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aging phenotypes of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).characterizing the phenotypic changes associated with aging in a short-lived primate is necessary in order to develop better translational models for human health, aging, and disease research. a population of conventionally housed marmoset monkeys was assessed to determine if phenotypes of body composition, hematology, and morphometrical measures were associated with age or risk of death. we found that the cause of mortality in older marmosets was more likely to be due to cardiac and chronic kid ...201222506113
lesions of ventrolateral prefrontal or anterior orbitofrontal cortex in primates heighten negative emotion.heightened fear and anxiety are core symptoms of a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. they are associated with structural and activity changes throughout neural circuitry that includes the ventral and medial prefrontal cortices (pfc), the amygdala, and hippocampus. although the contributions of the medial pfc, amygdala, and hippocampus to fear and anxiety have been studied extensively with animal models, the selective roles of the ventral pfc-including the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vl ...201222502990
susceptibility of peritoneal macrophage from different species of neotropical primates to ex vivo leishmania (l.) infantum chagasi-infection.this study examined the susceptibility of peritoneal macrophage (pm) from the neotropical primates: callithrix jacchus, callithrix penicillata, saimiri sciureus, aotus azarae infulatus and callimico goeldii to ex vivo leishmania (l.) infantum chagasi-infection, the etiological agent of american visceral leishmaniasis (avl), as a screening assay for evaluating the potential of these non-human primates as experimental models for studying avl. the pm-susceptibility to infection was accessed by the ...201222499423
comparative anatomy of marmoset and mouse cortex from genomic expression.advances in mouse neural circuit genetics, brain atlases, and behavioral assays provide a powerful system for modeling the genetic basis of cognition and psychiatric disease. however, a critical limitation of this approach is how to achieve concordance of mouse neurobiology with the ultimate goal of understanding the human brain. previously, the common marmoset has shown promise as a genetic model system toward the linking of mouse and human studies. however, the advent of marmoset transgenic ap ...201222496550
early decline in progenitor diversity in the marmoset lateral ventricle.the lateral ventricle (lv) of the adult rodent brain harbors neural stem cells (nscs) that continue to generate new neurons throughout life. nscs located in defined areas of the lv walls generate progenitors with distinct transcriptional profiles that are committed to specific neuronal fates. here, we assessed if such diversity of nscs also exist in the adult common marmoset, a widely used primate species in basic and clinical neuroscience research. we first investigated the 3d distributions of ...201322473896
characteristics of serial order learning in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).we investigated the characteristics of serial order learning in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). five marmosets were trained in a sequential responding task in which they were required to touch four graphic patterns in a given order (a→b→c→d) to obtain a reward. all five marmosets learned the task with over 65% accuracy. shuffling the positions of b, c, and d immediately after the marmoset had correctly identified and selected the first stimulus (a) either decreased accuracy or lengthened ...201222468938
cortical connections of auditory cortex in marmoset monkeys: lateral belt and parabelt regions.the current working model of primate auditory cortex is constructed from a number of studies of both new and old world monkeys. it includes three levels of processing. a primary level, the core region, is surrounded both medially and laterally by a secondary belt region. a third level of processing, the parabelt region, is located lateral to the belt. the marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus jacchus) has become an important model system to study auditory processing, but its anatomical organizatio ...201222461313
microrna regulation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice and marmosets resembles regulation in human multiple sclerosis lesions.here we demonstrate that mirna regulation in marmoset (callithrix jacchus) and c57/bl6 mouse eae lesions largely resembles mirna regulation in active human ms lesions. detailed quantitative pcr analyses of the most up- and downregulated mirnas of active human ms lesions in dissected lesions from marmoset eae brains and inflamed spinal cords of eae mice revealed that the conserved and highly regulated mirnas, mirna-155, mirna-142-3p, mirna-146a, mirna-146b and mirna-21, turned out to be similarly ...201222445295
misleading and reliable markers to differentiate between primate testis-derived multipotent stromal cells and spermatogonia in culture.several studies have reported the generation of spermatogonia-derived pluripotent stem cells from human testes. the initial aim of the present study was the derivation of equivalent stem cells from an established and experimentally accessible non-human primate model, the common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus). however, an essential prerequisite in the absence of transgenic reporters in primates and man is the availability of validated endogenous markers for the identification of specific ce ...201222442249
quantitative molecular assessment of chimerism across tissues in marmosets and tamarins.marmosets are playing an increasingly large and important role in biomedical research. they share genetic, anatomical, and physiological similarities with humans and other primate model species, but their smaller sizes, reproductive efficiency, and amenability to genetic manipulation offer an added practicality. while their unique biology can be exploited to provide insights into disease and function, it is also important that researchers are aware of the differences that exist between marmosets ...201222429831
[hepatocyte growth factor therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis].amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the death of upper and lower motor neurons. approximately 20% of familial als cases are caused by mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 (sod1) gene. we generated rats that express a human sod1 transgene with two different als-associated mutations and found that these rats develop remarkable motor neuron degeneration and paralysis. this rat model, because of the larger size of the animals as compar ...201222402718
lead optimization of 17β-hsd1 inhibitors of the (hydroxyphenyl)naphthol sulfonamide type for the treatment of endometriosis.the reduction of estrone to estradiol, the most potent estrogen in human, is catalyzed by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-hsd1). a promising approach for the treatment of estrogen-dependent diseases is the reduction of intracellular estradiol formation by inhibition of 17β-hsd1. for the species-specific optimization of the (hydroxyphenyl)naphthols, a combinatorial approach was applied and enhanced by a focused synthesis that resulted in the aromatic-substituted (hydroxyphenyl)naphth ...201222380653
mercury in the spinal cord after inhalation of mercury.amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als) affects anterior horn cells of the spinal cord causing an indolent slow and steady deterioration of muscle strength leading inevitably to death in respiratory failure. als is a model condition for neurodegenerative disorders. exposure to different agents dispersed in the environment has been suggested to cause neurodegeneration but no convincing evidence for such a link has yet been presented. respiratory exposure to metallic mercury (hg(0)) from different sou ...201222364490
effect of luminosity on color discrimination of dichromatic marmosets (callithrix jacchus).psychophysical data have shown that under mesopic conditions cones and rods can interact, improving color vision. since electrophysiological data have suggested that rods of dichromatic marmosets appear to be active at higher luminance, we aimed to investigate the effect of different levels of sunlight on the foraging abilities of male dichromatic marmosets. captive marmosets were observed under three different conditions, with respect to their performance in detecting colored food items against ...201222330382
molecular signatures to define spermatogenic cells in common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).germ cell development is a fundamental process required to produce offspring. the developmental program of spermatogenesis has been assumed to be similar among mammals. however, recent studies have revealed differences in the molecular properties of primate germ cells compared with the well-characterized mouse germ cells. this may prevent simple application of rodent insights into higher primates. therefore, thorough investigation of primate germ cells is necessary, as this may lead to the devel ...201222323619
the conclusiveness of less-invasive imaging techniques (computer tomography, x-ray) with regard to their identification of bone diseases in a primate model (callithrix jacchus).although common marmosets seem to be appropriate animal models to examine bone diseases, no data about the conclusiveness of less-invasive techniques are available. therefore, the aim was to combine different techniques to analyse changes in bone metabolism of common marmosets with bone diseases.201222300635
place preference behaviour in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus): carey gj, domeney am, costall b, naylor rj, postgraduate studies in pharmacology, the school of pharmacy, university of bradford, bradford, west yorkshire, bd7 1dp. 199222291332
individual recognition during bouts of antiphonal calling in common marmosets.many vocalizations are encoded with a diversity of acoustic information about the signal producer. amongst this information content are social categories related to the identity of the caller that are important for determining if and how a signal receiver may interact with that individual. here, we employed a novel playback method in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) to test individual recognition during bouts of antiphonal calling. these experiments utilized custom, interactive playback sof ...201222277952
spontaneous alternation behavior in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).whether common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) exhibit spontaneous alternation behavior was examined. marmosets were allowed to explore one of the two arms of a y-shaped maze, and after delays of various lengths, their preference to enter the previously entered or alternate arms was examined. the marmosets showed spontaneous alternation behavior; they preferred to enter the alternate arm after a delay of 2 hours or shorter, but such a preference was lost after a 24-hr delay. the loss of the alter ...201322268554
group service in macaques (macaca fuscata), capuchins (cebus apella) and marmosets (callithrix jacchus): a comparative approach to identifying proactive prosocial motivations.proactive, that is, spontaneous, prosociality reflects a psychological interest in the welfare of others and has been reported in callitrichid monkeys, capuchin monkeys (cebus apella), and humans, but not in chimpanzees. one explanation for the co-occurrence of proactive prosociality in these species is that it is linked to shared infant care (cooperative breeding); alternatively, it might merely reflect unusually high social tolerance or be mediated by advanced cognitive abilities. to date, dis ...201322250970
positron emission tomography assessment of 8-oh-dpat-mediated changes in an index of cerebral glucose metabolism in female marmosets.as part of a larger experiment investigating serotonergic regulation of female marmoset sexual behavior, this study was designed to (1) advance methods for pet imaging of common marmoset monkey brain, (2) measure normalized fdg uptake as an index of local cerebral metabolic rates for glucose, and (3) study changes induced in this index of cerebral glucose metabolism by chronic treatment of female marmosets with a serotonin 1a receptor (5-ht(1a)) agonist. we hypothesized that chronic treatment wi ...201222233732
bifidobacterium reuteri sp. nov., bifidobacterium callitrichos sp. nov., bifidobacterium saguini sp. nov., bifidobacterium stellenboschense sp. nov. and bifidobacterium biavatii sp. nov. isolated from faeces of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) and red-handed tamarin (saguinus midas).five strains of bifidobacteria were isolated from faeces of a common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) and a red-handed tamarin (saguinus midas). the five isolates clustered inside the phylogenetic group of the genus bifidobacterium but did not show high sequence similarities between the isolates and to known species in the genus by phylogenetic analysis based on 16s rrna gene sequences. sequence analyses of dnaj1 and hsp60 also indicated their independent phylogenetic positions to each other in the ...201222225994
testing the oxidative stress hypothesis of aging in primate fibroblasts: is there a correlation between species longevity and cellular ros production?the present study was conducted to test predictions of the oxidative stress theory of aging assessing reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress resistance in cultured fibroblasts from 13 primate species ranging in body size from 0.25 to 120 kg and in longevity from 20 to 90 years. we assessed both basal and stress-induced reactive oxygen species production in fibroblasts from five great apes (human, chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, and orangutan), four old world monkeys (baboon, rhesus ...201222219516
Allelic Lineages of the Ficolin Genes (FCNs) Are Passed from Ancestral to Descendant Primates.The ficolins recognize carbohydrates and acetylated compounds on microorganisms and dying host cells and are able to activate the lectin pathway of the complement system. In humans, three ficolin genes have been identified: FCN1, FCN2 and FCN3, which encode ficolin-1, ficolin-2 and ficolin-3, respectively. Rodents have only two ficolins designated ficolin-A and ficolin-B that are closely related to human ficolin-1, while the rodent FCN3 orthologue is a pseudogene. Ficolin-2 and ficolin-3 have so ...201122194813
development of a novel non-human primate model for rift valley fever.rift valley fever virus (rvfv) can cause severe human disease characterized by either acute-onset hepatitis, or delayed-onset encephalitis, or retinitis and blindness, or a hemorrhagic syndrome. the existing non-human primate (nhp) model for rvf utilizes an intravenous exposure route in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). severe disease in these animals is infrequent and large cohorts are needed to observe significant morbidity and mortality. to overcome these drawbacks, we evaluated the infectivi ...201122156530
spontaneous glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).spontaneous progressive nephropathy dominated by glomerular lesions in common marmosets has been reported. however, the histopathologic characteristics, including the relationship between glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions, have not been described in detail. in the present study, the authors examined the histopathologic characteristics of the background renal lesions in common marmosets (3 males and 9 females, 3 to 8 years old). the severity of glomerular lesions was graded into 3 classes ...201222156228
human hepatocyte growth factor promotes functional recovery in primates after spinal cord injury.many therapeutic interventions for spinal cord injury (sci) using neurotrophic factors have focused on reducing the area damaged by secondary, post-injury degeneration, to promote functional recovery. hepatocyte growth factor (hgf), which is a potent mitogen for mature hepatocytes and a mediator of the inflammatory responses to tissue injury, was recently highlighted as a potent neurotrophic factor in the central nervous system. we previously reported that introducing exogenous hgf into the inju ...201122140459
Effects of rearing conditions on early visual development in common marmosets.Early development of visual behavior was examined in hand-reared (HR) and parentally reared (PR) common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). On the day of birth, most of the marmosets exhibited sensitivity to light and sound: they closed their eyes in response to light and oriented to the sound sources. The behavior of tracking moving visual stimuli was exhibited at around 10 days postnatally in PR marmosets, but the onset of this behavior was delayed to the age of 16 days in HR marmosets. The delay ...201122127827
development of an acute model of inhalational melioidosis in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).studies of inhalational melioidosis were undertaken in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). following exposure to an inhaled challenge with aerosolized burkholderia pseudomallei, lethal infection was observed in marmosets challenged with doses below 10 cfu; a precise ld(50) determination was not possible. the model was further characterized using a target challenge dose of approximately 10(2) cfu. a separate pathogenesis time-course experiment was also conducted. all animals succumbed, betw ...201122122591
the (not necessarily) convoluted role of basal radial glia in cortical neurogenesis.recent advances in cell labeling and imaging techniques have dramatically expanded our knowledge of the neural precursor cells responsible for corticogenesis. in particular, radial glial cells are now known to generate several classes of restricted progenitors and neurons. while radial glial cells in the ventricular zone have received the most attention, it has become increasingly clear that a distinct subclass of radial glial cells situated in the subventricular zone (svz) and intermediate zone ...201122116731
Abundant Occurrence of Basal Radial Glia in the Subventricular Zone of Embryonic Neocortex of a Lissencephalic Primate, the Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus.Subventricular zone (SVZ) progenitors are a hallmark of the developing neocortex. Recent studies described a novel type of SVZ progenitor that retains a basal process at mitosis, sustains expression of radial glial markers, and is capable of self-renewal. These progenitors, referred to here as basal radial glia (bRG), occur at high relative abundance in the SVZ of gyrencephalic primates (human) and nonprimates (ferret) but not lissencephalic rodents (mouse). Here, we analyzed the occurrence of b ...201122114084
Compartmentalization of Cerebral Cortical Germinal Zones in a Lissencephalic Primate and Gyrencephalic Rodent.Previous studies of macaque and human cortices identified cytoarchitectonically distinct germinal zones; the ventricular zone inner subventricular zone (ISVZ), and outer subventricular zone (OSVZ). To date, the OSVZ has only been described in gyrencephalic brains, separated from the ISVZ by an inner fiber layer and considered a milestone that triggered increased neocortical neurogenesis. However, this observation has only been assessed in a handful of species without the identification of the di ...201122114081
even simple forms of social learning rely on intention attribution in marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus).intention attribution guides the cognitively most demanding forms of social learning, such as imitation, thereby scaffolding cumulative cultural evolution. however, it is not thought to be necessary for more basic forms of social learning. here we present evidence that in marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) even most basic forms of social learning such as enhancement depend on intention attribution. marmosets perceived the behavior of a conspecific and a conspecific-like robot, but not that of ...201122103235
Preparation of acute living hippocampal slice from common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) for synaptic function analysis.We described the preparation of acute living slices from the hippocampus of the neonatal common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Slices from a temporal lobe section were prepared quickly using a rotary slicer. By this method, we successfully recorded field potentials, namely, pre-synaptic fiber volley and field excitatory post-synaptic potentials, from the hippocampal CA1 region with conventional electrophysiological techniques, and analyzed the indicators of synaptic function such as input-output ...201122101369
dissociation between seeing and acting: insights from common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).perception-based measures often reveal much earlier competencies than action-based approaches. we explored this phenomenon generally labeled as "knowledge dissociation" in 28 common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) using a paradigm where subjects had to localize a food item dropped down an opaque tube. experiments 1 and 2 assessed common marmoset monkeys' gravity bias in an action based version of the tubes task. experiments 3 and 4 investigated whether marmosets' performance increases in a ...201222085789
toxicity and retinal penetration of infliximab in primates.purpose:: to evaluate the retinal penetration and toxicity of two doses of intravitreal infliximab in primates. methods:: ten marmosets (callithrix jacchus) were given intravitreal injection of 100 μg or 400 μg of infliximab, and balanced salt solution served as control. at baseline and after 24 hours (5 animals) and 7 days (the other 5), the eyes were examined by electroretinography. they were then killed (at 24 hours and 7 days) and assessed by light microscopy and transmission electron micros ...201122080907
Improving the energy and nutrient supply for common marmoset monkeys fed under long-term laboratory conditions.Background Current knowledge about the optimal energy and nutrient supply for common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) is scarce, and more information is needed for establishing the underlying nutritional concepts for facilitating longevity of this species as laboratory animals for biomedical research. Methods Two feeding experiments were conducted to yield fundamental data about feed acceptance, real feed intake, and feed preferences under laboratory conditions. Newly developed feeding co ...201122077415
differential hypothalamic secretion of neurocrines in male common marmosets: parental experience effects?pregnancy and lactation produce a plethora of hormonal changes in females that promote maternal care of offspring. males in the biparental marmoset species (callithrix jacchus) demonstrate high levels of parenting behaviour and express enhanced circulating reproductive hormones. furthermore, these hormonal changes are influenced by paternal experience. to determine whether the paternally experienced male marmoset has altered neurocrine hypothalamic release, as the maternal females does, we exami ...201222070606
analysis of the bone metabolism by quantitative computer tomography and clinical chemistry in a primate model (callithrix jacchus).common marmosets are widely used as experimental primates; however, little is still known about their bone physiology. therefore, the aim of our study was to analyse body weight, age and bone-specific blood parameters in relation to morphological bone parameters.201222067047
detection of anti-leptospira antibodies in captive nonhuman primates from salvador, brazil.leptospirosis is a widely distributed zoonosis that affects several species of domestic and wild animals. under captive conditions, leptospirosis is a potential problem because the physical conditions in most zoos and research centers cannot prevent the captive animals from being exposed to rodents, raccoons, opossums, and other local wildlife that are known carriers. yet, despite the potential risk, animals that are destined for reintroduction into the wild are not routinely tested for anti-lep ...201222052355
an alternative method of endotracheal intubation of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).endotracheal intubation was carried out in 11 common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). a commercially available tilting stand and a miller laryngoscope blade were used to visualize the larynx. anaesthesia was induced with alphaxalone (10.6 ± 1.6 mg/kg intramuscularly, followed by 3.2 ± 1.2 mg/kg intravenously). the diameter of the proximal trachea easily fitted an endotracheal tube made from readily available material (a 12 g 'over the needle' catheter). once the tip of the endotracheal tube was a ...201222048957
Comparative distribution of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in the hypothalamus of the capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) and the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is widely distributed in the brain of many species. In the hypothalamus, CART neurotransmission has been implicated in diverse functions including energy balance, stress response, and temperature and endocrine regulation. Although some studies have been performed in primates, very little is known about the distribution of CART neurons in New World monkeys. New World monkeys are good models for systems neuroscience, as some species have evolved ...201122030409
intertemporal choice in lemurs.different species vary in their ability to wait for delayed rewards in intertemporal choice tasks. models of rate maximization account for part of this variation, but other factors such as social structure and feeding ecology seem to underly some species differences. though studies have evaluated intertemporal choice in several primate species, including old world monkeys, new world monkeys, and apes, prosimians have not been tested. this study investigated intertemporal choices in three species ...201122024661
a case of intestinal mucormycosis in a common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).a 3-year-old female common marmoset was euthanatized because of wasting. grossly, a perforating lesion was present in the jejunum and hemorrhagic lesions in the cecum and colon. histopathologically, these gross lesions were a perforated jejunal ulcer and necrotizing colitis, respectively. necrotizing colitis was characterized by extensive mucosal necrosis along with numerous ribbon-shaped aseptate hyphae. these aseptate hyaline hyphae were positively stained with pas and gms, and reacted immunoh ...201122020147
discrepant effects of human interferon-gamma on clinical and immunological disease parameters in a novel marmoset model for multiple sclerosis.the core pathogenic process in the common marmoset model of multiple sclerosis (ms) is the activation of memory-like t cells specific for peptide 34 to 56 derived from the extracellular domain of myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (mog(34-56)). immunization with mog(34-56) in incomplete freund's adjuvant is a sufficient stimulus for in vivo activation of these t cells, together with the induction of ms-like disease and cns pathology. ex vivo functional characteristics of mog(34-56) specific t c ...201122012268
B-cell depletion attenuates white and gray matter pathology in marmoset experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.This study investigated the effect of CD20-positive B-cell depletion on central nervous system (CNS) white and gray matter pathology in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in common marmosets, a relevant preclinical model of multiple sclerosis. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was induced in 14 marmosets by immunization with recombinant human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in complete Freund adjuvant. At 21 days after immunization, B-cell depletion was achieved by weekly intr ...201122002426
influence of different light intensities on the daily grooming distribution of common marmosets callithrix jacchus.the daily distribution of autogrooming was evaluated in adult marmosets submitted to different illumination intensities in the light phase of the light-dark cycle. autogrooming and locomotor activity were monitored and the faecal cortisol level assessed as a stress indicator. the distribution of autogrooming showed two distinct tendencies: when the light intensity varied from 500 to 200 lux, a slight increase in frequency and duration was observed, while a significant decrease in both variables ...201121997701
vocal control by the common marmoset in the presence of interfering noise.the natural environment is inherently noisy with acoustic interferences. it is, therefore, beneficial for a species to modify its vocal production to effectively communicate in the presence of interfering noises. non-human primates have been traditionally considered to possess limited voluntary vocal control, but little is known about their ability to modify vocal behavior when encountering interfering noises. here we tested the ability of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) to control the ...201121993791
debrisoquine metabolism and cyp2d expression in marmoset liver microsomes.the objective of this study was to define cyp2d enzymes in marmoset (callithrix jacchus) liver microsomes, both at the activity level using debrisoquine as the model substrate and at the protein level using antibodies raised to human cyp2d6. marmoset liver microsomes were incubated with [(14)c]debrisoquine, and the structure of the generated metabolites was determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and nmr. marmoset liver microsomes were very effective in hydroxylating debr ...201221976620
a small nonhuman primate model for filovirus-induced disease.ebolavirus and marburgvirus are members of the filovirus family and induce a fatal hemorrhagic disease in humans and nonhuman primates with 90% case fatality. to develop a small nonhuman primate model for filovirus disease, common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) were intramuscularly inoculated with wild type marburgvirus musoke or ebolavirus zaire. the infection resulted in a systemic fatal disease with clinical and morphological features closely resembling human infection. animals experienced we ...201121959017
behavioral tests as indicator for pain and distress in a primate endometriosis model.as common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) are frequently used experimental animals, sensitive test systems are needed to evaluate impairment and pain caused by procedures and diseases.201121950721
wireless multi-channel single unit recording in freely moving and vocalizing primates.the ability to record well-isolated action potentials from individual neurons in naturally behaving animals is crucial for understanding neural mechanisms underlying natural behaviors. traditional neurophysiology techniques, however, require the animal to be restrained which often restricts natural behavior. an example is the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus), a highly vocal new world primate species, used in our laboratory to study the neural correlates of vocal production and sensory feedba ...201221933683
Unravelling the T-cell-mediated autoimmune attack on CNS myelin in a new primate EAE model induced with MOG(34-56) peptide in incomplete adjuvant.Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has been documented in common marmosets using peptide 34-56 from human myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG(34-56) ) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). Here, we report that this EAE model is associated with widespread demyelination of grey and white matter. We performed an in-depth analysis of the specificity, MHC restriction and functions of the activated T cells in the model, which likely cause EAE in an autoantibody-independ ...201121928277
Population parameters of the endangered titi monkey, Callicebus coimbrai Kobayashi and Langguth, 1999, in the fragmented landscape of southern Sergipe, Brazil.The recently-discovered titi, Callicebus coimbrai, is endemic to the coastal Brazilian Atlantic Forest south of the São Francisco River, a region with a long tradition of deforestation. While a number of C. coimbrai populations have now been identified, little is known about basic population parameters. Considering the importance of this information for conservation planning, the population of a site in southern Sergipe (with a total area of forest of approximately 500 ha) was surveyed between A ...201121881780
Contribution of the amygdala, but not orbitofrontal or medial prefrontal cortices, to the expression of flavour preferences in marmoset monkeys.The development of food preferences contributes to a balanced diet, and involves both innate and learnt factors. By associating flavour cues with the reinforcing properties of the food (i.e. postingestive nutrient cues and innately preferred tastes, such as sweetness), animals acquire individual preferences. How the brain codes and guides selection when the subject has to choose between different palatable foods is little understood. To investigate this issue, we trained common marmoset monkeys ...201121848920
a novel two promoter- one gene system of the chorionic gonadotropin beta (cgb) gene enables tissue specific expression.the new world monkey (nwm), callithrix jacchus, a preferred model in medical research, displays an interesting endocrine regulation of reproduction: the heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone luteinizing hormone (lh) is functionally replaced by the chorionic gonadotropin (cg), a hormone indispensable for establishment of pregnancy in humans and normally expressed in the placenta. in the marmoset pituitary, the expression of the beta-subunit (cgb) gene is regulated similarly to human lh beta-subunit, ...201121821715
ultrastructural analysis, zinc transporters, glucose transporters and hormones expression in new world primate (callithrix jacchus) and human pancreatic islets.the new world primates (nwp) callithrix jacchus separated from man approximately 50million years ago and is a potential alternative small non-human primate model for diabetes research. ultrastructure, and gene expression of pancreatic islets and the recently described diabetes auto antigenic zinc transporters families in human, nwp and pig pancreas were studied. morphologically nwp islets were larger than pig islets and similar in size to human islets. nwp islets alpha cells had high dense core ...201121821034
colonization with nontuberculous mycobacteria is associated with positive tuberculin skin test reactions in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).mycobacterium tuberculosis infections can result in significant morbidity and mortality in nonhuman primate colonies. preventative health programs designed to detect infection routinely include tuberculin skin testing (tst). because mammalian old tuberculin used for tst contains antigens common to a variety of mycobacterial species, false-positive results can occur in animals sensitized to nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm). over 11 mo, a large colony of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) demo ...201121819699
decision making and risk attitude of the common marmoset in a gambling task.to analyze decision making under uncertainty of monkeys, common marmosets were trained to choose and remove one of two colored caps on wells arranged side by side. each well contained constant reward (3 grains of puffed rice) or risky reward (0 or 6 grains; probability, 50%:50%). for each marmoset, white or black color was assigned randomly as a symbol of non-risky or risky choice. arrangement of white and black caps was determined randomly in each trial. after 200 trials (5 trials per day), the ...201121802456
reliability of distortion-product otoacoustic emissions in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).this study examines the test-retest reliability of distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (dpoaes) in ketamine-anesthetized common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). dpoae gain functions were measured at 16 f(2)-frequencies between 3 and 24 khz. test-retest reliability was assessed at the following time intervals: (1) interleaved, in which two gain functions were obtained at each frequency before advancing to the next frequency, (2) immediate, wherein one gain function was collected at all f(2)-f ...201121801824
sex identification using the zfx and zfy genes in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).we investigated sex determination via the zfx and zfy genes using pcr-rflp in the common marmoset. we designed a novel primer set to detect zfx and zfy. a 483-bp band from the zfx gene and a 471-bp band from the zfy gene were amplified. sequencing data of the products amplified from zfx and zfy showed the recognition sites of two restriction enzymes, ddei and msei, respectively. after digestion of the products using each enzyme, we found that the band patterns between females and males were diff ...201121791881
the pathology of experimental poxvirus infection in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus): further characterization of a new primate model for orthopoxvirus infections.zoonotic orthopoxvirus (opv) can induce severe disease in man and the virus has potential for use in bioterrorism. new vaccines and therapeutics against opv infections must be tested in animal models. the aim of this study was to characterize the clinical course and pathology of a new opv isolate, calpox virus, which is infectious in marmosets. infection experiments were performed with 28 common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) exposed to different challenge doses of calpox virus by the intravenou ...201121783202
increased positive selection pressure within the complementarity determining regions of the t-cell receptor ß gene in new world monkeys.because of the long-term co-evolution of tcr and mhc molecules, numerous nucleotide substitutions have accumulated within the domains of tcrß genes. we previously found that nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions occurred more frequently in complementarity determining region (cdr)ß than in cdra, even though only a limited number of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) and human t-cell receptor ß variable (trbv) sequences were compared. this interesting finding raised the question of whether the ...201121769905
do snakes represent the principal predatory threat to callitrichids? fatal attack of a viper (bothrops leucurus) on a common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) in the atlantic forest of the brazilian northeast.a juvenile common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) was attacked by a whitetail lancehead viper (bothrops leucurus) while playing with other group members close to the ground at a site in northeastern brazil. the attack was almost immediately fatal, but the viper was unable to ingest the body of the marmoset. after approximately 10 min, during which it attempted to swallow the marmoset a number of times, the viper moved away, abandoning the body. while raptors are the principal predators of callitri ...201121766229
object permanence in adult common marmosets (callithrix jacchus): not everything is an "a-not-b" error that seems to be one.in this paper, we describe a behaviour pattern similar to the "a-not-b" error found in human infants and young apes in a monkey species, the common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). in contrast to the classical explanation, recently it has been suggested that the "a-not-b" error committed by human infants is at least partially due to misinterpretation of the hider's ostensively communicated object hiding actions as potential 'teaching' demonstrations during the a trials. we tested whether this so- ...201121739135
oxalate nephropathy in a laboratory colony of common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) following the ingestion of eucalyptus viminalis.seven common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) from a laboratory colony of 17 died over a period of eight months. death of six of these monkeys was attributed to kidney failure from an oxalate-induced nephropathy. the epidemiology of this outbreak suggested an exogenous source and there was strong evidence that the source was bark and leaves from an eucalyptus viminalis tree. branches of this tree were introduced one month before the first death. the branches were removed one month after dea ...201121727186
colonization of collagen scaffolds by adipocytes derived from mesenchymal stem cells of the common marmoset monkey.in regenerative medicine, human cell replacement therapy offers great potential, especially by cell types differentiated from immunologically and ethically unproblematic mesenchymal stem cells (mscs). in terms of an appropriate carrier material, collagen scaffolds with homogeneous pore size of 65++m were optimal for cell seeding and cultivating. however, before clinical application and transplantation of msc-derived cells in scaffolds, the safety and efficiency, but also possible interference in ...201121726528
serotonin at the level of the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex modulates distinct aspects of positive emotion in primates.impaired top-down regulation of the amygdala, and its modulation by serotonin (5-ht), is strongly implicated in the dysregulation of negative emotion that characterizes a number of affective disorders. however, the contribution of these mechanisms to the regulation of positive emotion is not well understood. this study investigated the role of 5-ht within the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex (ofc), on the expression of appetitive pavlovian conditioned emotional responses and their reversal ...201221726490
tool-use learning by common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).one of the most critical and common features of tool use is that the tool essentially functions as a part of the body. this feature is likely rooted in biological features that are shared by tool users. to establish an ideal primate model to explore the neurobiological mechanisms supporting tool-use behaviours, we trained common marmosets, a small new world monkey species that is not usually associated with tool use, to use a rake-shaped tool to retrieve food. five naive common marmosets were sy ...201121713504
triiodothyronine administration ameliorates the demyelination/remyelination ratio in a non-human primate model of multiple sclerosis by correcting tissue hypothyroidism.remyelination failure is a key landmark in chronic progression of multiple sclerosis (ms), the most diffuse demyelinating disease in human, but the reasons for this are still unknown. it has been shown that thyroid hormone administration in the rodent models of acute and chronic demyelinating diseases improved their clinical course, pathology and remyelination. in the present study, we translated this therapeutic attempt to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (eae) in the non-human primate c ...201121707794
bronchoconstriction in nonhuman primates: a species comparison.bronchoconstriction is a characteristic symptom of various chronic obstructive respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. precision-cut lung slices (pcls) are a suitable ex vivo model to study physiological mechanisms of bronchoconstriction in different species. in the present study, we established an ex vivo model of bronchoconstriction in nonhuman primates (nhps). pcls prepared from common marmosets, cynomolgus macaques, rhesus macaques, and anubis baboons w ...201121700889
common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) as a primate model of dengue virus infection: development of high levels of viremia and demonstration of protective immunity.dengue virus (denv) causes a wide range of illness in humans: dengue fever (df), dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) and dengue shock syndrome (dss). animal models that constantly develop high levels of viremia are required for the development of protective and preventive measures. common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) demonstrated high levels of viremia after inoculation with clinical isolates of four serotypes of denv; in particular, over 10(6) genome copies/ml after inoculation with denv-2. nonstr ...201121697346
quantification of zp1, zp2 and zp3 mrna of marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus) oocytes from periantral and antral follicles.in mammals, the oocyte and preimplantation embryo are protected by the zona pellucida (zp) consisting mainly of zp glycoproteins, which are responsible for sperm binding, induction of the acrosome reaction and zona pellucida hardening to prevent polyspermia. the zp proteins become increasingly important as possible predictors for in vitro cultured oocytes competence. as little is known about the stage-dependent expression of zp1, zp2 and zp3 in marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus) oocytes, mrna ...201121689136
evolution of the cyp2d gene cluster in humans and four non-human primates.the human cytochrome p450 2d6 (cyp2d6) is a primary enzyme involved in the metabolism of about 25% of commonly used therapeutic drugs. cyp2d6 belongs to the cyp2d subfamily, a gene cluster located on chromosome 22, which comprises the cyp2d6 gene and pseudogenes cyp2d7p and cyp2d8p. although the chemical and physiological properties of cyp2d6 have been extensively studied, there has been no study to date on molecular evolution of the cyp2d subfamily in the human genome. such knowledge could grea ...201121670550
[risks of transmitting rabies virus from captive domiciliary common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) to human beings, in the metropolitan region of fortaleza, state of ceará, brazil.] 201121625806
modeling hippocampal neurogenesis across the lifespan in seven species.the aim of this study was to estimate the number of new cells and neurons added to the dentate gyrus across the lifespan, and to compare the rate of age-associated decline in neurogenesis across species. data from mice (mus musculus), rats (rattus norvegicus), lesser hedgehog tenrecs (echinops telfairi), macaques (macaca mulatta), marmosets (callithrix jacchus), tree shrews (tupaia belangeri), and humans (homo sapiens) were extracted from 21 data sets published in 14 different reports. analysis ...201121621300
fine frequency tuning in monkey auditory cortex and thalamus.the frequency resolution of auditory neurons throughout the ascending auditory pathway is an important parameter for understanding how sounds are processed. it has been shown in previous animal studies that the frequency tuning widths are about 1/5 octave wide in auditory nerve fibers and much wider in auditory cortex neurons (pickles, 1979; mclaughlin et al., 2008; see table 1). psychophysical studies show that humans are capable of discriminating far finer frequency differences (oxenham and sh ...201121613589
distinct structural plasticity in the hippocampus and amygdala of the middle-aged common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).adult neurogenesis in the primate brain is generally accepted to occur primarily in two specific areas; the subgranular zone (sgz) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (dg) and the subventricular zone (svz) of the lateral ventricles. hippocampal neurogenesis is well known to be downregulated by stress and aging in rodents, however there is less evidence documenting the sensitivity of neuroblasts generated in the svz. in primates, migrating cells generated in the svz travel via a unique temporal stre ...201121605555
hormonal and behavioral responses to stress in lactating and non-lactating female common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).in several mammalian species, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) and behavioral responses to stressors are down-regulated in lactating females, possibly preventing stress-induced disruptions of maternal care. experimental elevations of hpa axis hormones have been found to inhibit maternal behavior in lactating common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus), raising the question of whether lactating female marmosets also have blunted endogenous responses to stress. therefore, we compared hpa and ...201121600906
visualizing myeloarchitecture with magnetic resonance imaging in primates.the pattern of myelination over the cerebral cortex, termed myeloarchitecture, is an established and often-used feature to visualize cortical organization with histology in a variety of primate species. in this paper, we use in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (mri) and advanced image processing using surface rendering to visualize and characterize myeloarchitecture in a small nonhuman primate, the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). through images made in four female adult marmosets, we produc ...201121599695
characterization of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (mdma) enantiomers in vitro and in the mptp-lesioned primate: r-mdma reduces severity of dyskinesia, whereas s-mdma extends duration of on-time.l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa) is the most effective treatment for parkinson's disease, but long-term l-dopa administration is marred by the emergence of motor complications, namely, dyskinesia and a shortening of antiparkinsonian benefit (wearing-off). 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (mdma) is unique in that it exerts antidyskinetic effects and may enhance antiparkinsonian actions of l-dopa. mdma is composed of two enantiomers with different pharmacological profiles; here, we describe ...201121562283
establishment of the milk-borne transmission as a key factor for the peculiar endemicity of human t-lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1): the atl prevention program nagasaki.in late 2010, the nation-wide screening of pregnant women for human t-lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1) infection was implemented in japan to prevent milk-borne transmission of htlv-1. in the late 1970s, recognition of the adult t-cell leukemia (atl) cluster in kyushu, japan, led to the discovery of the first human retrovirus, htlv-1. in 1980, we started to investigate mother-to-child transmission (mtct) for explaining the peculiar endemicity of htlv-1. retrospective and prospective epidemiolog ...201121558754
effects of ibotenic acid-induced neuronal degeneration in the hypothalamus upon proceptivity and sexual receptivity in the female marmoset (callithrix jacchus).the sexual behaviour of 16, oestradiol-treated, ovariectomized common marmosets was recorded before and after bilateral microinfusions of ibotenic acid (n = 8) or isotonic saline (n = 8) into the hypothalamus. ibotenic acid-induced neuronal degeneration occurred in 5 females, mainly affecting the anterior and dorsomedial hypothalamus. marked decreases in proceptivity (tongue-flicking, staring and immobile displays) occurred after ibotenic acid lesions, whereas sexual receptivity (refusals and te ...199221554659
inhibition of maternal behaviour by central infusion of corticotrophin-releasing hormone in marmoset monkeys.stress can inhibit maternal behaviour and increase rates of child abuse in humans and other animals; however, the neuroendocrine mechanisms are not known. to determine whether corticotrophin-releasing hormone (crh) plays a role in stress-induced disruption of maternal behaviour in primates, we characterised the effects of acute intracerebroventricular (icv) infusions of crh on maternal and abusive behaviour in common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus). nulliparous females were implanted with ...201121554432
possible organizational effect of sex steroids on the stabilization of manual preference in female common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).handedness has been widely studied in nonhuman primates. however, few studies investigate this behavior throughout ontogenetic development. to determine the influence of developmental stage in common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) females, we used six animals, which were observed in food-reaching tests involving hand-use preference from the infantile to the adult phase. during this period, fecal samples were collected for sexual hormone analysis (estrogen and progesterone). the results point to c ...201121553197
development of a compact and general-purpose experimental apparatus with a touch-sensitive screen for use in evaluating cognitive functions in common marmosets.common marmosets have been used extensively in biomedical research and the recent advent of techniques to generate transgenic marmosets has accelerated the use of this model. new methods that efficiently assess the degree of cognitive function in common marmosets are needed in order to establish their suitability as non-human primate models of higher brain function disorders. here, we have developed a new apparatus suitable for testing the cognitive functions of common marmosets. utilizing a min ...201121549751
post-exposure therapy of inhalational anthrax in the common marmoset.the aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of ciprofloxacin as post-exposure therapy against inhalational anthrax in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) with other non-human primate models in order to determine whether the marmoset is a suitable model to test post-exposure therapies for anthrax. pharmacokinetic (pk) and efficacy studies with ciprofloxacin were performed in the marmoset. ciprofloxacin plasma pharmacokinetics were determined in six animals in separ ...201121530184
a major metabolite of bupropion reverses motor deficits in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated common marmosets.the atypical antidepressant, bupropion, causes a partial reversal of motor deficits in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated primates. however, its monoamine uptake blocking actions are believed to be mediated by the major metabolites, racemic (-)-(2r,3r)-2-(3-chlorophenyl-3,5,5-trimethyl-2-morphinol) (r,r-hydroxybupropion) and (+)-(2s,3s)-2-(3-chlorophenyl-3,5,5-trimethyl-2-morphinol) (s,s-hydroxybupropion). therefore, we have evaluated the ability of enantiomers to improve locom ...201121522056
characterization of bcar4, a novel oncogene causing endocrine resistance in human breast cancer cells.resistance to the antiestrogen tamoxifen remains a major problem in the management of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. knowledge on the resistance mechanisms is needed to develop more effective therapies. breast cancer antiestrogen resistance 4 (bcar4) was identified in a functional screen for genes involved in tamoxifen resistance. bcar4 is expressed in 27% of primary breast tumors. in patients treated with tamoxifen for metastized disease high bcar4 mrna levels are associated with red ...201121506106
comparative genome analysis of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i b/c segments in primates elucidated by genomic sequencing in common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) have emerged as important animal models for biomedical research, necessitating a more extensive characterization of their major histocompatibility complex (mhc) region. however, the genomic information of the marmoset mhc (caja) is still lacking. the mhc-b/c segment represents the most diverse mhc region among primates. therefore, in this paper, to elucidate the detailed gene organization and evolutionary processes of the caja class i b (caja-b) segme ...201121505866
a case report of spontaneous opening of congenitally fused labia in a female common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) followed by pregnancy and birth of twins.a first case of spontaneous opening of congenitally fused labia (cfl phenotype) in a captive common marmoset followed by pregnancy and birth is presented here. the occurrence of this phenotype has been previously published in captive marmosets, but so far the etiology is unknown.201121488885
protamine-1 represents a sperm specific gene transcript: a study in callithrix jacchus and bos taurus.spermatozoa are transcriptionally inactive cells, but contain acetylated histones, normally a characteristic of transcriptionally active cells. acetylgroups are thought to represent epigenetic marks that are transmitted to the oocyte and are involved in starting gene expression in the zygote and in regulating gene expression during early embryogenesis. we performed reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) in the common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus) and in bovine spermatozo ...201121486395
synaptic inputs to two types of koniocellular pathway ganglion cells in marmoset retina.the retinal connectivity of the diverse group of cells contributing to koniocellular visual pathways (widefield ganglion cells) is largely unexplored. here we examined the synaptic inputs onto two koniocellular-projecting ganglion cell types named large sparse and broad thorny cells. ganglion cells were labeled by retrograde tracer injections targeted to koniocellular layer k3 in the lateral geniculate nucleus in marmosets (callithrix jacchus) and subsequently photofilled. retinal preparations w ...201121452222
altered neural responses to sounds in primate primary auditory cortex during slow-wave sleep.how sounds are processed by the brain during sleep is an important question for understanding how we perceive the sensory environment in this unique behavioral state. while human behavioral data have indicated selective impairments of sound processing during sleep, brain imaging and neurophysiology studies have reported that overall neural activity in auditory cortex during sleep is surprisingly similar to that during wakefulness. this responsiveness to external stimuli leaves open the question ...201121414918
the development of small primate models for aging research.nonhuman primate (nhp) aging research has traditionally relied mainly on the rhesus macaque. but the long lifespan, low reproductive rate, and relatively large body size of macaques and related old world monkeys make them less than ideal models for aging research. manifold advantages would attend the use of smaller, more rapidly developing, shorter-lived nhp species in aging studies, not the least of which are lower cost and the ability to do shorter research projects. arbitrarily defining "smal ...201121411860
the marmoset as a model of aging and age-related diseases.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is poised to become a standard nonhuman primate aging model. with an average lifespan of 5 to 7 years and a maximum lifespan of 16½ years, marmosets are the shortest-lived anthropoid primates. they display age-related changes in pathologies that mirror those seen in humans, such as cancer, amyloidosis, diabetes, and chronic renal disease. they also display predictable age-related differences in lean mass, calf circumference, circulating albumin, hemoglobi ...201121411858
molecular evolution of immunoglobulin superfamily genes in primates.genes of the immunoglobulin superfamily (igsf) have a wide variety of cellular activities. in this study, we investigated molecular evolution of igsf genes in primates by comparing orthologous sequences of 249 igsf genes among human, chimpanzee, orangutan, rhesus macaque, and common marmoset. to evaluate the non-synonymous/synonymous substitution ratio (¤ë), we applied bn-bs program and paml program. igsf genes were classified into 11 functional categories based on the gene ontology (go) databas ...201121390552
rapid high-resolution three-dimensional mapping of t1 and age-dependent variations in the non-human primate brain using magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo (mprage) sequence.the use of quantitative t(1) mapping in neuroscience and neurology has raised strong interest in the development of t(1)-mapping techniques that can measure t(1) in the whole brain, with high accuracy and precision and within short imaging and computation times. here, we present a new inversion-recovery (ir) based t(1)-mapping method using a standard 3d magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo (mprage) sequence. by varying only the inversion time (ti), but keeping other parameters constant, mp ...201121376814
measurement of absolute auditory thresholds in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).the common marmoset is a small, arboreal, new world primate that has emerged as a promising non-human model system in auditory neuroscience. a complete understanding of the neuroethology of auditory processing in marmosets will include behavioral work examining how sounds are perceived by these animals. however, there have been few studies of the marmoset's hearing and perceptual abilities and the audiogram of this species has not been measured using modern psychophysical methods. the present ex ...201121303689
macaque cytochromes p450: nomenclature, transcript, gene, genomic structure, and function.monkeys, especially macaques, including cynomolgus (macaca fascicularis) and rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta), are frequently used in drug metabolism studies due to their evolutionary closeness to humans. recently, numerous cytochrome p450 (p450 or cyp) cdnas have been identified and characterized in cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys and were named by the p450 nomenclature committee. however, recent advances in genome analysis of cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys revealed that some monkey p450s are appar ...201121303270
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