Publications

tropical dermatology: bacterial tropical diseases.	bacterial infections are common in tropical parts of the world and can include those species also seen regularly in temperate climates. many tropical bacterial infections, however, are rarely diagnosed in temperate parts of the world and include bartonellosis, tropical ulcer, tropical pyomyositis, granuloma inguinale, lymphogranuloma venereum, yaws, pinta, melioidosis, and glanders. some tropical bacterial diseases, eg, plague and anthrax, are associated with high mortality rates and are of pote ...	2006	16546577
inactivation of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in phosphate-buffered saline and in inoculated whole oysters by high-pressure processing.	inactivation studies for vibrio parahaemolyticus tx-2103 (serotype o3:k6) and vibrio vulnificus mo-624 (clinical isolate) were conducted in phosphate-buffered saline (pbs) and in inoculated oysters under high-pressure processing conditions. v. parahaemolyticus was more resistant than v. vulnificus in pbs at all pressures and times. a 6-log reduction of v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus in pbs at 241 mpa required 11 and 5 min, respectively, which included a 3-min pressure come-up time. a 4.5- ...	2006	16541691
intraspecific differentiation of vibrio vulnificus biotypes by amplified fragment length polymorphism and ribotyping.	the intraspecific genomic relatedness of 80 vibrio vulnificus isolates, 44 of biotype 1 and 36 of biotype 2, from different geographic origins and sources was evaluated by ribotyping and aflp (amplified fragment length polymorphism) fingerprinting. ribopatterns of dnas digested with kpni and hybridized with an oligonucleotide complementary to a highly conserved sequence in the 23s rrna gene revealed up to 19 ribotypes in the species, which were different for the two biotypes. sixteen different r ...	1997	16535640
resuscitation of vibrio vulnificus from the viable but nonculturable state.	like many other gram-negative bacteria, the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus is induced into a viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state by incubation at low temperatures. the ability of any bacterium to resuscitate from this dormant state would appear to be essential if the vbnc state is truly a survival strategy. the question as to whether the culturable cells which appear following removal of the inducing stress are a result of true resuscitation or of regrowth of a few residual culturable cells ...	1997	16535534
viability of vibrio vulnificus in association with hemocytes of the american oyster (crassostrea virginica).	certain indigenous estuarine bacteria, such as vibrio vulnificus, may cause opportunistic human infections after consumption of raw oysters or exposure of tissues to seawater. v. vulnificus is known to be closely associated with oyster (crassostrea virginica) tissues and is not removed by controlled purification methods, such as uv light-assisted depuration. in fact, when live shellfish are subjected to controlled purification, the number of v. vulnificus cells can markedly increase. a review of ...	1995	16534922
isolation and characterization of a cold-induced nonculturable suppression mutant of vibrio vulnificus.	the viable but nonculturable (vbnc) suppression mutant formed platable cells at low temperature stress after inoculation in artificial seawater (asw). suppression subtractive hybridization was used to identify differentially expressed genes among cdnas of the vbnc suppression mutant and the wild-type vibrio vulnificus strain. glutathione s-transferase was identified as a responsive gene of the vbnc suppression mutant in our assay, and was highly expressed from the vbnc suppression mutant at low ...	2007	16520028
in situ gene expression by vibrio vulnificus.	strains of vibrio vulnificus incubated in situ in natural estuarine waters during warm months continued to express katg (periplasmic catalase), rpos (stress sigma factor), tufa (elongation factor), wza, and wzb (capsule synthesis). vvha (hemolysin) was differentially expressed between environmental and clinical isolates. these results paralleled our in vitro findings.	2006	16517681
cyclo(phe-pro) modulates the expression of ompu in vibrio spp.	vibrio vulnificus was found to produce a chemical that induced the expression of vibrio fischeri lux genes. electron spray ionization-mass spectrometry and 1h nuclear magnetic resonance analyses indicated that the compound was cyclo(l-phe-l-pro) (cfp). the compound was produced at a maximal level when cell cultures reached the onset of stationary phase. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel analysis of the total proteins of v. vulnificus indicated that expression of ompu was enhanced by exog ...	2006	16513751
specificity of a vibrio vulnificus aminopeptidase toward kinins and other peptidyl substrates.	recently, phosphoglucose isomerase with a lysyl aminopeptidase (pgi-lysap) activity was identified in vibrio vulnificus. in this paper, we demonstrate the proteolytic cleavage of human-derived peptides by pgi-lysap of v. vulnificus using three approaches: (i) a quantitative fluorescent ninhydrin assay for free lysine, (ii) matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-two-stage time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof-tof), and (iii) tricine gel electrophoresis. pgi-lysap hydrolyzed bradykinin, ...	2006	16513735
aminoacyl-transferases and the n-end rule pathway of prokaryotic/eukaryotic specificity in a human pathogen.	the n-end rule relates the in vivo half-life of a protein to the identity of its n-terminal residue. primary destabilizing n-terminal residues (nd(p)) are recognized directly by the targeting machinery. the recognition of secondary destabilizing n-terminal residues (nd(s)) is preceded by conjugation of an nd(p) residue to nd(s) of a polypeptide substrate. in eukaryotes, ate1-encoded arginyl-transferases (r(d,e,c*)-transferases) conjugate arg (r), an nd(p) residue, to nd(s) residues asp (d), glu ...	2006	16492767
quorum sensing in vibrios: complexity for diversification.	n-acylhomoserine lactone-dependent quorum sensing was first discovered in two luminescent marine bacteria, vibrio fischeri and vibrio harveyi. the luxi/r system of v. fischeri is the paradigm of gram-negative quorum-sensing systems; however, it is not found in all vibrios. a more complex quorum-sensing regulation is found in v. harveyi. three parallel systems transmit signals via phosphorelays that converge onto one regulatory protein luxo. components of the three systems are found only in vibri ...	2006	16487746
genetic variation in the vibrio vulnificus group 1 capsular polysaccharide operon.	vibrio vulnificus produces human disease associated with raw-oyster consumption or wound infections, but fatalities are limited to persons with chronic underlying illness. capsular polysaccharide (cps) is required for virulence, and cps expression correlates with opaque (op) colonies that show "phase variation" to avirulent translucent (tr) phenotypes with reduced cps. the results discussed here confirmed homology of a v. vulnificus cps locus to the group 1 cps operon in escherichia coli. howeve ...	2006	16484211
in situ and in vitro gene expression by vibrio vulnificus during entry into, persistence within, and resuscitation from the viable but nonculturable state.	isolation of vibrio vulnificus during winter months is difficult due to the entrance of these cells into the viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state. while several studies have investigated in vitro gene expression upon entrance into and persistence within the vbnc state, to our knowledge, no in situ studies have been reported. we incubated clinical and environmental isolates of v. vulnificus in estuarine waters during winter months to monitor the expression of several genes during the vbnc state ...	2006	16461698
[quantitative detection of vibrio vulnificus in seafood].	to quantify the number of vibrio vulnificus in shellfish, we compared the most probable number (mpn) combined with a culture (mpn-culture) or polymerase-chain reaction (pcr) assay (mpn-pcr) to a quantitative pcr assay. enrichment in alkaline peptone water by mpn was conducted at 25 and 35 degrees c. enrichment at 35 degrees c was superior or similar to enrichment at 25 degrees c in over 65% of samples by mpnculture and in more than 75% of samples by mpn-pcr assay. v. vulnificus was more easily i ...	2005	16444974
genomic island identification in vibrio vulnificus reveals significant genome plasticity in this human pathogen.	genomic islands (gis) are large chromosomal regions present in a subset of bacterial strains that increase the fitness of the organism under specific conditions. we compared the complete genome sequences of two vibrio vulnificus strains yj016 and cmcp6 and identified 14 regions (ranging in size from 14 to 117 kb), which had the characteristics of gis. bioinformatic analysis of these 14 gi regions identified the presence of phage-like integrase genes, aberrant gc content and genome signature (din ...	2006	16443635
more on the emergency response to the gulf coast devastation by hurricanes katrina and rita: experiences and impressions.		2006	16439289
vibrio vulnificus infection of the hand.		2006	16437355
proteomic analysis of pathogenic bacterium vibrio vulnificus.	in this study we have constructed a proteome reference map of the pathogenic bacterium vibrio vulnificus. from the reference map, we identified several virulence-related proteins, such as toxr and toxs, as well as numerous proteins involved in diverse cellular functions. to search for additional virulence-related proteins, we compared the whole proteomes from the wild-type and toxr mutant of v. vulnificus and found that several proteins were up- or down-regulated in the toxr mutant. we suggest t ...	2006	16421934
crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of pas factor from vibrio vulnificus.	plasmid achromobacter secretion (pas) factor is a putative secretion factor that induces the secretion of periplasmic proteins. pas factor from vibrio vulnificus was crystallized at 294 k by the hanging drop vapor-diffusion method. it was isolated as a monomer during the purification procedures. the native crystal belongs to the f222 space group with unit cell parameters a=56.1, b=74.4, c=80.0 a, a=b=g=90 degrees. the crystal was soaked in cryoprotectant containing 1 m nabr for 1 h for mad phasi ...	2005	16404150
human serum albumin enhances the hemolytic activity of vibrio vulnificus.	vibrio vulnificus hemolysin (vvha) is inactivated in the late growth phase by its oligomerization. albumin is known to affect the activities of many bacterial toxins. in this study, we investigated the effects of human or bovine serum albumin (hsa or bsa) on the production and activity of vvha. hsa did not affect v. vulnificus growth and vvha transcription. however, vvha hemolytic activity in culture supernatants was significantly higher in the presence of hsa than in the absence of hsa. by west ...	2006	16394536
isolation of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus from wild aquatic birds in japan.	vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus were isolated from faecal samples of wild aquatic birds in winter. although v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus were present in low numbers in seawater in the area where the faecal samples of the birds were collected, the pathogens were isolated from the faeces of the birds. this study demonstrates that wild aquatic birds are a vehicle for v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus to survive in winter.	2006	16371182
identification of the vibrio vulnificus wbpp gene and evaluation of its role in virulence.	a wbpp gene encoding a putative udp-n-acetyl-d-glucosamine c(4) epimerase was identified and cloned from vibrio vulnificus. the functions of the wbpp gene, assessed by the construction of an isogenic mutant and by evaluating its phenotype changes, demonstrated that wbpp is essential in both the pathogenesis and the capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis of v. vulnificus.	2006	16369029
a bacterial flagellin, vibrio vulnificus flab, has a strong mucosal adjuvant activity to induce protective immunity.	flagellin, the structural component of flagellar filament in various locomotive bacteria, is the ligand for toll-like receptor 5 (tlr5) of host cells. tlr stimulation by various pathogen-associated molecular patterns leads to activation of innate and subsequent adaptive immune responses. therefore, tlr ligands are considered attractive adjuvant candidates in vaccine development. in this study, we show the highly potent mucosal adjuvant activity of a vibrio vulnificus major flagellin (flab). usin ...	2006	16369026
virulence and stress susceptibility of clinical and environmental strains of vibrio vulnificus isolated from samples from taiwan and the united states.	vibrio vulnificus is an estuarine bacterium that causes severe wound infection and septicemia with high mortality. it also can be transmitted through the consumption of raw contaminated seafood and is an important foodborne pathogen. a total of 40 environmental and clinical v. vulnificus strains isolated from the united states and taiwan were analyzed for virulence in animals, the presence of virulence-associated factors, and susceptibility to environmental stresses. virulence in mice was exhibi ...	2005	16355823
induction of carbon starvation-induced proteins in vibrio vulnificus.	by using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of pulse-labelled proteins, carbon starvation-induced (sti) proteins produced by vibrio vulnificus were identified. at least 34 proteins were induced over a 26-h period of carbon starvation. although the total rate of protein synthesis over the 26-h starvation period suggests that there is a dramatic decrease in total protein synthesis within the first hour of starvation, at least 23 of the sti proteins were induced within the first 20 ...	1994	16349411
effects of physicochemical factors and bacterial colony morphotype on association of vibrio vulnificus with hemocytes of crassostrea virginica.	vibrio vulnificus is a naturally occurring marine bacterium that causes invasive disease of immunocompromised humans following the consumption of raw oysters. it is a component of the natural microbiota of gulf coast estuaries and has been found to inhabit tissues of oysters, crassostrea virginica (gmelin 1791). the interaction of v. vulnificus with oyster host defenses has not been reported in detail. we examined the interaction of v. vulnificus with phagocytic oyster hemocytes as a function of ...	1993	16348903
new selective and differential medium for vibrio cholerae and vibrio vulnificus.	[this corrects the article on p. 2263 in vol. 53.].	1988	16347534
rpos involvement and requirement for exogenous nutrient for osmotically induced cross protection in vibrio vulnificus.	vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic human pathogen which is the causative agent of food-borne disease and wound infections. v. vulnificus is able to adapt to a variety of potentially stressful environmental changes, such as osmotic, nutrient, and temperature variations in estuarine environments, as well as oxidative, osmotic, and acidity differences following infection of a human host. after exposure to sub-lethal levels of a particular environmental stress, many bacteria become resistant to u ...	2005	16329963
crystal structure and functional studies reveal that pas factor from vibrio vulnificus is a novel member of the saposin-fold family.	pas factor is a novel putative bacterial secretion factor thought to induce secretion of periplasmic proteins. we solved the crystal structure of pas factor from vibrio vulnificus at 1.8a resolution and found it to be comprised of five alpha helices that form an antiparallel bundle with an up-and-down topology, and to adopt the saposin-fold characteristic of a family of proteins that bind to membranes and lipids. pas factor lacks the disulfide bridge characteristic of mammalian saposin-fold prot ...	2006	16318855
an acquisition account of genomic islands based on genome signature comparisons.	recent analyses of prokaryotic genome sequences have demonstrated the important force horizontal gene transfer constitutes in genome evolution. horizontally acquired sequences are detectable by, among others, their dinucleotide composition (genome signature) dissimilarity with the host genome. genomic islands (gis) comprise important and interesting horizontally transferred sequences, but information about acquisition events or relatedness between gis is scarce. in vibrio vulnificus cmcp6, 10 an ...	2005	16297239
necrotizing fasciitis caused by vibrio vulnificus: a review of four cases in a singapore tertiary hospital.		2005	16294098
[vibrio vulnificus sepsis].	a 59-year-old female patient with a history of malignant lymphoma presented with symptoms of septicaemia. the skin of the extremities showed bullous, necrotizing plaques. blood culture revealed vibrio vulnificus as the causative organism. the infection was most likely acquired while swimming in the unusually warm baltic sea through inadvertent swallowing of sea water. the disease is rare in europe. it is discussed in view of its typical clinical and histological picture.	2003	16285648
[liver diseases, vibrios and earth warming].		2003	16285643
wound infections in tsunami survivors: a commentary.	survivors of the december 2004 indian ocean tsunami sustained a variety of wound infections, ranging from common pathogens to rarely seen organisms. this article discusses the likely microbiology potentially seen in wound infections with exposure to freshwater, seawater, soil, faecal or other contamination, and attempts to provide an organising framework for choosing empiric antibiotics for such infections. therapy for less frequently encountered clinical entities is also discussed, including te ...	2005	16284684
vibrio vulnificus.		2005	16280939
immunization with major outer membrane protein of vibrio vulnificus elicits protective antibodies in a murine model.	sera from rabbits were infected with vibrio vulnificus containing an antibody against major outer membrane protein (momp). momp of v. vulnificus atcc 27562 were isolated and purified by sarkosyl and tritonx-100 dual treatment. molecular size of momp was identified as 36-kda on 13% sds-page. the sequence of the first 26 amino acid residues from the n-terminal end of the protein is aelynqdgtsldmggraearlsmkdg , which is a perfect match with ompu of v. vulnificus cmcp6 and yj016. momp specific igm a ...	2005	16273036
cadc activates ph-dependent expression of the vibrio vulnificus cadba operon at a distance through direct binding to an upstream region.	the vibrio vulnificus cadba genes were transcribed as a transcriptional operon by a single promoter, p(cadba), which was activated by cadc in a ph-dependent manner. a direct interaction between cadc and the p(cadba) dna was demonstrated, and a cadc binding site centered at -233.5 was mapped by deletion analyses of p(cadba) and confirmed by a dnase i protection assay.	2005	16267313
bacteriophage therapy: a revitalized therapy against bacterial infectious diseases.	bacteriophage (phage) therapy involves using phages or their products as bioagents for the treatment or prophylaxis of bacterial infectious diseases. much evidence in support of the effectiveness of phage therapy against bacterial infectious diseases has accumulated since 1980 from animal model studies conducted in western countries. reports indicate that appropriate administration of living phages can be used to treat lethal infectious diseases caused by gram-negative bacteria, such as escheric ...	2005	16258815
vibrio vulnificus peritonitis after handling of seafood in a patient receiving capd.	vibrio vulnificus is a marine bacterium and opportunistic human pathogen. associated infections have contributed to the majority of seafood-related deaths in the united states. in patients with such predisposed clinical conditions as chronic liver disease, immunocompromised state, and end-stage renal disease, this organism has been associated with the development of life-threatening primary septicemia and severe wound infection. however, continuous ambulatory peritonitis dialysis (capd)-related ...	2005	16253715
cloning, nucleotide sequence and expression of the beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase gene from aeromonas sp. no. 10s-24.	the beta-glcnacase gene of aeromonas sp. no. 10s-24 was cloned and sequenced. the gene consisted of 2505 bp encoding 835 amino acid residues. the amino acid sequence of the gene shares sequence homology with beta-glcnacases of vibrio vulnificus (37.4%), serratia marcescens (36.4%), v. harveyi (36.4%), v. parahemolyticus (33.5%), alteromonas sp. strain o-7 (27.0%), and candida albicans (28.6%). the beta-glcnacase gene of aeromonas sp. no. 10s-24 was about 630-fold overexpressed in escherichia col ...	2000	16232720
vibrionaceae as a possible source of qnr-like quinolone resistance determinants.	to gain insight into the functionality of qnr-like genes of several bacterial species of vibrionaceae that may encode quinolone resistance determinants.	2005	16227349
vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus and microorganisms of fecal origin in mussels (mytilus galloprovincialis) sold in the puglia region (italy).	mytilus galloprovincialis is one of the most commonly consumed of all bivalve molluscs. the consumption of raw bivalve molluscs has caused outbreaks of food poisoning due to vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus. this paper reports the results of a survey on the presence of v. parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus fecal coliform bacteria, escherichia coli and salmonella spp. in 600 m. galloprovincialis samples collected from retail outlets in the puglia region. v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulni ...	2006	16226820
images in clinical medicine. hemorrhagic cellulitis after consumption of raw oysters.		2005	16221783
septicaemia secondary to vibrio vulnificus cellulitis.	vibrio vulnificus is a naturally occurring, salt-water bacteria found in estuarine and coastal waters worldwide. it prefers low salinity and warm water temperatures for optimum growth. infection from vibrio vulnificus is uncommon, although it has been reported from many locations (e.g. southern united states of america, israel, republic of korea, japan, taiwan, spain, turkey). it can be serious and life threatening, causing septicaemia and wound infections. this paper reports a case of septicaem ...	2005	16220870
real-time pcr detection of vibrio vulnificus in oysters: comparison of oligonucleotide primers and probes targeting vvha.	we compared three sets of oligonucleotide primers and two probes designed for vibrio vulnificus hemolysin a gene (vvha) for taqman-based real-time pcr method enabling specific detection of vibrio vulnificus in oysters. two of three sets of primers with a probe were specific for the detection of all 81 v. vulnificus isolates by taqman pcr. the 25 nonvibrio and 12 other vibrio isolates tested were negative. however, the third set of primers, f-vvh1059 and r-vvh1159, with the p-vvh1109 probe, altho ...	2005	16204478
vibrio vulnificus secretes a broad-specificity metalloprotease capable of interfering with blood homeostasis through prothrombin activation and fibrinolysis.	vibrio vulnificus is a causative agent of serious food-borne diseases in humans related to the consumption of raw seafood. it secretes a metalloprotease that is associated with skin lesions and serious hemorrhagic complications. in this study, we purified and characterized an extracellular metalloprotease (designated as vep) having prothrombin activation and fibrinolytic activities from v. vulnificus atcc 29307. vep could cleave various blood clotting-associated proteins such as prothrombin, pla ...	2005	16199560
a novel aerobactin utilization cluster in vibrio vulnificus with a gene involved in the transcription regulation of the iuta homologue.	we demonstrated that vibrio vulnificus m2799 utilizes aerobactin for growth as an exogenous siderophore under iron-limiting conditions, concomitant with enhanced production of the 76-kda iron-repressible outer membrane protein. subsequently, by applying the fur titration assay method to the m2799 genomic libraries followed by further cloning of the regions surrounding the candidate genes, we identified the 8.4-kb aerobactin utilization gene cluster which consists of five genes arranged in three ...	2005	16172537
identification of dna sequences specific for vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 strains by suppression subtractive hybridization.	vibrio vulnificus can be divided into three biotypes, and only biotype 2, which is further divided into serovars, contains eel-virulent strains. we compared the genomic dna of a biotype 2 serovar e isolate (tester) with the genomic dnas of three biotype 1 strains by suppression subtractive hybridization and then tested the distribution of the tester-specific dna sequences in a wide collection of bacterial strains. in this way we identified three plasmid-borne dna sequences that were specific for ...	2005	16151155
detection and differentiation of vibrio vulnificus in seawater and plankton of a coastal zone of the mediterranean sea.	vibrio vulnificus, a human and animal pathogen, is present in low numbers in the mediterranean sea. seawater and plankton samples were collected from a marine coastal zone of the straits of messina in the mediterranean sea (italy) in order to investigate v. vulnificus as free-living (>0.2 microm) and associated with small (>64 microm) and large plankton (>200 microm) utilizing cultural and molecular techniques. characteristic colonies, grown on thiosulfate, citrate, bile salts and sucrose agar p ...	2006	16129581
four novel hemolysin genes of vibrio anguillarum and their virulence to rainbow trout.	four nucleotide sequences showing homology to known hemolysin genes were cloned and sequenced from v. anguillarum strain h775-3. the four genes, vah2, vah3, vah4 and vah5, have open reading frames encoding polypeptides of 291, 690, 200 and 585 amino acid residues, respectively, with predicted molecular masses of 33, 75, 22 and 66kda, respectively. vah2 is most closely related to a putative hemolysin of vibrio vulnificus yj016 (89% identity). vah3 is most closely related to a hemolysin-related pr ...	2005	16126365
identification of group a streptococcus antigenic determinants upregulated in vivo.	group a streptococcus (gas) causes a range of diseases in humans, from mild noninvasive infections to severe invasive infections. the molecular basis for the varying severity of disease remains unclear. we identified genes expressed during invasive disease using in vivo-induced antigen technology (iviat), applied for the first time in a gram-positive organism. convalescent-phase sera from patients with invasive disease were pooled, adsorbed against antigens derived from in vitro-grown gas, and u ...	2005	16113323
induction of manganese-containing superoxide dismutase is required for acid tolerance in vibrio vulnificus.	the manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (mnsod) of vibrio vulnificus, normally detected after the onset of the stationary phase, is expressed during the lag that immediately follows the transfer of cells grown exponentially to a fresh medium acidified to ph 5.0, whereas fe-containing sod is constitutively expressed. the signal triggering the growth lag and mnsod induction therein is not low ph but intracellular superoxide accumulated under these conditions, since addition of a superoxide s ...	2005	16109940
a novel, conserved cluster of genes promotes symbiotic colonization and sigma-dependent biofilm formation by vibrio fischeri.	vibrio fischeri is the exclusive symbiont residing in the light organ of the squid euprymna scolopes. to understand the genetic requirements for this association, we searched a library of v. fischeri transposon insertion mutants for those that failed to colonize e. scolopes. we identified four mutants that exhibited severe defects in initiating colonization. sequence analysis revealed that the strains contained insertions in four different members of a cluster of 21 genes oriented in the same di ...	2005	16102015
rapid phenotypic characterization of vibrio isolates by pyrolysis metastable atom bombardment mass spectrometry.	pyrolysis mass spectrometry was investigated for rapid characterization of food-borne bacterial pathogens. nine isolates of vibrio parahaemolyticus and one isolate each of vibrio fluvialis, vibrio hollisae, and vibrio vulnificus were analyzed. pyrolysis mass spectra, generated via an alternative ionization method, metastable atom bombardment, were subject to principal component-discriminant analysis. the spectral patterns were used to distinguish vibrio isolates differing in species, serotype an ...	2005	16096691
in vitro efficacy of the combination of ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime against vibrio vulnificus.	we performed time-kill studies of antimicrobial combinations that included minocycline, cefotaxime, and ciprofloxacin with vibrio vulnificus atcc 27562. cefotaxime-plus-ciprofloxacin combinations acted synergistically against v. vulnificus in vitro, and this combination regimen can be a good choice as the empirical treatment for suspected necrotizing fasciitis due to v. vulnificus.	2005	16048966
quorum sensing signal molecules (acylated homoserine lactones) in gram-negative fish pathogenic bacteria.	the aim of the present study was to investigate the production of quorum sensing signals (specifically acylated homoserine lactones, ahls) among a selection of strains of gram-negative fish bacterial pathogens. these signals are involved in the regulation of virulence factors in some human and plant-pathogenic bacteria. a total of 59 strains, representing 9 different fish pathogenic species, were tested against 2 ahl monitor bacteria (agrobacterium tumefaciens nt1 [pzlr4] and chromobacterium vio ...	2005	16042042
selectivity and specificity of a chromogenic medium for detecting vibrio parahaemolyticust.	the thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (tcbs) used in the most-probable-number method for detecting vibrio parahaemolyticus cannot differentiate growth of v. parahaemolyticus from vibrio vulnificus or vibrio mimicus. this study examined the selectivity and specificity of bio-chrome vibrio medium (bcvm), a chromogenic medium that detects v. parahaemolyticus on the basis of the formation of distinct purple colonies on the medium. a panel consisting of 221 strains of bacteria, including 17 ...	2005	16013386
induction of interleukin-8 production via nuclear factor-kappab activation in human intestinal epithelial cells infected with vibrio vulnificus.	vibrio vulnificus, a gram-negative estuarine bacterium, is a causative agent of food-borne diseases, such as life-threatening septicaemia and wound infection disease. v. vulnificus penetrating into the epithelial barrier stimulates an inflammatory response in the adjacent mucosa. therefore, interaction between v. vulnificus and epithelial cells is important for understanding of both the immunology of mucosal surfaces and v. vulnificus. in this study, we investigated the effect and action mechani ...	2005	16011519
development of a simple and rapid fluorogenic procedure for identification of vibrionaceae family members.	we describe a simple colony overlay procedure for peptidases (copp) for the rapid fluorogenic detection and quantification of vibrionaceae from seawater, shellfish, sewage, and clinical samples. the assay detects phosphoglucose isomerase with a lysyl aminopeptidase activity that is produced by vibrionaceae family members. overnight cultures are overlaid for 10 min with membranes containing a synthetic substrate, and the membranes are examined for fluorescent foci under uv illumination. fluoresce ...	2005	16000757
identification of an arac-like regulator gene required for induction of the 78-kda ferrioxamine b receptor in vibrio vulnificus.	we previously reported that the 78-kda outer membrane receptor for ferrioxamine b is induced in iron-starved vibrio vulnificus cells when desferrioxamine b was supplied exogenously. based on its n-terminal amino acid sequence, a candidate gene for the ferrichrome b receptor was detected in the v. vulnificus cmcp6 genomic database. here, two contiguous genes, named desr and desa, encoding a member of the arac family of transcriptional activators and the ferrioxamine b receptor, respectively, were ...	2005	16000245
[pathogenic factors of vibrios with special emphasis on vibrio vulnificus].	bacteria of the genus vibrio are normal habitants of the aquatic environment and play roles for biocontrole of aquatic ecosystem, but some species are believed to be human pathogens. these species can be classified into two groups according to the types of diseases they cause: the gastrointestinal infections and the extraintestinal infections. the pathogenic species produce various pathogenic factors including enterotoxin, hemolysin, cytotoxin, protease, siderophore, adhesive factor, and hemaggl ...	2005	15997210
inactivation of vibrio vulnificus hemolysin by oligomerization but not proteolysis.	vibrio vulnificus extracellular protease (vvpe) is believed to destroy its hemolysin (vvha) in the late growth phase, without obvious experimental evidence. so, we attempted to elucidate the mechanism. the hemolytic activity steeply increased with the expression of the vvha in the early growth phase, and then abruptly declined with the expression of vvpe in the late growth phase. however, the vvha activity also abruptly declined in a vvpe-deficient mutant. in western blot, the degradation of vvh ...	2005	15997117
viral promoters can initiate expression of toxin genes introduced into escherichia coli.	the expression of recombinant proteins in eukaryotic cells requires the fusion of the coding region to a promoter functional in the eukaryotic cell line. viral promoters are very often used for this purpose. the preceding cloning procedures are usually performed in escherichia coli and it is therefore of interest if the foreign promoter results in an expression of the gene in bacteria. in the case molecules toxic for humans are to be expressed, this knowledge is indispensable for the specificati ...	2005	15967027
the cytotoxin-hemolysin genes of human and eel pathogenic vibrio vulnificus strains: comparison of nucleotide sequences and application to the genetic grouping.	vibrio vulnificus can be divided into two groups on the basis of pathogenesis. group 1 is pathogenic only to humans, whereas group 2 is pathogenic to eels and occasionally to humans. although both groups produce a 50-kda cytotoxin-hemolysin (v. vulnificus hemolysin; vvh), the toxins are different. in the present study, the nucleotide sequence of the toxin gene (vvha ) of strain cdc b3547 (a group 2 strain) was determined, and the deduced amino acid sequence was compared to that of strain l-180 ( ...	2005	15965298
wound infections caused by vibrio vulnificus and other marine bacteria.	infections caused by vibrio vulnificus were first reported in 1979 by blake et al. of the us centers for disease control. at that time described as a 'rare, unnamed halophilic lactose-fermenting vibrio species', v. vulnificus has emerged as the most virulent foodborne pathogen in the united states with a hospitalization rate of 0.910 and a case-fatality rate of 0.390. it is in addition a significant cause of potentially life-threatening wound infections. infections following ingestion of raw or ...	2005	15962544
ice immersion as a postharvest treatment of oysters for the reduction of vibrio vulnificus.	vibrio vulnificus produces serious illnesses that are commonly associated with shellfish consumption, particularly raw oysters. ingestion can result in fatal septicemia in susceptible individuals with hepatitis, cirrhosis, immune dysfunction, diabetes, or hemochromatosis (metabolic iron overload). therefore, postharvest treatments to reduce vibrio levels in oysters have been recommended. in this study, rapid chilling by immersion of unwashed whole oysters in ice for 3 h was assessed as a posthar ...	2005	15954706
vibrio vulnificus load reduction in oysters after combined exposure to vibrio vulnificus--specific bacteriophage and to an oyster extract component.	oysters infected with vibrio vulnificus can present a serious health risk to diabetic, immunocompromised, and iron-deficient individuals. numerous studies have been conducted with the goal of eliminating this organism from raw oysters. we utilized two natural oyster-associated components: pooled vibrio vulnificus-specific bacteriophage and an extract of the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) that contains an antimicrobial component we named anti-vibrio vulnificus factor, which is bactericida ...	2005	15954705
study of the occurrence of vibrio vulnificus in oysters in india by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and heterogeneity among v. vulnificus by randomly amplified polymorphic dna pcr and gyrb sequence analysis.	the pathogenic bacterium vibrio vulnificus is widely distributed in estuarine waters throughout the world. in this study, the presence of v. vulnificus in oysters was studied both by conventional culture and dna-based molecular technique. following enrichment in alkaline peptone water (apw), the bacteria were lysed and a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for vvha gene was performed. the effect of duration of enrichment on the sensitivity of detection by pcr was evaluated. the organism was i ...	2005	15946295
vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease vvpe has no direct effect on the iron-assimilation from human holotransferrin.	in order to elucidate the role of vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease vvpe in the uptake of iron from human transferrin, we constructed a vvpe-deficient mutant and a merozygotic vvpe-transcriptional reporter from the wild type strain mo6-24/o. all three strains were able to grow only in deferrated heart infusion broth (df-hi) with human holotransferrin (ht), but not in df-hi containing partially iron-saturated transferrin or apotransferrin, without noticeable differences among the strains. all str ...	2005	15936899
recognizing the pseudogenes in bacterial genomes.	pseudogenes are now known to be a regular feature of bacterial genomes and are found in particularly high numbers within the genomes of recently emerged bacterial pathogens. as most pseudogenes are recognized by sequence alignments, we use newly available genomic sequences to identify the pseudogenes in 11 genomes from 4 bacterial genera, each of which contains at least 1 human pathogen. the numbers of pseudogenes range from 27 in staphylococcus aureus mw2 to 337 in yersinia pestis co92 (e.g. 1- ...	2005	15933207
discrimination of viable vibrio vulnificus cells from dead cells in real-time pcr.	ethidium bromide monoazide (ema) was utilized to selectively allow the real-time pcr (rt-pcr) amplification of a targeted dna sequence in viable but not dead cells of vibrio vulnificus. the optimized light exposure time to achieve cross-linking of dna by the ema in dead cells and to photolyse the free ema in solution was at least 15 min. the use of 3.0 microg/ml or less of ema did not inhibit the pcr amplification of dna derived from viable cells of v. vulnificus. the minimum amount of ema to co ...	2006	15932774
vibrio vulnificus endophthalmitis occurring after ingestion of raw seafood.	ocular vibrio vulnificus infections are quite rare, and all previously reported cases have been associated with exposure to seafood and seawater. here, we report a case of endogenous endophthalmitis caused by v. vulnificus, occurring after the ingestion of raw seafood. this case was not associated with any cutaneous or other severe systemic manifestations.	2005	15904969
antibacterial potential from indian suregada angustifolia.	phytochemical analysis of the leaves from indian suregada angustifolia (baill. ex muell. arg.) airy shaw (euphorbiaceae) resulted in the isolation and identification of six known compounds, viz. friedelin, epi-friedelinol, n-octacosanol, alpha-amyrin, beta-sitosterol and beta-sitosterol-3-beta-d-glucopyranoside. aqueous (room temperature, boiled and autoclaved) and various solvent (methanol, chloroform and hexane) extracts of leaves were tested against 12 human pathogenic bacteria by the agar we ...	2005	15878247
chronic liver disease and consumption of raw oysters: a potentially lethal combination--a review of vibrio vulnificus septicemia.	vibrio vulnificus septicemia is the most common cause of fatality related to seafood consumption in the united states. it occurs predominantly in patients with chronic liver disease following consumption of raw oysters. v. vulnificus is a highly virulent human pathogen, normally found in warm estuarine and marine environment. it lodges in filter feeders like oysters. the onset of this illness is abrupt, rapidly progressing to septic shock with a high mortality. clinicians managing patients with ...	2005	15842598
vibrio vulnificus septicemia presenting as purpura fulminans.	we present a case of vibrio vulnificus septicemia presenting as purpura fulminans, which can often result in a catastrophic course. this case had a fortunate outcome due to immediate and intensive empirical antibiotic treatment and the relatively healthy condition of the patient. we focused on the prognostic factors for the relatively good outcome in this patient.	2005	15841662
a rapid and simple pcr analysis indicates there are two subgroups of vibrio vulnificus which correlate with clinical or environmental isolation.	vibrio vulnificus is an estuarine bacterium which is the causative agent of both food-borne disease and wound infection. although v. vulnificus is commonly found in molluscan shellfish at high numbers, the incidence of disease is relatively low, leading to the hypothesis that not all strains of v. vulnificus are equally virulent. unfortunately, there is currently no easy test to identify virulent strains of this species. we have previously identified a 200 bp randomly amplified polymorphic dna ( ...	2005	15840964
low density lipoprotein inactivates vibrio vulnificus cytolysin through the oligomerization of toxin monomer.	blood lipoprotein has been shown to be an important defense factor against the bacterial infection. lipoprotein is scavenger of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, lps). however, there is little evidence showing its protective action against the bacterial exotoxin. we have previously demonstrated that cholesterol inactivates vibrio vulnificus cytolysin (vvc) through oligomerization of the toxin monomer. the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between vvc and low-den ...	2004	15834753
[necrotizing fasciitis and bacteriemia].		2005	15826552
high-frequency phase variation of vibrio vulnificus 1003: isolation and characterization of a rugose phenotypic variant.	the marine bacterium vibrio vulnificus is a human pathogen that can spontaneously switch between virulent opaque and avirulent translucent phenotypes. here, we document an additional form, the rugose variant, which produces copious biofilms and which may contribute both to pathogenicity of v. vulnificus and to its survival under adverse environmental conditions.	2005	15774896
vibrio vulnificus--a rare but fulminant pathogen causing airway obstruction.		2005	15765355
molecular pathogenesis of vibrio vulnificus.	vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic pathogen of humans that has the capability of causing rare, yet devastating disease. the bacteria are naturally present in estuarine environments and frequently contaminate seafoods. within days of consuming uncooked, contaminated seafood, predisposed individuals can succumb to sepsis. additionally, in otherwise healthy people, v. vulnificus causes wound infection that can require amputation or lead to sepsis. these diseases share the characteristics that th ...	2005	15765065
a survey for phosphoglucose isomerase with lysyl aminopeptidase activity in vibrionaceae and non-vibrio pathogens.	phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi) with a novel lysyl aminopeptidase (lysap) activity was recently purified and characterized from vibrio vulnificus. we showed that it cleaves the amino-terminal lysyl residue from des-arg(10)-kallidin to produce des-arg(9)-bradykinin, suggesting that it plays a role in virulence. a survey was conducted to determine the presence of this potential virulence-enhancing enzyme among twenty-three halotolerant human and fish pathogens from eleven species within the vibrion ...	2005	15752701
a vibrio vulnificus type iv pilin contributes to biofilm formation, adherence to epithelial cells, and virulence.	vibrio vulnificus expresses a multitude of cell-associated and secreted factors that potentially contribute to pathogenicity, although the specific roles of most of these factors have been difficult to define. previously we have shown that a mutation in pild (originally designated vvpd), which encodes a type iv prepilin peptidase/n-methyltransferase, abolishes expression of surface pili, suggesting that they belong to the type iv class. in addition, a pild mutant exhibits reduced adherence to he ...	2005	15731039
bactericidal effects of toluidine blue-mediated photodynamic action on vibrio vulnificus.	vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative, highly invasive bacterium responsible for human opportunistic infections. we studied the antibacterial effects of toluidine blue o (tbo)-mediated photodynamic therapy (pdt) for v. vulnificus wound infections in mice. fifty-three percent (10 of 19) of mice treated with 100 microg of tbo per ml and exposed to broad-spectrum red light (150 j/cm(2) at 80 mw/cm(2)) survived, even though systemic septicemia had been established with a bacterial inoculum 100 times ...	2005	15728881
comparison of kinetic models to describe high pressure and gamma irradiation used to inactivate vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus prepared in buffer solution and in whole oysters.	comparisons of different models in inactivation kinetics were conducted on data obtained from high-pressure and gamma-irradiation processing. vibrio vulnificus (mo-624) and vibrio parahaemolyticus (o3:k6 tx-2103) suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (ph 7.4, 10(7) cfu/ml) were exposed to pressures from 207 to 379 mpa for 1 to 20 min. inoculated whole oysters (106 cfu/g) were exposed to pressure from 276 to 379 mpa for 1 to 15 min. pure cultures and inoculated oysters (10(6) cfu/g) also were ir ...	2005	15726971
was this the demise of the food critic?		2005	15726750
[a patient with vibrio vulnificus meningoencephalitis].	a 76-year-old man with liver cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus was admitted to our hospital because of bacterial meningoencephalitis. he had eaten raw fish 2 days before onset. he also developed septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, adult respiratory distress syndrome and panophthalmitis of the right eye. vibrio vulnificus was isolated from the blood culture. extensive therapy including antibiotics and nafamostat methylate, resulted in full recovery except for right blindness. the ...	2005	15714995
hybrid vibrio vulnificus.	the recent emergence of the human-pathogenic vibrio vulnificus in israel was investigated by using multilocus genotype data and modern molecular evolutionary analysis tools. we show that this pathogen is a hybrid organism that evolved by the hybridization of the genomes from 2 distinct and independent populations. these findings provide clear evidence of how hybridization between 2 existing and nonpathogenic forms has apparently led to the emergence of an epidemic infectious disease caused by th ...	2005	15705319
complete genome sequence of vibrio fischeri: a symbiotic bacterium with pathogenic congeners.	vibrio fischeri belongs to the vibrionaceae, a large family of marine gamma-proteobacteria that includes several dozen species known to engage in a diversity of beneficial or pathogenic interactions with animal tissue. among the small number of pathogenic vibrio species that cause human diseases are vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus, the only members of the vibrionaceae that have had their genome sequences reported. nonpathogenic members of the genus vibrio, includi ...	2005	15703294
tubo-ovarian abscess caused by vibrio vulnificus.	vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterium that causes an aggressive infection with high mortality, especially in patients with liver disease. wound infections due to v. vulnificus occur via direct contamination of cutaneous tissues and can include the uterus. we report a case of v. vulnificus tubo-ovarian infection from an unusual method of acquisition in the gulf of mexico.	2005	15698719
essential role of an adenylate cyclase in regulating vibrio vulnificus virulence.	vibrio vulnificus, a halophilic estuarine bacterium, causes a fatal septicemia and necrotizing wound infection. to investigate the role of camp in v. vulnificus virulence regulation, an in-frame deletion mutant of the cya gene encoding adenylate cyclase was constructed. the cya null mutation resulted in a pleiotropic change of virulence phenotypes. the production of hemolysin and protease, the motility, and the cytotoxicity were decreased by the cya mutation. the defects in the cya mutant were f ...	2005	15686854
influence of temperature, salinity and ph on the growth of environmental aeromonas and vibrio species isolated from mai po and the inner deep bay nature reserve ramsar site of hong kong.	four environmental bacterial isolates including aeromonas hydrophila mp-3, a. salmonicida mp-4, vibrio vulnificus mp-2 and v. cholerae mp-1 isolated from sediment and water of mai po nature reserve of hong kong were examined for their responses to temperature, ph and salinity under laboratory conditions in this study. v. cholerae mp-1 was found to resist vibriostatic agent o/129 at concentration of 10 microg/ml. in addition, bacterial growth under test conditions was measured and the results wer ...	2005	15678554
development of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction targeted to the toxr for detection of vibrio vulnificus.	the taqman assay, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr), was developed to target the toxr gene (toxr) of vibrio vulnificus. the toxr of v. vulnificus was cloned and sequenced. based on these results, we designed specific primers and a probe for use in the quantitative pcr assay. twenty-nine strains of v. vulnificus that were obtained from various sources produced a single pcr product. the amount of final amplification product and threshold cycle number were the same among the ...	2005	15676198
multiplex pcr detection of clinical and environmental strains of vibrio vulnificus in shellfish.	in this study, we developed a pcr-based rapid detection method for clinically important pathogenic strains of vibrio vulnificus. positive amplification of the 504-bp viub fragment was seen in all 22 clinical isolates tested but only in 8 out of 33 environmental isolates. the combination of the species-specific 205-bp vvh fragment along with viub in a multiplexed pcr enabled us to confirm the presence of potentially pathogenic strains of v. vulnificus. no amplification of other vibrio spp. or non ...	2004	15644908
[severe sepsis with organ failure in necrotizing fasciitis of the right leg caused by infection with vibrio vulnificus].	vibrio vulnificus is a human pathogen which can cause the septicemia and necrosis of the soft tissue, especially fasciitis. the occurrence is most common in the summer, the source of infection can be sea water or the sand on the beaches, however the infection after eating seafood was described as well. the patient with predominant liver dysfunction are more often affected. the clinical course is characterized by severe sepsis, and massive skin lesion. the mortality more than 60% is reported. thi ...	2000	15635806
structural basis for discriminative regulation of gene expression by adenine- and guanine-sensing mrnas.	metabolite-sensing mrnas, or "riboswitches," specifically interact with small ligands and direct expression of the genes involved in their metabolism. riboswitches contain sensing "aptamer" modules, capable of ligand-induced structural changes, and downstream regions, harboring expression-controlling elements. we report the crystal structures of the add a-riboswitch and xpt g-riboswitch aptamer modules that distinguish between bound adenine and guanine with exquisite specificity and modulate exp ...	2004	15610857
vibrio vulnificus infection of the upper extremity.	vibrio vulnificus is a potentially limb- and life-threatening infection. this pathogen should be suspected in any patient with a rapidly progressive infection who has a history of saltwater contact. although the infection may occur in otherwise healthy individuals, v vulnificus has a proclivity for patients with underlying chronic disease, particularly hepatic dysfunction. prompt recognition and immediate treatment with antibiotics and possibly surgical débridement may prevent amputation or deat ...	2004	15603518
two cases of severe sepsis due to vibrio vulnificus wound infection acquired in the baltic sea.	two severe cases of vibrio vulnificus wound infection with secondary septicemia occurred during 1 week in august 2003 on the german island of usedom in the southwestern baltic sea. in both cases, pre-existing wounds were inoculated by wading in contaminated sea water. one of the patients died from septic multiorgan failure. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first fatality due to a v. vulnificus infection to have occurred in germany. microbiological analysis revealed high concentrations o ...	2004	15599654
depletion of lymphocytes, but not neutrophils, via apoptosis in a murine model of vibrio vulnificus infection.	vibrio vulnificus causes severe sepsis in humans. there are several reports about the relationship between host immunity and bacterial growth in v. vulnificus infection. however, the effect on leukocytes of v. vulnificus infection in vivo has not been elucidated. a murine model of v. vulnificus infection was used to investigate its effects on leukocytes in this study. bacteria were recovered from the blood of mice 3 h after subcutaneous injection in the right lower flank. they were detected in 8 ...	2005	15591250
the vibrio seventh pandemic island-ii is a 26.9 kb genomic island present in vibrio cholerae el tor and o139 serogroup isolates that shows homology to a 43.4 kb genomic island in v. vulnificus.	vibrio cholerae is the aetiological agent of the deadly diarrhoeal disease cholera. in this study the 7.5 kb vibrio seventh pandemic island-ii (vsp-ii) that is unique to v. cholerae el tor and o139 serogroups was analysed and it was found to be part of a novel 26.9 kb genomic island (gei) encompassing vc0490-vc0516. the low-gc-content vsp-ii encompassed 24 predicted orfs, including dna repair and methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins, a group of hypothetical proteins and a bacteriophage-like inte ...	2004	15583158