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new caloporoside derivatives and their inhibition of fungal spore germination.in our ongoing screening culture fluid extracts of gloeoporus (caloporus) dichrous strain 83065 inhibited the germination of magnaporthe grisea and fusarium graminearum spores. while isolating the active metabolites two new caloporosides, caloporoside g and caloporoside h, in addition to the known caloporoside derivatives f-16438g, caloporoside a, and 2-hydroxy-6-(16-hydroxyheptadecyl)benzoic acid were obtained.200919791504
complete nucleotide sequence of double-stranded rna viruses from fusarium graminearum strain dk3.the complete genomes two different dsrna mycoviruses, fusarium graminearum virus 3 (fgv3) and fusarium graminearum virus 4 (fgv4), was sequenced and analyzed. the viral genome of fgv3 is 9,098 base pairs (bp) long and contains two open reading frames (orf) encoding a putative rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) and a protein of unknown function. the fgv4 genome is composed of two dsrna genome segments of 2,383 bp and 1,739 bp. fgv4 dsrna-1 contains a single orf, which has a conserved rdrp motif, ...200919777156
fgend1 is a putative component of the endocytic machinery and mediates ferrichrome uptake in f. graminearum.the function of endocytic pathway in filamentous fungi has remained elusive. recently, we have identified that fgend1, which has a 27% amino acid homology and shares specific eh3 domain with scend3 of saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a putative member of the endocytic machinery in fusarium graminearum. the failure of the scend3 mutant to uptake lucifer yellow (ly) was recovered by introducing fgend1 into s. cerevisiae. the deletion of fgend1 in f. graminearum resulted in a 2-fold decrease in the rat ...200919756628
a reference-gene-based quantitative pcr method as a tool to determine fusarium resistance in wheat.in recent years, plant breeders made great progress in breeding fusarium-tolerant wheat lines. however, total resistance to this genus of plant pathogenic fungi has not yet been achieved as the resistance genes are located on several distinct genetic regions. visual scoring of disease symptoms in combination with the analysis of mycotoxins is commonly applied to assess the tolerance of new lines. both approaches are indirect methods and do not mandatorily determine the accumulated fungal biomass ...200919756538
insect peptide metchnikowin confers on barley a selective capacity for resistance to fungal ascomycetes pathogens.the potential of metchnikowin, a 26-amino acid residue proline-rich antimicrobial peptide synthesized in the fat body of drosophila melanogaster was explored to engineer disease resistance in barley against devastating fungal plant pathogens. the synthetic peptide caused strong in vitro growth inhibition (ic(50) value approximately 1 mum) of the pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum. transgenic barley expressing the metchnikowin gene in its 52-amino acid pre-pro-peptide form under the control o ...200919734262
study of the antifungal activity of bacillus vallismortis zz185 in vitro and identification of its antifungal components.an endophytic bacillus vallismortis zz185 was isolated from healthy stems of the plant broadleaf holly (ilex latifolia thunb) collected in nanjing, china. both the culture filtrate and the n-butanol extract of strain zz185 showed strong growth inhibition activity in vitro against the phytopathogens fusarium graminearum, alternaria alternata, rhizoctonia solani, cryphonectria parasitica and phytophthora capsici. the results showed that the filtrate and extract reduced the symptoms of wheat seedli ...201019717300
toxigenic potential of fusarium graminearum sensu stricto isolates from wheat in argentina.the toxigenic potential of 144 fusarium graminearum sensu stricto strains isolated from wheat in different subregions of the main production area in argentina during 2001, 2003 and 2004 harvests was studied. the mycotoxin producing ability of the isolates was examined by gas chromatography with electron capture detection and confirmed by mass spectrometry. analysis of the trichothecene chemotype distribution across the argentinean wheat cropping area revealed that 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol was the ...200919717200
the genome of nectria haematococca: contribution of supernumerary chromosomes to gene expansion.the ascomycetous fungus nectria haematococca, (asexual name fusarium solani), is a member of a group of >50 species known as the "fusarium solani species complex". members of this complex have diverse biological properties including the ability to cause disease on >100 genera of plants and opportunistic infections in humans. the current research analyzed the most extensively studied member of this complex, n. haematococca mating population vi (mpvi). several genes controlling the ability of indi ...200919714214
expressed sequence tags from the flower pathogen claviceps purpurea.summary the ascomycete claviceps purpurea (ergot) is a biotrophic flower pathogen of rye and other grasses. the deleterious toxic effects of infected rye seeds on humans and grazing animals have been known since the middle ages. to gain further insight into the molecular basis of this disease, we generated about 10 000 expressed sequence tags (ests)-about 25% originating from axenic fungal culture and about 75% from tissues collected 6-20 days after infection of rye spikes. the pattern of axenic ...200919694956
design, synthesis, and fungicidal activity of novel analogues of pyrrolnitrin.a series of novel analogues of pyrrolnitrin containing a thiophene moiety were designed and synthesized by a facile method, and their structures were characterized by (1)h nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) and high-resolution mass spectrometry. the isomers iv-h and v-h were isolated, and their structures were identified by 2d nmr, including heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (hmqc), heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (hmbc), and nuclear overhauser effect spectrometry (noesy) spectra. t ...200919681615
deoxynivalenol suppresses circulating and splenic leukocyte subpopulations in balb/c mice: dose response, time course and sex differences.it was hypothesized that suppression of peripheral blood leukocyte subsets were markers of exposure to dietary deoxynivalenol (don), a fusarium graminearum mycotoxin in grain, at 1.0 mg kg(-1) but not at lesser doses in balb/c mice. groups of 10 female and 10 male balb/c mice were fed 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg kg(-1) don for 14 and 28 days. using flow cytometry with staining for leukocyte surface markers, the percentage of cd19(+) leukocytes (b cells) in peripheral blood was decreased in bot ...200919680982
fppi: fusarium graminearum protein-protein interaction database.the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum (telomorph gibberella zeae) is the causal agent of several destructive crop diseases. identifying interactions among f. graminearum proteins and understanding their functions can provide insights into pathogenic mechanisms underlying f. graminearum-host interactions. f. graminearum protein-protein interaction (fppi) database provides comprehensive information of protein-protein interactions (ppis) of f. graminearum predicted based on both interologs from ...200919673500
effect of carbendazim resistance on trichothecene production and aggressiveness of fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum (teleomorph, gibberella zeae) causes head blight of cereals and contaminates grains with trichothecene mycotoxins that are harmful to humans and domesticated animals. control of fusarium head blight relies on carbendazim (mbc) in china, but resistance to mbc in f. graminearum is now widespread. sixty-seven strains were evaluated for trichothecene production in shake culture or in the field. the strains included 60 wild-type strains (30 mbc-resistant and 30 mbc-sensitive), th ...200919656048
plant cell wall degradation with a powerful fusarium graminearum enzymatic arsenal.the complex enzyme pool secreted by the phytopathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum in response to glucose or hop cell wall material as sole carbon sources was analyzed. the biochemical characterization of the enzymes present in the supernatant of fungal cultures in the glucose medium revealed only 5 different glycosyl hydrolase activities; by contrast, when analyzing cultures in the cell wall medium, 17 different activities were detected. this dramatic increase reflects the adaptation of the fu ...200919597315
applying parallel factor analysis models to hplc diode array detector datasets reveals strain dependent regulation of polyketide biosynthesis in fusarium graminearum, fusarium culmorum and fusarium pseudograminearum.fungal secondary metabolites confer an indiscriminate resource of bioactive compounds with both pharmaceutical and industrial relevance. synthesis of these compounds is tightly controlled through regulatory networks. these networks act in response to the environmental conditions in which the fungus grows. one class of fungal secondary metabolites that have drawn increased attention, is the polyketides produced by a high number of fungi and bacteria. the increasing number of publicly available ge ...200919591712
developing kernel and rachis node induce the trichothecene pathway of fusarium graminearum during wheat head infection.the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum is the most common agent of fusarium head blight (fhb) in small grain cereals and cob rot of maize. the threat posed by this fungus is due to a decrease in yield and, additionally, mycotoxin contamination of the harvested cereals. among the mycotoxins, trichothecenes influence virulence of f. graminearum in a highly complex manner that is strongly host- as well as chemotype-specific. the factors inducing mycotoxin production during plant infection are sti ...200919589066
[studies on quantitative trait loci related to activity of lactate dehydrogenase in common carp (cyprinus carpio)].the reciprocal intergeneric hybrids between common wheat and roegneria kamoji were successfully obtained by means of embryo culture. morphology, chromosome pairing behavior at meiosis, fertility, and resistance to scab of the hybrid f1 and bc1 were studied. the results showed that the morphology of the reciprocal intergeneric hybrids f1 between r. kamoji and t. aestivum cv. chinese spring were intermediate type between the two parental species. the chromosome configuration at metaphase i (mi) of ...200919586894
screening the fusarium graminearum inhibitory mutant strain from bacillus subtilis by atmospheric-pressure plasma jet.the aim of this study was to improve the antagonistic activity of bacillus subtilis ja towards fusarium graminearum by screening high-yielding mutant using the atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (appj).201019558467
gibberella zeae chitin synthase genes, gzchs5 and gzchs7, are required for hyphal growth, perithecia formation, and pathogenicity.gibberella zeae causes fusarium head blight of cereal crops, and sexual spores of the fungus play an important role as primary inocula. we isolated a restriction enzyme-mediated integration (remi) transformant, zh431, of g. zeae with defects in perithecia formation and virulence. integration of the remi vector resulted in disruption of gzchs7 gene, which encodes a putative class vii chitin synthase with high similarity to fusarium oxysporum chsvb. a second chitin synthase, gzchs5, is adjacently ...200919547974
functional analysis and subcellular localization of two geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases from penicillium paxilli.the filamentous fungus penicillium paxilli contains two distinct geranylgeranyl diphosphate (ggpp) synthases, ggsa and ggsb (paxg). paxg and its homologues in neotyphodium lolii and fusarium fujikuroi are associated with diterpene secondary metabolite gene clusters. the genomes of other filamentous fungi including aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus nidulans, aspergillus niger, aspergillus oryzae and fusarium graminearum also contain two or more copies of ggpp synthase genes, although the diterpe ...200919529962
optimization of the production medium for biosynthesis of antifungal antibiotic ak-111-81 by phosphate-deregulated mutant of streptomyces hygroscopicus.experimental mathematical designs were applied for optimization of a nutrient medium for biosynthesis of the antifungal antibiotic ak-111-81 by phosphate-deregulated mutant of streptomyces hygroscopicus 111-81. antifungal antibiotic ak-111-81 possesses well-expressed activity against fusarium graminearum and other phytopathogenic fungi. the level of the production of the antibiotic ak-111-81 on this medium is more than three times higher than on the initial medium. the optimized quantitative com ...200919529894
roles of the glyoxylate and methylcitrate cycles in sexual development and virulence in the cereal pathogen gibberella zeae.the glyoxylate and methylcitrate cycles are involved in the metabolism of two- or three-carbon compounds in fungi. to elucidate the role(s) of these pathways in gibberella zeae, which causes head blight in cereal crops, we focused on the functions of g. zeae orthologs (gzicl1 and gzmcl1) of the genes that encode isocitrate lyase (icl) and methylisocitrate lyase (mcl), respectively, key enzymes in each cycle. the deletion of gzicl1 (deltagzicl1) caused defects in growth on acetate and in perithec ...200919525419
synthesis, antifungal activities, and potential detoxification of n-(2,3,4,6-tetra-o-acetyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)thiocarbamates.a series of n-(2,3,4,6-tetra-o-acetyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)thiocarbamates were synthesized by the reaction of glucosyl isothiocyanates with monohydric and dihydric alcohols, and acetone oxime, using methods of both normal reaction and microwave-assisted synthesis. antifungal activities of the title compounds were determined with three kinds of plant pathogenic fungi, fusarium graminearum, rhizoctoria cerealis, and colletotrichum orbiculare. the synthesized glucosyl thiocarbamates easily reacted ...200919524218
molecular cloning and characterization of a novel glyoxalase i gene tagly i in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).methylglyoxal is a kind of poisonous metabolite that can react with rna, dna and protein, which generally results in a number of side advert effects to cell. glyoxalase i is a member of glyoxalase system that can detoxify methylglyoxal. an est encoding a glyoxalase i was isolated from a ssh (suppression subtractive hybridization)-cdna library of wheat spike inoculated by fusarium graminearum. the corresponding full length gene, named tagly i, was cloned, sequenced and characterized. its genomic ...201019513813
the fate of gene duplicates in the genomes of fungal pathogens.understanding how molecular changes underlie phenotypic variation within and between species is one of the main goals of evolutionary biology and comparative genetics. the recent proliferation of sequenced fungal genomes offers a unique opportunity to start elucidating the extreme phenotypic diversity in the kingdom fungi.1-4 we attempted to investigate the contribution of gene families to the evolutionary forces shaping the diversity of pathogenic lifestyles among the fungi.5 we studied a famil ...200819513258
pdc1, a corn defensin peptide expressed in escherichia coli and pichia pastoris inhibits growth of fusarium graminearum.plant defensin corn 1 (pdc1) gene was amplified from corn genomic dna with the primers designed from a corn est sequence homologous to a barley defensin gene. the cloned gene contains two exons and an intron. the deduced 9kda pdc1 peptide has a sequence that is identical to corn gamma2-zeathionin and has the typical features of a plant defensin, including a signal sequence of 35 amino acids, followed by a characteristic defensin domain of 47 amino acids containing 8 cysteines. the defensin prote ...200919505517
low ph regulates the production of deoxynivalenol by fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum, which causes the globally important head blight disease of wheat, is responsible for the production of the harmful mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don) in infected grain. the production of don by f. graminearum occurs at much higher levels during infection than during axenic growth, and it is therefore important to understand how don production is regulated in the fungus. recently, we have identified amines as potent inducers of in vitro don production in f. graminearum. although ...200919497949
fusarium head blight severity and deoxynivalenol concentration in wheat in response to gibberella zeae inoculum concentration.the relationship between inoculum dose and resulting disease levels and deoxynivalenol (don) accumulation in the fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat pathosystem was examined under controlled conditions. greenhouse-grown spring wheat plants were inoculated at flowering with suspensions that varied in gibberella zeae macroconidia concentration. the spikes were bagged for 72 h to promote infection and plants were then kept under ambient greenhouse conditions and disease allowed to develop. spikes w ...200919453236
qtl-specific microarray gene expression analysis of wheat resistance to fusarium head blight in sumai-3 and two susceptible nils.fusarium head blight, predominantly caused by fusarium graminearum (schwabe) in north america, is a destructive disease that poses a serious threat to wheat (triticum aestivum l.) production around the world. cdna microarrays consisting of wheat ests derived from a wheat - f. graminearum interaction suppressive subtractive hybridization library were used to investigate qtl-specific differential gene expression between the resistant chinese cultivar sumai-3 and two susceptible near isogenic lines ...200919448721
simultaneous detection of fusarium asiaticum and fusarium graminearum in wheat seeds using a real-time pcr method.to develop a pcr-based method for quantitative detection of fusarium asiaticum (fa) and fusarium graminearum (fg) in wheat seeds.200919413810
inventory and comparative evolution of the abc superfamily in the genomes of phytophthora ramorum and phytophthora sojae.automated and manual annotation of the atp binding cassette (abc) superfamily in the phytophthora ramorum and p. sojae genomes has identified 135 and 136 members, respectively, indicating that this family is comparable in size to the arabidopsis thaliana and rice genomes, and significantly larger than that of two fungal pathogens, fusarium graminearum and magnaporthe grisea. the high level of synteny between these oomycete genomes extends to the abc superfamily, where 108 orthologues were identi ...200919407922
nutrient profiling reveals potent inducers of trichothecene biosynthesis in fusarium graminearum.fusarium head blight is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide due to crop losses and the contamination of grains with trichothecene mycotoxins. the biosynthesis of trichothecenes by fusarium spp. is highest during infection, but relatively low levels are produced from saprophytic growth in axenic culture. a strain of fusarium graminearum was constructed where the promoter from the tri5 trichothecene biosynthesis gene was fused to gfp. using this strain in large-scale nutrient pro ...200919406250
fusarium graminearum exploits ethylene signalling to colonize dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants.ethylene signalling affects the resistance of dicotyledonous plant species to diverse pathogens but almost nothing is known about the role of this pathway in monocotyledonous crop species. fusarium graminearum causes fusarium head blight (fhb) of cereals, contaminating grain with mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (don). very little is known about the mechanisms of resistance/susceptibility to this disease. genetic and chemical genetic studies were used to examine the influence of ethylene (et) s ...200919383094
transducin beta-like gene ftl1 is essential for pathogenesis in fusarium graminearum.fusarium head blight caused by fusarium graminearum is an important disease of wheat and barley. in a previous study, we identified several mutants with reduced virulence by insertional mutagenesis. a transducin beta-like gene named ftl1 was disrupted in one of these nonpathogenic mutants. ftl1 is homologous to saccharomyces cerevisiae sif2, which is a component of the set3 complex involved in late stages of ascospore formation. the delta ftl1 mutant was significantly reduced in conidiation and ...200919377037
proteomic analysis of fungal host factors differentially expressed by fusarium graminearum infected with fusarium graminearum virus-dk21.fusarium graminearum virus-dk21 (fgv-dk21), which infects the plant pathogenic f. graminearum, perturbs host developmental processes such as sporulation, morphology, pigmentation, and attenuates the virulence (hypovirulence) of the host. to identify the differentially expressed f. graminearum proteins by fgv-dk21 infection, we have used two-dimensional electrophoresis with mass spectrometry using proteins extracted from virus-free and fgv-dk21-infected strains. a total of 148 spots showing an al ...200919374926
airborne and soilborne microfungi in the vicinity hamitabat thermic power plant in kirklareli city (turkey), their seasonal distributions and relations with climatological factors.soil and air samples of seven different localities around hamitabat thermic power plant, 10 km far away from luleburgaz/kirklareli (turkey), were taken between the years 2003 and 2004 with seasonal intervals. the samples were brought to the laboratory and their microfungal identifications were done. from the air samples, 737 microfungi colonies were isolated comprising 26 species belonging to eight genera. from soil samples, 170.6 x 10(4) colony-forming unit (cfu)/g was isolated from 33 species ...201019347592
molds and mycotoxin content of cereals in southeastern romania.fungal species and toxin contamination were determined in 110 cereal samples (54 maize, 35 wheat, and 21 barley) collected in the southeastern part of romania from 2002 to 2004. the most frequent fungal contaminants belonged to aspergillus and fusarium, and maize was the most contaminated cereal. the main toxigenic species identified were aspergillus flavus, aspergillus fumigatus, fusarium graminearum, and fusarium culmorum in all cereals and fusarium verticillioides in maize. the presence of af ...200919343960
development of a generic pcr detection of 3-acetyldeoxy-nivalenol-, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol- and nivalenol-chemotypes of fusarium graminearum clade.fusarium graminearum clade pathogens cause fusarium head blight (fhb) or scab of wheat and other small cereal grains, producing different kinds of trichothecene mycotoxins that are detrimental to human and domestic animals. type b trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-acdon), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-acdon) and nivalenol (niv) are the principal fusarium mycotoxins reported in china, as well as in other countries. a genomic polymerase chain reaction (pcr) t ...200819330088
upscaled ctab-based dna extraction and real-time pcr assays for fusarium culmorum and f. graminearum dna in plant material with reduced sampling error.fusarium graminearum schwabe (gibberella zeae schwein. petch.) and f. culmorum w.g. smith are major mycotoxin producers in small-grain cereals afflicted with fusarium head blight (fhb). real-time pcr (qpcr) is the method of choice for species-specific, quantitative estimation of fungal biomass in plant tissue. we demonstrated that increasing the amount of plant material used for dna extraction to 0.5-1.0 g considerably reduced sampling error and improved the reproducibility of dna yield. the cos ...200819330077
effects of milling and cooking processes on the deoxynivalenol content in wheat.deoxynivalenol (don, vomitoxin) is a natural-occuring mycotoxin mainly produced by fusarium graminearum, a food-borne fungi widely distributed in crops and it is one of the most important mycotoxins in wheat and wheat-based foods and feeds. don affects animal and human health causing diarrhea, vomiting, gastro-intestinal inflammation, and immunomodulation. since the rate of the occurrence of don in wheat is high, effective procedures to remove or eliminate don from food products is essential to ...200819330063
fusarium graminearum growth inhibition due to glucose starvation caused by osthol.the effects of osthol, a plant coumarin, on morphology, sugar uptake and cell wall components of fusarium graminearum were examined in vitro by electron microscopy,(14)c-labelling and enzyme activity detection. the results revealed that osthol could inhibit the hypha growth of f. graminearum by decreasing hyphal absorption to reducing sugar. after treatment with 100 microg.ml(-1) osthol for 24 h, many hyphal fragments of f. graminearum appeared. microscopy observation showed that the cell walls ...200819325755
global gene regulation by fusarium transcription factors tri6 and tri10 reveals adaptations for toxin biosynthesis.trichothecenes are isoprenoid mycotoxins produced in wheat infected with the filamentous fungus fusarium graminearum. some fungal genes for trichothecene biosynthesis (tri genes) are known to be under control of transcription factors encoded by tri6 and tri10. tri6 and tri10 deletion mutants were constructed in order to discover additional genes regulated by these factors in planta. both mutants were greatly reduced in pathogenicity and toxin production and these phenotypes were largely restored ...200919320833
genetic diversity and fitness of fusarium graminearum populations from rice in korea.fusarium graminearum is an important fungal pathogen of cereal crops and produces mycotoxins, such as the trichothecenes nivalenol and deoxynivalenol. this species may be subdivided into a series of genetic lineages or phylogenetic species. we identified strains of f. graminearum from the republic of korea to lineage, tested their ability to produce nivalenol and deoxynivalenol, and determined the genetic composition and structure of the populations from which they were recovered. based on ampli ...200919304830
concurrent selection for microbial suppression of fusarium graminearum, fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol in wheat.identify biological agents that can both control fusarium head blight (fhb) and reduce deoxynivalenol (don) production.200919298518
microsphere resin chromatography combined with microbial biotransformation for the separation and purification of salvianolic acid b in aqueous extract of roots of salvia multiorrihza bunge.salvianolic acid b was separated and purified from salvia miltiorrhiza bunge (danshen) by microbial transformation together with chromatography of microsphere resin. the aqueous extract of danshen was transformed by fusarium graminearum in a bioreactor containing phosphate buffer (pbs), in which rosmarinic acid was transformed into danshensu and caffeic acid and the yield of salvianolic acid b was higher than 85%. after biotransformation, salvianolic acid b was purified by microsphere resin. a p ...200919296955
[molecular cytogenetics, fertility, and scab resistance of the intergeneric hybrid f1 and bc1 between triticum aestivum and roegneria kamoji].the reciprocal intergeneric hybrids between common wheat and roegneria kamoji were successfully obtained by means of embryo culture. morphology, chromosome pairing behavior at meiosis, fertility, and resistance to scab of the hybrid f1 and bc1 were studied. the results showed that the morphology of the reciprocal intergeneric hybrids f1 between r. kamoji and t. aestivum cv. chinese spring were intermediate type between the two parental species. the chromosome configuration at metaphase i (mi) of ...200919273443
characterization of fusarium graminearum isolates resistant to both carbendazim and a new fungicide js399-19.fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat and other cereals, caused mainly by fusarium graminearum, is one of the most economically important diseases worldwide, especially in the united states and china. the benzimidazole fungicides, particularly carbendazim (mbc), have been consistently used during the period of wheat heading and flowering in areas with warm and moist weather to control fhb in china for over 30 years. the effectiveness of mbc, however, has been threatened by the emergence of resista ...200919271986
post-anthesis moisture increased fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol levels in north carolina winter wheat.abstract current models for forecasting fusarium head blight (fhb) and deoxynivalenol (don) levels in wheat are based on weather near anthesis, and breeding for resistance to fhb pathogens often relies on irrigation before and shortly after anthesis to encourage disease development. the effects of post-anthesis environmental conditions on fhb are poorly understood. we performed a field experiment at kinston, nc, to explore the effects of increasing duration of post-anthesis moisture on disease i ...200919271972
molecular basis of arabinobio-hydrolase activity in phytopathogenic fungi: crystal structure and catalytic mechanism of fusarium graminearum gh93 exo-alpha-l-arabinanase.the phytopathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum secretes a very diverse pool of glycoside hydrolases (ghs) aimed at degrading plant cell walls. alpha-l-arabinanases are essential ghs participating in the complete hydrolysis of hemicellulose, a natural resource for various industrial processes, such as bioethanol or pharmaceuticals production. arb93a, the exo-1,5-alpha-l-arabinanase of f. graminearum encoded by the gene fg03054.1, belongs to the gh93 family, for which no structural data exists. t ...200919269961
a new fungitoxic metabolite from spiraea alpina pall.the fungitoxic metabolites of spiraea alpina pall. were identified using inhibition of rhizoctonia solani, gibberella zeae, pyricularia oryzea and exserohilum turcicum as an end-point. the major fungitoxic constituent of s. alpina was a new diacylated sugar, structurally elucidated as 6-o-(3',4'-dihydroxy-2'-methylenbutyryl)-1-o-trans-cinnamoyl-beta-d-glucopyranose. this compound could inhibit at 0.1 mg/ml rhizoctonia solani and exserohilum turcicum, 87.6% and 63.2%, respectively.200919239922
fusarium response to oxidative stress by h2o2 is trichothecene chemotype-dependent.the present study aims at clarifying the impact of oxidative stress on type b trichothecene production. the responses to hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) of an array of fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum strains were compared, both species carrying either the chemotype deoxynivalenol (don) or nivalenol (niv). in both cases, levels of in vitro toxin production are greatly influenced by the oxidative parameters of the medium. a 0.5 mm h(2)o(2) stress induces a two- to 50-fold enhancement of do ...200919239497
assessment of the core cryparin promoter from cryphonectria parasitica for heterologous expression in filamentous fungi.cryparin is an abundant cell-wall-associated hydrophobin of cryphonectria parasitica. although cryparin is encoded as a single copy gene, it is the most abundant protein produced by this fungus when grown in liquid culture. studies to characterize the transcriptional regulatory element(s) found that the fragment between nt -188 and the start codon was the minimal but sufficient promoter element for expression of the cryparin gene. to explore the possibility of using this small fragment as a mini ...200919238380
biological control of late blight (phytophthora infestans (mont.) de bary) in tomatoes with mycoextracts from fusarium culmorum and fusarium graminearum.following a screening completed over several species of fungus for establishing the efficiency of the extracts produced from them, against agent causing the late blight--phytophthora infestans--two species of fungus were selected--fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum--in order to employ them and their strains with different virulence in the pathosystem fungi/lycopersicumm esculentum. the utilized extracts are based on ethanol and obtained from mycelium and culture filtrate. extract was app ...200819226762
the dddp gene, encoding a novel enzyme that converts dimethylsulfoniopropionate into dimethyl sulfide, is widespread in ocean metagenomes and marine bacteria and also occurs in some ascomycete fungi.the marine alphaproteobacterium roseovarius nubinhibens ism can produce the gas dimethyl sulfide (dms) from dimethylsulfoniopropionate (dmsp), a widespread secondary metabolite that occurs in many phytoplankton. roseovarius possesses a novel gene, termed dddp, which when cloned, confers on escherichia coli the ability to produce dms. the dddp polypeptide is in the large family of m24 metallopeptidases and is wholly different from two other enzymes, dddd and dddl, which were previously shown to g ...200919220400
aqueous and organic extracts of trigonella foenum-graecum l. inhibit the mycelia growth of fungi.aqueous extracts from various plant parts of fenugreek (3%) (aerial parts: leaves and stems (ls), roots (r), ground seeds (gs) and not ground seeds (ngs)) and petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of the aerial parts were assayed to determine their antifungal potential against botrytis cinerea, fusarium graminearum, alternaria sp., pythium aphanidermatum, and rhizoctinia solani. all fenugreek plant parts showed antifungal potential and the magnitude of their inhibitory effects ...200819209631
comparative evolutionary histories of the fungal chitinase gene family reveal non-random size expansions and contractions due to adaptive natural selection.gene duplication and loss play an important role in the evolution of novel functions and for shaping an organism's gene content. recently, it was suggested that stress-related genes frequently are exposed to duplications and losses, while growth-related genes show selection against change in copy number. the fungal chitinase gene family constitutes an interesting case study of gene duplication and loss, as their biological roles include growth and development as well as more stress-responsive fu ...200819204807
different responses of two genes associated with disease resistance loci in maize (zea mays l.) to 3-allyloxy-1,2-benzothiazole 1,1-dioxide.probenazole (3-allyloxy-1,2-benzothiazole 1,1-dioxide, pbz) is a bactericide and fungicide that acts by inducing plant defense systems. it has been shown to induce the expression of nbs-lrr genes like rpr1 (rice probenazole-response gene) in rice (oryza sativa l.) and systemic acquired resistance (sar)-like disease resistance. two maize (zea mays l.) genes zmnbslrr1 (a nbs-lrr gene, cloned from a disease resistance analog pic11 based) and zmgc1, (a putative guanylyl cyclase-like gene) have both ...200919193968
isolation and identification of precocenes and piperitone from essential oils as specific inhibitors of trichothecene production by fusarium graminearum.inhibitors of deoxynivalenol production by fusarium graminearum are useful for protecting crops from deoxynivalenol contamination. we isolated precocenes and piperitone from the essential oils of matricaria recutita and eucalyptus dives, respectively, as specific inhibitors of the production of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, a biosynthetic precursor of deoxynivalenol. precocenes i and ii and piperitone inhibited 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol production by f. graminearum in a liquid culture with ic(50) values ...200919191669
sexual recombination of carbendazim resistance in fusarium graminearum under field conditions.carbendazim has been the major fungicide for control of fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by fusarium graminearum schwade in china. however, the effectiveness of carbendazim has been threatened by the emergence of resistant pathogen populations in the field.200919170042
[resistant mechanism of fusarium graminearum against carbendazim, unrelative to alpha2-tubulin gene].we studied the resistance of fusarium graminearum against carbendazim, to confirm if the resistance was related to the whole nucleotide sequence of alpha2-tubulin.200819160817
real-time quantitative expression studies of the zearalenone biosynthetic gene cluster in fusarium graminearum.the estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone (zon) produced by some fusarium spp. causes reproductive problems and hyperestrogenic syndromes in mammals. in an effort to elucidate the molecular pathways of zon production, we present a comparative real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction expression study of seven contiguous genes in the zon biosynthetic cluster on sterile rice and during wheat and oat infection. under zon production on rice, the polyketide synthase (pks) genes pks4 and pks13, alco ...200919159310
understanding the plasticity of the alpha/beta hydrolase fold: lid swapping on the candida antarctica lipase b results in chimeras with interesting biocatalytic properties.the best of both worlds. long molecular dynamics (md) simulations of candida antarctica lipase b (calb) confirmed the function of helix alpha5 as a lid structure. replacement of the helix with corresponding lid regions from calb homologues from neurospora crassa and gibberella zeae resulted in new calb chimeras with novel biocatalytic properties. the figure shows a snapshot from the md simulation. the candida antarctica lipase b (calb) has found very extensive use in biocatalysis reactions. long ...200919156649
stereoselective synthesis and antifungal activities of (e)-alpha-(methoxyimino)benzeneacetate derivatives containing 1,3,5-substituted pyrazole ring.thirteen novel (e)-alpha-(methoxyimino)benzeneacetate derivatives, the analogues of strobilurins, which contain two pharmacophoric substructures of the methyl (e)-methoxyiminoacetate moiety and 1,3,5-substituted pyrazole ring, were stereoselectively synthesized. it was found that the coupling reaction could give stereoselectively (e:z ca. 14:1) the key intermediate material (e)-methyl 2-(hydroxyimino)-2-o-tolyl acetate (2). an x-ray crystallographic structure determination was carried out in a r ...200619127737
for blighted waves of grain: fusarium graminearum in the postgenomics era. 200919126701
[flash-pcr diagnostics of toxigenic fungi of the genus fusarium].a test system for the diagnostics and identification of seven toxigenic fungi causing fusarioses of cereals (fusarium graminearum, f. culmorum, f. poae, f. sporotrichioides, f. langsethiae, f. avenaceum, and f. tricinctum) was developed using pcr. the identification of pathogen is based on the specific amplification of a dna fragment of the gene of translation elongation factor 1 alpha (tef-1alpha) and subsequent detection of the results by the fluorescent amplification-based specific hybridizat ...200819088754
differential gene expression of related wheat lines with contrasting levels of head blight resistance after fusarium graminearum inoculation.fusarium head blight (fhb) is a devastating disease of wheat. molecular mapping led to the identification of two major fhb resistance qtl, fhb1 and qfhs.ifa-5a. the actual function of these resistance genes is still unknown. the resistant line cm82036, the susceptible line remus and two sister lines from the cross cm82036/remus were analysed for gene expression. the sister lines show contrasting levels of fhb resistance due to the presence or absence of resistance alleles at fhb1 and qfhs.ifa-5a ...200919082576
[cloning and expression analysis of two salt and fusarium graminearum stress associated udp-glucosyltransferases genes in wheat].glycosyltransferases (gts) play important roles in stress responses of plants by glycosylating hormones and secondary metabolites. udp-glucosyltransferases (ugts), which use udp-glucuronic acid in animals, udp-glucose, udp-galactose, and udp- rhamnose in plant as sugar donors, belong to family 1 of gts. as a secondary metabolite produced by fusarium graminearum during infection of grains, deoxynivalenol (don) is not only harmful to human and animal's health by inhibiting protein synthesis, but a ...200819073578
synthesis of 3beta-hydroxy-androsta-5,7-dien-17-one from 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one via microbial 7alpha-hydroxylation.the synthesis of 3beta-hydroxy-androsta-5,7-dien-17-one from 3beta-hydroxy-androst-5-en-17-one (dehydroepiandrosterone, dhea) via microbial 7alpha-hydroxylation has been accomplished. at the first stage, 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxy-androst-5-en-17-one was obtained in high yield (71.2%) using a strain of gibberella zeae vkm f-2600, which was first applied for dhea conversion. the further route included the substitution of 7alpha-hydroxyl group with chlorine followed by a dehydrochlorination stage, and ...200919071148
double mutation in tomato ribosomal protein l3 cdna confers tolerance to deoxynivalenol (don) in transgenic tobacco.the contamination of mycotoxins associated with head blight of wheat and other grains caused by fusarium graminearum is chronic threat to crop, human and animal health throughout the world. deoxinevalenol (don), produced by the fungus, belonging to class trichothecene is believed to act as a virulence factor in fungal pathogenesis by inhibiting eukaryotic protein synthesis, thereby blocking or delaying the expression of defense related proteins induced by host plant. the putative site of action ...200719070152
quantification of fusarium graminearum in harvested grain by real-time polymerase chain reaction to assess efficacies of fungicides on fusarium head blight, deoxynivalenol contamination, and yield of winter wheat.we used a real time polymerase chain reaction-based assay and visual disease assessment to evaluate the efficacies of js399-19, tebuconazole, a mixture of tebuconazole and thiram, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, and thiram on the development of fusarium head blight (fhb) and deoxynivalenol (don) contamination and on the yield of winter wheat (cv. nannong no. 9918) after artificial inoculation under field conditions with fusarium graminearum. the incidence of infected spikelets (iis), amount of f. gra ...200919055440
antifungal activity of lactobacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans against fusarium proliferatum and fusarium graminearum in a liquid culture setting.lactobacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans, isolated from a traditional sourdough bread culture and previously shown to have antifungal activity against fusarium species, was tested for inhibition of growth of fusarium proliferatum m 5991 and m 5689 and f. graminearum r 4053 in a liquid medium setting. this isolate completely inhibited the growth of f. proliferatum m 5689 and m 5991 and f. graminearum r 4053, whereas such growth was not inhibited in the control in a supernatant agar plate assay. wh ...200819044263
gzsnf1 is required for normal sexual and asexual development in the ascomycete gibberella zeae.the sucrose nonfermenting 1 (snf1) protein kinase of yeast plays a central role in the transcription of glucose-repressible genes in response to glucose starvation. in this study, we deleted an ortholog of snf1 from gibberella zeae to characterize its functions by using a gene replacement strategy. the mycelial growth of deletion mutants (deltagzsnf1) was reduced by 21 to 74% on diverse carbon sources. the virulence of deltagzsnf1 mutants on barley decreased, and the expression of genes encoding ...200919028993
sphingolipid c-9 methyltransferases are important for growth and virulence but not for sensitivity to antifungal plant defensins in fusarium graminearum.the c-9-methylated glucosylceramides (glccers) are sphingolipids unique to fungi. they play important roles in fungal growth and pathogenesis, and they act as receptors for some antifungal plant defensins. we have identified two genes, fgmt1 and fgmt2, that each encode a putative sphingolipid c-9 methyltransferase (c-9-mt) in the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum and complement a pichia pastoris c-9-mt-null mutant. the deltafgmt1 mutant produced c-9-methylated glccer like the wild-type strain ...200919028992
contribution of cell wall degrading enzymes to pathogenesis of fusarium graminearum: a review.plant-pathogenic fungi produce an array of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes that enable them to penetrate and infect the host tissue; these enzymes are collectively called cell wall-degrading enzymes (cwde). they may contribute to pathogenesis by degrading wax, cuticle and cell walls, thus aiding tissue invasion and pathogen dissemination. furthermore, they can act as elicitors of host defense reaction.fusarium head blight (fhb) is a disease caused principally by fusarium graminearum on crops, o ...200919025875
effects of propionibacterium on the growth and mycotoxin production by some species of fusarium and alternaria.the aim of this research was to study the antifungal properties of propionibacteria. three fractions from cultures of propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii 41 and ssp. freudenreichii 111 (i.e. culture containing viable bacteria, cell-free supernatant and bacteriocin preparation) were tested for their ability to inhibit the growth and mycotoxin production of alternaria alternata, fusarium culmorum, fusarium graminearum and fusarium verticillioides. the growth of the fungi was monitored ...200819004241
chiral gamma-aryl-1h-1,2,4-triazole derivatives as highly potential antifungal agents: design, synthesis, structure, and in vitro fungicidal activities.a novel series of chiral gamma-aryl-1h-1,2,4-triazole derivatives as highly potential antifungal agents have been designed and synthesized conveniently by using the chiral auxiliary as a controlling reagent. all of the compounds exhibit moderate to high ee values reaching up to 99%, and the preliminary bioassay results demonstrated that most of the target compounds take on a significantly wide spectrum activity against fusarium oxysporium, rhizoctonia solani, botrytis cinereapers, gibberella zea ...200818998696
modified microwave-assisted extraction of ergosterol for measuring fungal biomass in grain cultures.ergosterol is a measure for fungal biomass. the recovery rates using a previously described microwave-assisted-extraction (mae) method for ergosterol analysis tended to be low for grain cultures (pure culture in sterilized 40% moisture content grain) inoculated with fusarium graminearum . an improved mae method for measuring ergosterol in grain cultures was developed and compared. modification to the original mae included alterations in duration of microwave exposure and extraction solvents. fou ...200818991448
phases of infection and gene expression of fusarium graminearum during crown rot disease of wheat.fusarium graminearum causes head blight (fhb) and crown rot (cr) diseases in wheat. compared with fhb, cr symptom development occurs slowly, usually taking 4 to 8 weeks to become visible. to characterize cr development, we used histological and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses to assess fungal colonization during a timecourse of infection. three distinct phases of infection were identified: i) initial spore germination with formation of a superficial hyphal mat at the in ...200818986253
identification and functional characterization of the 2-hydroxy fatty n-acyl-delta3(e)-desaturase from fusarium graminearum.delta3(e)-unsaturated fatty acids are characteristic components of glycosylceramides from some fungi, including also human- and plant-pathogenic species. the function and genetic basis for this unsaturation is unknown. for fusarium graminearum, which is pathogenic to grasses and cereals, we could show that the level of delta3-unsaturation of glucosylceramide (glccer) was highest at low temperatures and decreased when the fungus was grown above 28 degrees c. with a bioinformatics approach, we ide ...200818981185
over-expression of the cell death regulator bax inhibitor-1 in barley confers reduced or enhanced susceptibility to distinct fungal pathogens.bax inhibitor-1 (bi-1) is a conserved cell death regulator protein that inhibits mammalian bax-induced cell death in yeast, animals and plants. additionally, hvbi-1 suppresses defense responses and resistance to the powdery mildew fungus blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (bgh) when over-expressed in single epidermal cells of barley. to test the potential of ectopic expression of bi-1 to influence fungal interactions with crop plants, we produced stable transgenic barley plants expressing a green fl ...200918956174
head blight gradients caused by gibberella zeae from area sources of inoculum in wheat field plots.abstract the spread of fusarium head blight of wheat from a small area inoculum source was examined in wheat plots (100, 625, or 2,500 m(2)) inoculated in the center with gibberella zeae-colonized corn kernels or macro-conidia sprayed on heads at anthesis. with the first inoculation method, disease foci were produced from ascospores released from perithecia formed on inoculated kernels. with the second inoculation method, disease foci were produced by macroconidia directly applied to the heads. ...199718945120
allocation of resources: sources of variation in fusarium head blight screening nurseries.abstract severe epidemics of fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by fusarium graminearum, group ii (teleomorph: gibberella zeae) have been occurring on wheat crops in the northcentral united states and southern canada. evaluation of resistance to fhb is difficul, because resistance is partial and infection depends upon host plant maturity. variance component analysis was conducted to determine how best to allocate resources among environments, replications, and subsamples (heads per plot) in fhb s ...199818944820
a generalized two-dimensional gaussian model of disease foci of head blight of wheat caused by gibberella zeae.abstract a generalized two-dimensional gaussian model is proposed to describe disease foci of head blight of wheat in plots (100 to 2,500 m(2)) originating from small areas (1 to 16 m(2)) inoculated with gibberella zeae-colonized corn kernels. these anisotropic, asymmetrical foci arose from ascospores produced in perithecia. the model is z = exp[-(ax(2) + by(2) + cxy + dx + ey + f)], in which z = the incidence of seed or spikelet infection at point (x,y) located in the plot, exp = the exponentia ...199918944807
sexual recombination in gibberella zeae.abstract we developed a method for inducing sexual outcrosses in the homothallic ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae (anamorph: fusarium graminearum). strains were marked with different nitrate nonutilizing (nit) mutations, and vegetative compatibility groups served as additional markers in some crosses. strains with complementary nit mutations were cocultured on carrot agar plates. ascospores from individual perithecia were plated on a minimal medium (mm) containing nitrate as the sole nitrogen s ...199918944794
amplified fragment length polymorphism markers linked to a major quantitative trait locus controlling scab resistance in wheat.abstract scab is a destructive disease of wheat. to accelerate development of scab-resistant wheat cultivars, molecular markers linked to scab resistance genes have been identified by using recombinant inbred lines (rils) derived by single-seed descent from a cross between the resistant wheat cultivar ning 7840 (resistant to spread of scab within the spike) and the susceptible cultivar clark. in the greenhouse, f(5), f(6), f(7), and f(10) families were evaluated for resistance to spread of scab ...199918944781
interaction of fusarium graminearum and f. moniliforme in maize ears: disease progress, fungal biomass, and mycotoxin accumulation.abstract to investigate the interaction between two major ear-rotting pathogens, maize ears were inoculated with either fusarium graminearum, f. moniliforme, or an equal mixture of the two. silk and kernel tissues were periodically harvested throughout the growing season so that a time course of the experimental variables (disease severity, ergosterol content, fungal dna content, and mycotoxin concentration) could be recorded. over the 3 years tested (1992 to 1994), the highest levels of disease ...199918944658
mapping of quantitative trait loci for fusarium head blight resistance in barley.abstract fusarium head blight (fhb) is a devastating disease that causes significant reductions in yield and quality in wheat and barley. barley grains infected with deoxynivalenol (don), a vomitoxin produced by fusarium graminearum, are rejected for malting and brewing. among six-rowed barley cultivars tested thus far, only cv. chevron exhibited resistance. this study was conducted to map genes and to identify dna markers for marker-assisted breeding for fhb resistance in cv. chevron with restr ...200018944470
induction of defense reactions in sugar beet and wheat by treatment with cell wall protein fractions from the mycoparasite pythium oligandrum.abstract to detect molecules with elicitor properties from pythium oligandrum, cell wall protein fractions (cwps) were extracted from 10 p. oligandrum isolates and examined for elicitor activity in sugar beet and wheat. p. oligandrum isolates were divided into two groups based on the number of major proteins in cwp: isolates with two major proteins (d-type) and isolates with one major protein (s-type). sugar beet seedlings treated with both types of cwp through their roots showed enhanced activi ...200318944321
an antibiotic complex from lysobacter enzymogenes strain c3: antimicrobial activity and role in plant disease control.lysobacter enzymogenes c3 is a bacterial biological control agent that exhibits antagonism against multiple fungal pathogens. its antifungal activity was attributed in part to lytic enzymes. in this study, a heat-stable antifungal factor (hsaf), an antibiotic complex consisting of dihydromaltophilin and structurally related macrocyclic lactams, was found to be responsible for antagonism by c3 against fungi and oomycetes in culture. hsaf in purified form exhibited inhibitory activity against a wi ...200818944294
effect of infection timing on fusarium head blight and mycotoxin accumulation in open- and closed-flowering barley.abstract barley has two flowering types, chasmogamous (open-flowering) and cleistogamous (closed-flowering). we examined the effect of the timing of fusarium graminearum infection on fusarium head blight (fhb) and mycotoxin accumulation in barley cultivars with different flowering types using greenhouse experiments. in the first experiment, 13 cultivars were spray inoculated at two different developmental stages, and the severity of fhb was evaluated. the effect of the timing of infection differ ...200718944170
comparison of spray and point inoculation to assess resistance to fusarium head blight in a multienvironment wheat trial.abstract fusarium head blight (fhb, scab), caused by fusarium graminearum or f. culmorum, results in yield and quality reductions and accumulation of mycotoxins. two inoculation methods are commonly used. spraying a spore suspension on the head (spray inoculation) will detect resistance to initial infection (type i) and to disease spread within the spike (type ii). injecting a spore suspension into individual florets (point inoculation) will detect type ii resistance only. to analyze the associa ...200318944089
genetic structure of atmospheric populations of gibberella zeae.abstract gibberella zeae, causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat and barley and gibberella ear rot (ger) of corn, may be transported over long distances in the atmosphere. epidemics of fhb and ger may be initiated by regional atmospheric sources of inoculum of g. zeae; however, little is known about the origin of inoculum for these epidemics. we tested the hypothesis that atmospheric populations of g. zeae are genetically diverse by determining the genetic structure of new york atmo ...200618944058
real-time pcr quantification and mycotoxin production of fusarium graminearum in wheat inoculated with isolates collected from potato, sugar beet, and wheat.abstract fusarium graminearum causes fusarium head blight (fhb) in small grains worldwide. although primarily a pathogen of cereals, it also can infect noncereal crops such as potato and sugar beet in the united states. we used a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method based on intergenic sequences specific to the trichodiene synthase gene (tri5) from f. graminearum. taqman probe and primers were designed and used to estimate dna content of the pathogen (fgdna) in the susceptible wheat ...200718943932
host genetic effect on deoxynivalenol accumulation in fusarium head blight of barley.abstract one of the major concerns with fusarium head blight (fhb) of barley is the potential health risks to livestock and humans through the accumulation of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don) in infected grain. to define the role of the host in don accumulation during the early stages of disease development, we conducted a series of greenhouse experiments. we inoculated single spikelets of greenhouse-grown plants with fusarium graminearum, moved the plants to a dew chamber, and harvested the i ...200418943910
population analysis of fusarium graminearum from wheat fields in eastern china.abstract wheat heads showing symptoms of fusarium head blight were collected from four commercial fields in zhejiang province, china, an area where epidemics occur regularly. a total of 225 isolates were subjected to population-level analyses using restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) as markers. diagnostic rflp markers established that all isolates belonged to fusarium graminearum lineage 6. nine polymorphic probes were hybridized to all isolates, resulting in 65 multilocus rflp hapl ...200218943886
barley traits associated with resistance to fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol accumulation.abstract fusarium head blight (fhb) or scab is a destructive disease of barley in many countries. a better understanding of the interrelationships between plant traits and fhb resistance should help in the development of effective and efficient breeding strategies for fhb-resistant cultivars. recent mapping studies indicate that many of the quantitative trait loci (qtl) for fhb resistance coincide with the qtl for plant height, heading date, and spike characteristics. therefore, a study was cond ...200418943804
carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and carbon loading of production media influence freeze-drying survival and biocontrol efficacy of cryptococcus nodaensis oh 182.9.abstract fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by gibberella zeae, is a devastating disease of wheat worldwide. cryptococcus nodaensis oh 182.9 is an effective biocontrol agent for this disease. development of a dried product of oh 182.9 would have potential advantages of ease of handling, favorable economics, and acceptance by end users. isolate oh 182.9 was grown for 48 and 72 h in semi-defined complete liquid (sdcl) medium with carbon-to-nitrogen (c/n) ratios of 6.5:1, 9:1, 11:1, 15:1, and 30:1, ...200518943778
genetic mapping of pathogenicity and aggressiveness of gibberella zeae (fusarium graminearum) toward wheat.abstract gibberella zeae is the major fungal pathogen of fusarium head blight of wheat and produces several mycotoxins that are harmful to humans and domesticated animals. we identified loci associated with pathogenicity and aggressiveness on an amplified fragment length polymorphism based genetic map of g. zeae in a cross between a lineage 6 nivalenol producer from japan and a lineage 7 deoxynivalenol producer from kansas. ninety-nine progeny and the parents were tested in the greenhouse for 2 ...200418943772
barrage zone formation between vegetatively incompatible fusarium graminearum (gibberella zeae) isolates.abstract vegetative compatibility has been used to assess the population biology of many fungal plant pathogens. however, for many species, including fusarium graminearum, this has meant making auxotrophic mutants to force heterokaryon formation. a method was developed to observe barrage zones of thick, raised mycelium at the junctions of vegetatively incompatible f. graminearum isolates. the appearance of the barrage zones was influenced by the growth medium and the light. barrage zones on v8 a ...200418943760
genetic relationships among populations of gibberella zeae from barley, wheat, potato, and sugar beet in the upper midwest of the united states.gibberella zeae, a causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb) in wheat and barley, is one of the most economically harmful pathogens of cereals in the united states. in recent years, the known host range of g. zeae has also expanded to noncereal crops. however, there is a lack of information on the population genetic structure of g. zeae associated with noncereal crops and across wheat cultivars. to test the hypothesis that g. zeae populations sampled from barley, wheat, potato, and sugar beet i ...200818943734
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