Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| the effect of a single blood meal on the phenotypic expression of insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector anopheles funestus. | anopheles funestus is a major malaria vector in southern africa. vector control relies on the use of insecticide chemicals to significantly reduce the number of malaria vectors by targeting that portion of the female population that takes blood meals and subsequently rests indoors. it has been suggested that the intake of a blood meal may assist female mosquitoes to tolerate higher doses of insecticide through vigour tolerance. it is hypothesized that during the process of blood digestion, detox ... | 2008 | 18973704 |
| [malaria in the urban highland area of antananarivo, madagascar: bioecology of anopheles arabiensis]. | an entomological study was performed to document the transmission of plasmodium, agents of human malaria in antananarivo, capital of madagascar. human landing mosquitoes were collected at night during two years, between may 2003 and september 2005, in the two sites of ambohimiandra-manakambahiny and ambolokandrina. the genuses of collected mosquitoes were, in order of abundance, culex, mansonia and anopheles. the only potential vector was anopheles arabiensis. its maximal abundance was observed ... | 2008 | 18956819 |
| longitudinal evaluation of ocimum and other plants effects on the feeding behavioral response of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in the field in tanzania. | abstract: | 2008 | 18945343 |
| risk factors for house-entry by culicine mosquitoes in a rural town and satellite villages in the gambia. | abstract: | 2008 | 18939969 |
| the role of unused swimming pools as a habitat for anopheles immature stages in urban malindi, kenya. | we conducted larval surveys in habitats located in urban malindi, kenya, in 2005 and 2006 with the goal of determining the productivity of unused swimming pools in relation to other habitats. of the 250 habitats sampled, 66 were unused swimming pools, 93 were wells, 60 were drainage troughs, and 31 were miscellaneous areas, such as septic tanks, swamps, concrete tanks, fish ponds, car-track depressions, and drainage ponds. anopheles gambiae s.1. was the only anophelines species found in the habi ... | 2008 | 18939703 |
| diversity of riceland mosquitoes and factors affecting their occurrence and distribution in mwea, kenya. | knowledge of mosquito species diversity, occurrence, and distribution is an essential component of vector ecology and a guiding principle to formulation and implementation of integrated vector management programs. a 12-month entomological survey was conducted to determine the diversity of riceland mosquitoes and factors affecting their occurrence and distribution at 3 sites targeted for malaria vector control in mwea, kenya. adult mosquitoes were sampled indoors by pyrethrum spray catch and outd ... | 2008 | 18939686 |
| describing anopheles arabiensis aquatic habitats in two riceland agro-ecosystems in mwea, kenya using a negative binomial regression model with a non-homogenous mean. | this research illustrates a geostatistical approach for modeling the spatial distribution patterns of anopheles arabiensis patton (patton) aquatic habitats in two riceland environments. quickbird 0.61 m data, encompassing the visible bands and the near-infra-red (nir) band, were selected to synthesize images of an. arabiensis aquatic habitats. these bands and field sampled data were used to determine ecological parameters associated with riceland larval habitat development. sas was used to calcu ... | 2009 | 18930703 |
| spatial distribution of the chromosomal forms of anopheles gambiae in mali. | maps of the distribution of malaria vectors are useful tools for stratification of malaria risk and for selective vector control strategies. although the distribution of members of the anopheles gambiae complex is well documented in africa, a continuous map of the spatial distribution of the chromosomal forms of an. gambiae s.s. is not yet available at country level to support control efforts. | 2008 | 18847463 |
| operational impact of ddt reintroduction for malaria control on anopheles arabiensis in mozambique. | abstract with the increase in indoor residual spraying in many internationally and nationally funded malaria control programs, and affirmation by world health organization (who) that ddt is appropriate for use in the absence of longer lasting insecticide formulations in some malaria endemic settings, ddt has been reintroduced as a major malaria control intervention in africa. indoor residual spraying with ddt was reintroduced into mozambique for malaria control in 2005, and it is increasingly be ... | 2008 | 18826031 |
| relation between plasmodium falciparum asymptomatic infection and malaria attacks in a cohort of senegalese children. | it is important to establish whether or not the presence of malaria parasites in peripheral blood of asymptomatic individuals is a predictor of future clinical mild malaria attacks (mma). the aim of this study was to determine how an asymptomatic positive thick blood smear could be related to the occurrence of a mma during the nine following days. | 2008 | 18823542 |
| insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae from south-western chad, central africa. | indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated nets (itn) are essential components of malaria vector control in africa. pyrethroids are the only recommended compounds for nets treatment because they are fast-acting insecticides with low mammalian toxicity. however, there is growing concern that pyrethroid resistance may threaten the sustainability of itn scaling-up programmes. here, insecticide susceptibility was investigated in anopheles gambiae sensu lato from an area of large scale itn dist ... | 2008 | 18823537 |
| evidence of increasing leu-phe knockdown resistance mutation in anopheles gambiae from niger following a nationwide long-lasting insecticide-treated nets implementation. | at the end of 2005, a nationwide long-lasting insecticide-treated net (llin) distribution targeting the most vulnerable populations was implemented throughout niger. a large number of studies in africa have reported the existence of anopheline populations resistant to various insecticides, partly due to knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations, but few operational wide-scale control programmes were coupled with the monitoring of such mutations. the distribution of the kdr-west (kdr-w) leu-phe mutati ... | 2008 | 18817574 |
| dynamics of multiple insecticide resistance in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae in a rice growing area in south-western burkina faso. | insecticide resistance of the main malaria vector, anopheles gambiae, has been reported in south-western burkina faso, west africa. cross-resistance to ddt and pyrethroids was conferred by alterations at site of action in the sodium channel, the leu-phe kdr mutation; resistance to organophosphates and carbamates resulted from a single point mutation in the oxyanion hole of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme designed as ace-1r. | 2008 | 18817564 |
| reduced susceptibility to ddt in field populations of anopheles quadriannulatus and anopheles arabiensis in malawi: evidence for larval selection. | bioassays for insecticide resistance in adult mosquitoes were conducted on samples of anopheles gambiae giles s.l. (diptera: culicidae) species collected as larvae from breeding sites in the lower shire valley, malawi. the results indicate full susceptibility to permethrin, deltamethrin and malathion, but reduced susceptibility to ddt in one sample from thom (lt(50) of 8.39 min for females and 25.09 min for males). polymerase chain reaction-based species identification of the mosquitoes assayed ... | 2008 | 18816274 |
| anopheles gambiae complex along the gambia river, with particular reference to the molecular forms of an. gambiae s.s. | the geographic and temporal distribution of m and s molecular forms of the major afrotropical malaria vector species anopheles gambiae s.s. at the western extreme of their range of distribution has never been investigated in detail. | 2008 | 18803885 |
| malaria transmission in dakar: a two-year survey. | according to entomological studies conducted over the past 30 years, there was low malaria transmission in suburb of dakar but little evidence of it in the downtown area. however; there was some evidence of local transmission based on reports of malaria among permanent residents. an entomological evaluation of malaria transmission was conducted from may 2005 to october 2006 in two areas of dakar. | 2008 | 18796138 |
| competitive interactions between larvae of the malaria mosquitoes anopheles arabiensis and anopheles gambiae under semi-field conditions in western kenya. | the present paper reports the occurrence of competition between larvae of the malaria mosquito sibling species anopheles arabiensis and an. gambiae under ambient conditions in western kenya. larvae of both species were reared at the same density and under the same food conditions outdoors in single-species and mixed-species populations (species ratio 1:1) in transparent cups that floated in small and large semi-natural pools, which experienced different diurnal variations in water temperature. i ... | 2009 | 18760989 |
| unforeseen misuses of bed nets in fishing villages along lake victoria. | to combat malaria, the kenya ministry of health and nongovernmental organizations (ngos) have distributed insecticide-treated nets (itns) for use over beds, with coverage for children under five years of age increasing rapidly. nevertheless, residents of fishing villages have started to use these bed nets for drying fish and fishing in lake victoria. this study investigated the extent of bed net misuse in fishing villages. | 2008 | 18752662 |
| integrated vector management: the zambian experience. | the zambian malaria control programme with the roll back malaria (rbm) partners have developed the current national malaria strategic plan (nmsp 2006-2011) which focuses on prevention based on the integrated vector management (ivm) strategy. the introduction and implementation of an ivm strategy was planned in accordance with the world health organization (who) steps towards ivm implementation namely introduction phase, consolidation phase and expansion phase. | 2008 | 18752658 |
| insertion polymorphisms of sine200 retrotransposons within speciation islands of anopheles gambiae molecular forms. | sines (short interspersed elements) are homoplasy-free and co-dominant genetic markers which are considered to represent useful tools for population genetic studies, and could help clarifying the speciation processes ongoing within the major malaria vector in africa, anopheles gambiae s.s. here, we report the results of the analysis of the insertion polymorphism of a nearly 200 bp-long sine (sine200) within genome areas of high differentiation (i.e. "speciation islands") of m and s a. gambiae mo ... | 2008 | 18724871 |
| spatial prediction of plasmodium falciparum prevalence in somalia. | maps of malaria distribution are vital for optimal allocation of resources for anti-malarial activities. there is a lack of reliable contemporary malaria maps in endemic countries in sub-saharan africa. this problem is particularly acute in low malaria transmission countries such as those located in the horn of africa. | 2008 | 18717998 |
| establishment of a large semi-field system for experimental study of african malaria vector ecology and control in tanzania. | medical entomologists increasingly recognize that the ability to make inferences between laboratory experiments of vector biology and epidemiological trends observed in the field is hindered by a conceptual and methodological gap occurring between these approaches which prevents hypothesis-driven empirical research from being conducted on relatively large and environmentally realistic scales. the development of semi-field systems (sfs) has been proposed as the best mechanism for bridging this ga ... | 2008 | 18715508 |
| mating competitiveness of male anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes irradiated with a partially or fully sterilizing dose in small and large laboratory cages. | male mating competitiveness is a crucial parameter in many genetic control programs including the sterile insect technique (sit). we evaluated competitiveness of male anopheles arabiensis patton as a function of three experimental variables: (1) small or large cages for mating, (2) the effects of either a partially sterilizing (70 gy) or fully sterilizing (120 gy) dose, and (3) pupal or adult irradiation. irradiated males competed for females with an equal number of unirradiated males. competiti ... | 2008 | 18714870 |
| dry season ecology of anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes in the gambia. | malaria in the gambia is highly seasonal, with transmission occurring as anopheles gambiae s.l. populations expand during and immediately after a single annual rainy season that lasts from june to october. there has been very limited investigation of the ecology of vectors during the dry season, when numbers are very limited and distributions may be restricted. | 2008 | 18710559 |
| contribution of different aquatic habitats to adult anopheles arabiensis and culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) production in a rice agroecosystem in mwea, kenya. | studies were conducted to determine the contribution of diverse larval habitats to adult anopheles arabiensis patton and culex quinquefasciatus say production in a rice land agro-ecosystem in mwea, kenya. two sizes of cages were placed in different habitat types to investigate the influence of non-mosquito invertebrates on larval mortalities and the contribution of each habitat type to mosquito productivities, respectively. these emergence traps had fine netting material covers to prevent adult ... | 2008 | 18697315 |
| abundance of immature anopheles and culicines (diptera: culicidae) in different water body types in the urban environment of malindi, kenya. | in this study we 1) describe the abundance of anopheles and culicine immatures in different water body types in urban malindi, kenya, 2) compare anopheles immature density in relation to culicine immature density, and 3) identify characteristics that influence the likelihood of water bodies being co-colonized by anopheles and culicines. entomological and environmental cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2001 and 2002 were used in the analysis. a total of 889 anopheles and 7,217 culicine immatur ... | 2008 | 18697313 |
| environmental factors associated with the distribution of anopheles arabiensis and culex quinquefasciatus in a rice agro-ecosystem in mwea, kenya. | studies were conducted between may and june, 2006 to investigate the environmental factors affecting the distribution of an. arabiensis patton and culex quinquefasciatus say in mwea, kenya. the sampling unit comprised all non-paddy aquatic habitats and ten randomly selected paddies and canals located within a 200 m radius from the periphery of the study site. thirteen physico-chemical variables were recorded for each sampling site in each sampling occasion and a sample of mosquito larvae and oth ... | 2008 | 18697307 |
| ethnobotanical study of some of mosquito repellent plants in north-eastern tanzania. | the use of plant repellents against nuisance biting insects is common and its potential for malaria vector control requires evaluation in areas with different level of malaria endemicity. the essential oils of ocimum suave and ocimum kilimandscharicum were evaluated against malaria vectors in north-eastern tanzania. | 2008 | 18687119 |
| cluster of falciparum malaria cases in uk airport. | a cluster of 6 cases of plasmodium falciparum malaria occurred in a uk airport among 30 travelers returning to the united states from east africa. molecular genotyping analysis indicated that all had been exposed to different parasites. the travelers' use of chemoprophylaxis was poor; their perception of risk was limited. | 2008 | 18680657 |
| impact of urban agriculture on malaria vectors in accra, ghana. | to investigate the impact of urban agriculture on malaria transmission risk in urban accra larval and adult stage mosquito surveys, were performed. local transmission was implicated as anopheles spp. were found breeding and infected anopheles mosquitoes were found resting in houses in the study sites. the predominant anopheles species was anopheles gambiae s.s.. the relative proportion of molecular forms within a subset of specimens was 86% s-form and 14% m-form. anopheles spp. and culex quinque ... | 2008 | 18680565 |
| efficacy of local neem extracts for sustainable malaria vector control in an african village. | larval control of malaria vectors has been historically successful in reducing malaria transmission, but largely fell out of favour with the introduction of synthetic insecticides and bed nets. however, an integrated approach to malaria control, including larval control methods, continues to be the best chance for success, in view of insecticide resistance, the behavioural adaptation of the vectors to changing environments and the difficulties of reaching the poorest populations most at risk. la ... | 2008 | 18651964 |
| dynamics of transmission of plasmodium falciparum by anopheles arabiensis and the molecular forms m and s of anopheles gambiae in dielmo, senegal. | the adaptation of anopheles gambiae to humans and its environment involves an ongoing speciation process that can be best demonstrated by the existence of various chromosomal forms adapted to different environments and of two molecular forms known as incipient taxonomic units. | 2008 | 18651944 |
| the molecular forms of anopheles gambiae: a phenotypic perspective. | the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae is undergoing speciation, being split into the m and s molecular forms. speciation is the main process promoting biological diversity, thus, new vector species might complicate disease transmission. genetic differentiation between the molecular forms has been extensively studied, but phenotypic differences between them, the evolutionary forces that generated divergence, and the mechanisms that maintain their genetic isolation have only recently been ... | 2008 | 18640289 |
| topi, an is630/tc1/mariner-type transposable element in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. | is630/tc1/mariner elements are diverse and widespread within insects. the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, contains over 30 families of is630/tc1/mariner elements although few have been studied in any detail. to examine the history of topi elements in an. gambiae populations, topi elements (n=73) were sampled from five distinct populations of an. gambiae from eastern and western africa and evaluated with respect to copy number, nucleotide diversity and insertion site-occupancy freque ... | 2008 | 18634859 |
| the effect of water turbidity on the near-surface water temperature of larval habitats of the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | water temperature is an important determinant in many aquatic biological processes, including the growth and development of malaria mosquito (anopheles arabiensis and a. gambiae) immatures. water turbidity affects water temperature, as suspended particles in a water column absorb and scatter sunlight and hence determine the extinction of solar radiation. to get a better understanding of the relationship between water turbidity and water temperature, a series of semi-natural larval habitats (diam ... | 2008 | 18633650 |
| competency of anopheles stephensi mysorensis strain for plasmodium vivax and the role of inhibitory carbohydrates to block its sporogonic cycle. | despite the abundance of studies conducted on the role of mosquitoes in malaria transmission, the biology and interaction of plasmodium with its insect host still holds many mysteries. this paper provides the first study to follow the sporogonic cycle of plasmodium vivax in a wild insecticide-resistant mysorensis strain of anopheles stephensi, a major vector of vivax malaria in south-eastern iran. the study subsequently demonstrates that host-parasite sugar binding interactions are critical to t ... | 2008 | 18627630 |
| population structure of the malaria vector anopheles moucheti in the equatorial forest region of africa. | anopheles moucheti is a major malaria vector in forested areas of africa. however, despite its important epidemiological role, it remains poorly known and insufficiently studied. here, levels of genetic differentiation were estimated between different a. moucheti populations sampled throughout its distribution range in central africa. | 2008 | 18601716 |
| recent reduction in the water level of lake victoria has created more habitats for anopheles funestus. | the water level of lake victoria has fallen more than 1.5 m since 1998, revealing a narrow strip of land along the shore. this study determined whether the recent drop in the water level has created additional breeding grounds for malaria vectors. | 2008 | 18598355 |
| a 15n stable isotope semen label to detect mating in the malaria mosquito anopheles arabiensis patton. | abstract: in previous studies it was determined that the stable isotope 13-carbon can be used as a semen label to detect mating events in the malaria mosquito anopheles arabiensis. in this paper we describe the use of an additional stable isotope, 15-nitrogen (15n), for that same purpose. both stable isotopes can be analysed simultaneously in a mass spectrometer, offering the possibility to detect both labels in one sample in order to study complex and difficult-to-detect mating events, such as ... | 2008 | 18593472 |
| efficacy of agnique (mmf) monomolecular surface film against immature stages of anopheles arabiensis patton and culex spp (diptera: culicidae) in khartoum, sudan. | the efficacy of the larvicidal and pupicidal agent (agnique) mmf was evaluated against larvae of an. arabiensis and culex (diptera: culicidae) under field conditions in bahary locality, khartoum, sudan. at an applied dosage of 0.25 ml/m2, mmf resulted in 89.4, 79.8 and 88.2% reductions in l3-l4 instars an. arabiensis and 63.5% in culex larvae (all stages) 24 to 72 hours post-treatment. pupae were completely eliminated (100%) within 24 hours posttreatment. the earlier instars (l1-l2) of an. arabi ... | 2008 | 18564706 |
| role of some environmental factors on the breeding activity of anopheles arabiensis in new halfa town, eastern sudan. | anopheles arabiensis breeding was studied during march 1999-june 2000 in new halfa town. of 3642 anopheline larvae collected, 3633 (99.75%) were a. arabiensis: 82.49%, 11.56%, 3.08% and 2.88% of the larvae were collected from shallow sunlit pools resulting from pipes leakages, rain pools, irrigation canals and man-made pools respectively. the overall mean density was 24.34 larvae/10 dips: 40.73 during the rainy season, 30.45 during irrigation and 13.10 in the dry season. water for crop cultivati ... | 2008 | 18561715 |
| the insecticide resistance status of malaria vectors in the mekong region. | knowledge on insecticide resistance in target species is a basic requirement to guide insecticide use in malaria control programmes. malaria transmission in the mekong region is mainly concentrated in forested areas along the country borders, so that decisions on insecticide use should ideally be made at regional level. consequently, cross-country monitoring of insecticide resistance is indispensable to acquire comparable baseline data on insecticide resistance. | 2008 | 18534006 |
| markets, voucher subsidies and free nets combine to achieve high bed net coverage in rural tanzania. | tanzania has a well-developed network of commercial itn retailers. in 2004, the government introduced a voucher subsidy for pregnant women and, in mid 2005, helped distribute free nets to under-fives in small number of districts, including rufiji on the southern coast, during a child health campaign. contributions of these multiple insecticide-treated net delivery strategies existing at the same time and place to coverage in a poor rural community were assessed. | 2008 | 18518956 |
| comparative efficacies of permethrin-, deltamethrin- and alpha-cypermethrin-treated nets, against anopheles arabiensis and culex quinquefasciatus in northern tanzania. | mosquito nets treated with permethrin, deltamethrin or alpha-cypermethrin at 25 mg/m(2) were evaluated in experimental huts in an area of rice irrigation near moshi, in northern tanzania. the nets were deliberately holed to resemble worn nets. the nets treated with permethrin offered the highest personal protection against anopheles arabiensis (61.6% reduction in fed mosquitoes) and culex quinquefasciatus (25.0%). deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin provided lower personal protection against an. ... | 2008 | 18510817 |
| towards a fuller understanding of mosquito behaviour: use of electrocuting grids to compare the odour-orientated responses of anopheles arabiensis and an. quadriannulatus in the field. | the epidemiological role of and control options for any mosquito species depend on its degree of 'anthropophily'. however, the behavioural basis of this term is poorly understood. accordingly, studies in zimbabwe quantified the effects of natural odours from cattle and humans, and synthetic components of these odours, on the attraction, entry and landing responses of anopheles arabiensis giles (diptera: culicidae) and anopheles quadriannulatus theobald. the numbers of mosquitoes attracted to hum ... | 2008 | 18498608 |
| transmission blocking immunity in the malaria non-vector mosquito anopheles quadriannulatus species a. | despite being phylogenetically very close to anopheles gambiae, the major mosquito vector of human malaria in africa, anopheles quadriannulatus is thought to be a non-vector. understanding the difference between vector and non-vector mosquitoes can facilitate development of novel malaria control strategies. we demonstrate that an. quadriannulatus is largely resistant to infections by the human parasite plasmodium falciparum, as well as by the rodent parasite plasmodium berghei. by using genetics ... | 2008 | 18497855 |
| laboratory evaluation of traditional insect/mosquito repellent plants against anopheles arabiensis, the predominant malaria vector in ethiopia. | laboratory study was carried out to evaluate the repellent efficiency of most commonly known four traditional insect/mosquito repellent plants wogert [vernacular name (local native language, amharic); silene macroserene], kebercho [vernacular name (local native language, amharic); echinops sp.], tinjut [vernacular name (local native language, amharic); ostostegia integrifolia], and woira[vernacular name (local native language, amharic); olea europaea] against anopheles arabiensis under the labor ... | 2008 | 18493796 |
| retention and efficacy of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets distributed in eastern sudan: a two-step community-based study. | in order to assess the effectiveness of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (llins) as a method for malaria control, there is a need to determine how high is the retention of bed nets, how they are utilized, and how efficacious they are against the mosquitoes that transmit the disease. this is especially important in case of sudan after emergence of resistance to pyrethroids in use. | 2008 | 18492258 |
| snp discovery and molecular evolution in anopheles gambiae, with special emphasis on innate immune system. | anopheles innate immunity affects plasmodium development and is a potential target of innovative malaria control strategies. the extent and distribution of nucleotide diversity in immunity genes might provide insights into the evolutionary forces that condition pathogen-vector interactions. the discovery of polymorphisms is an essential step towards association studies of susceptibility to infection. | 2008 | 18489733 |
| evidence of introgression of the ace-1(r) mutation and of the ace-1 duplication in west african anopheles gambiae s. s. | the role of inter-specific hybridisation is of particular importance in mosquito disease vectors for predicting the evolution of insecticide resistance. two molecular forms of anopheles gambiae s.s., currently recognized as s and m taxa, are considered to be incipient sibling species. hybrid scarcity in the field was suggested that differentiation of m and s taxa is maintained by limited or absent gene flow. however, recent studies have revealed shared polymorphisms within the m and s forms, and ... | 2008 | 18478097 |
| multilocus analysis of introgression between two sand fly vectors of leishmaniasis. | the phlebotomine sand flies (diptera:psychodidae) lutzomyia (nyssomyia) intermedia lutz & neiva 1912 and lutzomyia (nyssomyia) whitmani antunes & coutinho 1932 are two very closely related species and important vectors of american cutaneous leishmaniasis. two single-locus studies have revealed evidence for introgression between the two species in both mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. these findings have prompted the development of a multilocus approach to investigate in more detail the genetic ... | 2008 | 18474115 |
| the use of mosquito nets and the prevalence of plasmodium falciparum infection in rural south central somalia. | there have been resurgent efforts in africa to estimate the public health impact of malaria control interventions such as insecticide treated nets (itns) following substantial investments in scaling-up coverage in the last five years. little is known, however, on the effectiveness of itn in areas of africa that support low transmission. this hinders the accurate estimation of impact of itn use on disease burden and its cost-effectiveness in low transmission settings. | 2008 | 18461178 |
| heterogeneous distribution of plasmodium falciparum drug resistance haplotypes in subsets of the host population. | the emergence of drug resistance is a major problem in malaria control. for mathematical modelling of the transmission and spread of drug resistance the determinant parameters need to be identified and measured. the underlying hypothesis is that mutations associated with drug resistance incur fitness costs to the parasite in absence of drug pressure. the distribution of drug resistance haplotypes in different subsets of the host population was investigated. in particular newly acquired haplotype ... | 2008 | 18460212 |
| distribution of knock-down resistance mutations in anopheles gambiae molecular forms in west and west-central africa. | knock-down resistance (kdr) to ddt and pyrethroids in the major afrotropical vector species, anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, is associated with two alternative point mutations at amino acid position 1014 of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, resulting in either a leucine-phenylalanine (l1014f), or a leucine-serine (l1014s) substitution. in an. gambiae s-form populations, the former mutation appears to be widespread in west africa and has been recently reported from uganda, while the latter, ... | 2008 | 18445265 |
| evaluation of an operational malaria outbreak identification and response system in mpumalanga province, south africa. | to evaluate the performance of a novel malaria outbreak identification system in the epidemic prone rural area of mpumalanga province, south africa, for timely identification of malaria outbreaks and guiding integrated public health responses. | 2008 | 18439307 |
| towards a sterile insect technique field release of anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes in sudan: irradiation, transportation, and field cage experimentation. | the work described in this article forms part of a study to suppress a population of the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis in northern state, sudan, with the sterile insect technique. no data have previously been collected on the irradiation and transportation of anopheline mosquitoes in africa, and the first series of attempts to do this in sudan are reported here. in addition, experiments in a large field cage under near-natural conditions are described. | 2008 | 18439238 |
| mosquito abundance, bed net coverage and other factors associated with variations in sporozoite infectivity rates in four villages of rural tanzania. | entomological surveys are of great importance in decision-making processes regarding malaria control strategies because they help to identify associations between vector abundance both species-specific ecology and disease intervention factors associated with malaria transmission. sporozoite infectivity rates, mosquito host blood meal source, bed net coverage and mosquito abundance were assessed in this study. | 2008 | 18423018 |
| experimental hut evaluation of the pyrrole insecticide chlorfenapyr on bed nets for the control of anopheles arabiensis and culex quinquefasciatus. | to determine the efficacy of chlorfenapyr against anopheles arabiensis and culex quinquefasciatus in east africa and to identify effective dosages for net treatment in comparison with the commonly used pyrethroid deltamethrin. | 2008 | 18419583 |
| a stable isotope dual-labelling approach to detect multiple insemination in un-irradiated and irradiated anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes. | abstract: | 2008 | 18402666 |
| monooxygenase levels and knockdown resistance (kdr) allele frequencies in anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis in kenya. | pyrethroid-treated bed-nets and indoor spray are important components of malaria control strategies in kenya. information on resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in anopheles gambiae and an. arabiensis populations is essential to the selection of appropriate insecticides and the management of insecticide resistance. monooxygenase activity and knockdown resistance (kdr) allele frequency are biochemical and molecular indicators of mosquito resistance to pyrethroids. this study determined baseline ... | 2008 | 18402140 |
| an analysis of genetic diversity and inbreeding in wuchereria bancrofti: implications for the spread and detection of drug resistance. | estimates of genetic diversity in helminth infections of humans often have to rely on genotyping (immature) parasite transmission stages instead of adult worms. here we analyse the results of one such study investigating a single polymorphic locus (a change at position 200 of the beta-tubulin gene) in microfilariae of the lymphatic filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti. the presence of this genetic change has been implicated in benzimidazole resistance in parasitic nematodes of farmed ruminants ... | 2008 | 18382607 |
| microsatellite data suggest significant population structure and differentiation within the malaria vector anopheles darlingi in central and south america. | anopheles darlingi is the most important malaria vector in the neotropics. an understanding of a. darlingi's population structure and contemporary gene flow patterns is necessary if vector populations are to be successfully controlled. we assessed population genetic structure and levels of differentiation based on 1,376 samples from 31 localities throughout the peruvian and brazilian amazon and central america using 5-8 microsatellite loci. | 2008 | 18366795 |
| hydrological modeling of geophysical parameters of arboviral and protozoan disease vectors in internally displaced people camps in gulu, uganda. | the aim of this study was to determine if remotely sensed data and digital elevation model (dem) can test relationships between culex quinquefasciatus and anopheles gambiae s.l. larval habitats and environmental parameters within internally displaced people (idp) campgrounds in gulu, uganda. a total of 65 georeferenced aquatic habitats in various idp camps were studied to compare the larval abundance of cx. quinquefasciatus and an. gambiae s.l. the aquatic habitat dataset were overlaid onto land ... | 2008 | 18341699 |
| the molecular evolution of four anti-malarial immune genes in the anopheles gambiae species complex. | if the insect innate immune system is to be used as a potential blocking step in transmission of malaria, then it will require targeting one or a few genes with highest relevance and ease of manipulation. the problem is to identify and manipulate those of most importance to malaria infection without the risk of decreasing the mosquito's ability to stave off infections by microbes in general. molecular evolution methodologies and concepts can help identify such genes. within the setting of a comp ... | 2008 | 18325105 |
| host choice and multiple blood feeding behaviour of malaria vectors and other anophelines in mwea rice scheme, kenya. | studies were conducted between april 2004 and february 2006 to determine the blood-feeding pattern of anopheles mosquitoes in mwea kenya. | 2008 | 18312667 |
| the limits and intensity of plasmodium falciparum transmission: implications for malaria control and elimination worldwide. | the efficient allocation of financial resources for malaria control using appropriate combinations of interventions requires accurate information on the geographic distribution of malaria risk. an evidence-based description of the global range of plasmodium falciparum malaria and its endemicity has not been assembled in almost 40 y. this paper aims to define the global geographic distribution of p. falciparum malaria in 2007 and to provide a preliminary description of its transmission intensity ... | 2008 | 18303939 |
| malaria in rural mozambique. part i: children attending the outpatient clinic. | malaria represents a huge burden for the health care services across africa. describing malaria attending health services contributes to quantify the burden and describe the epidemiology and clinical presentation. | 2008 | 18302770 |
| malaria transmission and rice cultivation in lagdo, northern cameroon. | cross-sectional entomological surveys were carried out during the 2006 dry and rainy seasons in lagdo, cameroon to measure the impact of rice cultivation on malaria transmission and to monitor vector susceptibility to insecticides. adult anopheline mosquitoes were captured on human volunteers and by pyrethrum spray collections. a total of 4740 mosquitoes was collected during the study. anopheles arabiensis was the major species and the main malaria vector in all study sites, followed by a. funes ... | 2008 | 18295810 |
| a test of the chromosomal theory of ecotypic speciation in anopheles gambiae. | the role of chromosomal inversions in speciation has long been of interest to evolutionists. recent quantitative modeling has stimulated reconsideration of previous conceptual models for chromosomal speciation. anopheles gambiae, the most important vector of human malaria, carries abundant chromosomal inversion polymorphism nonrandomly associated with ecotypes that mate assortatively. here, we consider the potential role of paracentric inversions in promoting speciation in a. gambiae via "ecotyp ... | 2008 | 18287019 |
| the association between distance to water pipes and water bodies positive for anopheline mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in the urban community of malindi, kenya. | the increasing risk of mosquito-borne diseases in african urban environments has been partly attributed to failed planning and resource underdevelopment. though engineered systems may reduce mosquito proliferation, there are few studies describing this relationship. this study investigates how engineered systems such as roads and piped water systems affect the odds of anopheline immatures (i.e., larvae and pupae) occurring in water bodies located in malindi, kenya. anopheles gambiae s.s. (giles) ... | 2007 | 18260524 |
| effect of rice cultivation on malaria transmission in central kenya. | a 12-month field study was conducted between april 2004 and march 2005 to determine the association between irrigated rice cultivation and malaria transmission in mwea, kenya. adult mosquitoes were collected indoors twice per month in three villages representing non-irrigated, planned, and unplanned rice agro-ecosystems and screened for blood meal sources and plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite proteins. anopheles arabiensis patton and an. funestus giles comprised 98.0% and 1.9%, respectively ... | 2008 | 18256428 |
| dynamics of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.l. from an area of extensive cotton cultivation in northern cameroon. | to explore temporal variation in insecticide susceptibility of anopheles gambiae s.l. populations to the four chemical groups of insecticides used in public health and agriculture, in close match with the large-scale cotton spraying programme implemented in the cotton-growing area of north cameroon. | 2008 | 18248566 |
| environmental covariates of anopheles arabiensis in a rice agroecosystem in mwea, central kenya. | water quality of aquatic habitats is an important determinant of female mosquito oviposition and successful larval development. this study examined the influence of environmental covariates on anopheles arabiensis mosquito abundance in the mwea irrigation scheme, central province of kenya, prior to implementation of a malaria vector control program. experimental rice plots were used to examine the environmental covariates responsible for regulating abundance and diversity of the aquatic stages o ... | 2007 | 18240512 |
| a tool box for operational mosquito larval control: preliminary results and early lessons from the urban malaria control programme in dar es salaam, tanzania. | as the population of africa rapidly urbanizes, large populations could be protected from malaria by controlling aquatic stages of mosquitoes if cost-effective and scalable implementation systems can be designed. | 2008 | 18218148 |
| a trial of the efficacy, safety and impact on drug resistance of four drug regimens for seasonal intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in senegalese children. | in the sahel, most malaria deaths occur among children 1-4 years old during a short transmission season. a trial of seasonal intermittent preventive treatment (ipt) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (sp) and a single dose of artesunate (as) showed an 86% reduction in the incidence of malaria in senegal but this may not be the optimum regimen. we compared this regimen with three alternatives. | 2008 | 18213379 |
| on the origin and spread of the scab disease of apple: out of central asia. | venturia inaequalis is an ascomycete fungus responsible for apple scab, a disease that has invaded almost all apple growing regions worldwide, with the corresponding adverse effects on apple production. monitoring and predicting the effectiveness of intervention strategies require knowledge of the origin, introduction pathways, and population biology of pathogen populations. analysis of the variation of genetic markers using the inferential framework of population genetics offers the potential t ... | 2008 | 18197265 |
| historical analysis of a near disaster: anopheles gambiae in brazil. | attributed to human-mediated dispersal, a species of the anopheles gambiae complex invaded northeastern brazil in 1930. this event is considered unique among the intercontinental introductions of disease vectors and the most serious one: "few threats to the future health of the americas have equalled that inherent in the invasion of brazil, in 1930, by anopheles gambiae." because it was only in the 1960s that an. gambiae was recognized as a species complex now including seven species, the precis ... | 2008 | 18187802 |
| risk factors for house-entry by malaria vectors in a rural town and satellite villages in the gambia. | in the pre-intervention year of a randomized controlled trial investigating the protective effects of house screening against malaria-transmitting vectors, a multi-factorial risk factor analysis study was used to identify factors that influence mosquito house entry. | 2008 | 18179686 |
| pyrethroid tolerance is associated with elevated expression of antioxidants and agricultural practice in anopheles arabiensis sampled from an area of cotton fields in northern cameroon. | spraying of agricultural crops with insecticides can select for resistance in nontarget insects and this may compromise the use of insecticides for the control of vector-borne diseases. the tolerance of the malaria vector, anopheles arabiensis to deltamethrin was determined in a field population from a cotton-growing region of northern cameroon both prior to and midway through the 4-month period of insecticide application to the cotton crop. a 1.6-fold increase in the median knockdown time was o ... | 2008 | 18179425 |
| short report: permethrin and ddt resistance in the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis from eastern sudan. | assessment of resistance to ddt and permethrin insecticides and molecular detection of knockdown resistance (kdr) alleles were conducted in three populations of anopheles arabiensis from eastern sudan. bioassay mortalities ranged from 96.9% to 99.6% for 4% ddt and from 98.4% to 100% for 1% permethrin. the l1014f and l1014s alleles were detected in 25 of 498 mosquitoes. the overall kdr frequencies ranged from 7.0% in the area where insecticide-treated nets were used to 3.0% in the area with agric ... | 2007 | 18165523 |
| evidence for late pleistocene population expansion of the malarial mosquitoes, anopheles arabiensis and anopheles gambiae in nigeria. | anopheles gambiae giles s.s. and anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) are major vectors of malaria in nigeria. we used 1115 bp of the mitochondrial coi gene to assess their population genetic structures based on samples from across nigeria (n = 199). the mtdna neighbour-joining tree, based on f(st) estimates, separated an. gambiae m and s forms, except that samples of an. gambiae m from calabar clustered with all the an. gambiae s form. anopheles arabiensis and an. gambiae could be c ... | 2007 | 18092974 |
| molecular phylogeny of neotropical anopheles (nyssorhynchus) albitarsis species complex (diptera: culicidae). | a phylogeny was reconstructed for four species belonging to the neotropical anopheles (nyssorhynchus) albitarsis complex using partial sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase i (coi) and nadh dehydrogenase 4 (nd4) genes and the ribosomal dna its2 and d2 expansion region of the 28s subunit. the basis for initial characterization of each member of the complex was by correlated random amplification of polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction (rapd-pcr) markers. analyses were carried ou ... | 0 | 18079976 |
| a randomized open-label trial of artesunate- sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine with or without primaquine for elimination of sub-microscopic p. falciparum parasitaemia and gametocyte carriage in eastern sudan. | in areas of seasonal malaria transmission, treatment of asymptomatic carriers of malaria parasites, whose parasitaemia persists at low densities throughout the dry season, could be a useful strategy for malaria control. we carried out a randomized trial to compare two drug regimens for clearance of parasitaemia in order to identify the optimum regimen for use in mass drug administration in the dry season. | 2007 | 18074034 |
| humoral responses to plasmodium falciparum blood-stage antigens and association with incidence of clinical malaria in children living in an area of seasonal malaria transmission in burkina faso, west africa. | there is longstanding evidence that immunoglobulin g (igg) has a role in protection against clinical malaria, and human antibodies of the cytophilic subclasses are thought to be particularly critical in this respect. in this cohort study, 286 burkinabè children 6 months to 15 years old were kept under malaria surveillance in order to assess the protective role of antibody responses against four antigens which are currently being evaluated as vaccine candidates: apical membrane antigen 1 (ama1), ... | 2008 | 18070896 |
| localization of candidate regions maintaining a common polymorphic inversion (2la) in anopheles gambiae. | chromosomal inversion polymorphisms are thought to play a role in adaptive divergence, but the genes conferring adaptive benefits remain elusive. here we study 2la, a common polymorphic inversion in the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae. the frequency of 2la varies clinally and seasonally in a pattern suggesting response to selection for aridity tolerance. by hybridizing genomic dna from individual mosquitoes to oligonucleotide microarrays, we obtained a complete map of differentiation ac ... | 2007 | 18069896 |
| bionomics of malaria vectors and relationship with malaria transmission and epidemiology in three physiographic zones in the senegal river basin. | following the implementation of two dams in the senegal river, entomological and parasitological studies were conducted in three different ecological zones in the senegal river basin (the low valley of senegal river, the guiers lake area and the low valley of ferlo) every 3 month in june 2004, september 2004, december 2004 and march 2005. the objective of this work was to study the influence of environmental heterogeneities on vector bionomics and malaria epidemiology. mosquitoes were collected ... | 2008 | 18068685 |
| insecticide susceptibility and vector status of natural populations of anopheles arabiensis from sudan. | species composition, blood meal source, sporozoite infection rate, insecticide resistance and the kdr mutations were investigated in the anopheles gambiae complex from 13 sentinel sites in central sudan. species identification revealed that 89.5% of 960 specimens were a. arabiensis. of 310 indoor resting females, 88.1% were found to have fed on humans, while 10.6% had fed on bovines. the overall sporozoite infection rate from the five localities tested was 2.3%, ranging from 0 to 5.5%. insectici ... | 2008 | 18054056 |
| does the spillage of petroleum products in anopheles breeding sites have an impact on the pyrethroid resistance? | the emergence of anopheles populations capable of withstanding lethal doses of insecticides has weakened the efficacy of most insecticide based strategies of vector control and, has highlighted the need for further studies on the mechanisms of insecticide resistance and the various factors selecting resistant populations of mosquitoes. this research targeted the analysis of breeding sites and the oviposition behaviour of susceptible and resistant populations of anopheles in localities of spilled ... | 2007 | 18053173 |
| spatial targeted vector control in the highlands of burundi and its impact on malaria transmission. | prevention of malaria epidemics is a priority for african countries. the 2000 malaria epidemic in burundi prompted the government to implement measures for preventing future outbreaks. case management with artemisinin-based combination therapy and malaria surveillance were nationally improved. a vector control programme was initiated in one of the most affected highland provinces. the focal distribution of malaria vectors in the highlands was the starting point for designing a targeted vector co ... | 2007 | 18053166 |
| contributions of different mosquito species to the transmission of lymphatic filariasis in central nigeria: implications for monitoring infection by pcr in mosquito pools. | members of the anopheles gambiae complex are important vectors of lymphatic filariasis (lf) in sub-saharan africa, but little is known about the relative contributions of all mosquitoes to lymphatic filariasis transmission in this area. | 2007 | 18047673 |
| mosaic genome architecture of the anopheles gambiae species complex. | attempts over the last three decades to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the anopheles gambiae species complex have been important for developing better strategies to control malaria transmission. | 2007 | 18043756 |
| multiple origins of knockdown resistance mutations in the afrotropical mosquito vector anopheles gambiae. | how often insecticide resistance mutations arise in natural insect populations is a fundamental question for understanding the evolution of resistance and also for modeling its spread. moreover, the development of resistance is regarded as a favored model to study the molecular evolution of adaptive traits. in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae two point mutations (l1014f and l1014s) in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, that confer knockdown resistance (kdr) to ddt and pyrethroid insectic ... | 2007 | 18043750 |
| identification of the main malaria vectors in the anopheles gambiae species complex using a taqman real-time pcr assay. | the anopheles gambiae sensu lato species complex comprises seven sibling species of mosquitoes that are morphologically indistinguishable. rapid identification of the two main species which vector malaria, anopheles arabiensis and an. gambiae sensu stricto, from the non-vector species anopheles quadriannulatus is often required as part of vector control programmes. currently the most widely used method for species identification is a multiplex pcr protocol that targets species specific differenc ... | 2007 | 18034887 |
| shifting patterns: malaria dynamics and rainfall variability in an african highland. | the long-term patterns of malaria in the east african highlands typically involve not only a general upward trend in cases but also a dramatic increase in the size of epidemic outbreaks. the role of climate variability in driving epidemic cycles at interannual time scales remains controversial, in part because it has been seen as conflicting with the alternative explanation of purely endogenous cycles exclusively generated by the nonlinear dynamics of the disease. we analyse a long temporal reco ... | 2008 | 17999952 |
| unexpected high losses of anopheles gambiae larvae due to rainfall. | immature stages of the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae experience high mortality, but its cause is poorly understood. here we study the impact of rainfall, one of the abiotic factors to which the immatures are frequently exposed, on their mortality. | 2007 | 17987125 |
| life-table analysis of anopheles arabiensis in western kenya highlands: effects of land covers on larval and adult survivorship. | in high-elevation areas in western kenya, the abundance of anopheles arabiensis is either very low or absent. the western kenya highlands (an area with an elevation > 1,500m above sea level) have also been experiencing extensive deforestation, and deforestation has been suggested as one of the important factors that facilitate malaria transmission in the highlands. this study investigated whether climate conditions in the western kenya highlands (kakamega, elevation 1,500 m above sea level) were ... | 2007 | 17978067 |
| monitoring the operational impact of insecticide usage for malaria control on anopheles funestus from mozambique. | indoor residual spraying (irs) has again become popular for malaria control in africa. this combined with the affirmation by who that ddt is appropriate for use in the absence of longer lasting insecticide formulations in some malaria endemic settings, has resulted in an increase in irs with ddt as a major malaria vector control intervention in africa. ddt was re-introduced into mozambique's irs programme in 2005 and is increasingly becoming the main insecticide used for malaria vector control i ... | 2007 | 17973989 |
| cost-sharing strategies combining targeted public subsidies with private-sector delivery achieve high bednet coverage and reduced malaria transmission in kilombero valley, southern tanzania. | cost-sharing schemes incorporating modest targeted subsidies have promoted insecticide-treated nets (itns) for malaria prevention in the kilombero valley, southern tanzania, since 1996. here we evaluate resulting changes in bednet coverage and malaria transmission. | 2007 | 17961211 |
| genetic population structure of anopheles gambiae in equatorial guinea. | patterns of genetic structure among mosquito vector populations in islands have received particular attention as these are considered potentially suitable sites for experimental trials on transgenic-based malaria control strategies. in this study, levels of genetic differentiation have been estimated between populations of anopheles gambiae s.s. from the islands of bioko and annobón, and from continental equatorial guinea (eg) and gabon. | 2007 | 17937805 |
| pcr-based karyotyping of anopheles gambiae inversion 2rj identifies the bamako chromosomal form. | the malaria vector anopheles gambiae is polymorphic for chromosomal inversions on the right arm of chromosome 2 that segregate nonrandomly between assortatively mating populations in west africa. one such inversion, 2rj, is associated with the bamako chromosomal form endemic to southern mali and northern guinea conakry near the niger river. although it exploits a unique ecology and both molecular and chromosomal data suggest reduced gene flow between bamako and other a. gambiae populations, no m ... | 2007 | 17908310 |