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prevalence of clostridium perfringens type a isolates in commercial broiler chickens and parent broiler breeder hens in egypt.the aim of this study was to determine the presence of genes coding for alpha (cpalpha), beta (cpbeta), epsilon (epsilontx), iota (iotaa), enterotoxin (cpepsilon) and beta2 (cpbeta2) toxins in clostridium perfringens isolates from broiler chickens and parent broiler breeder hens, using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay. the prevalence of c. perfringens in the intestinal segments and the effects of age were also investigated. the highest isolation rate was from the duodenum, at 41.7 ...201223520746
embryonated chicken eggs as an alternative model for mixed clostridium perfringens and eimeria tenella infection in chickens.the chorioallantoic membrane (cam) of chicken embryo eggs is a suitable model for viral and bacterial infections. in the present study, a new approach for testing the pathogenesis and virulence of clostridium perfringens and eimeria tenella dual infections as a model using the cam of embryonated chicken eggs was developed. for this purpose, 24 specific pathogen-free (spf) embryonated chicken eggs were divided into four groups (n = 6) and designated group e, group cp, group cpe, and nc. sporozoit ...201323515571
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin h149a mutant as a platform for receptor binding studies.clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (etx) is a pore-forming toxin responsible for a severe and rapidly fatal enterotoxemia of ruminants. the toxin is classified as a category b bioterrorism agent by the u.s. government centres for disease control and prevention (cdc), making work with recombinant toxin difficult. to reduce the hazard posed by work with recombinant etx, we have used a variant of etx that contains a h149a mutation (etx-h149a), previously reported to have reduced, but not abolish ...201323504825
clostridial abdominal gas gangrene masquerading as a bowel perforation in an advanced-stage ovarian cancer patient.the coexistence of clostridial gas gangrene and a gynecologic malignancy is extremely rare, with very few cases involving ovarian cancer. a patient originally presented to our gynecologic oncology service with stage iv ovarian cancer; she underwent a diagnostic laparoscopy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. on postoperative day 6, the patient developed severe abdominal pain, nausea, and emesis, suggestive of a bowel perforation. further evaluation confirmed that her symptoms were attributed to clostr ...201323494868
further characterization of cys-type and ser-type anaerobic sulfatase maturating enzymes suggests a commonality in the mechanism of catalysis.the anaerobic sulfatase-maturating enzyme from clostridium perfringens (ansmecpe) catalyzes the two-electron oxidation of a cysteinyl residue on a cognate protein to a formylglycyl residue (fgly) using a mechanism that involves organic radicals. the fgly residue plays a unique role as a cofactor in a class of enzymes termed arylsulfatases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of various organosulfate monoesters. ansmecpe has been shown to be a member of the radical s-adenosylmethionine (sam) family of ...201323477283
biochemistry and physiology of the β class carbonic anhydrase (cpb) from clostridium perfringens strain 13.the carbonic anhydrase (cpb) from clostridium perfringens strain 13, the only carbonic anhydrase encoded in the genome, was characterized both biochemically and physiologically. heterologously produced and purified cpb was shown to belong to the type i subclass of the β class, the first β class enzyme investigated from a strictly anaerobic species of the domain bacteria. kinetic analyses revealed a two-step, ping-pong, zinc-hydroxide mechanism of catalysis with km and kcat/km values of 3.1 mm co ...201323475974
efficacy of low-dose tylvalosin for the control of clostridiosis in broilers and its effect on productive parameters.the study was carried out under field conditions in a commercial farm, and 1,440 as-hatched ross-308 broilers were included. broilers were randomly distributed into 24 experimental 4-m(2) pens (60 broilers/pen). pens were randomized to the 3 treatment groups: a) tylvalosin 10 mg/kg of live bw during 2 d, b) positive control (tylosin during 2 d), and c) negative control (no treatment). the drugs were provided in the water supply. mortality, individual bw, and feed intake were assessed. clostridiu ...201323472021
in vitro inhibition of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens by commercial probiotic strains.probiotics have gained importance in human and veterinary medicine to prevent and control clostridial enteric disease. limited information is available on the ability of different probiotic bacteria used in food products to inhibit clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens. the objective of this study was to examine the in vitro inhibitory effects of selected commercial bacterial strains on pathogenic clostridia and their growth characteristics under simulated gastrointestinal conditions ...201323471038
a clostridium perfringens outbreak traced to temperature-abused beef stew, norway, 2012. 201323470019
comparison of live eimeria vaccination with in-feed salinomycin on growth and immune status in broiler chickens.coccidiosis vaccines and anticoccidial drugs are commonly used to control eimeria infection during commercial poultry production. the present study was conducted to compare the relative effectiveness of these two disease control strategies in broiler chickens in an experimental research facility. birds were orally vaccinated with a live, attenuated vaccine (inovocox), or were provided with in-feed salinomycin (bio-cox), and body weights, serum levels of nitric oxide (no) and antibodies against e ...201323465765
comparative in vitro activities of gsk2251052, a novel boron-containing leucyl-trna synthetase inhibitor, against 916 anaerobic organisms.we studied the comparative in vitro activity of gsk2251052, a novel boron leucyl-trna synthetase inhibitor, against 916 clinical anaerobic isolates using clsi methods. the gsk mic50/mic90 for all isolates tested were 2 and 4 μg/ml, and the mic90s against 302 bacteroides fragilis and bacteroides thetaiotaomicron strains were 4 and 8 μg/ml, respectively. all clostridium perfringens strains had gsk2251052 mics of >32 μg/ml. there was no relationship between increased mics for any other antibiotics ...201323459482
comparative transcription analysis and toxin production of two fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants of clostridium perfringens.fluoroquinolone use has been listed as a risk factor for the emergence of virulent clinical strains of some bacteria. the aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of fluoroquinolone (gatifloxacin) resistance selection on differential gene expression, including the toxin genes involved in virulence, in two fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of clostridium perfringens by comparison with their wild-type isogenic strains.201323452396
detection of a/b toxin and isolation of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens from foals.toxin detection and screening could contribute to knowledge of the transmission patterns, risk factors and epidemiology of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens.201323452044
percolation analysis in electrical conductivity of madin-darby canine kidney and caco-2 cells by permeation-enhancing agents.the control of permeability through the paracellular route has been paid great attention to for enhanced bioavailability of macromolecular and hydrophilic drugs. the paracellular permeability is controlled by tight junctions (tj), and claudins are the major constituents of tj. despite numerous studies on tj modulation, the dynamics is not well understood, although it could be crucial for clinical applications. here, we studied the time (t) course of electrical conductivity (σ) in a monolayer of ...201323449326
antimicrobial activity of essential oils from mediterranean aromatic plants against several foodborne and spoilage bacteria.the antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from a variety of aromatic plants, often used in the portuguese gastronomy was studied in vitro by the agar diffusion method. the essential oils of thyme, oregano, rosemary, verbena, basil, peppermint, pennyroyal and mint were tested against gram-positive (listeria monocytogenes, clostridium perfringens, bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus faecium, enterococcus faecalis, and staphylococcus epidermidis) and gram-negative stra ...201323444311
phospholipase c produced by clostridium botulinum types c and d: comparison of gene, enzymatic, and biological activities with those of clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin.clostridium botulinum type c and d strains recently have been found to produce plc on egg yolk agar plates. to characterize the gene, enzymatic and biological activities of c. botulinum plcs (cb-plcs), the cb-plc genes from 8 strains were sequenced, and 1 representative gene was cloned and expressed as a recombinant protein. the enzymatic and hemolytic activities of the recombinant cb-plc were measured and compared with those of the clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin. each of the eight cb-plc g ...201323439504
sterility testing of apheresis hematopoietic progenitor cell products using an automated blood culture system.aabb standards require monitoring of hematopoietic progenitor cell (hpc) products for microbial contamination. to date, there is no automated blood culture system cleared by the food and drug administration for this application. our objective was to validate the versatrek system (trek diagnostic systems) for sterility testing of apheresis hpc products.201323438051
a nitrophenyl-based prodrug type for colorectal targeting of prednisolone, budesonide and celecoxib.celecoxib is a cox-2 inhibitor drug that can be used to reduce the risk of colorectal adenocarcinoma. glucocorticoids are used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. a limitation to the use of both drug types is that they undergo absorption from the intestinal tract with serious side effects. the prodrug systems introduced here involve forming a nitro-substituted acylsulfonamide group in the case of celecoxib and a nitro-substituted 21-ester for the glucocorticoids. drug release is trig ...201323416011
impact of dietary protein on microbiota composition and activity in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets in relation to gut health: a review.in pigs, the microbial ecosystem of the gastrointestinal tract (git) is influenced by various factors; however, variations in diet composition have been identified as one of the most important determinants. marked changes in fermentation activities and microbial ecology may occur when altering the diet, for example, from milk to solid feed during weaning. in that way, access of pathogens to the disturbed ecosystem is alleviated, leading to infectious diseases and diarrhea. thus, there is increas ...201323410993
genome-wide differential gene expression profiles in broiler chickens with gangrenous dermatitis.gangrenous dermatitis (gd) is a disease of poultry characterized by necrosis of the skin and severe cellulitis of the subcutaneous tissues caused by infection with clostridium septicum (cs) and/or clostridium perfringens (cp) type a. while gd causes significant morbidity, mortality, and economic loss to the poultry industry, the fundamental mechanisms underlying this host-pathogen interaction are relatively unknown. this study used comparative global gene expression microarray analysis of gd-aff ...201223397837
ischaemic intestinal perforation complicated by clostridium perfringens sepsis in a diabetic patient. 201323389817
structural and functional analysis of the pore-forming toxin netb from clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic bacterium that causes numerous important human and animal diseases, primarily as a result of its ability to produce many different protein toxins. in chickens, c. perfringens causes necrotic enteritis, a disease of economic importance to the worldwide poultry industry. the secreted pore-forming toxin netb is a key virulence factor in the pathogenesis of avian necrotic enteritis and is similar to alpha-hemolysin, a β-barrel pore-forming toxin from staphyloc ...201323386432
bacteriocin production by bifidobacterium spp. a review.bacteriocins are ribosomally-synthesized antibacterial peptides. these compounds are produced by a broad variety of different bacteria belonging mainly to the genus bifidobacterium, to which health promoting properties have frequently been attributed. however, despite the fact that the identification of bifidobacterium-associated bacteriocins was first reported in 1980 and that they exhibit antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms such as listeria monocytogenes, clostridium perfr ...201323384878
emphysematous cholecystitis with massive gas in the abdominal cavity.emphysematous cholecystitis is a rare variant of acute cholecystitis with a high mortality rate. the combination of emphysematous cholecystitis and pneumoperitoneum is also rare. we herein describe a case of emphysematous cholecystitis with massive gas in the abdominal cavity. a 77-year-old male presented with epigastric pain and lassitude lasting for one week. a computed tomography scan demonstrated massive gas in the abdominal cavity. gas was also detectable inside the gallbladder. massive asc ...201323382645
arginine adp-ribosylation mechanism based on structural snapshots of iota-toxin and actin complex.clostridium perfringens iota-toxin (ia) mono-adp ribosylates arg177 of actin, leading to cytoskeletal disorganization and cell death. to fully understand the reaction mechanism of arginine-specific mono-adp ribosyl transferase, the structure of the toxin-substrate protein complex must be characterized. recently, we solved the crystal structure of ia in complex with actin and the nonhydrolyzable nad(+) analog βtad (thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide); however, the structures of the nad(+ ...201323382240
brain lesions associated with clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin in a holstein heifer calf.a 6-month-old dairy heifer calf with no premonitory signs was acutely down after the morning feeding and could not rise. on presentation, the heifer was in right lateral recumbency and moribund with opisthotonus and left hind limb paddling. following euthanasia, gross examination of the brain revealed multifocal loss of gray-white matter distinction and extensive petechiae throughout the brainstem. on histopathological examination, there was striking white matter edema and marked perivascular pr ...201323381925
epidemiology of foodborne disease outbreaks caused by clostridium perfringens, united states, 1998-2010.clostridium perfringens is estimated to be the second most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the united states, causing one million illnesses each year. local, state, and territorial health departments voluntarily report c. perfringens outbreaks to the u.s. centers for disease control and prevention through the foodborne disease outbreak surveillance system. our analysis included outbreaks confirmed by laboratory evidence during 1998-2010. a food item was implicated if c. perfringen ...201323379281
strongyloidiasis in a nonagenarian who previously worked in conservancy services.we report a case of strongyloidiasis in a patient born in hong kong and was possibly infected via her prior occupation in conservancy services. she presented with chronic diarrhoea, anorexia, and extensive scratch marks over the lower extremities. further assessment yielded eosinophilia, intermittent dyspepsia, and an episode of unexplained clostridium perfringens bacteraemia. she was treated with a course of albendazole. subsequently, the eosinophilia and diarrhoea subsided.201323378359
ceftazidime-avibactam: a novel cephalosporin/β-lactamase inhibitor combination.avibactam (formerly nxl104, ave1330a) is a synthetic non-β-lactam, β-lactamase inhibitor that inhibits the activities of ambler class a and c β-lactamases and some ambler class d enzymes. this review summarizes the existing data published for ceftazidime-avibactam, including relevant chemistry, mechanisms of action and resistance, microbiology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy and safety data from animal and human trials. although not a β-lactam, the chemical structure of avibact ...201323371303
a probiotics-containing biscuit modulates the intestinal microbiota in the elderly.evaluation of the impact of a biscuit containing the probiotics bifidobacterium longum bar33 and lactobacillus helveticus bar13 on the intestinal microbiota in the elderly.201323364497
intestinal clostridial counts have no diagnostic value in the diagnosis of enterotoxaemia in veal calves.enterotoxaemia is an important cause of sudden death in veal calves. this study aimed to evaluate intestinal clostridium perfringens counts as a diagnostic tool for enterotoxaemia. field necropsies were conducted on 48 sudden death cases in belgian blue veal farms. in 31/48 suddenly deceased calves, the diagnosis of enterotoxaemia was made based on haemorrhagic lesions in the small intestines, while in seven of these cases, no clear-cut diagnosis could be made based on macroscopic appearance of ...201323362178
sudden death syndrome in adult cows associated with clostridium perfringens type e.clostridium perfringens type e is considered a rare toxinotype and an infrequent cause of enterotoxemia of lambs, calves, and rabbits. until now, only cases of young animal of c. perfringens type e bovine enterotoxemia, characterized by hemorrhagic enteritis and sudden death, have been reported. the present report details the genotypic characterization of c. perfringens type e isolates obtained from intestinal samples of adult cattle during an outbreak of enterotoxemia in argentina. the sequence ...201323354004
lesion development in a new intestinal loop model indicates the involvement of a shared clostridium perfringens virulence factor in haemorrhagic enteritis in calves.clostridium perfringens-associated enterotoxaemia is a fatal disease in fast growing suckler and veal calves. an intestinal loop model was developed to study the pathogenesis of the disease. loops were injected with stationary and logarithmic c. perfringens cultures with or without, a milk protein-based commercial milk replacer for calves. isolates tested were from cases of bovine enterotoxaemia and from calves without signs of enterotoxaemia, in addition to netb-positive and -negative isolates ...201323351504
enzymatic depolymerization of gum tragacanth: bifidogenic potential of low molecular weight oligosaccharides.gum tragacanth derived from the plant "goat's horn" (astragalus sp.) has a long history of use as a stabilizing, viscosity-enhancing agent in food emulsions. the gum contains pectinaceous arabinogalactans and fucose-substituted xylogalacturonans. in this work, gum tragacanth from astragalus gossypinus was enzymatically depolymerized using aspergillus niger pectinases (pectinex be color). the enzymatically degraded products were divided into three molecular weight fractions via membrane separatio ...201323343141
medical aspects of bio-terrorism.bioterrorism is a terrorist action involving the intentional release or dissemination of a biological warfare agent (bwa), which includes some bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, fungi or biological toxins. bwa is a naturally occurring or human-modified form that may kill or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war or terrorism. bwa is a weapon of choice for mass destruction and terrorism, because of the incubation period, less effective amount than chemical warfare agents, easily dis ...201323339855
an investigation to determine the cause of haemorrhagic enteritis in commercial pig grower units in the northern parts of south africa.necropsies were performed on 36 grower pigs that died peracutely on farms in the northern parts of south africa. all these pigs were suffering from haemorrhagic enteritis and suspected toxaemia. samples of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were taken for histopathological examination and a section of ileum was collected for microbiological examination from each animal. histological lesions characteristic of enterotoxigenic clostridium infection were found. large, gram-positive bacilli were sometim ...201223327139
human claudin-8 and -14 are receptors capable of conveying the cytotoxic effects of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) contributes to several important human gastrointestinal (gi) diseases. this toxin and its derivatives are also being explored for translational applications, i.e., cancer therapy or drug delivery. some, but not all, members of the 24-member claudin (cldn) family of mammalian tight junction proteins can serve as cpe receptors. among the human cldns (hcldns), hcldn-3 and -4 are known to convey cpe sensitivity when expressed by fibroblast transfectants. how ...201323322640
growth potential of clostridium perfringens from spores in acidified beef, pork, and poultry products during chilling.the ability of clostridium perfringens to germinate and grow in acidified ground beef as well as in 10 commercially prepared acidified beef, pork, and poultry products was assessed. the ph of ground beef was adjusted with organic vinegar to achieve various ph values between 5.0 and 5.6; the ph of the commercial products ranged from 4.74 to 6.35. products were inoculated with a three-strain cocktail of c. perfringens spores to achieve ca. 2-log (low) or 4-log (high) inoculum levels, vacuum packag ...201323317858
clinicobiochemical investigations of gangrenous mastitis in does: immunological responses and oxidative stress biomarkers.a total of 50 does were used to determine selected hematological and biochemical parameters with special references to oxidative stress markers, acute phase protein profiles, and proinflammatory cytokines in healthy and gangrenous mastitis affected does. animals were divided into two equal groups represented as clinically healthy (control) and diseased groups, respectively. the bacteriological examination of milk samples from diseased does revealed many types of bacterial infection. the isolated ...201323303629
the fecal microbiome in dogs with acute diarrhea and idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease.recent molecular studies have revealed a highly complex bacterial assembly in the canine intestinal tract. there is mounting evidence that microbes play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic enteropathies of dogs, including idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). the aim of this study was to characterize the bacterial microbiota in dogs with various gastrointestinal disorders.201223300577
characterization of bacteriophages virulent for clostridium perfringens and identification of phage lytic enzymes as alternatives to antibiotics for potential control of the bacterium.there has been a resurgent interest in the use of bacteriophages or their gene products to control bacterial pathogens as alternatives to currently used antibiotics. clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium that plays a significant role in human foodborne disease as well as non-foodborne human, animal, and avian diseases. countries that have complied with the ban on antimicrobial growth promoters in feeds have reported increased incidences of c. perfringens-a ...201323300321
bacillus subtilis pb6 improves intestinal health of broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis (ne) is an enterotoxemic disease caused by clostridium perfringens that results in significant economic losses, averaging damage of $0.05 per bird. the present study investigated the influence of a dietary supplement, bacillus subtilis pb6, on performance, intestinal health, and gut integrity against c. perfringens-induced ne in broiler birds. bacillus subtilis pb6 (atcc-pta 6737) is a natural strain isolated from healthy chicken gut that has been shown in in vitro to produce ...201323300303
label-free electronic detection of bio-toxins using aligned carbon nanotubes.a facile route for sensitive label-free detection of bio-toxins using aligned single walled carbon nanotubes is described. this approach involves patterning of a catalyst on the surface of a quartz substrate using a sub-100 μm stripe-patterned polydimethylsiloxane stamp for aligned carbon nanotube generation followed by fabrication of field effect transistor (fet). atomic force microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and raman spectroscopy are employed to characterize the synthes ...201323298625
identification of accessory genome regions in poultry clostridium perfringens isolates carrying the netb plasmid.necrotic enteritis (ne) is an economically important disease of poultry caused by certain clostridium perfringens type a strains. ne pathogenesis involves the netb toxin, which is encoded on a large conjugative plasmid within a 42-kb pathogenicity locus. recent multilocus sequence type (mlst) studies have identified two predominant ne-associated clonal groups, suggesting that host genes are also involved in ne pathogenesis. we used microarray comparative genomic hybridization (cgh) to assess the ...201323292780
population-based assessment of the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of anaerobic bloodstream infections.anaerobes are a relatively uncommon but important cause of bloodstream infection. however, their epidemiology has not been well defined in non-selected populations. we sought to describe the incidence of, risk factors for, and outcomes associated with anaerobic bacteremia.201323292663
hygiene intervention reduces contamination of weaning food in bangladesh.this study was conducted to measure the impact of a hygiene intervention on the contamination of weaning food in bangladesh.201323279860
taguchi optimization of duplex pcr for simultaneous identification of staphylococcus aureus and clostridium perfringens alpha toxins.staphylococcus aureus and clostridium perfringens are two major bacteria that infect open wounds and delay the healing process. the rapid and progressive deterioration of soft tissue during s. aureus and c. perfringens coinfections is due to analogous necrotic alpha toxins produced by the two organisms. the aim of this study was to determine the alpha toxins of s. aureus and c. perfringens by duplex pcr. the pcr assay employed two sets of primers: hlaf/r to amplify staphylococcal alpha toxin gen ...201323278425
detection and characterization of clostridium perfringens in the feces of healthy and diarrheic dogs.clostridium perfringens has been implicated as a cause of diarrhea in dogs. the objectives of this study were to compare 2 culture methods and to evaluate a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay to detect c. perfringens toxin genes alpha (α), beta (β ), beta 2 (β2), epsilon (ɛ), iota (ι), and c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) from canine isolates. fecal samples were collected from clinically normal non-diarrheic (nd) dogs, (n = 105) and diarrheic dogs (dd, n = 54). clostridium perfringe ...201223277693
longitudinal analyses of gut mucosal microbiotas in ulcerative colitis in relation to patient age and disease severity and duration.bacteria belonging to the normal colonic microbiota are associated with the etiology of ulcerative colitis (uc). although several mucosal species have been implicated in the disease process, the organisms and mechanisms involved are unknown. the aim of this investigation was to characterize mucosal biofilm communities over time and to determine the relationship of these bacteria to patient age and disease severity and duration. multiple rectal biopsy specimens were taken from 33 patients with ac ...201223269735
the sensing of membrane microdomains based on pore-forming toxins.membrane rafts are transient and unstable membrane microdomains that are enriched in sphingolipids, cholesterol, and specific proteins. they are involved in intracellular trafficking, signal transduction, pathogen entry, and attachment of various ligands. increasing experimental evidence on the crucial biological roles of membrane rafts under normal and pathological conditions require new techniques for their structural and functional characterization. in particular, fluorescence-labeled cytolyt ...201323244522
[occurrence and control of the clostridium perfringens type a associated diarrhea of the suckling pigs with special consideration of the immunoprophylaxis].clostridium (c.) perfringens type a is often associated with diarrhoea in suckling piglets. the impact of the alpha (α) and beta (β)2 toxins on the pathogenesis of the disease has not been conclusively answered. previously, autologous vaccines were used to control this disease. the aim of our investigation was the classification of c. perfringens strains and the quantitative determination of the α and β2 toxins during the production of autologous vaccines. the efficacy of a commercial vaccine ag ...201223242147
molecular architecture and functional analysis of netb, a pore-forming toxin from clostridium perfringens.netb is a pore-forming toxin produced by clostridium perfringens and has been reported to play a major role in the pathogenesis of avian necrotic enteritis, a disease that has emerged due to the removal of antibiotics in animal feedstuffs. here we present the crystal structure of the pore form of netb solved to 3.9 å. the heptameric assembly shares structural homology to the staphylococcal α-hemolysin. however, the rim domain, a region that is thought to interact with the target cell membrane, s ...201323239883
netb-producing and beta2-producing clostridium perfringens associated with subclinical necrotic enteritis in laying hens in the netherlands.since 2006 increasing numbers of laying hen flocks with decreased production have been reported in the netherlands. at necropsy, birds from affected flocks showed multifocal areas of necrosis in the duodenum. histologically the duodenum had moderate to marked villus atrophy and fusion with crypt hyperplasia and a mixed inflammatory infiltrate within the lamina propria underlying focal areas of degenerative epithelium. multifocally, free within the intestinal lumen and associated with epithelial ...201223237366
cd44 promotes intoxication by the clostridial iota-family toxins.various pathogenic clostridia produce binary protein toxins associated with enteric diseases of humans and animals. separate binding/translocation (b) components bind to a protein receptor on the cell surface, assemble with enzymatic (a) component(s), and mediate endocytosis of the toxin complex. ultimately there is translocation of a component(s) from acidified endosomes into the cytosol, leading to destruction of the actin cytoskeleton. our results revealed that cd44, a multifunctional surface ...201223236484
nosocomial infections in leukemic and solid-tumor cancer patients: distribution, outcome and microbial spectrum of anaerobes.nosocomial infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. as a result of their debilitated immune system, cancer patients are likely candidates for colonization with anaerobes. we sought to compare the distribution of nosocomial infections in neutropenic and non-neutropenic cancer patients and to calculate the associated mortality rates.201223231490
the effect of glyphosate on potential pathogens and beneficial members of poultry microbiota in vitro.the use of glyphosate modifies the environment which stresses the living microorganisms. the aim of the present study was to determine the real impact of glyphosate on potential pathogens and beneficial members of poultry microbiota in vitro. the presented results evidence that the highly pathogenic bacteria as salmonella entritidis, salmonella gallinarum, salmonella typhimurium, clostridium perfringens and clostridium botulinum are highly resistant to glyphosate. however, most of beneficial bac ...201323224412
prevalence and characterization of clostridium perfringens from the faecal microbiota of elderly irish subjects.the aim of this study was to investigate the diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota of elderly subjects using a combination of culture-dependent techniques and 16s rrna gene amplicon sequencing. the study was performed as part of the eldermet project, in which 368 faecal samples were assessed for viable numbers of bifidobacterium spp., lactobacillus spp. and enterobacteriaceae on selective agar. however, the bifidobacterium selective medium used also supported the growth of clost ...201323222860
clostridium perfringens enterotoxin a gene. 201223210158
use of a mariner-based transposon mutagenesis system to isolate clostridium perfringens mutants deficient in gliding motility.clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic gram-positive pathogen that causes many human and animal diseases, including food poisoning and gas gangrene. c. perfringens lacks flagella but possesses type iv pili (tfp). we have previously shown that c. perfringens can glide across an agar surface in long filaments composed of individual bacteria attached end to end and that two tfp-associated proteins, pilt and pilc, are needed for this. to discover additional gene products that play a role in gliding ...201323204460
gas gangrene as a result of femoral traction pin placement.treatment of adult femoral shaft fractures typically involves operative stabilization with intramedullary implants, external fixation, or a plate and screw construct. however, when stabilization is delayed for any reason, use of a traction pin is recommended to stabilize the fracture, prevent significant shortening, as well as to help with pain control. in this paper, we present the rare complication of a severe gas gangrene infection caused by clostridium perfringens that led to several amputat ...201123198212
sequence of two plasmids from clostridium perfringens chicken necrotic enteritis isolates and comparison with c. perfringens conjugative plasmids.twenty-six isolates of clostridium perfringens of different mlst types from chickens with necrotic enteritis (ne) (15 netb-positive) or from healthy chickens (6 netb-positive, 5 netb-negative) were found to contain 1-4 large plasmids, with most netb-positive isolates containing 3 large and variably sized plasmids which were more numerous and larger than plasmids in netb-negative isolates. netb and cpb2 were found on different plasmids consistent with previous studies. the pathogenicity locus nel ...201223189158
the 2.5 å structure of the enterococcus conjugation protein tram resembles virb8 type iv secretion proteins.conjugative plasmid transfer is the most important means of spreading antibiotic resistance and virulence genes among bacteria and therefore presents a serious threat to human health. the process requires direct cell-cell contact made possible by a multiprotein complex that spans cellular membranes and serves as a channel for macromolecular secretion. thus far, well studied conjugative type iv secretion systems (t4ss) are of gram-negative (g-) origin. although many medically relevant pathogens ( ...201223188825
fate of pathogen indicators in a domestic blend of food waste and wastewater through a two-stage anaerobic digestion system.anaerobic digestion is a viable on-site treatment technology for rich organic waste streams such as food waste and blackwater. in contrast to large-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants which are typically located away from the community, the effluent from any type of on-site system is a potential pathogenic hazard because of the intimacy of the system to the community. the native concentrations of the pathogen indicators escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens and somatic coliphage were ...201323168637
cytokine response of human mononuclear cells induced by intestinal clostridium species.altered composition of intestinal microbiota has been associated with various immunological disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. although clostridium species are major inhabitants of the intestinal tract, their interaction with the host immunological system is yet poorly characterized. in this study, cytokine responses of human monocytic cell line thp-1 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) to six type strains representing common intestinal clostridial species were determined. t ...201323168133
host response to intravenous injection of epsilon toxin in mouse model: a proteomic view.epsilon toxin (etx) is an extremely potent pore-forming toxin and a category b biological agent. etx is a major virulence determinant of clostridium perfringens toxinotypes b and d, and is implicated in pathogenesis of rapidly fatal economically important pulpy kidney disease in lambs caused by toxinotype d. despite being a toxin, etx can be utilized as a tool to target glutamatergic neurons and for drug delivery into the cns. 2de-ms approach was employed to elucidate the host response to etx fo ...201323165782
the effect of poultry manure application rate and alcl(3) treatment on bacterial fecal indicators in runoff.increasing costs associated with inorganic fertilizer have led to widespread use of broiler litter. proper land application, typically limiting nutrient loss, is essential to protect surface water. this study was designed to evaluate litter-borne microbial runoff (heterotrophic plate count bacteria, staphylococci, escherichia coli, enterococci, and clostridium perfringens) while applying typical nutrient-control methods. field studies were conducted in which plots with high and low litter rates, ...201223165718
inhibition of clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth by lemon juice and vinegar product in reduced nacl roast beef.inhibition of clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth in reduced sodium roast beef by a blend of buffered lemon juice concentrate and vinegar (mostatin lv1) during abusive exponential cooling was evaluated. roast beef containing salt (nacl; 1%, 1.5%, or 2%, w/w), blend of sodium pyro- and poly-phosphates (0.3%), and mostatin lv1 (0%, 2%, or 2.5%) was inoculated with a 3-strain c. perfringens spore cocktail to achieve final spore population of 2.5 to 3.0 log cfu/g. the inoculated ...201223163907
simultaneous detection of clostridium perfringens and clostridium colinum by duplex-polymerase chain reaction.in this study, we provide a protocol for detection of clostridium colinum and clostridium perfringens by the single-tube duplex-pcr (dpcr) test for simultaneous and specific detection of both bacteria from pure cultures and fecal samples spiked with these pathogens. specific primers for each pathogen were selected that amplified products of predicted sizes from bacteria in the dpcr as well as in the single-tube pcr (spcr) assays. the sensitivity and specificity of dpcr assay were compared with t ...201223155016
reduced lesions in chickens with clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis by lactobacillus fermentum 1.20291.previous studies have demonstrated that lactobacillus has anti-inflammatory properties, but the protective functions of lactobacillus and mechanisms of inhibition of necrotic enteritis (ne) in the intestines of chickens have not been fully clarified. in the present study, we selected a probiotic strain, lactobacillus fermentum 1.2029, which has good adhesive ability and a high survival rate in low ph and bile salts. the objective of this study was to examine the anti-inflammatory properties of l ...201223155014
using a theoretical predictive tool for the analysis of recent health department inspections at outbreak restaurants and relation of this information to foodborne illness likelihood.because u.s. restaurants are inspected at least annually against criteria in the u.s. food and drug administration model food code, large amounts of data are generated and should be systematically reviewed. the purpose of this study was to determine the relationships among the data obtained through health department inspections, the contributing factors to foodborne illness identified by the centers for disease control and prevention, and the risks of outbreaks of norovirus, salmonella, and clos ...201223127711
health department inspection criteria more likely to be associated with outbreak restaurants in minnesota.millions of routine restaurant inspections are performed each year in the united states, and the centers for disease control and prevention has reported that a majority of foodborne illness outbreaks occur in restaurant settings. in an attempt to relate the data collected during inspections in minnesota to illness likelihood, data from routine inspections conducted at outbreak restaurants were compared with data from routine inspections conducted at nonoutbreak restaurants. the goal was to ident ...201223127710
structure requirements for anaerobe processing of azo compounds: implications for prodrug design.this letter generalizes the metabolism of the azo class of compounds by clostridium perfringens, an anaerobe found in the human colon. a recently reported 5-aminosalicylic acid-based prednisolone prodrug was shown to release the drug when incubated with the bacteria, while the para-aminobenzoic acid (paba) based analogue did not. instead, it showed a new hplc peak with a relatively close retention time to the parent which was identified by lcms as the partially reduced hydrazine product. this le ...201223122822
macedovicin, the second food-grade lantibiotic produced by streptococcus macedonicus aca-dc 198.streptococcus macedonicus aca-dc 198 was found to produce a second lantibiotic named macedovicin in addition to macedocin. macedovicin was purified to homogeneity and mass spectrometric analysis identified a peptide of approximately 3.4 kda. partial n-terminal sequence analysis and tandem mass spectrometry revealed that macedovicin was identical to bovicin hj50 and thermophilin 1277 produced by streptococcus bovis and streptococcus thermophilus, respectively. macedovicin inhibits a broad spectru ...201323122510
clostridium perfringens type a fatal acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in a dog.the morning after participating in a dog show, a 2-year-old pomeranian dog was found dead in a pool of bloody feces. necropsy revealed hemorrhagic gastroenteritis of the entire gastrointestinal tract, with many gram-positive bacilli on the surface and in the lumen and crypts of the intestine. enterotoxin-positive type a clostridium perfringens were isolated in large numbers. this dramatic case of fatal c. perfringens gastroenteritis highlights the need to better understand the role of this bacte ...201223115371
clostridium perfringens bacteremia caused by choledocholithiasis in the absence of gallbladder stones.a 67-years-old male presented with periumbilical abdominal pain, fever and jaundice. his anaerobic blood culture was positive for clostridium perfringens. computed tomogram scan of the abdomen and abdominal ultrasound showed normal gallbladder and common bile duct (cbd). subsequently magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticogram showed choledocholithiasis. endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticogramwith sphincterotomy and cbd stone extraction was performed. the patient progressively improved wi ...201223112558
the successful experimental induction of necrotic enteritis in chickens by clostridium perfringens: a critical review.necrotic enteritis (ne) is one of the most important enteric diseases in poultry and is a high cost to the industry worldwide. it is caused by avian-specific, necrotic enteritis beta toxin (netb)-producing, strains of clostridium perfringens that also possess in common other virulence-associated genes. in europe the disease incidence has increased since the ban on in-feed "growth promoting" antibiotics. because of this, many recent studies of ne have focused on finding different ways to control ...201223101966
detection of clostridium perfringens type c in pig herds following disease outbreak and subsequent vaccination.immunisation of sows using clostridium perfringens type c toxoid vaccines is recommended to prevent necrotising enteritis (ne) on pig breeding farms. absence of disease, however, oftentimes leads to the false assumption of pathogens being eradicated. the prevalence of c perfringens type c was determined by pcr in faecal samples of piglets and sows in three swiss pig breeding farms two to four years after implementation of a vaccination programme following disease outbreaks. c perfringens type c ...201223100304
diversity of salmonella spp. serovars isolated from the intestines of water buffalo calves with gastroenteritis.salmonellosis in water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) calves is a widespread disease characterized by severe gastrointestinal lesions, profuse diarrhea and severe dehydration, occasionally exhibiting a systemic course. several salmonella serovars seem to be able to infect water buffalo, but salmonella isolates collected from this animal species have been poorly characterized. in the present study, the prevalence of salmonella spp. in water buffalo calves affected by lethal gastroenteritis was assesse ...201223098237
comparative genomic hybridization analysis shows different epidemiology of chromosomal and plasmid-borne cpe-carrying clostridium perfringens type a.clostridium perfringens, one of the most common causes of food poisonings, can carry the enterotoxin gene, cpe, in its chromosome or on a plasmid. c. perfringens food poisonings are more frequently caused by the chromosomal cpe-carrying strains, while the plasmid-borne cpe-positive genotypes are more commonly found in the human feces and environmental samples. different tolerance to food processing conditions by the plasmid-borne and chromosomal cpe-carrying strains has been reported, but the re ...201223094024
multiplex detection of protein toxins using maldi-tof-tof tandem mass spectrometry: application in unambiguous toxin detection from bioaerosol.protein toxins, such as botulinum neurotoxins (bonts), clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (etx), staphylococcal enterotoxin b (seb), shiga toxin (stx), and plant toxin ricin, are involved in a number of diseases and are considered as potential agents for bioterrorism and warfare. from a bioterrorism and warfare perspective, these agents are likely to cause maximum damage to a civilian or military population through an inhalational route of exposure and aerosol is considered the envisaged mode ...201223083074
clostridium perfringens and sulphite reducing clostridia densities in selected tropical malaysian rivers.clostridium perfringens (cp) and sulphite reducing clostridia (src) densities in the selangor river, bernam river and tengi river canal were examined between april 2007 and january 2008. water samples were taken from two or three locations along each river, using either depth-integration or grab sampling methods. the downstream sampling site of the selangor river, rantau panjang, reported the highest arithmetic mean of cp and src densities (583.45 and 8,120.08 cfu/100 ml, respectively). both cp ...201223082563
suspected neurotoxicity due to clostridium perfringens type b in a tiger (panthera tigris).a 4-yr-old tiger (panthera tigris) was referred with acute onset of severe abnormal consciousness. neurological evaluation showed normal palpebral and corneal reflexes, normal pupil diameter with normal direct and consensual papillary light reflex, and absent menace response bilaterally. diffuse forebrain lesion or focal lesion affecting the ascending reticular activating system was suspected. complete blood examination and cerebrospinal fluid analysis were normal. magnetic resonance imaging of ...201223082539
the effect of selected synbiotics on microbial composition and short-chain fatty acid production in a model system of the human colon.prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics can be used to modulate both the composition and activity of the gut microbiota and thereby potentially affecting host health beneficially. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight synbiotic combinations on the composition and activity of human fecal microbiota using a four-stage semicontinuous model system of the human colon.201223082149
[septic shock and septic arthritis due to clostridium perfringens]. 201223079562
postprocessing microflora of commercial attieke (a fermented cassava product) produced in the south of côte d'ivoire.the distribution and presence of hygiene indicator and pathogenic micro-organisms in 375 samples of attieke marketed in côte d'ivoire, and their roles in the food poisoning were evaluated. microbiological analyses were carried out, which included the total viable bacteria, coliforms, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, bacillus spores, fungi and clostridium perfringens. the results revealed that the viable bacteria counts ranged from 2·2 ± 1·2 × 10(5) to 3·4 ± 1·4 × 10(6) cfu g( ...201323078634
protein-ligand interaction study of cpoga in complex with glcnacstatin.the glcnacstatin is a potent inhibitor of o-glycoprotein 2-acetamino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosidase, which has been related with type ii diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders. herein, hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics simulations, and potential of mean force were employed to study the interactions established between glcnacstatin and a bacterial o-glcnacase enzyme from clostridium perfringens. the results reveal that the imidazole nitrogen atom of glcnacstatin ha ...201323066949
necrotizing duodenitis caused by clostridium perfringens type a in a japanese young man.a 21-year-old japanese man with a history of marked body weight loss over a short period of time died of necrotizing duodenitis caused by clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) type a. c. perfringens type a is considered to usually cause self-limiting gastroenteritis. necrotizing enteritis sometimes occurs due to c. perfringens in developing countries; however, it is primarily caused by the type c strain and its site of onset is typically the jejunum or ileum. this is a rare case of necrotizin ...201223064579
recovery of diverse microbes in high turbidity surface water samples using dead-end ultrafiltration.dead-end ultrafiltration (deuf) has been reported to be a simple, field-deployable technique for recovering bacteria, viruses, and parasites from large-volume water samples for water quality testing and waterborne disease investigations. while deuf has been reported for application to water samples having relatively low turbidity, little information is available regarding recovery efficiencies for this technique when applied to sampling turbid water samples such as those commonly found in lakes ...201223064261
oligomerization of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin is dependent upon caveolins 1 and 2.evidence from multiple studies suggests that clostridium perfringens ε-toxin is a pore-forming toxin, assembling into oligomeric complexes in the plasma membrane of sensitive cells. in a previous study, we used gene-trap mutagenesis to identify mammalian factors contributing to toxin activity, including caveolin-2 (cav2). in this study, we demonstrate the importance of caveolin-2 and its interaction partner, caveolin-1 (cav1), in ε-toxin-induced cytotoxicity. using cav2-specific shrna in a toxin ...201223056496
inducible clostridium perfringens bacteriophages φs9 and φs63: different genome structures and a fully functional sigk intervening element.two inducible temperate bacteriophages φs9 and φs63 from clostridium perfringens were sequenced and analyzed. isometric heads and long non-contractile tails classify φs9 and φs63 in the siphoviridae family, and their genomes consist of 39,457 bp (φs9) and 33,609 bp (φs63) linear dsdna, respectively. φs63 has 3'-overlapping cohesive genome ends, whereas φs9 is the first clostridium phage featuring an experimentally proven terminally redundant and circularly permuted genome. a total of 50 and 43 c ...201223050219
growth of clostridium perfringens during cooling of refried beans.outbreaks of clostridium perfringens have been associated with dishes containing refried beans from food service establishments. however, growth of c. perfringens in refried beans has not been investigated, and predictive models have not been validated in this food matrix. we investigated the growth of c. perfringens during the cooling of refried beans. refried beans (pinto and black, with and without salt added) were inoculated with 3 log cfu/g c. perfringens spores and incubated isothermally a ...201223043826
cryptosporidium spp. in drinking water. samples from rural sites in switzerland.in most rural areas and small communities in switzerland the drinking water is supplied to the consumers after a minimum or even no treatment at all. however, it is just in these areas where drinking water from sources of agricultural activities can be contaminated by liquid manure and faeces of pasturing animals. the swiss drinking water regulations are limited to the monitoring of e. coli, enterococcus spp. and total plate counts only. hence, resistant pathogens, as for example cryptosporidium ...201223037557
the principal fucosylated oligosaccharides of human milk exhibit prebiotic properties on cultured infant microbiota.breast-fed infant microbiota is typically rich in bifidobacteria. herein, major human milk oligosaccharides (hmos) are assessed for their ability to promote the growth of bifidobacteria and to acidify their environment, key features of prebiotics. during in vitro anaerobic fermentation of infant microbiota, supplementation by hmos significantly decreased the ph even greater than supplementation by fructooligosaccharide (fos), a prebiotic positive control. hmos elevated lactate concentrations, in ...201323028202
genotypic and phenotypic characterization of clostridium perfringens isolates from darmbrand cases in post-world war ii germany.clostridium perfringens type c strains are the only non-type-a isolates that cause human disease. they are responsible for enteritis necroticans, which was termed darmbrand when occurring in post-world war ii germany. darmbrand strains were initially classified as type f because of their exceptional heat resistance but later identified as type c strains. since only limited information exists regarding darmbrand strains, this study genetically and phenotypically characterized seven 1940s era darm ...201223027533
endothelial binding of beta toxin to small intestinal mucosal endothelial cells in early stages of experimentally induced clostridium perfringens type c enteritis in pigs.beta toxin (cpb) is known to be an essential virulence factor in the development of lesions of clostridium perfringens type c enteritis in different animal species. its target cells and exact mechanism of toxicity have not yet been clearly defined. here, we evaluate the suitability of a neonatal piglet jejunal loop model to investigate early lesions of c. perfringens type c enteritis. immunohistochemically, cpb was detected at microvascular endothelial cells in intestinal villi during early and ...201323012387
an outbreak of foodborne diarrheal illness among soldiers in mina during hajj: the role of consumer food handling behaviors.an investigation of the outbreak was initiated as a result of the number of cases of gastroenteritis reporting to a general hospital in mina during the pilgrimage to makkah (hajj). this study was conducted to identify the source of the outbreak, assess its extent, and make recommendations to prevent similar outbreaks in the future.200723012141
interactions of high-affinity cationic blockers with the translocation pores of b. anthracis, c. botulinum, and c. perfringens binary toxins.cationic β-cyclodextrin derivatives were recently introduced as highly effective, potentially universal blockers of three binary bacterial toxins: anthrax toxin of bacillus anthracis, c2 toxin of clostridium botulinum, and iota toxin of clostridium perfringens. the binary toxins are made of two separate components: the enzymatic a component, which acts on certain intracellular targets, and the binding/translocation b component, which forms oligomeric channels in the target cell membrane. here we ...201222995493
a middle-aged lady with a pyogenic liver abscess caused by clostridium perfringens.the pyogenic liver abscess caused by clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) is a rare, but rapidly fatal infection. it is usually associated with malignancy and immunosuppression. we report the case of 50-year-old lady with the secondary liver metastases from rectal cancer presented with fever and epigastric pain. the identification of gram-positive bacilli septicaemia, the presence of gas-forming liver abscess and massive intravascular hemolysis should lead to the suspicion of c. perfringens ...201222993668
novel system for efficient isolation of clostridium double-crossover allelic exchange mutants enabling markerless chromosomal gene deletions and dna integration.isolation of clostridium mutants based on gene replacement via allelic exchange remains a major limitation for this important genus. use of a heterologous counterselection marker can facilitate the identification of the generally rare allelic exchange events. we report on the development of an inducible counterselection marker and describe its utility and broad potential in quickly and efficiently generating markerless dna deletions and integrations at any genomic locus without the need for auxo ...201222983967
identification of a lambda toxin-negative clostridium perfringens strain that processes and activates epsilon prototoxin intracellularly.clostridium perfringens type b and d strains produce epsilon toxin (etx), which is one of the most potent clostridial toxins and is involved in enteritis and enterotoxemias of domestic animals. etx is produced initially as an inactive prototoxin that is typically then secreted and processed by intestinal proteases or possibly, for some strains, lambda toxin. during the current work a unique c. perfringens strain was identified that intracellularly processes epsilon prototoxin to an active form c ...201222982043
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