Publications

cell division in a species of erwinia. i. initial observations relating to nutritional dependency.		1960	13709229
cell division in a species of erwinia. i. inhibition of division by d-amino acids.		1960	13709228
formation of novel flavonoids in apple (malusxdomestica) treated with the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase inhibitor prohexadione-ca.	novel flavonoids were formed in young leaves of apple (malusxdomestica) after treatment with the dioxygenase inhibitor prohexadione-ca, which is known to reduce the incidence and severity of fire blight caused by erwinia amylovora and other plant diseases. the compounds were isolated and identified as luteoliflavan, luteoliflavan 5-glucoside, eriodictyol 7-glucoside and 6"-o-trans-p-coumaroyleriodictyol 3'-glucoside. these flavonoids represent a novel biosynthetic pathway in apple leading to the ...	2003	13679093
metabolism of hexuronates and 5-ketohexonates by erwinia carotovora.		1958	13618283
5-keto-l-galactonate as an intermediate in the catabolism of d-galacturonate by erwinia carotovora.		1958	13584381
[determination to total ascorbic acid by the use of a suspension of erwinia solanisapra. i].		1957	13489429
free histidine content of turnip varieties and their resistance to histidine requiring mutants of erwinia aroideae.		1957	13475255
catabolism of hexuronic acids by erwinia and aerobacter.		1957	13421694
[bacteria which attack pectin in young plants of lycopersicum esculentum mill].		1956	13418350
the virulence of biochemical mutants of erwinia aroideae for varieties of radish and turnip.		1956	13319632
virulence of auxotrophic mutants of erwinia aroideae.		1954	13132882
erwinia chrysanthemi tolc is involved in resistance to antimicrobial plant chemicals and is essential for phytopathogenesis.	tolc is the outer-membrane component of several multidrug resistance (mdr) efflux pumps and plays an important role in the survival and virulence of many gram-negative bacterial animal pathogens. we have identified and characterized the outer-membrane protein-encoding gene tolc in the bacterial plant pathogen erwinia chrysanthemi ec16. the gene was found to encode a 51-kda protein with 70% identity to its escherichia coli homologue. the e. chrysanthemi gene was able to functionally complement th ...	2003	13129948
studies on klebsiella and erwinia.		1953	13091349
pectic enzymes of erwinia carotovora.		1953	13031630
cold storage affects survival and growth of erwinia amylovora on the calyx of apple.	r.k. taylor and c.n. hale. 2003.	2003	12969500
enhanced conversion of sucrose to isomaltulose by a mutant of erwinia rhapontici.	mutagenesis of erwinia rhapontici was performed to enhance the production of isomaltulose from sucrose. a mutant strain, bn 68089, was obtained through a screening process involving automated and miniaturized cultivation in bioscreen c. this high-throughput, miniaturized screening system was optimized to identify the mutant strain, which had a conversion yield (90%) and productivity (194 g l(-1) h(-1)). the bn 68089 mutant cells were immobilized in sodium alginate and when operated in a packed b ...	2003	12967009
plasmid transfer from pseudomonas putida to the indigenous bacteria on alfalfa sprouts: characterization, direct quantification, and in situ location of transconjugant cells.	the transfer of the plasmids pjkj5 and tol (pwwo) from pseudomonas putida to the indigenous bacterial community on alfalfa sprouts was studied. tagging with fluorescent protein markers allowed direct quantification of the introduced donor bacteria and of indigenous bacteria that had received the plasmids. the sprouts were observed for 9 days; during this time alfalfa seeds, inoculated with donor bacteria, developed to edible and subsequently decaying sprouts. the first transconjugants were detec ...	2003	12957943
expression of firefly luciferase gene in erwinia amylovora.	in this study we describe an efficient stable genetic transformation of the phytopathogenic bacterium erwinia amylovora using a recombinant expression vector encoding the firefly luciferase gene of photinus pyralis, which is further controlled by iptg-inducible promoter. stably transformed e. amylovora cells maintain the same infectivity as the wild-type strain and, after induction with iptg, produce luciferase. luminescence produced by the action of luciferase on an exogenous substrate was easi ...	2003	12950056
optical properties of erwinia herbicola bacteria at 0.190-2.50 microm.	we measure the complex index of refraction of erwina herbicola (also known as enterobacter agglomerans or pantoea agglomerans) bacteria (attc 33243) over the spectral region from 0.190 to 2.50 microm (4000-52,632 cm(-1)). transmission measurements are made on solid films of e. herbicola and on suspensions of the bacteria in water. these measurements, combined with spectral reflectance and kramers-krönig analysis, allow the determination of the real and imaginary parts over the entire wavelength ...	2003	12949829
the ti plasmid of agrobacterium tumefaciens harbors an attm-paralogous gene, aiib, also encoding n-acyl homoserine lactonase activity.	the agrobacterium tumefaciens c58 genome contains three putative n-acyl homoserine lactone (acyl-hsl) hydrolases, which are closely related to the lactonase aiia of bacillus. when expressed in escherichia coli, two of the putative acyl-hsl hydrolases, attm and aiib, conferred the ability to degrade acyl-hsls on the host. in erwinia strain 6276, the lactonases reduced the endogenous acyl-hsl level and the bacterial virulence in planta.	2003	12902298
the biphenyl- and 4-chlorobiphenyl-catabolic transposon tn4371, a member of a new family of genomic islands related to incp and ti plasmids.	the nucleotide sequence of the biphenyl catabolic transposon tn4371 has been completed and analyzed. it confirmed that the element has a mosaic structure made of several building blocks. in addition to previously identified genes coding for a tyrosine recombinase related to phage integrases and for biphenyl degradation enzymes very similar to those of achromobacter georgiopolitanum kks102, tn4371 carries many plasmid-related genes involved in replication, partition, and other, as-yet-unknown, pl ...	2003	12902278
[the bactericidal activity of lectins from nitrogen-fixing bacilli].	lectins i and ii isolated from the nitrogen-fixing soil bacterium paenibacillus polymyxa 1460 were found to be able to suppress the growth of rhizobium leguminosarum 252 and bacillus subtilis 36 at nearly all the concentrations tested (from 1 to 10 micrograms/ml). lectin i was also inhibitory to azospirillum brasilense 245 and erwinia carotovora subsp. citrulis 603, while lectin ii exerted bactericidal activity against xanthomonas campestris b-610 and b-611 and a. brasilense 245. the bacillar le ...	2003	12901008
evaluation of immunologic crossreaction of antiasparaginase antibodies in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) and lymphoma patients.	to evaluate how well antibodies to one asparaginase preparation predict or correlate with antibodies to another preparation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) and lymphoma patients who did and did not have hypersensitivity reactions during chemotherapy. in all, 24 children with newly diagnosed all or lymphoma, who received escherichia coli asparaginase 10 000 iu/m(2) im thrice weekly for nine doses as part of multiagent induction and reinduction chemotherapy, and seven monthly doses during th ...	2003	12886246
biogenesis of fe-s cluster by the bacterial suf system: sufs and sufe form a new type of cysteine desulfurase.	biosynthesis of iron-sulfur clusters (fe-s) depends on multiprotein systems. recently, we described the suf system of escherichia coli and erwinia chrysanthemi as being important for fe-s biogenesis under stressful conditions. the suf system is made of six proteins: sufc is an atypical cytoplasmic abc-atpase, which forms a complex with sufb and sufd; sufa plays the role of a scaffold protein for assembly of iron-sulfur clusters and delivery to target proteins; sufs is a cysteine desulfurase whic ...	2003	12876288
first crystallographic structure of a xylanase from glycoside hydrolase family 5: implications for catalysis.	the room-temperature structure of xylanase (ec 3.2.1.8) from the bacterial plant pathogen erwinia chrysanthemi expressed in escherichia coli, a 45 kda, 413-amino acid protein belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 5, has been determined by multiple isomorphous replacement and refined to a resolution of 1.42 a. this represents the first structure of a xylanase not belonging to either glycoside hydrolase family 10 or family 11. the enzyme is composed of two domains similar to most family 10 xylan ...	2003	12859186
novel carotenoids genetically engineered in a heterologous host.	carotenoids are commercially important pigments that are essential for human health. diverse carotenoids have been identified, but availability has impeded evaluation of their pharmaceutical potential. molecular techniques have been developed to produce specific and novel carotenoids with improved biological activities.	2003	12837379
structural and functional analysis of pantocin a: an antibiotic from pantoea agglomerans discovered by heterologous expression of cloned genes.		2003	12833353
effect of mutations in the t1.5 loop of pectate lyase a from erwinia chrysanthemi ec16.	pectate lyase a (pela) is a pectate-degrading enzyme secreted by plant pathogens. pela from erwinia chrysanthemi has 61% amino-acid identity and a conserved structural similarity to pectate lyase e (pele). although similar in structure and sequence, the enzymatic characteristics of pela differ from those for pele. a structural alignment of pela and pele reveals differences in the t1.5 loop. the sequence of the t1.5 loop in pela was mutated to the homologous sequence in pele. the crystal structur ...	2003	12832805
expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic studies of a psychrophilic cellulase from pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis.	the antarctic psychrophile pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis produces a cold-active cellulase. to date, a three-dimensional structure of a psychrophilic cellulase has been lacking. crystallographic studies of this cold-adapted enzyme have therefore been initiated in order to contribute to the understanding of the molecular basis of the cold adaptation and the high catalytic efficiency of the enzyme at low and moderate temperatures. the catalytic core domain of the psychrophilic cellulase celg from ...	2003	12832777
the erwinia chrysanthemi phop-phoq operon plays an important role in growth at low ph, virulence and bacterial survival in plant tissue.	we have studied the role of acidic ph as a barrier for the colonization of the plant apoplast by erwinia chrysanthemi. a minitransposon containing a promoterless reporter gene, gus, was used for random mutagenesis of the bacterial genome. an acid-sensitive mutant, named bt119, was isolated and had the following differential features with respect to the wild-type strain: (i) inability to grow at ph </= 5.5; (ii) decreased survival at acid ph and in plant tissues; (iii) increased susceptibility to ...	2003	12828634
a novel potato defence-related alcohol:nadp+ oxidoreductase induced in response to erwinia carotovora.	identification of solanum tuberosum genes responsive to culture filtrates (cf) from erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora led to the isolation of a full-length cdna with high sequence similarity to several alcohol dehydrogenases. accumulation of transcripts corresponding to this defence-related alcohol dehydrogenase (drd-1) was rapidly induced in cf-treated and wounded plants. the gene was also responsive to molecules involved in defence signalling such as salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate and eth ...	2003	12825698
rna-mediated control of virulence gene expression in bacterial pathogens.	until recently, gene expression was thought to be controlled mainly at the level of transcription initiation by repressor or activator proteins. in some cases, transcription elongation is controlled by a so-called attenuation mechanism that involves alternative base-pairing between different regions of an mrna transcript. recent data reveal that other mechanisms can regulate gene expression and involve rnas that might act as antisense rnas, sequestering molecules, or thermosensors. this review f ...	2003	12823945
inhibition and alternate substrate studies on the mechanism of carbapenam synthetase from erwinia carotovora.	the erwinia carotorova cara, carb, and carc gene products are essential for the biosynthesis of (5r)-carbapen-2-em-3-carboxylic acid, the simplest carbapenem beta-lactam antibiotic. cara (hereafter named carbapenam synthetase) has been proposed to catalyze formation of (3s,5s)-carbapenam-3-carboxylic acid from (2s,5s)-5-carboxymethyl proline based on characterization of the products of fermentation experiments in escherichia coli cells transformed with pet24a/carb and pet24a/carab, and on sequen ...	2003	12820893
survivability and long-term preservation of bacteria in water and in phosphate-buffered saline.	to evaluate the suitability of using sterile water and phosphate-buffered saline (pbs) for preservation of bacteria pathogenic to plants or humans.	2003	12803555
successful treatment with erwinia l-asparaginase for recurrent natural killer/t cell lymphoma.	we describe a patient with natural killer (nk)/t cell lymphoma who relapsed after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (auto-pbsct) and was successfully treated with escherichia coli (e. coli) and erwinia l-asparaginase. a 38-year-old male patient with ulcerated tumor at the left thigh was diagnosed as having nasal type nk/t cell lymphoma on the basis of histopathological and flowcytometric findings of tumor, revealing diffuse infiltration of atypical lymphoid cells into blood v ...	2003	12802930
distinct sucrose isomerases catalyze trehalulose synthesis in whiteflies, bemisia argentifolii, and erwinia rhapontici.	isomaltulose [alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1,6)-d-fructofuranose] and trehalulose [alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1,1)-d-fructofuranose] are commercially valuable sucrose-substitutes that are produced in several microorganisms by the pali gene product, a sucrose isomerase. trehalulose also occurs in the silverleaf whitefly, bemisia argentifoli, as the major carbohydrate in the insect's honeydew. to determine if the enzyme that synthesizes trehalulose in whiteflies was similar to the well-characterized sucro ...	2003	12798947
a c35 carotenoid biosynthetic pathway.	upon coexpression with erwinia geranylgeranyldiphosphate (ggdp) synthase in escherichia coli, c(30) carotenoid synthase crtm from staphylococcus aureus produces novel carotenoids with the asymmetrical c(35) backbone. the products of condensation of farnesyldiphosphate and gdp, c(35) structures comprise 40 to 60% of total carotenoid accumulated. carotene desaturases and carotene cyclases from c(40) or c(30) pathways accepted and converted the c(35) substrate, thus creating a c(35) carotenoid bios ...	2003	12788765
a handheld real time thermal cycler for bacterial pathogen detection.	the handheld advanced nucleic acid analyzer (hanaa) is a portable real time thermal cycler unit that weighs under 1 kg and uses silicon and platinum-based thermalcycler units to conduct rapid heating and cooling of plastic reaction tubes. two light emitting diodes (led) provide greater than 1 mw of electrical power at wavelengths of 490 nm (blue) and 525 nm (green), allowing detection of the dyes fam and joe/tamra. results are displayed in real time as bar graphs, and up to three, 4-sample assay ...	2003	12788554
the sweet pepper ferredoxin-like protein (pflp) conferred resistance against soft rot disease in oncidium orchid.	genetic engineering to date has not been used to introduce disease resistance genes into the orchid gene pool. the ferredoxin-like protein gene originally isolated from sweet pepper is thought to function as a natural defense against infection due to its antimicrobial properties. hence it was reasoned that introduction of this gene might produce oncidium plants resistant to erwinia carotovora, the causal agent for the soft rot disease. an expression vector containing sweet pepper ferredoxin-like ...	2003	12779121
genetic and biochemical characterization of prta, an rtx-like metalloprotease from photorhabdus.	proteases play a key role in the interaction between pathogens and their hosts. the bacterial entomopathogen photorhabdus lives in symbiosis with nematodes that invade insects. following entry into the insect, the bacteria are released from the nematode gut into the open blood system of the insect. here they secrete factors which kill the host and also convert the host tissues into food for the replicating bacteria and nematodes. one of the secreted proteins is prta, which is shown here to be a ...	2003	12777498
ahld, an n-acylhomoserine lactonase in arthrobacter sp., and predicted homologues in other bacteria.	quorum sensing is a signalling mechanism that controls diverse biological functions, including virulence, via n-acylhomoserine lactone (ahl) signal molecules in gram-negative bacteria. with the aim of isolating strains or enzymes capable of blocking quorum sensing by inactivating ahl, bacteria were screened for ahl degradation by their ability to utilize n-3-oxohexanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (ohhl) as the sole carbon source. among four isolates, strain ibn110, identified as arthrobacter sp., was ...	2003	12777494
effects of salts on the function and conformational stability of shikimate kinase.	the unfolding of shikimate kinase (sk) from erwinia chrysanthemi by urea and its subsequent refolding on dilution of the denaturing agent has been studied in detail [eur. j. biochem. 269 (2002) 2124]. comparison of the effects of urea on the enzyme with those of guanidinium chloride (gdmcl) and nacl indicated that chloride ions significantly weakened the binding of shikimate. this finding prompted a more detailed examination of the effects of salts on the structure, function and stability of the ...	2003	12758146
[the study of erwinia carotovora bacteriocins in the nalidixic acid resistant erwinia carotovora].	a novel approach is proposed for the study of the macromolecular bacteriocins of erwinia carotovora (mctvs). the approach lies in that the bacteriocinogeny of pectolytic erwinia is studied using a lawn of a bacterial mutant resistant to nalidixic acid, an inducer of mctvs. the high efficiency of this approach was demonstrated by studying carotovoricins in 104 different e. carotovora strains, 88% of which bear mctvs, distinguished by the morphology of zones of induced lysis on a lawn of susceptib ...	2003	12751244
nucleotide sequence based characterizations of two cryptic plasmids from the marine bacterium ruegeria isolate pr1b.	two plasmids, 76 and 148 kb in size, isolated from ruegeria strain pr1b were entirely sequenced. these are the first plasmids to be characterized from this genus of marine bacteria. sequence analysis revealed a biased distribution of function among the putative proteins encoded on the two plasmids. the smaller plasmid, designated psd20, encodes a large number of putative proteins involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis and export. the larger plasmid, designated psd25, primarily encodes putative ...	2003	12749836
peh production, flagellum synthesis, and virulence reduced in erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora by mutation in a homologue of cytr.	erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora is a causal agent of soft-rot diseases in a wide variety of plants. here, we have isolated a new regulatory factor involved in the virulence of e. carotovora subsp. carotovora by in vivo insertional mutagenesis using a transposon tn5. the gene was homologous to cytr encoding a transcriptional repressor of nucleoside uptake and catabolism genes in escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, and vibrio cholerae. phenotypic characterization of a nonpolar deletion ...	2003	12744509
structural analysis of the dna-binding domain of the erwinia amylovora rcsb protein and its interaction with the rcsab box.	the transcriptional regulator rcsb interacts with other coactivators to control the expression of biosynthetic operons in enterobacteria. while in a heterodimer complex with the regulator rcsa the rcsab box consensus is recognized, dna binding sites for rcsb without rcsa have also been identified. the conformation of rcsb might therefore be modulated upon interaction with various coactivators, resulting in the recognition of different dna targets. we report the solution structure of the c-termin ...	2003	12740396
quorum sensing in plant-pathogenic bacteria.	quorum sensing (qs) allows bacteria to assess their local population density and/or physical confinement via the secretion and detection of small, diffusible signal molecules. this review describes how phytopathogenic bacteria have incorporated qs mechanisms into complex regulatory cascades that control genes for pathogenicity and colonization of host surfaces. traits regulated by qs include the production of extracellular polysaccharides, degradative enzymes, antibiotics, siderophores, and pigm ...	2003	12730390
paex, a second pectin acetylesterase of erwinia chrysanthemi 3937.	erwinia chrysanthemi causes soft-rot diseases of various plants by enzymatic degradation of the pectin in plant cell walls. pectin is a complex polysaccharide. the main chain is constituted of galacturonate residues, and some of them are modified by methyl and/or acetyl esterification. esterases are necessary to remove these modifications and, thus, to facilitate the further degradation of the polysaccharidic chain. in addition to paey, the first pectin acetylesterase identified in the e. chrysa ...	2003	12730169
enhanced resistance to phytophthora infestans and alternaria solani in leaves and tubers, respectively, of potato plants with decreased activity of the plastidic atp/adp transporter.	recently, it has been reported that tubers of transgenic potato ( solanum tuberosum l.) plants with decreased activity of the plastidic atp/adp transporter (aatp1) contain less starch, despite having an increased glucose level [p. geigenberger et al. (2001) plant physiol 125:1667-1678]. the metabolic alterations correlated with enhanced resistance to the bacterium erwinia carotovora. here it is shown that transgenic potato tubers, possessing less starch yet increased glucose levels due to the ex ...	2003	12721851
sweet pepper ferredoxin-like protein ( pflp) gene as a novel selection marker for orchid transformation.	a novel method for selection of transgenic plants utilizing the sweet pepper ( capsicum annuum l.) ferredoxin-like protein ( pflp) gene as selection marker and erwinia carotovora as the selection agent has been developed. an expression vector containing a pflp cdna driven by a cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter was successfully transformed into protocorm-like bodies of oncidium orchid by agrobacterium tumefaciens and particle bombardment, respectively. erwinia carotovora was used as a selecti ...	2003	12721849
the deltaflid mutant of pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, which secretes flagellin monomers, induces a strong hypersensitive reaction (hr) in non-host tomato cells.	to investigate the role of flagella and monomer flagellin in the interaction between pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci and plants, non-polar flic and flid mutants were produced. the orfs for flic and flid are deleted in the deltaflic and deltaflid mutants, respectively. both mutants lost all flagella and were non-motile. the deltaflic mutant did not produce flagellin, whereas the deltaflid mutant, which lacks the hap2 protein, secreted large amounts of monomer flagellin into the culture medium. in ...	2003	12715150
bacteriocin serratine-p as a biological tool in the control of fire blight erwinia amylovora.	fire blight, caused by the bacterium erwinia amylovora (burill winslow et al.), is the most important bacterial disease in european pear growing. it can cause a lot of damage in some countries on apple and on pear trees in orchards and also in the fruit tree nurseries. in belgium, the disease is present since 1972. control of fire blight in belgian fruit orchards is made on a broad basis of measurements in and around the fruit trees. the use of an antibiotic is allowed for application only durin ...	2002	12701444
bacteriophages of erwinia amylovora.	fifty bacteriophage isolates of erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight, were collected from sites in and around the niagara region of southern ontario and the royal botanical gardens, hamilton, ontario. forty-two phages survived the isolation, purification, and storage processes. the majority of the phages in the collection were isolated from the soil surrounding trees exhibiting fire blight symptoms. only five phages were isolated from infected aerial tissue in pear and apple orchar ...	2003	12676693
surrogate biochemistry: use of escherichia coli to identify plant cdnas that impact metabolic engineering of carotenoid accumulation.	carotenoids synthesized in plants but not animals are essential for human nutrition. therefore, ongoing efforts to metabolically engineer plants for improved carotenoid content benefit from the identification of genes that affect carotenoid accumulation, possibly highlighting potential challenges when pyramiding traits represented by multiple biosynthetic pathways. we employed a heterologous bacterial system to screen for maize cdnas encoding products that alter carotenoid accumulation either po ...	2003	12664151
enantiopure synthesis of all four stereoisomers of carbapenam-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester.	the retro-dieckmann reaction has been used as a stereodivergent synthetic tool on n-boc-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester to obtain enantiopure trans- and cis-5-(carboxymethyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid methyl esters. these disubstituted pyrrolidines have been used as starting materials to develop concise and straightforward syntheses of all four stereoisomers of carbapenam-3-carboxylic acid methyl esters. in this way, we have confirmed unequivocally the stereoche ...	2003	12662066
instability of short-sequence dna repeats of pear pathogenic erwinia strains from japan and erwinia amylovora fruit tree and raspberry strains.	an array of short-sequence dna repeats (ssrs) occurs in the plasmid pea29 of the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora. a large number of "fruit tree" strains, mainly from central and western europe, were screened for their ssr numbers, and the analyses were extended to five raspberry strains from north america and six pear pathogenic erwinia strains from japan. the repeat attacaga present in all e. amylovorastrains was found to be reiterated 3 to 15 times. the japanese strains contained the ma ...	2003	12655400
the regulatory cascade that activates the hrp regulon in erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae.	the pathogenicity of erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae (ehg) is dependent on a plasmid (ppath(ehg)) that harbors the hrp gene cluster and additional virulence genes. the hrp regulatory cascade of ehg comprises an hrpxy operon encoding a two-component system; hrps encoding a transcriptional factor of the ntrc family and hrpl encoding an alternative sigma factor. results obtained suggest the following signal transduction model for activating the hrp regulon: phosphorylated hrpy activates hrps, hrp ...	2003	12650456
the hrpx/hrpy two-component system activates hrps expression, the first step in the regulatory cascade controlling the hrp regulon in pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii.	a regulatory cascade activating hrp/hrc type iii secretion and effector genes was delineated in pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii, a bacterial pathogen of corn. four hrp regulatory genes were characterized: hrpx and hrpy encode the sensor kinase and response regulator, respectively, of a two-component signal transduction system; hrps encodes an ntrc-like transcriptional enhancer; and hrpl encodes an alternative sigma factor. epistasis analysis, expression studies using gene fusions, and genetic ...	2003	12650455
comparative study of regulatory mechanisms for pectinase production by erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and erwinia chrysanthemi.	the production of pectinase, the major virulence determinant of soft-rot erwinia species, is controlled by many regulatory factors. we focused on the major regulatory proteins, kdgr, crp, pir, and pecs, characterized mainly in e. chrysanthemi, and tested for their presence and function in the control of pectate lyase (pel) and polygalacturonase (peh) production in e. carotovora subsp. carotovora. homologues of kdgr and crp but not of pir and pecs were detected by southern blot analyses in e. car ...	2003	12650454
erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and erwinia-derived elicitors hrpn and peha trigger distinct but interacting defense responses and cell death in arabidopsis.	we have used an hrp-positive strain of the soft rot pathogen erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora to elucidate plant responses to this bacterial necrotroph. purified virulence determinants, harpin (hrpn) and polygalacturonase (peha), were used as tools to facilitate this analysis. we show that hrpn elicits lesion formation in arabidopsis and tobacco and triggers systemic resistance in arabidopsis. establishment of resistance is accompanied by the expression of salicylic acid (sa)-dependent, but ...	2003	12650449
bacterial phytoene synthase: molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of erwinia herbicola phytoene synthase.	phytoene synthase (psase) catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (ggpp) to give prephytoene diphosphate (pppp) and the subsequent rearrangement of the cyclopropylcarbinyl intermediate to phytoene. these reactions constitute the first pathway specific step in carotenoid biosynthesis. the crtb gene encoding phytoene synthase was isolated from a plasmid containing the carotenoid gene cluster in erwinia herbicola and cloned into an escherichia coli expression syste ...	2003	12641468
sufa from erwinia chrysanthemi. characterization of a scaffold protein required for iron-sulfur cluster assembly.	sufa is a component of the recently discovered suf operon, which has been shown to play an important function in bacteria during iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis and resistance to oxidative stress. the sufa protein from erwinia chrysanthemi, a gram-negative plant pathogen, has been purified to homogeneity and characterized. it is a homodimer with the ability to assemble rather labile [2fe-2s] and [4fe-4s] clusters as shown by mössbauer spectroscopy. these clusters can be transferred to apoprotei ...	2003	12637501
detection of type iii secretion genes as a general indicator of bacterial virulence.	type iii secretion systems of gram-negative bacteria are specific export machineries for virulence factors which allow their translocation to eukaryotic cells. since they correlate with bacterial pathogenicity, their presence is used as a general indicator of bacterial virulence. by comparing the genetic relationship of the major type iii secretion systems we found the family of genes encoding the inner-membrane channel proteins represented by the yersinia enterocolitica lcrd (synonym yscv) and ...	2003	12628591
activation of three pathogen-inducible promoters of tobacco in transgenic pear (pyrus communis l.) after abiotic and biotic elicitation.	in order to improve pear resistance against fire blight caused by erwinia amylovora, a search for promoters driving high-level expression of transgenes specifically in response to this bacterial pathogen has been undertaken. we have examined the ability of hsr203j, str246c and sgd24 tobacco (nicotiana tabacum l.) promoters to drive expression of the uida reporter gene in pear. transgenic pear clones were obtained by agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. beta-glucuronidase activity w ...	2003	12624768
a single gene that promotes interaction of a phytopathogenic bacterium with its insect vector, drosophila melanogaster.	insects are major vectors of plant and animal disease, and bacterial phytopathogens are often disseminated by flies. we have previously reported that some isolates of the phytopathogenic bacterial species erwinia carotovora infect drosophila and activate an immune response. using a genetic screen, we have now identified two genes that are required by e. carotovora to infect drosophila. one of these genes has a regulatory role whereas the other, evf, confers an infectious phenotype: its transfer ...	2003	12612613
involvement of three pathogenicity factors of erwinia amylovora in the oxidative stress associated with compatible interaction in pear.	erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight of maloideae, induces in its susceptible host plants an oxidative burst as does an incompatible pathogen. in this paper we present evidence that the elicitation of this phenomenon is the result of the combined action of two hrp effectors of the bacteria, hrpn and dspa. we also confirmed that desferrioxamine, the siderophore of e. amylovora, is necessary for the bacteria to tolerate high levels of hydrogen peroxide. two other pathogenicity factor ...	2003	12606057
a hexa homologue from photorhabdus regulates pathogenicity, symbiosis and phenotypic variation.	photorhabdus is a genus of entomopathogenic gram-negative bacteria that belong to the family enterobactericeae. remarkably, at the same time as being pathogenic to insect larvae, photorhabdus also have a mutualistic relationship with entomophagous nematodes of the family heterorhabditiae. photorhabdus can be isolated in two phenotypically distinct forms, termed the primary and secondary variant. both variants grow equally well and are equally virulent when injected into insect larvae. however, o ...	2003	12603747
topology of the erwinia chrysanthemi oligogalacturonate porin kdgm.	the erwinia chrysanthemi oligogalacturonate-specific monomeric porin, kdgm, does not present homology with any porins of known structure. a model of this protein, based on sequence similarity and the amphipathy profile, was constructed. the model depicts a beta-barrel composed of 14 antiparallel beta-strands. the accuracy of this model was tested by the chemical labelling of cysteine residues introduced by site-directed mutagenesis. the protein has seven surface-exposed loops. they are rather sm ...	2003	12603200
rhamnogalacturonate lyase rhie is secreted by the out system in erwinia chrysanthemi.	supernatants of rhamnose-induced erwinia chrysanthemi strain 3937 cultures contain a principal secreted protein named rhie. a rhie mutant has been found among a set of rhamnose-induced mudi1681 lacz fusions. rhie is a 62-kda protein that has rhamnogalacturonate lyase activity on rhamnogalacturonan i (rg-i). it does not require a divalent cation for its activity and has an optimal ph of 6.0. rhie expression is strongly induced in the presence of rhamnose but is also regulated by pect and crp, two ...	2003	12591882
cloning and expression of the gene encoding catalytic subunit of thermostable glucose dehydrogenase from burkholderia cepacia in escherichia coli.	we have cloned a 1620-nucleotide gene encoding the catalytic subunit (alpha subunit) of a thermostable glucose dehydrogenase (gdh) from burkholderia cepacia. the fad binding motif was found in the n-terminal region of the alpha subunit. the deduced primary structure of the alpha subunit showed about 48% identity to the catalytic subunits of sorbitol dehydrogenase (sdh) from gluconobacter oxydans and 2-keto-d-gluconate dehydrogenases (2kgdh) from erwinia herbicola and pantoea citrea. the alpha su ...	2003	12573242
stable-isotope fingerprints of biological agents as forensic tools.	naturally occurring stable isotopes of light elements in chemical and biological agents may possess unique "stable-isotope fingerprints" depending on their sources and manufacturing processes. to test this hypothesis, two strains of bacteria (bacillus globigii and erwinia agglomerans) were grown under controlled laboratory conditions. we observed that cultured bacteria cells faithfully inherited the isotopic composition (hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen) of media waters and substrates in predictab ...	2003	12570211
[type iii secretion system in se9r can recognize and secret harpin in erwinia amylovora].	bacterial pathogens of both animals and plants use type iii secretion machines to secret virulence proteins. the signal that leads to tye type iii secretion is encoded as stem loop structure in the messenger rna. harpin, produced by erwinia anylovora is secreted via type iii secretion. erwinia carotovora se9r and erwinia amylovora belong to the same genus and they use type iii secretion machines to secret virulence proteins. we used pcr to amplify hrpn from pcpp430 which harbors hrpn gene cluste ...	2002	12557554
[the solubilization of four insoluble phosphates by some microorganisms].	four insoluble phosphates of ferric phosphate (fe-p), aluminum phosphate (al-p), fluorapatite (fap) and rock phosphate (rp) were used as a sole phosphorus resource for some phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms. it was found that there was significant difference in solubilizing these phosphates by the tested isolates. the fungi normally were more powerful than the bacteria in dissolving the phsophates. the microorganisms generally solubilized more phosphate when supplied with no3- than with nh4+ ...	2002	12557403
[isolation and screening of beneficial endophytic bacteria to control bacterial ring rot of potato].	one hundred and thirty-three bacterial strains were isolated from inner tissue of potato tubers collected from datong, taiyuan and inner mongolia autonomous regions. on the basis of antagonistic examination in vitro, greenhouse and field tests, five strains named as 069, 085, 110, 116 and 118 were chosen for their suppression of bacterial ring rot or their growth promotion. strain 118 is an endophytic bacterium with three effects of colonization, growth promotion and suppression of the pathogeni ...	2002	12557365
sufc: an unorthodox cytoplasmic abc/atpase required for [fe-s] biogenesis under oxidative stress.	proteins containing [fe-s] clusters perform essential functions in all domains of life. previously, we identified the sufabcdse operon as being necessary for virulence of the plant pathogen erwinia chrysanthemi. in addition, we collected preliminary evidence that the sufabcdse operon might be involved in the assembly of [fe-s] clusters. of particular interest are the sufb, sufc and sufd genes, which are conserved among eubacteria, archaea, plants and parasites. the present study establishes sufc ...	2003	12554644
[use transposon and parde through in vivo cloning to promote the genetic stability of plasmid pcpp430].	plasmid pcpp430 carrying the hrp gene cluster after transformated into 308r (pantoea agglomerans) can cause the hypersensitive response, and simultaneously induce the plant resistance to disease. it was genetically unstable in p. agglomerans. 0.8 kb parde region of the broad-host range plasmid rk2 is responsible for plasmid partition. it can mediate plasmid maitenance of many kinds in rhizobium meliloti, and also can promote the genetic stability of recombinant plasmid in the biocontrol bacteria ...	2001	12552820
[cloning and expression in e. coli of 2,5-dkg reductase i from corynebacterium].	two different 2,5-dkg reductases was purified from corynebacterium sp. scb3058, then its genomic dna was used as template, a segment containing 2,5-dkg reductase i was amplified by pcr and cloned into pgem3zf(+) to obtain the recombinant plasmid pgem813. the sequence analysis showed that the cloned segment was 1107 bp in length, contained a single open reading frame of 834 nucleotides, which encoded a 34 kd protein consisted of 278 amino acids. after the primary control sequence was deleted, the ...	1998	12548922
[studies on gene knocking out of 2-keto aldose reductases from erwinia sp. scb125].	based on the reported gene sequences, the segments containing 2-keto aldose reductase (2-kra and b) genes were amplified by pcr from the plasmids and erwinia sp. scb125 each for gene expression and gene knocking out. then cloning them into expression vector pbl and successfully expressing them with high enzyme activity in e. coli dh5 alpha. after their enzyme activities were proved, the work on gene knock out followed. introducing the knock-out vector which distribute unstably during the cell di ...	2000	12548757
characterization and implications of ca2+ binding to pectate lyase c.	ca(2+) is essential for in vitro activity of erwinia chrysanthemi pectate lyase c (pelc). crystallographic analyses of 11 pelc-ca(2+) complexes, formed at ph 4.5, 9.5, and 11.2 under varying ca(2+) concentrations, have been solved and refined at a resolution of 2.2 a. the ca(2+) site represents a new motif for ca(2+), consisting primarily of beta-turns and beta-strands. the principal differences between pelc and the pelc-ca(2+) structures at all ph values are the side-chain conformations of asp- ...	2003	12540845
asap, a systematic annotation package for community analysis of genomes.	asap (a systematic annotation package for community analysis of genomes) is a relational database and web interface developed to store, update and distribute genome sequence data and functional characterization (https://asap.ahabs.wisc.edu/annotation/php/asap1.htm). asap facilitates ongoing community annotation of genomes and tracking of information as genome projects move from preliminary data collection through post-sequencing functional analysis. the asap database includes multiple genome seq ...	2003	12519969
molecular characterization of natural erwinia pyrifoliae strains deficient in hypersensitive response.	from necrotic tissue of a nashi pear tree, 24 erwinia pyrifoliae strains, found to be identical by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis, were isolated. thirteen strains were not virulent on immature pears and did not induce a hypersensitive response in tobacco leaves. the defective gene hrpl was complemented with intact genes from e. pyrifoliae and erwinia amylovora.	2003	12514060
degradation and transformability of dna from transgenic leaves.	the fate of transplastomic (chloroplast genome contains the transgene) tobacco plant dna in planta was studied when the plant leaves were subjected to decay conditions simulating those encountered naturally, including grinding, incubation with cellulase or enzymes produced by erwinia chrysanthemi, and attack by the plant pathogen ralstonia solanacearum. direct visualization of dna on agarose gels, gene extraction yield (the number of amplifiable aada sequences in extracted plant dna), and the fr ...	2003	12514059
characterization of five phyllosphere bacteria isolated from rosa rugosa leaves, and their phenotypic and metabolic properties.	five gram-negative bacteria, all of which were enterobacteriaceae, were isolated from the phyllosphere of green or senescing leaves of rosa rugosa, and their phenotypic and physiological characteristics were examined. partial 16s rdna sequences led to identification of these isolates as pantoea agglomerans, klebsiella terrigena, erwinia rhapontici, and two strains of rahnella aquatilis. interestingly, these phyllosphere bacteria had certain phenotypic and physiological convergences, while they s ...	2002	12506991
production and properties of asparaginase from a new erwinia sp.	asparaginase production by a mesophilic strain of erwinia sp. was examined; the maximum of activity was found at 40 degrees c and ph 8.5. among the various carbon sources, mannitol was shown to be the best for production of activity. inorganic nitrogen sources were better than the organic ones. the enzyme activity was not inhibited by 10 mmol/l metal ions (na+, k+, mg2+, ca2+, ba2+, co2+, ni2+, zn2+); the activity was strongly inhibited by addition of edta. l-arginine, dl-alanine, l-asparagine a ...	2002	12503389
enhanced production of extracellular ice nucleators from erwinia herbicola.	the effects of growth conditions and chemical or physical treatments on the production of extracellular ice nucleators (ecins) by erwinia herbicola cells were investigated. the spontaneous release of ecins, active at temperatures higher than -4 degrees c, into the environment depended on culture conditions, with optimal production when cells were grown in yeast extract to an early stationary phase at temperatures below 22 degrees c. ecins were vesicular, released from cell surfaces with sizes ra ...	1998	12501408
probiotic effect of lactobacillus sp. ds-12 in flounder (paralichthys olivaceus).	pea aphids were reared aseptically in the laboratory and fed on strains of erwinia aphidicola, erwinia herbicola, klebsiella pneumoniae, escherichia coli and bacterium w, an aphid enterobacterium, by mixing with a synthetic diet to determine whether these bacteria have pathogenicity to the insect. it turned out that er. aphidicola and er. herbicola grew in aphid gut, while k. pneumoniae, es. coli and bacterium w were effectively eliminated. in the case of er. aphidicola, ingestion of a single do ...	1997	12501308
phylogenetical relationship based on groe genes among phenotypically related enterobacter, pantoea, klebsiella, serratia and erwinia species.	in an attempt to define the phylogenetical relationship among 17 phenotypically related species of genera enterobacter, pantoea, serratia, klebsiella and erwinia, we determined almost all of their groe operon sequences using the polymerase chain reaction direct sequencing method. the number of nucleotide substitutions per site was 0.12+/-0.030. the value was 3.6-fold higher than that of 16s rdna. as a result, we were successful in constructing molecular phylogenetic trees which had a finer resol ...	1997	12501307
erwinia aphidicola, a new species isolated from pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum.	five strains of gram-negative, oxidase-negative, facultatively anaerobic, fermentative, motile, rod-shaped bacterium with the general characteristics of the family enterobacteriaceae were isolated from the gut of multiple specimens of the pea aphid. all the strains caused aphid mortality when ingested by insects via a synthetic diet. the results of biochemical tests showed that these strains are most related to erwinia herbicola and pantoea agglomerans. according to dna-dna hybridization, the fi ...	1997	12501306
atomic resolution structure of erwinia chrysanthemi l-asparaginase.	an x-ray structure of l-asparaginase from erwinia chrysanthemi (era) has been refined at 1 a resolution to an r factor of below 0.1, using data collected on a synchrotron source. with four molecules of the enzyme consisting of 327 amino acids each, this crystal contains one of the largest asymmetric units of a protein refined to date at atomic resolution. previously, structures of era and of related enzymes from other bacterial sources have been refined at resolutions not exceeding 1.7 a; thus, ...	2003	12499544
extracellular polysaccharides of erwinia futululu, a bacterium associated with a fungal canker disease of eucalyptus spp.	extracellular polysaccharides (epss) produced by an erwinia spp. associated with a fungal canker disease of eucalyptus were fractionated into two polysaccharides, one that was identified with that produced by erwinia stewartii. the other has a similar structure, but with one terminal glc residue replaced by pyruvic acid to give 4,6-o-[(r)-1-carboxyethylidene)-galp. their structures were determined using a combination of chemical and physical techniques including methylation analysis, periodate o ...	2002	12493232
role of rsma in the regulation of swarming motility and virulence factor expression in proteus mirabilis.	swarming by proteus mirabilis involves differentiation of typical short vegetative rods into filamentous hyper-flagellated swarm cells that undergo cycles of rapid and co-ordinated population migration across surfaces and exhibit high levels of virulence gene expression. rsma (repressor of secondary metabolites) and csra, its homologue in escherichia coli, control many phenotypic traits, such as motility and pathogenesis in erwinia species, glycogen biosynthesis, cell size and biofilm formation ...	2003	12488561
modulation of defense responses of malus spp. during compatible and incompatible interactions with erwinia amylovora.	erwinia amylovora is the causal agent of fire blight, a disease affecting members of subfamily maloideae. in order to analyze mechanisms leading to compatible or incompatible interactions, early plant molecular events were investigated in two genotypes of malus with contrasting susceptibility to fire blight, after confrontation with either e. amylovora or the incompatible tobacco pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. many defense mechanisms, including generation of an oxidative burst and acc ...	2002	12481992
genetics of biosynthesis and structure of the capsular exopolysaccharide from the asian pear pathogen erwinia pyrifoliae.	erwinia pyrifoliae is a novel bacterial pathogen, which causes asian pear blight and is related to erwinia amylovora, the causative agent of fire blight. e. pyrifoliae produces exopolysaccharide (eps) related to amylovoran in its sugar composition and sugar linkages. this was shown by degradation of the eps with a viral depolymerase, and by methylation analysis and esi/ms. the structure of the repeating units was confirmed by (1)h-nmr spectra. the eps of e. pyrifoliae carried side chains, which ...	2002	12480905
benzoquinone, the substance essential for antibacterial activity in aqueous extracts from succulent young shoots of the pear pyrus spp.	aqueous extracts of the tissue of succulent young shoots of the pear pyrus spp. exhibited strong antibacterial activity against the bacterium erwinia amylovora bv. 4. this activity was investigated quantitatively by a newly developed bioassay method. it was found that the activity changed with the age of the tissue. extracts of the youngest leaves and stems from the shoot tops showed the strongest activity, and the activity decreased with age of the leaves and stems. the activity also changed wi ...	2003	12475625
spatio-temporal expression of patatin-like lipid acyl hydrolases and accumulation of jasmonates in elicitor-treated tobacco leaves are not affected by endogenous levels of salicylic acid.	we have previously isolated three tobacco genes (ntpat) encoding patatin-like proteins, getting rapidly induced during the hypersensitive response (hr) to tobacco mosaic virus, in advance to jasmonate accumulation. ntpat enzymes are lipid acyl hydrolases that display high phospholipase a2 (pla2) activity and may mobilize fatty acid precursors of oxylipins. here, we performed a detailed study of ntpat gene regulation under various biotic and abiotic stresses. pla2 activity was poorly induced in r ...	2002	12472690
characterization of erwinia amylovora strains using random amplified polymorphic dna fragments (rapds).	the genetic diversity among 16 strains of erwinia amylovora, chosen to represent different host plant origins and geographical regions, was investigated by rapd analysis. one strain of erwinia herbicola and one of agrobacterium vitis were used as outgroups. ninety-eight different rapd fragments were produced by polymerase chain reaction amplification with six different 10-mer primers. rapd banding profiles were found that enabled the erw. amylovora strains to be distinguished from one another. c ...	1997	12455904
relatedness of chromosomal and plasmid dnas of erwinia pyrifoliae and erwinia amylovora.	the plant pathogen erwinia pyrifoliae has been classified as a separate species from erwinia amylovora based in part on differences in molecular properties. in this study, these and other molecular properties were examined for e. pyrifoliae and for additional strains of e. amylovora, including strains from brambles (rubus spp.). the nucleotide composition of the internal transcribed spacer (its) region was determined for six of the seven 16s-23s rrna operons detected in these species with a 16s ...	2002	12450843
molecular diagnostic procedures for production of pathogen-free propagation material.	production of disease-free propagation material is a major means of controlling most bacterial diseases of plants, particularly when neither resistant clones nor effective chemical treatments are available. for this purpose sensitive, specific and rapid detection methods are required. the advent of molecular biology and, in particular, the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) has opened new ways for the characterization and identification of plant pathogens and the development of disease-management s ...	2002	12449531
the regulation of virulence in phytopathogenic erwinia species: quorum sensing, antibiotics and ecological considerations.	erwinia carotovora is a gram-negative bacterial phytopathogen that causes soft-rot disease and potato blackleg. the organism is environmentally widespread and exhibits an opportunistic plant pathogenesis. the ability to secrete multiple plant cell wall-degrading enzymes is a key virulence trait and exoenzyme production is responsive to multiple environmental and physiological cues. one important cue is the cell population density of the pathogen. cell density is monitored via an acylated homoser ...	2002	12448721
popp1, a new member of the yopj/avrrxv family of type iii effector proteins, acts as a host-specificity factor and modulates aggressiveness of ralstonia solanacearum.	a functional analysis of an 11-kb-long region of the genome of the plant-pathogenic bacterium ralstonia solanacearum, previously identified as an alternative codon usage region (acur), reveals that it was probably acquired through horizontal gene transfer. this acur encodes an insertion sequence and eight potential proteins, one of which is partially homologous with a host-specificity factor from a plant-pathogenic erwinia sp., and another, popp1, which is homologous to members of the yopj/avrrx ...	2002	12437304