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inter-varietal interactions among plants in genotypically diverse mixtures tend to decrease herbivore performance.much research has explored the effects of plant species diversity on herbivore populations, but far less has considered effects of plant genotypic diversity, or how abiotic stressors, like drought, can modify effects. mechanisms by which plant genotypic diversity affects herbivore populations remain largely unresolved. we used greenhouse studies with a model system of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and bird cherry-oat aphid (rhopalosiphum padi l.) to determine whether the genotypic diversity of a ...201627170329
different inocula produce distinctive microbial consortia with similar lignocellulose degradation capacity.despite multiple research efforts, the current strategies for exploitation of lignocellulosic plant matter are still far from optimal, being hampered mostly by the difficulty of degrading the recalcitrant parts. an interesting approach is to use lignocellulose-degrading microbial communities by using different environmental sources of microbial inocula. however, it remains unclear whether the inoculum source matters for the degradation process. here, we addressed this question by verifying the l ...201627170322
genomic prediction for grain zinc and iron concentrations in spring wheat.predictability estimated through cross-validation approach showed moderate to high level; hence, genomic selection approach holds great potential for biofortification breeding to enhance grain zinc and iron concentrations in wheat. wheat (triticum aestivum l.) is a major staple crop, providing 20 % of dietary energy and protein consumption worldwide. it is an important source of mineral micronutrients such as zinc (zn) and iron (fe) for resource poor consumers. genomic selection (gs) approaches ...201627170319
identification and function analyses of senescence-associated wrkys in wheat.leaf senescence is a positive, highly regulated, complex process, and transcription factors play important roles in the regulation of this process. we identified and characterized 116 wrkys from the wheat genome database. thirteen tawrkys were confirmed as senescence-associated genes. we focused on tawrky7, which is up-regulated in the natural leaf senescence process. tawrky7 is expressed in different tissues of wheat and is localized in the nucleus. it shows transcriptional activation activity ...201627166153
heading date qtl in winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) coincide with major developmental genes vernalization1 and photoperiod1.in wheat (triticum aestivum l.), time from planting to spike emergence is influenced by genes controlling vernalization requirement and photoperiod response. characterizing the available genetic diversity of known and novel alleles of vernalization1 (vrn1) and photoperiod1 (ppd1) in winter wheat can inform approaches for breeding climate resilient cultivars. this study identified qtl for heading date (hd) associated with multiple vrn1 and ppd1 loci in a population developed from a cross between ...201627163605
detection of qtls for traits associated with pre-harvest sprouting resistance in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.).pre-harvest sprouting (phs) is one of the serious problems for wheat production, especially in rainy regions. although seed dormancy is the most critical trait for phs resistance, the control of heading time should also be considered to prevent seed maturation during unfavorable conditions. in addition, awning is known to enhance water absorption by the spike, causing phs. in this study, we conducted qtl analysis for three phs resistant related traits, seed dormancy, heading time and awn length, ...201627162497
retraction of: overexpression of vp, a vacuolar h+-pyrophosphatase gene in wheat (triticum aestivum l.), improves tobacco plant growth under pi and n deprivation, high salinity, and drought. 201627162277
comparative toxicity of nonylphenol, nonylphenol-4-ethoxylate and nonylphenol-10-ethoxylate to wheat seedlings (triticum aestivum l.).nonylphenol polyethoxylates (npeos) are a group of surfactants that are widely used in industrial and household products and often detected in the environment. the metabolite of npeos, named nonylphenol (np), has proven to be an endocrine disruptor, and its environmental behavior and eco-toxicity have been widely investigated in previous studies. however, to the best of our knowledge, insight into the toxicity differences of np and npeos on important crops remains limited. therefore, this study ...201627162129
a saturated snp linkage map for the orange wheat blossom midge resistance gene sm1.snp markers were developed for the owbm resistance gene sm1 that will be useful for mas. the wheat sm1 region is collinear with an inverted syntenic interval in b. distachyon. orange wheat blossom midge (owbm, sitodiplosis mosellana géhin) is an important insect pest of wheat (triticum aestivum) in many growing regions. sm1 is the only described owbm resistance gene and is the foundation of managing owbm through host genetics. sm1 was previously mapped to wheat chromosome arm 2bs relative to sim ...201627160855
salt tolerance function of the novel c2h2-type zinc finger protein taznf in wheat.the expression profile chip of the wheat salt-tolerant mutant rh8706-49 was investigated under salt stress in our laboratory. results revealed a novel gene induced by salt stress with unknown functions. the gene was named as taznf (triticum aestivum predicted dof zinc finger protein) because it contains the zf-dof superfamily and was deposited in genbank (accession no. kf307327). further analysis showed that taznf significantly improved the salt-tolerance of transgenic arabidopsis. various physi ...201627156137
identification and molecular characterization of the nicotianamine synthase gene family in bread wheat.nicotianamine (na) is a non-protein amino acid involved in fundamental aspects of metal uptake, transport and homeostasis in all plants and constitutes the biosynthetic precursor of mugineic acid family phytosiderophores (mas) in graminaceous plant species. nicotianamine synthase (nas) genes, which encode enzymes that synthesize na from s-adenosyl-l-methionine (sam), are differentially regulated by iron (fe) status in most plant species and plant genomes have been found to contain anywhere from ...201627155533
selenium promotes sulfur accumulation and plant growth in wheat (triticum aestivum).selenium (se) is an essential micronutrient for animals and humans and a target for biofortification in crops. sulfur (s) is a crucial nutrient for plant growth. to gain better understanding of se and s nutrition and interaction in plants, the effects of se dosages and forms on plant growth as well as on s level in seven wheat lines were examined. low dosages of both selenate and selenite supplements were found to enhance wheat shoot biomass and show no inhibitory effect on grain production. the ...201627152969
wheat seed embryo excision enables the creation of axenic seedlings and koch's postulates testing of putative bacterial endophytes.early establishment of endophytes can play a role in pathogen suppression and improve seedling development. one route for establishment of endophytes in seedlings is transmission of bacteria from the parent plant to the seedling via the seed. in wheat seeds, it is not clear whether this transmission route exists, and the identities and location of bacteria within wheat seeds are unknown. we identified bacteria in the wheat (triticum aestivum) cv. hereward seed environment using embryo excision t ...201627151146
dissecting the molecular interactions between wheat and the fungal pathogen zymoseptoria tritici.the dothideomycete fungus zymoseptoria tritici (previously known as mycosphaerella graminicola and septoria tritici) is the causative agent of septoria tritici leaf blotch (stb) disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.). in europe, stb is the most economically damaging disease of wheat, with an estimated ∼€1 billion per year in fungicide expenditure directed toward its control. here, an overview of our current understanding of the molecular events that occur during z. tritici infection of wheat le ...201627148331
ancestral qtl alleles from wild emmer wheat improve drought resistance and productivity in modern wheat cultivars.wild emmer wheat (triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) is considered a promising source for improving stress resistances in domesticated wheat. here we explored the potential of selected quantitative trait loci (qtls) from wild emmer wheat, introgressed via marker-assisted selection, to enhance drought resistance in elite durum (t. turgidum ssp. durum) and bread (t. aestivum) wheat cultivars. the resultant near-isogenic lines (bc3f3 and bc3f4) were genotyped using snp array to confirm the introgr ...201627148287
electropriming of wheatgrass seeds using pulsed electric fields enhances antioxidant metabolism and the bioprotective capacity of wheatgrass shoots.the influence of pulsed electric field (pef) (0.5-2 kv/cm) treatment of wheatgrass (triticum aestivum l.) seeds, with different water contents, on antioxidant metabolism in the resultant seedlings was investigated. imbibing seeds to a water content of 45% or greater prior to pef treatment increased the glutathione level and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase in the resultant seedlings, compared to untreated control ...201627147445
wheat transcription factor tawrky70 is positively involved in high-temperature seedling plant resistance to puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici.stripe rust, caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (pst), is a devastating disease of wheat (triticum aestivum) worldwide. wheat high-temperature seedling plant (htsp) resistance to pst is non-race-specific and durable. wrky transcription factors have been proven to play important roles in plant defence responses to attacks by several pathogens. however, there is no direct evidence as to whether wrky transcription factors play a role in htsp resistance to pst. we isolated a wrky gene, na ...201627145738
relationships between some soil parameters and weed community (case study: winter wheat fields of uremia-iran).in order to find relationships between weed species distribution and soil ph, calcium carbonate (caco₃), electrical conductivity (ec), and organic matter percentage (om %), fields surveys were done in 50 wheats (triticum aestivum l.) fields of uremia county (one of the northwest counties of iran) in 2013. data sampling of weeds was conducted from the beginning of stem elongation until the end of heading stages of wheat. in each field, 20 quadrates (0.25 m²) were randomly placed along a "w" patte ...201527145592
genetic characterization of an algerian population of mycosphaerella graminicola with microsatellite markers.mycosphaerella graminicola (anamorph: zymoseptoria tritici, formerly septoria tritici), the responsible for septoria tritici blotch, is the most frequently occurring disease on wheat crops worldwide. the populations of this pathogen were previously characterized in several areas around the world, but not in algeria so far. the present study aims thus at investigating the genetic diversity and population structure of m. graminicola in this country. one hundred and twenty monoconidial isolates of ...201527141757
ascorbic acid controls mycosphaerella graminicola in bread and durum wheat through direct effect on the pathogen and indirect action via plant defence.septoria tritici blotch (stb) caused by mycosphaerella graminicola is one of the most devastating foliar diseases on wheat. due to the emergence of fungicide-resistant m. graminicola strains and in an effort to reduce the impact of pesticides on the environment, considerable interest has been devoted to alternative control strategies. the use of natural products, especially through a defense-activating effect on the host, could be considered. acid ascorbic (aa) is synthesized by plants and most ...201527141744
plant oligosaccharides enhance wheat defence response against septoria leaf blotch.our work provides the first evidence for elicitation and protection effects of preventive treatments with oligosaccharides (20%)-based new formulation (oligos) against mycosphaerella graminicola, a major pathogen of bread wheat (bw) and durum wheat (dw). in planta oligos treatment led to strongly reduced hyphal growth, penetration, mesophyll colonization and fructification. during the necrotrophic phase, oligos also drastically decreased the production of m. graminicola cwde activities, such as ...201527141743
homeotic genes and the abcde model for floral organ formation in wheat.floral organ formation has been the subject of intensive study for over 20 years, particularly in the model dicot species arabidopsis thaliana. these studies have led to the establishment of a general model for the development of floral organs in higher plants, the so-called abcde model, in which floral whorl-specific combinations of class a, b, c, d, or e genes specify floral organ identity. in arabidopsis, class a, b, c, d, e genes encode mads-box transcription factors except for the class a g ...201327137382
differential effector gene expression underpins epistasis in a plant fungal disease.fungal effector-host sensitivity gene interactions play a key role in determining the outcome of septoria nodorum blotch disease (snb) caused by parastagonospora nodorum on wheat. the pathosystem is complex and mediated by interaction of multiple fungal necrotrophic effector-host sensitivity gene systems. three effector sensitivity gene systems are well characterized in this pathosystem; sntoxa-tsn1, sntox1-snn1 and sntox3-snn3. we tested a wheat mapping population that segregated for snn1 and s ...201627133896
isolation and identification by 16s rrna sequence analysis of plant growth-promoting azospirilla from the rhizosphere of wheat.the main objective of the present study was to isolate phytohormone-producing, phosphate-solubilizing strains of azospirillum from wheat to be used as inoculants for plant growth promotion. five azospirillum strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of field-grown wheat (triticum aestivum l.), and it was confirmed by box-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) that the isolates were different and not re-isolates of the same strain. sequence analysis of the pcr-amplified 16s rrna gene indicated that fou ...201627133558
alleviation of salt stress by halotolerant and halophilic plant growth-promoting bacteria in wheat (triticum aestivum).in the current study, 18 halotolerant and halophilic bacteria have been investigated for their plant growth promoting abilities in vitro and in a hydroponic culture. the bacterial strains have been investigated for ammonia, indole-3-acetic acid and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate-deaminase production, phosphate solubilisation and nitrogen fixation activities. of the tested bacteria, eight were inoculated with triticum aestivum in a hydroponic culture. the investigated bacterial strains were fo ...201727133557
environment and genotype effects on antioxidant properties of organically grown wheat varieties: a 3-year study.wheat grain (triticum aestivum l.) possesses significant amounts of antioxidants that contribute to the dietary antiradical protection against a number of chronic diseases. despite the increasing interest in organic food among both consumers and scientists, the availability of literature studies concerning the environment effect under organic management is still scarce. the aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of wheat varieties by considering the genotype response to dif ...201727133233
genetic analysis of a novel broad-spectrum powdery mildew resistance gene from the wheat-agropyron cristatum introgression line pubing 74.a novel broad-spectrum powdery mildew resistance gene pmpb74 was identified in wheat- agropyron cristatum introgression line pubing 74. development of wheat cultivars with broad-spectrum, durable resistance to powdery mildew has been restricted by lack of superior genetic resources. in this study, a wheat-a. cristatum introgression line pubing 74, originally selected from a wide cross between the common wheat cultivar fukuhokomugi (fukuho) and agropyron cristatum (l.) gaertn (2n = 4x = 28; genom ...201627125388
the utility of flow sorting to identify chromosomes carrying a single copy transgene in wheat.identification of transgene insertion sites in plant genomes has practical implications for crop breeding and is a stepping stone to analyze transgene function. however, single copy sequences are not always easy to localize in large plant genomes by standard approaches.201627118986
development of marker genes for jasmonic acid signaling in shoots and roots of wheat.the jasmonic acid (ja) signaling pathway plays key roles in a diverse array of plant development, reproduction, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. most of our understanding of the ja signaling pathway derives from the dicot model plant arabidopsis thaliana, while corresponding knowledge in wheat is somewhat limited. in this study, the expression of 41 genes implicated in the ja signaling pathway has been assessed on 10 day-old bread wheat seedlings, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after methyl-j ...201627115051
three tafar genes function in the biosynthesis of primary alcohols and the response to abiotic stresses in triticum aestivum.cuticular waxes play crucial roles in protecting plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. they are complex mixtures of very-long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives, including c20-c32 fatty alcohols. here, we report the identification of 32 far-like genes and the detailed characterization of tafar2, tafar3 and tafar4, wax biosynthetic genes encoding fatty acyl-coenzyme a reductase (far) in wheat leaf cuticle. heterologous expression of the three tafars in wild-type yeast and mutated yeast ...201627112792
rapid cloning of disease-resistance genes in plants using mutagenesis and sequence capture.wild relatives of domesticated crop species harbor multiple, diverse, disease resistance (r) genes that could be used to engineer sustainable disease control. however, breeding r genes into crop lines often requires long breeding timelines of 5-15 years to break linkage between r genes and deleterious alleles (linkage drag). further, when r genes are bred one at a time into crop lines, the protection that they confer is often overcome within a few seasons by pathogen evolution. if several cloned ...201627111722
molecular characterization and global expression analysis of lectin receptor kinases in bread wheat (triticum aestivum).lectin receptor kinases (lrks) play a critical role in plants during development and stress conditions, but a comprehensive analysis at genome level is still not carried out in triticum aestivum. herein, we performed the genome wide identification, characterization and expression analysis of these genes in t. aestivum (talrk). in-total 263 talrk genes were identified, which were further classified into three groups based on the nature of lectin domain. we identified, two talrks consisted of calc ...201627111449
de novo centromere formation and centromeric sequence expansion in wheat and its wide hybrids.centromeres typically contain tandem repeat sequences, but centromere function does not necessarily depend on these sequences. we identified functional centromeres with significant quantitative changes in the centromeric retrotransposons of wheat (crw) contents in wheat aneuploids (triticum aestivum) and the offspring of wheat wide hybrids. the crw signals were strongly reduced or essentially lost in some wheat ditelosomic lines and in the addition lines from the wide hybrids. the total loss of ...201627110907
enantioselective separation of 4,8-dht and phytotoxicity of the enantiomers on various plant species.as a candidate for bioherbicide, 4,8-dihydroxy-1-tetralone (4,8-dht) was isolated from caryospora callicarpa epicarp and its two enantiomers, s-(+)-isosclerone and r-(-)-regiolone, were separated by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) on a chiralcel od column with chiral stationary phase (csp)-coated cellulose-tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate). then, the phytotoxicity of 4,8-dht and its enantiomers toward the seeds germination and seedling growth of the five tested plant species ...201627110760
considering causal genes in the genetic dissection of kernel traits in common wheat.genetic factors controlling thousand-kernel weight (tkw) were characterized for their association with other seed traits, including kernel width, kernel length, ratio of kernel width to kernel length (kw/kl), kernel area, and spike number per m2 (sn). for this purpose, a genetic map was established utilizing a doubled haploid population derived from a cross between german winter wheat cultivars pamier and format. association studies in a diversity panel of elite cultivars supplemented genetic an ...201627108336
occurrence and distribution of organophosphorus esters in soils and wheat plants in a plastic waste treatment area in china.this study for the first time reported the occurrence, distribution and concentrations of organophosphate esters (opes) in soils caused by plastic waste treatment, as well as their influence on ope accumulation in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). eight opes were detected with the total concentrations of 38-1250 ng/g dry weight in the soils from the treatment sites, and tributoxyethyl phosphate and tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate present as the dominant opes. there were similar distribution patterns of ...201627107259
tabhlh1, a bhlh-type transcription factor gene in wheat, improves plant tolerance to pi and n deprivation via regulation of nutrient transporter gene transcription and ros homeostasis.basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh) transcription factors (tfs) comprise a large tf family and act as crucial regulators in various biological processes in plants. here, we report the functional characterization of tabhlh1, a bhlh tf member in wheat (triticum aestivum). tabhlh1 shares conserved bhlh domain and targets to nucleus with transactivation activity. upon pi and n deprivation, the expression of tabhlh1 was up-regulated in roots and leaves, showing a pattern to be gradually increased within 23 ...201627107183
characterization of a hypoallergenic wheat line lacking ω-5 gliadin.there is no curative treatment for wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (wdeia). ω-5 gliadin is one of the dominant allergens affecting wdeia patients. the use of ω-5 gliadin-free wheat flour in the regular diet is considered one of the prophylactic approaches against the elicitation of allergic symptoms and sensitization to ω-5 gliadin. we sought to find hypoallergenic bread wheat (or common wheat) that lacked the genes encoding ω-5 gliadin and to evaluate its in vitro allergenicity. we ...201627103182
a qtl on the short arm of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) chromosome 3b affects the stability of grain weight in plants exposed to a brief heat shock early in grain filling.molecular markers and knowledge of traits associated with heat tolerance are likely to provide breeders with a more efficient means of selecting wheat varieties able to maintain grain size after heat waves during early grain filling.201627101979
rhizosphere priming effect on soil organic carbon decomposition under plant species differing in soil acidification and root exudation.effects of rhizosphere properties on the rhizosphere priming effect (rpe) are unknown. this study aimed to link species variation in rpe with plant traits and rhizosphere properties. four c3 species (chickpea, cicer arietinum; field pea, pisum sativum; wheat, triticum aestivum; and white lupin, lupinus albus) differing in soil acidification and root exudation, were grown in a c4 soil. the co2 released from soil was trapped using a newly developed naoh-trapping system. white lupin and wheat showe ...201627101777
potential implications of climate change on aegilops species distribution: sympatry of these crop wild relatives with the major european crop triticum aestivum and conservation issues.gene flow from crop to wild relatives is a common phenomenon which can lead to reduced adaptation of the wild relatives to natural ecosystems and/or increased adaptation to agrosystems (weediness). with global warming, wild relative distributions will likely change, thus modifying the width and/or location of co-occurrence zones where crop-wild hybridization events could occur (sympatry). this study investigates current and 2050 projected changes in sympatry levels between cultivated wheat and s ...201627100790
effects of enhancing soil organic carbon sequestration in the topsoil by fertilization on crop productivity and stability: evidence from long-term experiments with wheat-maize cropping systems in china.although organic carbon sequestration in agricultural soils has been recommended as a 'win-win strategy' for mitigating climate change and ensuring food security, great uncertainty still remains in identifying the relationships between soil organic carbon (soc) sequestration and crop productivity. using data from 17 long-term experiments in china we determined the effects of fertilization strategies on soc stocks at 0-20cm depth in the north, north east, north west and south. the impacts of chan ...201627100005
proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis reveals the response and defense mechanism in leaves of diploid wheat t. monococcum under salt stress and recovery.salinity is a major abiotic stress factor affecting crops production and productivity. triticum monococcum is closely related to triticum urartu (a(u)a(u)), which is used as a model plant of wheat a genome study. here, salt stress induced dynamic proteome and phosphoproteome profiling was focused. the t. monococcum seedlings were initially treated with different concentrations of nacl ranging from 80 to 320mm for 48h followed by a recovery process for 48h prior to proteomic and phosphoproteomic ...201627095598
abscisic acid metabolic genes of wheat (triticum aestivum l.): identification and insights into their functionality in seed dormancy and dehydration tolerance.the three homeologues of wheat nced2 were identified; the wheat nced2a and cyp707a1b affect seed aba level and dormancy but not leaf aba level and transpirational water loss in arabidopsis. biosynthesis and catabolism of abscisic acid (aba) in plants are primarily regulated by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenases (nceds) and aba 8'-hydroxylase (aba8'oh), respectively. the present study identified the complete coding sequences of a second nced gene, designated as tanced2, and its homeologues (tance ...201627091738
the inheritance of wheat grain longevity: a comparison between induced and natural ageing.seed longevity is an important trait for both ex situ genebanks and the seed industry. it is partially determined by genetic factors, but is also dependent on the environmental conditions experienced by the mother plant during seed maturation, as well as those imposed during the post-harvest and storage periods. for practical reasons, the variation in longevity has repeatedly been analysed by treating fresh seed to various induced ageing protocols, but the extent to which these procedures mimic ...201627085344
the cold-induced defensin tad1 confers resistance against snow mold and fusarium head blight in transgenic wheat.tad1 (triticum aestivum defensin 1) is induced during cold acclimation in winter wheat and encodes a plant defensin with antimicrobial activity. in this study, we demonstrated that recombinant tad1 protein inhibits hyphal growth of the snow mold fungus, typhula ishikariensis in vitro. transgenic wheat plants overexpressing tad1 were created and tested for resistance against t. ishikariensis. leaf inoculation assays revealed that overexpression of tad1 confers resistance against the snow mold. in ...201627080445
isolation and identification of potential allelochemicals from aerial parts of avena fatua l. and their allelopathic effect on wheat.five compounds (syringic acid, tricin, acacetin, syringoside, and diosmetin) were isolated from the aerial parts of wild oats (avena fatua l.) using chromatography columns of silica gel and sephadex lh-20. their chemical structures were identified by means of electrospray ionization and high-resolution mass spectrometry as well as (1)h and (13)c nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analyses. bioassays showed that the five compounds had significant allelopathic effects on the germination and ...201627079356
seed coating with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as an ecotechnologicalapproach for sustainable agricultural production of common wheat (triticum aestivum l.).the exploitation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi has become of great interest in agriculture due to their potential roles in reducing the need for agrochemicals, while improving plant growth and nutrition. nevertheless, the application of am fungi by dispersing inocula in granular form to open agricultural fields is not feasible because nontargeted spreading of inocula over large surface areas results in high cost per plant. seed coating has the potential to significantly reduce the amount ...201627077274
analysis on the transcriptome information of two different wheat mutants and identification of salt-induced differential genes.this study established a wheat transcriptome library using rh8706-49 and rh8706-34. salt-induced differential genes were screened by illumina rna sequencing (rna-seq). five differential genes were chosen to study the functions by combining transcript sequencing result and gene chip. the expression changes of these five differential genes were analyzed using real-time quantitative pcr (qrt-pcr) technique to determine the reliability and accuracy of transcriptome sequencing and transplanted into a ...201627074578
a disulphide isomerase gene (pdi-v) from haynaldia villosa contributes to powdery mildew resistance in common wheat.in this study, we report the contribution of a pdi-like gene from wheat wild relative haynaldia villosa in combating powdery mildew. pdi-v protein contains two conserved thioredoxin (trx) active domains (a and a') and an inactive domain (b). pdi-v interacted with e3 ligase cmpg1-v protein, which is a positive regulator of powdery mildew response. pdi-v was mono-ubiquitinated by cmpg1-v without degradation being detected. pdi-v was located on h. villosa chromosome 5v and encoded for a protein loc ...201627071705
genomic selection across multiple breeding cycles in applied bread wheat breeding.we evaluated genomic selection across five breeding cycles of bread wheat breeding. bias of within-cycle cross-validation and methods for improving the prediction accuracy were assessed. the prospect of genomic selection has been frequently shown by cross-validation studies using the same genetic material across multiple environments, but studies investigating genomic selection across multiple breeding cycles in applied bread wheat breeding are lacking. we estimated the prediction accuracy of gr ...201627067826
differential activation of the wheat snrk2 family by abiotic stresses.plant responses to stress occur via abscisic acid (aba) dependent or independent pathways. sucrose non-fermenting1-related protein kinase 2 (snrk2) play a key role in plant stress signal transduction pathways. it is known that some snrk2 members are positive regulators of aba signal transduction through interaction with group a type 2c protein phosphatases (pp2cs). here, 10 snrk2s were isolated from wheat. based on phylogenetic analysis using kinase domains or the c-terminus, the 10 snrk2s were ...201627066054
spatial and temporal variation of cultivable communities of co-occurring endophytes and pathogens in wheat.the aim of this work was to investigate the diversity of endogenous microbes from wheat (triticum aestivum) and to study the structure of its microbial communities, with the ultimate goal to provide candidate strains for future evaluation as potential biological control agents against wheat diseases. we sampled plants from two wheat cultivars, apache and caphorn, showing different levels of susceptibility to fusarium head blight, a major disease of wheat, and tested for variation in microbial di ...201627065969
predicting pre-planting risk of stagonospora nodorum blotch in winter wheat using machine learning models.pre-planting factors have been associated with the late-season severity of stagonospora nodorum blotch (snb), caused by the fungal pathogen parastagonospora nodorum, in winter wheat (triticum aestivum). the relative importance of these factors in the risk of snb has not been determined and this knowledge can facilitate disease management decisions prior to planting of the wheat crop. in this study, we examined the performance of multiple regression (mr) and three machine learning algorithms name ...201627064542
cadmium minimization in wheat: a critical review.cadmium (cd) accumulation in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and its subsequent transfer to food chain is a major environmental issue worldwide. understanding wheat response to cd stress and its management for aiming to reduce cd uptake and accumulation in wheat may help to improve wheat growth and grain quality. this paper reviewed the toxic effects, tolerance mechanisms, and management of cd stress in wheat. it was concluded that cd decreased germination, growth, mineral nutrients, photosynthesis ...201627062345
the stay-green phenotype of tanam-rnai wheat plants is associated with maintenance of chloroplast structure and high enzymatic antioxidant activity.tanam transcription factors play an important role in controlling senescence, which in turn, influences the delivery of nitrogen, iron and other elements to the grain of wheat (triticum aestivum) plants, thus contributing to grain nutritional value. while lack or diminished expression of tanams determines a stay-green phenotype, the precise effect of these factors on chloroplast structure has not been studied. in this work we focused on the events undergone by chloroplasts in two wheat lines hav ...201627061370
rich haplotypes of viviparous-1 in triticum aestivum subsp. spelta with different abscisic acid sensitivities.viviparous-1 (vp-1) is a major gene affecting pre-harvest sprouting (phs) in common wheat, and improving phs tolerance is a crucial factor for wheat breeding. spelt wheat is always used as the donor parent to improve resistance and quality in wheat breeding: however, the roles of the vp-1 genes in spelt wheat and their relationship to common wheat remain uncertain. the current study aimed to isolate and characterise vp-1 haplotypes in spelt wheat (triticum aestivum subsp. spelta).201727060998
allelic variation in developmental genes and effects on winter wheat heading date in the u.s. great plains.heading date in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and other small grain cereals is affected by the vernalization and photoperiod pathways. the reduced-height loci also have an effect on growth and development. heading date, which occurs just prior to anthesis, was evaluated in a population of 299 hard winter wheat entries representative of the u.s. great plains region, grown in nine environments during 2011-2012 and 2012-2013. the germplasm was evaluated for candidate genes at vernalization (vrn-a1, ...027058239
molecular mapping of stripe rust resistance gene yr76 in winter club wheat cultivar tyee.tyee, one of the wheat cultivars used to differentiate races of puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in the united states, was identified to have a single gene for all-stage resistance, tentatively named yrtye. to map the gene, tyee was crossed with 'avocet susceptible' (avs). genetic analysis of the f1, f2, f2:3, and bc1 progenies confirmed a single dominant gene for resistance to race pstv-37 that is avirulent to yrtye. a mapping population of 135 f2 plants was phenotyped with pstv-37 and the d ...201627050567
gaseous pollutants from brick kiln industry decreased the growth, photosynthesis, and yield of wheat (triticum aestivum l.).gaseous pollutant emissions from brick kiln industries deteriorate the current state of ambient air quality in pakistan and worldwide. these gaseous pollutants affect the health of plants and may decrease plant growth and yield. a field experiment that was conducted to monitor the concentration of gaseous pollutants emitted mainly from brick kilns in the ambient air and associated impacts on the growth and physiological attributes of the two wheat (triticum spp.) cultivars. plants were grown at ...201627048492
genetic diversity, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.).bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) gene pool was analyzed with 117 microsatellite markers scattered throughout a, b, and d genomes. ninety microsatellite markers were giving 1620 polymorphic alleles in 55 different bread wheat genotypes. these genotypes were found to be divided into three subgroups based on bayesian model and principal component analysis. the highest polymorphism information content value for the markers resides on a genome was estimated for wmc262 marker located on 4a chromosom ...201627048293
contrasting response of biomass and grain yield to severe drought in cappelle desprez and plainsman v wheat cultivars.we report a case study of natural variations and correlations of some photosynthetic parameters, green biomass and grain yield in cappelle desprez and plainsman v winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars, which are classified as being drought sensitive and tolerant, respectively. we monitored biomass accumulation from secondary leaves in the vegetative phase and grain yield from flag leaves in the grain filling period. interestingly, we observed higher biomass production, but lower grain yi ...201627047703
sntox1, a parastagonospora nodorum necrotrophic effector, is a dual-function protein that facilitates infection while protecting from wheat-produced chitinases.sntox1 induces programmed cell death and the up-regulation of pathogenesis-related genes including chitinases. additionally, sntox1 has structural homology to several plant chitin-binding proteins. therefore, we evaluated sntox1 for chitin binding and localization. we transformed an avirulent strain of parastagonospora nodorum as well as three nonpathogens of wheat (triticum aestivum), including a necrotrophic pathogen of barley, a hemibiotrophic pathogen of sugar beet and a saprotroph, to evalu ...201627041151
a chimeric protein of aluminum-activated malate transporter generated from wheat and arabidopsis shows enhanced response to trivalent cations.taalmt1 from wheat (triticum aestivum) and atalmt1 from arabidopsis thaliana encode aluminum (al)-activated malate transporters, which confer acid-soil tolerance by releasing malate from roots. chimeric proteins from taalmt1 and atalmt1 (ta::at, at::ta) were previously analyzed in xenopus laevis oocytes. those studies showed that al could activate malate efflux from the ta::at chimera but not from at::ta. here, functions of taalmt1, atalmt1 and the chimeric protein ta::at were compared in cultur ...201627039280
element distribution and iron speciation in mature wheat grains (triticum aestivum l.) using synchrotron x-ray fluorescence microscopy mapping and x-ray absorption near-edge structure (xanes) imaging.several studies have suggested that the majority of iron (fe) and zinc (zn) in wheat grains are associated with phytate, but a nuanced approach to unravel important tissue-level variation in element speciation within the grain is lacking. here, we present spatially resolved fe-speciation data obtained directly from different grain tissues using the newly developed synchrotron-based technique of x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy imaging, coupling this with high-definition μ-x-ray fluorescen ...201627038325
wheat mirna ancestors: evident by transcriptome analysis of a, b, and d genome donors.micrornas are critical players of post-transcriptional gene regulation with profound effects on the fundamental processes of cellular life. their identification and characterization, together with their targets, hold great significance in exploring and exploiting their roles on a functional context, providing valuable clues into the regulation of important biological processes, such as stress tolerance or environmental adaptation. wheat is a hardy crop, extensively harvested in temperate regions ...201727032785
residual phosphorus and zinc influence wheat productivity under rice-wheat cropping system.continuous cropping of rice (oryza sativa l.) and wheat (triticum aestivum l.) deplete soil fertility and crop productivity. one strategy to increase crop productivity under rice-wheat system is balanced application of crop nutrients. field experiment was conducted to assess the impact of phosphorus (0, 40, 80, 120 kg p ha(-1)) and zinc (0, 5, 10, 15 kg zn ha(-1)) on the productivity of rice genotypes (fine and coarse) and their residual effects on the grain yield (gy) and its components (yc) of ...201627026947
a new 2ds·2rl robertsonian translocation transfers stem rust resistance gene sr59 into wheat.a new stem rust resistance gene sr59 from secale cereale was introgressed into wheat as a 2ds·2rl robertsonian translocation. emerging new races of the wheat stem rust pathogen (puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici), from africa threaten global wheat (triticum aestivum l.) production. to broaden the resistance spectrum of wheat to these widely virulent african races, additional resistance genes must be identified from all possible gene pools. from the screening of a collection of wheat-rye (secale c ...201627025509
signal mediators at induction of heat resistance of wheat plantlets by short-term heating.the effects of functional interplay of calcium ions, reactive oxygen species (ros) and nitric oxide (no) in the cells of wheat plantlets roots (triticum aestivum l.) at the induction of their heat resistance by a short-term influence of hyperthermia (heating at the temperature of 42 degrees c during 1 minute) have been investigated. the transitional increase of no and h2o2 content, invoked by heating, was suppressed by the treatment of plantlets with the antagonists of calcium egta (chelator of ...201627025064
population growth and damage caused by rhopalosiphum padi (l.) (hemiptera, aphididae) on different cultivars and phenological stages of wheat.among the aphids associated with wheat and other winter cereals, rhopalosiphum padi (l.) is currently the predominant species in the wheat growing region of southern brazil. the damage caused by this aphid occurs by direct feeding and/or by the transmission of pathogenic viruses, such as the barley/cereal yellow dwarf virus. in order to estimate the direct damage caused by r. padi on wheat, we evaluated the population growth of this aphid during the tillering and elongation stages and its effect ...201327023210
high temperature specifically affects the photoprotective responses of chlorophyll b-deficient wheat mutant lines.the effects of high temperature on co2 assimilation rate, processes associated with photosynthetic electron and proton transport, as well as photoprotective responses, were studied in chlorophyll b-deficient mutant lines (ank-32a and ank-32b) and wild type (wt) of wheat (triticum aestivum l.). despite the low chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a-to-b ratio, the non-stressed mutant plants had the similar level of co2 assimilation and photosynthetic responses as wt. however, in ank mutant plants ...201627023107
molecular cytogenetic identification of a wheat-rye 1r addition line with multiple spikelets and resistance to powdery mildew.alien addition lines are important for transferring useful genes from alien species into common wheat. rye is an important and valuable gene resource for improving wheat disease resistance, yield, and environment adaptation. a new wheat-rye addition line, n9436b, was developed from the progeny of the cross of common wheat (triticum aestivum l., 2n = 6x = 42, aabbdd) cultivar shaanmai 611 and rye (secale cereal l., 2n = 2x = 14, rr) accession austrian rye. we characterized this new line by cytolo ...201627021228
interruption of magnesium supply at heading influenced proteome of peripheral layers and reduced grain dry weight of two wheat (triticum aestivum l.) genotypes.magnesium (mg), an indispensable mineral for plant growth, is concentrated in the peripheral layers (pls) of the mature grain of wheat. the supply of mg was interrupted from plant heading to maturity and a proteomic approach was used to investigate the pls at three stages of development. two genotypes with contrasting concentrations of mg in the grain were studied: apache (low mg) and mghl (high mg). the concentration of mg was significantly reduced in the roots (10-21%), straw (18-50%) and grai ...201627020883
compositional analysis of biomass reference materials: results from an interlaboratory study.biomass compositional methods are used to compare different lignocellulosic feedstocks, to measure component balances around unit operations and to determine process yields and therefore the economic viability of biomass-to-biofuel processes. four biomass reference materials (rms nist 8491-8494) were prepared and characterized, via an interlaboratory comparison exercise in the early 1990s to evaluate biomass summative compositional methods, analysts, and laboratories. having common, uniform, and ...201627019676
quantitative trait loci associated with phenological development, low-temperature tolerance, grain quality, and agronomic characters in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).plants must respond to environmental cues and schedule their development in order to react to periods of abiotic stress and commit fully to growth and reproduction under favorable conditions. this study was initiated to identify snp markers for characters expressed from the seedling stage to plant maturity in spring and winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) genotypes adapted to western canada. three doubled haploid populations with the winter cultivar 'norstar' as a common parent were developed an ...201627019468
differentiation among blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici isolates originating from wild versus domesticated triticum species in israel.israel and its vicinity constitute a center of diversity of domesticated wheat species (triticum aestivum and t. durum) and their sympatrically growing wild relatives, including wild emmer wheat (t. dicoccoides). we investigated differentiation within the forma specialis of their obligate powdery mildew pathogen, blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici. a total of 61 b. graminis f. sp. tritici isolates were collected from the three host species in four geographic regions of israel. genetic relatedness ...201627019062
from fhb resistance qtls to candidate genes identification in triticum aestivum l.fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by fusarium graminearum is a worldwide destructive disease affecting cereals such as wheat. fhb resistance is a quantitative trait, and information for fhb resistance qtls in wheat is available. however, little is known about genes underlying the fhb resistance qtl regions. using a computational approach in this study, we have mined eight fhb resistance qtls in wheat and predicted the candidate genes falling within these qtl intervals based on the available sequ ...201627016253
wheat stem reserves and salinity tolerance: molecular dissection of fructan biosynthesis and remobilization to grains.fructan accumulation and remobilization to grains under salinity can decrease dependency of the wheat tolerant cultivar on current photosynthesis and protect it from severe yield loss under salt stress. tolerance of plants to abiotic stresses can be enhanced by accumulation of soluble sugars, such as fructan. the current research sheds light on the role of stem fructan remobilization on yield of bread wheat under salt stress conditions. fructan accumulation and remobilization as well as relative ...201627016249
the 160 bp insertion in the promoter of rht-b1i plays a vital role in increasing wheat height.the extensive use of two alleles (rht-b1b and rht-d1b) at the rht-1 locus in wheat allowed dramatic increases in yields, triggering the so-called "green revolution." here, we found that a new natural allelic variation (rht-b1i) containing a single missense snp (a614g) in the coding region significantly increased plant height against the genetic background of both rht-d1a (11.68%) and rht-d1b (7.89%). to elucidate the molecular mechanism of rht-b1i, we investigated the promoter region. sequence a ...201627014327
identification of quantitative trait loci and water environmental interactions for developmental behaviors of leaf greenness in wheat.the maintenance of leaf greenness in wheat, highly responsible for yield potential and resistance to drought stress, has been proved to be quantitatively inherited and susceptible to interact with environments by traditional genetic analysis. in order to further dissect the developmental genetic behaviors of flag leaf greenness under terminal drought, unconditional and conditional qtl mapping strategies were performed with a mixed linear model in 120 f8-derived recombinant inbred lines (rils) fr ...201627014298
identifying rare fhb-resistant segregants in intransigent backcross and f2 winter wheat populations.fusarium head blight (fhb), caused mainly by fusarium graminearum schwabe [telomorph: gibberella zeae schwein.(petch)] in the us, is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat (triticum aestivum l. and t. durum l.). infected grain is usually contaminated with deoxynivalenol (don), a serious mycotoxin. the challenge in fhb resistance breeding is combining resistance with superior agronomic and quality characteristics. exotic qtl are widely used to improve fhb resistance. success depends on the ...201627014202
the use of image-spectroscopy technology as a diagnostic method for seed health testing and variety identification.application of rapid and time-efficient health diagnostic and identification technology in the seed industry chain could accelerate required analysis, characteristic description and also ultimately availability of new desired varieties. the aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of multispectral imaging and single kernel near-infrared spectroscopy (sknir) for determination of seed health and variety separation of winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and winter triticale (triticosecale wit ...201627010656
functional abilities of cultivable plant growth promoting bacteria associated with wheat (triticum aestivum l.) crops.in the pursuit of sustainable agriculture, bioinoculants usage as providers of a crop's needs is a method to limit environmental damage. in this study, a collection of cultivable putative plant growth promoting (pgp) bacteria associated with wheat crops was obtained and this bacterial sample was characterized in relation to the functional diversity of certain pgp features. the isolates were obtained through classical cultivation methods, identified by partial 16s rrna gene sequencing and charact ...201627007904
antioxidant responses of wheat plants under stress.currently, food security depends on the increased production of cereals such as wheat (triticum aestivum l.), which is an important source of calories and protein for humans. however, cells of the crop have suffered from the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ros), which can cause severe oxidative damage to the plants, due to environmental stresses. ros are toxic molecules found in various subcellular compartments. the equilibrium between the production and detoxification of ros is sustain ...027007891
high resolution mapping of traits related to whole-plant transpiration under increasing evaporative demand in wheat.atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (vpd) is a key component of drought and has a strong influence on yields. whole-plant transpiration rate (tr) response to increasing vpd has been linked to drought tolerance in wheat, but because of its challenging phenotyping, its genetic basis remains unexplored. further, the genetic control of other key traits linked to daytime tr such as leaf area, stomata densities and - more recently - nocturnal transpiration remains unknown. considering the presence of w ...201627001921
research on root responses to pb and zn combined stress of carex putuoshan.pb hyper-accumulated carex putuoshan was taken as experimental material and subjected to combined stress of pb and zn. the differential expression of proteins in their roots were analyzed by proteomic approach. the protein that was directly involved in the cellular defense under the pb and zn combined stress was separated, and expression of those genes was analyzed with carex evergold as control. the results were obtained by maldi-tof/ms analysis. after applying pb and zn combined stress, the ex ...201627001405
sister chromatid separation and monopolar spindle organization in the first meiosis as two mechanisms of unreduced gametes formation in wheat-rye hybrids.unreduced gametes. the absence of a strict pachytene checkpoint in plants presents an opportunity to study meiosis in polyhaploid organisms. in the present study, we demonstrate that meiosis is coordinated in hybrids between disomic wheat-rye substitution lines 1rv(1a), 2r(2d), 5r(5d), 6r(6a) and rye (triticum aestivum l. × secale cereale l., 4x = 28, abdr). by using in situ hybridization with a centromere paet6-09 probe and immunostaining with h3ser10ph-, cenh3-, and α-tubulin-specific antibodi ...201626994004
branching shoots and spikes from lateral meristems in bread wheat.wheat grain yield consists of three components: spikes per plant, grains per spike (i.e. head or ear), and grain weight; and the grains per spike can be dissected into two subcomponents: spikelets per spike and grains per spikelet. an increase in any of these components will directly contribute to grain yield. wheat morphology biology tells that a wheat plant has no lateral meristem that forms any branching shoot or spike. in this study, we report two novel shoot and spike traits that were produ ...201626986738
a snp-based molecular barcode for characterization of common wheat.wheat is grown as a staple crop worldwide. it is important to develop an effective genotyping tool for this cereal grain both to identify germplasm diversity and to protect the rights of breeders. single-nucleotide polymorphism (snp) genotyping provides a means for developing a practical, rapid, inexpensive and high-throughput assay. here, we investigated snps as robust markers of genetic variation for typing wheat cultivars. we identified snps from an array of 9000 across a collection of 429 we ...201626985664
genome-wide identification and characterization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes family in wheat (triticum aestivum).glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) is a central enzyme in glycolysi, we performed genome-wide identification of gapdh genes in wheat and analyzed their structural characteristics and expression patterns under abiotic stress in wheat.201626984398
transcriptome analysis for abnormal spike development of the wheat mutant dms.wheat (triticum aestivum l.) spike development is the foundation for grain yield. we obtained a novel wheat mutant, dms, characterized as dwarf, multi-pistil and sterility. although the genetic changes are not clear, the heredity of traits suggests that a recessive gene locus controls the two traits of multi-pistil and sterility in self-pollinating populations of the medium plants (m), such that the dwarf genotype (d) and tall genotype (t) in the progeny of the mutant are ideal lines for studies ...201626982202
genome-wide identification and functional prediction of novel and fungi-responsive lincrnas in triticum aestivum.stripe rust (puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici; pst) and powdery mildew (blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici; bgt) are important diseases of wheat (triticum aestivum) worldwide. increasingly evidences suggest that long intergenic ncrnas (lincrnas) are developmentally regulated and play important roles in development and stress responses of plants. however, identification of lincrnas in wheat is still limited comparing with functional gene expression.201626980266
localization and spectroscopic analysis of the cu(i) binding site in wheat metallothionein ec-1.the early cysteine-labeled metallothionein (mt) from triticum aestivum (common wheat), denoted ec-1, features two structurally well-defined domains, γ and βe, coordinating two and four zn(ii) ions, respectively. while the protein is currently assumed to function mainly in zinc homeostasis, a low amount of copper ions was also recently detected in a native ec-1 sample. to evaluate the observed copper binding in more detail, the recombinant zn₆ec-1 form was exposed to different amounts of cu(i) io ...201626978358
farming system context drives the value of deep wheat roots in semi-arid environments.the capture of subsoil water by wheat roots can make a valuable contribution to grain yield on deep soils. more extensive root systems can capture more water, but leave the soil in a drier state, potentially limiting water availability to subsequent crops. to evaluate the importance of these legacy effects, a long-term simulation analysis at eight sites in the semi-arid environment of australia compared the yield of standard wheat cultivars with cultivars that were (i) modified to have root syst ...201626976814
highly sprouting-tolerant wheat grain exhibits extreme dormancy and cold imbibition-resistant accumulation of abscisic acid.pre-harvest sprouting (phs) of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) grains induces hydrolyzing enzymes such as α-amylase, which considerably decreases wheat product quality. phs occurs when cool and wet weather conditions before harvest break dormancy and induce grain germination. in this study, we used phs-tolerant varieties, gifu-komugi (gifu) and os38, to characterize the mechanisms of both dormancy breakage and dormancy maintenance at low temperatures. physiologically mature gifu grains exhibited do ...201626971301
distinct metabolic changes between wheat embryo and endosperm during grain development revealed by 2d-dige-based integrative proteome analysis.two chinese bread wheat cultivars, jinghua 9 and zhongmai 175, distinct in grain weight and dough quality, were used to study proteome changes in the embryo and endosperm during grain development using a two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2d-dige)-based proteomics approach. in total, 138 and 127 differentially expressed protein (dep) spots representing 116 and 113 unique deps were identified in the embryo and endosperm, respectively. among them, 54 (31%) deps were commonly present i ...201626968330
characterization of wheat - psathyrostachys huashanica small segment translocation line with enhanced kernels per spike and stripe rust resistance.psathyrostachys huashanica keng (2n = 2x = 14, nsns), a distant wild relative of common wheat, possesses rich potentially valuable traits, such as disease resistance and more spikelets and kernels per spike, that could be useful for wheat genetic improvement. development of wheat - p. huashanica translocation lines will facilitate its practical utilization in wheat breeding. in the present study, a wheat - p. huashanica small segmental translocation line, k-13-835-3, was isolated and characteriz ...201626961208
phytotoxic potential of young leaves from blepharocalyx salicifolius (kunth) o. berg (myrtaceae).the loss of leaves by plant species found in the cerrado (brazilian savanna) is an energetically expensive process due to adverse environmental conditions and predation by herbivory. the mature leaves have adaptations which minimize these events. however, the young individuals lack these structures and produce high leaf concentrations of secondary metabolites as a form of protection. these compounds can be used in bioprospection of natural herbicides. thus, this study aimed to evaluate the phyto ...201626959947
effects of nitrogen application rate on the yields, nutritive value and silage fermentation quality of whole-crop wheat.whole-crop wheat (triticum aestivum l.) as forage has been extensively used in the world. in this study, the effects of n application rates on the yields, nutritive value and silage quality were investigated. the n application rates were 0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 kg/ha. the research results indicated that the dry matter yield of whole-crop wheat increased significantly with increasing n rate up to 150 kg/ha, and then leveled off. the crude protein content and in vitro dry matter digestibility of ...201626954126
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 regulates seed dormancy in barley.seed dormancy has fundamental importance in plant survival and crop production; however, the mechanisms regulating dormancy remain unclear [1-3]. seed dormancy levels generally decrease during domestication to ensure that crops successfully germinate in the field. however, reduction of seed dormancy can cause devastating losses in cereals like wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) due to pre-harvest sprouting, the germination of mature seed (grain) on the mother plant when ...026948880
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