male-to-male sexual contact. the notif ... | 2000 | 10981351 |
| a simple cost-decision analysis model comparing two strategies for hepatitis a vaccination. | 2000 | 10974188 | |
| related tt viruses in chimpanzees. | a series of serum specimens obtained from two chimpanzees experimentally infected with hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis c virus, and hepatitis g/gb-c virus were tested for tt virus (ttv) by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). all pcr fragments obtained from both animals were directly sequenced, and the nucleotide sequences were compared to each other and to all known ttv sequences. this comparison showed that both animals were infected simultaneously with four new ttv variants designated a, m1, m ... | 2000 | 10964777 |
| inactivation and clearance of viruses during the manufacture of high purity factor ix. | haemophilia is a bleeding disorder characterised by a deficiency in factor ix. replacement therapy in the form of a factor ix concentrate is a widely accepted practice. in this paper we describe a double virus inactivated chromatographic process for producing a high purity factor ix product, monofix((r))-vf. the process involves separation of the prothrombin complex by cryoprecipitation, fraction i precipitation and deae-cellulose adsorption, further ion-exchange chromatography of crude factor i ... | 2000 | 10964439 |
| [prevalence of anti-hav antibodies (hepatitis a virus) in 18-year-old males from the florence area]. | in 1998 sera from 430 18 year old male subjects living in "florentina area" have been tested for anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) antibodies. 27 out of 430, (6.2%), study samples were found to be positive. our results confirm the low circulation rate of hav in florence area. | 1999 | 10963011 |
| rapid concentration and detection of hepatitis a virus from lettuce and strawberries. | immunomagnetic beads-pcr (im-pcr), positively-charged virosorb filters (f), or a combination of both methods (f-im-pcr) were used to capture, concentrate and rapidly detect hepatitis a virus (hav) in samples of lettuce and strawberries experimentally contaminated. direct reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) amplification of the collected hav-beads complex showed a detection limit of 0.5 plaque forming units (pfu) of the virus present in 1-ml of wash solution from the produce, ... | 2000 | 10960705 |
| effects of total pathogen burden on coronary artery disease risk and c-reactive protein levels. | infection and inflammation have been suggested to play roles in coronary artery disease (cad). we hypothesized that: (1) cad risk is associated with the aggregate number of pathogens (pathogen burden), and (2) increased pathogen burden is associated with elevated levels of c-reactive protein (crp), a marker of inflammation. we evaluated 233 patients for cad. blood samples from each patient were tested for immunoglobulin-g (igg) antibodies to cytomegalovirus (cmv), chlamydia pneumoniae, hepatitis ... | 2000 | 10955367 |