Publications

intracerebral abscess in children: historical trends at children's hospital boston.	a previous study performed at children's hospital boston describing the natural history of intracerebral abscess between 1945 and 1980 demonstrated a decline in mortality after 1970. this current study examines the occurrence of intracerebral abscess at children's hospital boston between 1981 and 2000, inclusive, and compares the results with the previous study. our objectives were to determine whether there had been a change in the predisposing factors, whether there were changes in the microbi ...	2004	15173504
intimin types alpha, beta, and gamma bind to nucleolin with equivalent affinity but lower avidity than to the translocated intimin receptor.	the outer membrane adhesins of enteropathogenic escherichia coli, citrobacter rodentium, and enterohemorrhagic e. coli (ehec) o157:h7 that mediate attach and efface intestinal lesions are classified as intimin alpha, beta, and gamma, respectively. each of these intimin types binds to its cognate, bacterially encoded receptor (called tir for translocated intimin receptor) to promote tight adherence of the organism to the host-cell plasma membrane. we previously reported that gamma intimin of ehec ...	2004	15173179
isolation and characterization of citrobacter strain hpc255 for broad-range substrate specificity for chlorophenols.	this study aims at development of an approach for selection of strain, which has capability for oxidation of broad-range of chloro-substitute phenols. a multiplex pcr was optimized targeting loci involved in phenol and chlorophenol degradation, which was used to select activated sludge samples and also to assess the degradative genotype of isolates. the isolated strains were screened on the basis of rapd analysis. in parallel, physiological experiments were carried out with activated sludge samp ...	2004	15170236
clearance of citrobacter rodentium requires b cells but not secretory immunoglobulin a (iga) or igm antibodies.	citrobacter rodentium, a murine model pathogen for human enteropathogenic escherichia coli, predominantly colonizes the lumen and mucosal surface of the colon and cecum and causes crypt hyperplasia and mucosal inflammation. mice infected with c. rodentium develop a secretory immunoglobulin a (iga) response, but the role of b cells or secretory antibodies in host defense is unknown. to address this question, we conducted oral c. rodentium infections in mice lacking b cells, iga, secreted igm, pol ...	2004	15155635
plasmid-encoded functions compensate for the biological cost of ampc overexpression in a clinical isolate of salmonella typhimurium.	in a previous study with a salmonella typhimurium strain containing cloned ampc-ampr from enterobacter cloacae, it was suggested that ampc expression must be kept at low levels by ampr to maintain normal growth and virulent phenotype. the purpose of this study was to determine whether findings obtained with a laboratory model can be extended to a virulent clinical isolate of s. typhimurium expressing the plasmid-encoded bla(cmy-7).	2004	15140855
detection of bacterial dna in painful degenerated spinal discs in patients without signs of clinical infection.	a local inflammatory and potentially painful response, of which the ultimate cause is unknown, has been described in nervous tissues in contact with degenerated disc material in patients with low back and leg pain. with the rationale that a possible cause of such inflammation could be bacterial infection, we utilized pcr (polymerase chain reaction) amplification of the 16s rrna (ribosomal rna) gene followed by gene sequencing, to investigate whether bacterial dna might be detected in the degener ...	2004	15138861
comparison of the double-disk, combined disk, and etest methods for detecting metallo-beta-lactamases in gram-negative bacilli.	three phenotypic methods for detecting metallo-beta-lactamases (mbls) in gram-negative bacilli were tested on 60 mbl producers and 155 mbl nonproducers. the 2-mercaptopropionic acid double-disk potentiation method using ceftazidime and cefepime with and without clavulanate was found to be most sensitive (100%). the combined disk method depends on comparing the zones given by disks containing a beta-lactam with and without ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. various drug combinations were tested, an ...	2004	15135493
citrobacter koseri and citrobacter amalonaticus isolates carry highly divergent beta-lactamase genes despite having high levels of biochemical similarity and 16s rrna sequence homology.	isolates previously identified as citrobacter diversus are now known as citrobacter koseri. we measured sequence variation at the beta-lactamase structural gene among a group of clinical isolates originally identified as c. diversus by api 20e profiling.	2004	15128725
klebsiella oxytoca and polymicrobial infection in peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis.		2004	15119645
antimicrobial resistance of gram-negative bacilli isolates from inpatients and outpatients at yaounde central hospital, cameroon.	to determine and compare antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of pathogenic bacteria from inpatients and outpatients at a university teaching hospital in yaounde, cameroon.	2004	15109589
vertical transmission of citrobacter freundii.		2004	15102740
responses of small intestinal architecture and function over time to environmental factors in a tropical population.	to determine the response of the small intestinal mucosa to environmental conditions, we studied changes in mucosal architecture and function in a longitudinal cohort study in african adults. over three consecutive years, 238 adults submitted monthly stool samples for parasitologic and bacteriologic analysis and underwent an annual endoscopic jejunal biopsy for mucosal morphometry. absorption and permeability assays were performed on the same day as the enteroscopy. variation in mucosal architec ...	2004	15100456
nonpseudomonal ecthyma gangrenosum.	ecthyma gangrenosum is a cutaneous infection associated most commonly with pseudomonal sepsis in the patient who is immunocompromised. we describe an 8-month-old girl with acute myelocytic leukemia who developed perineal ecthyma gangrenosum caused by citrobacter freundii, a gram-negative pathogen that has been rarely associated with cutaneous disease. we also review the literature to categorize the range of pseudomonal and nonpseudomonal pathogens associated with ecthyma gangrenosum.	2004	15097944
resistance patterns among selective gram-negative bacilli from an intensive care unit in trinidad, west indies.	to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative aerobic bacteria isolated from infected patients on the intensive care unit (icu) and the outcome of infected patients.	2004	15083220
role of citrobacter amalonaticus and citrobacter farmeri in dissimilatory perchlorate reduction.	the article deals with the novel physiological function of dissimilatory perchlorate reduction by strains jb101 and jb109 isolated from a laboratory-enriched mixed consortium originating from a sewage treatment facility. the biochemical and physiological data of the strains showed good correspondence with members of the family enterobacteriaceae. the partial 16s rdna sequence of the strains jb101 and jb109 had similarity of 99.8% to citrobacter amalonaticus and 98% to citrobacter farmeri, respec ...	2004	15069667
the application of peptide nucleic acid probes for rapid detection and enumeration of eubacteria, staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa in recreational beaches of s. florida.	a novel chemiluminescent in situ hybridization technique using peptide nucleic acids (pna) was adapted for the detection of bacteria in beach sand and recreational waters in south florida. the simultaneous detection and enumeration of eubacteria and the novel indicators, staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa, was achieved within 6-8 h of processing. following 5 h of incubation on tsa, soybean peroxidase-labeled peptide nucleic acid probes (boston probes, boston, ma) targeting species- ...	2004	15063055
epidemic parenteral exposure to volatile sulfur-containing compounds at a hemodialysis center.	to determine the cause of acute illness on august 30, 2000, among patients at an outpatient dialysis center (center a).	2004	15061419
repeatability and reproducibility of ribotyping and its computer interpretation.	many molecular typing methods are difficult to interpret because their repeatability (within-laboratory variance) and reproducibility (between-laboratory variance) have not been thoroughly studied. in the present work, ribotyping of coryneform bacteria was the basis of a study involving within-gel and between-gel repeatability and between-laboratory reproducibility (two laboratories involved). the effect of different technical protocols, different algorithms, and different software for fragment ...	2004	15059627
sanitary and bacteriological aspects of sewage treatment.	a study into the removal of contamination load and indicator bacteria was carried out in 1992-1996 in the mechanical, biological and chemical waste-water treatment plant wtp in lezany, in the county of reszel, in the province of warmia and mazury in poland. the results of chemical analyses found a high efficiency of removal of carbon compounds, cod (90%) and bod (98%), in the process of purification of household sewage. in addition, a high effectiveness of total nitrogen, on average 71%, and uns ...	2003	15058814
subdural empyema and cerebellar abscess due to chronic otitis media.	the infratentorial variety of the subdural empyema, with or without coexisting cerebellar abscess, is a rare clinical entity that carries a high mortality rate. we briefly describe the case of a 49-year-old man presented with severe debility, fever and an obviously neglected chronic otitis media. the patient had refused surgical treatment several months ago. after admission, his level of consciousness began to deteriorate, and the radiological studies showed infratentorial subdural suppuration e ...	2004	15055872
comparative activities of doripenem versus isolates, mutants, and transconjugants of enterobacteriaceae and acinetobacter spp. with characterized beta-lactamases.	doripenem (s-4661), a new parenteral carbapenem, was tested against over 250 clinical isolates, mutants, and transconjugants of enterobacteriaceae and acinetobacter spp., selected or derived for their beta-lactamase expression characteristics. imipenem, meropenem, and ertapenem were tested as comparators, along with cephalosporins and piperacillin-tazobactam, by using national committee for clinical laboratory standards agar dilution methodology. doripenem mics were from 0.03 to 0.25 microg/ml f ...	2004	15047535
cfe-1, a novel plasmid-encoded ampc beta-lactamase with an ampr gene originating from citrobacter freundii.	a clinical isolate of escherichia coli from a patient in japan, isolate ku6400, was found to produce a plasmid-encoded beta-lactamase that conferred resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and cephamycins. resistance arising from production of a beta-lactamase could be transferred by either conjugation or transformation with plasmid pku601 into e. coli ml4947. the substrate and inhibition profiles of this enzyme resembled those of the ampc beta-lactamase. the resistance gene of pku601, wh ...	2004	15047515
[plasticity of bacterial genomes: pathogenicity islands and the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee)].	many bacterial virulence attributes, like toxins, adhesins, invasins, iron uptake systems, are encoded within specific regions of the bacterial genome. these in size varying regions are termed pathogenicity islands (pais) since they confer pathogenic properties to the respective micro-organism. per definition pais are exclusively found in pathogenic strains and are often inserted near transfer-rna genes. nevertheless, non-pathogenic bacteria also possess foreign dna elements that confer advantag ...	2004	15046458
dna based classification of food associated enterobacteriaceae previously identified by biolog gn microplates.	enterobacteriaceae are frequently isolated from food products and it is essential to have methods for correct identification for both food hygiene and epidemiology reasons. phenotypic methods are not always sufficient and have to be supplemented by dna based methods. in the present study, 70 strains of enterobacteriaceae derived from milk, fish and meat that had previously been identified by biolog gn microplates were genomically classified together with 15 representative type strains of species ...	2004	15046311
tyrosine phenol-lyase and tryptophan indole-lyase encapsulated in wet nanoporous silica gels: selective stabilization of tertiary conformations.	the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes tyrosine phenol-lyase and tryptophan indole-lyase were encapsulated in wet nanoporous silica gels, a powerful method to selectively stabilize tertiary and quaternary protein conformations and to develop bioreactors and biosensors. a comparison of the enzyme reactivity in silica gels and in solution was carried out by determining equilibrium and kinetic parameters, exploiting the distinct spectral properties of catalytic intermediates and reaction prod ...	2004	15044726
identification of a novel citrobacter rodentium type iii secreted protein, espi, and roles of this and other secreted proteins in infection.	citrobacter rodentium is a member of a group of pathogens that colonize the lumen of the host gastrointestinal tract via attaching and effacing (a/e) lesion formation. c. rodentium, which causes transmissible colonic hyperplasia in mice, is used as an in vivo model system for the clinically significant a/e pathogens enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenic escherichia coli. these bacteria all contain a pathogenicity island called the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee), which encodes a type iii s ...	2004	15039354
etiology and susceptibility of urinary tract isolates in kosova.	urinary tract infections are amongst the most common pathogenic infections with an increasing resistance to antimicrobials. the objective of this study was to determine the etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of urinary tract infection pathogens isolated in kosovo. a retrospective study was carried from urine samples of both inpatients and outpatients that were received in our laboratory throughout 2001. during the study period, 16500 urine samples were analysed, of which 4260 (25 ...	2004	15037322
[nosocomial infections in a general surgical ward].	according to the national nosocomial infection surveillance system we analysed the post-surgical nosocomial infections in a surgery ward of perugia university. between may 2000 and april 2001, 677 patients were enrolled mean age 51.5 years: 355 (52%) male, 462 (68%) asa score 1, "clean" surgery in 355 cases (52%), cephazolin prophylaxis in 256 (38%); 11 (2%) patients deceased perioperatively. a total of 37 nosocomial infections, in 33 patients, were detected: 18 pneumonia (48.6%), 10 surgical si ...	2004	15032335
[characteristics of bacteria isolated from body surface of german cockroaches caught in hospitals].	the objective of the study was to identify bacterial flora from external parts of german cockroaches caught in hospitals. the susceptibility of the bacteria to the most important groups of antimicrobial agents was also examined. 80 strains of bacteria were isolated, among them 34 strains of gram-positive cocci and 31 strains of gram-negative rods. one of isolated strains of citrobacter freundii and two strains of serratia liquefaciens showed esbl mechanism of resistance and extended level of amp ...	2003	15029841
analysis of ampc beta-lactamase expression and sequence in biochemically atypical ceftazidime-resistant enterobacteriaceae from paediatric patients.	to analyse the variation of ampc beta-lactamase gene sequence and expression in biochemically atypical enterobacteriaceae isolates, and to identify them definitively.	2004	15014062
dissecting virulence: systematic and functional analyses of a pathogenicity island.	bacterial pathogenicity islands (pai) often encode both effector molecules responsible for disease and secretion systems that deliver these effectors to host cells. human enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec), enteropathogenic e. coli, and the mouse pathogen citrobacter rodentium (cr) possess the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee) pai. we systematically mutagenized all 41 cr lee genes and functionally characterized these mutants in vitro and in a murine infection model. we identified 33 vi ...	2004	14988506
identification and characterization of nlea, a non-lee-encoded type iii translocated virulence factor of enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7.	enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) o157:h7 uses a specialized protein translocation apparatus, the type iii secretion system (ttss), to deliver bacterial effector proteins into host cells. these effectors interfere with host cytoskeletal pathways and signalling cascades to facilitate bacterial survival and replication and promote disease. the genes encoding the ttss and all known type iii secreted effectors in ehec are localized in a single pathogenicity island on the bacterial chromosom ...	2004	14982621
structures of two o-polysaccharides of the lipopolysaccharide of citrobacter youngae pcm 1538 (serogroup o9).	mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide of citrobacter youngae o9, strain pcm 1538 released a homopolysaccharide of 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-d-mannose (d-rha4nac, n-acetyl-d-perosamine). studies by methylation analysis and (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy, using two-dimensional (1)h,(1)h cosy, tocsy, noesy and h-detected (1)h,(13)c hsqc experiments showed the presence of two structurally different polysaccharides consisting of the following units: -->)-alpha-d-rhap4nac-(1 --> and --> 3)-al ...	2004	14980832
[etiology of cervical vaginal infection among patients of the juárez hospital of mexico].	to identify the etiologic agents of cervicovaginal infection in order to establish an accurate diagnosis and proper treatment.	2003	14974282
epididymitis after prostate brachytherapy.	to analyze the incidence, time-course, and potential predisposing factors for what was clinically diagnosed as postimplant epididymitis.	2004	14972474
oral bacterial flora of dogs with and without rabies: a preliminary study in thailand.	the authors studied the bacterial flora of the dog oral cavity and of bite wounds, aerobic bacteria were isolated from mouth swabs of 16 normal and 5 rabid dogs as well as from infected dog-bite wounds from 18 patients. a total of 20 different microbial species were recovered from mouth swab cultures. the most frequently isolated organisms were klebsiella pneumoniae ssp pneumoniae, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, citrobacter freundii, enterobacter cloacae, acinetobacter calcoaceticus, a ...	2003	14971525
stereoselective reductase-catalysed deoxygenation of sulfoxides in aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.	direct and indirect evidence, of unexpected stereoselective reductase-catalysed deoxygenations of sulfoxides, was found. the deoxygenations proceeded simultaneously, with the expected dioxygenase-catalysed asymmetric sulfoxidation of sulfides, during some biotransformations with the aerobic bacterium pseudomonas putida uv4. stereoselective reductase-catalysed asymmetric deoxygenation of racemic alkylaryl, dialkyl and phenolic sulfoxides was observed, without evidence of the reverse sulfoxidation ...	2004	14770234
a sequential study of serum bacterial dna in patients with advanced cirrhosis and ascites.	bacterial translocation is currently considered the main pathogenic mechanism leading to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with advanced cirrhosis and ascites. however, to the authors' knowledge there is no information regarding the characteristics of this process in humans. the goals of the current study were to pursue partially identified bacterial dna in blood (what the authors consider molecular evidence of bacterial translocation) through its relative quantification in a 72-hour ...	2004	14768002
isolation of citrobacter murliniae from clinically ill and dead quail, ducks and chickens.		2004	14765902
[in vitro antibacterial activity and beta-lactamase stability of meropenem].	the comparative activity of meropenem with that of imipenem, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and ceftazidime against 856 gram-negative bacilli was studied studied by an agar dilution method. meropenem and imipenem were high active against tested strains. resistance to third generation cephalosporins was high for most microorganisms tested. for rapid detection of metallo-beta-lactamase (mbl)-producing gram-negative bacilli a simple disk diffusion test was used. edta, fecl2 and cucl2 were evaluated as imp ...	2003	14756067
occurrence & detection of ampc beta-lactamases at a referral hospital in karnataka.	ampc beta-lactamases confer resistance to a wide variety of beta-lactam drugs except for cefepime, cefpirome and carbapenems. they are known to be responsible for nosocomial outbreaks, therapeutic failures and multidrug resistance. although reported with increasing frequency the true rate of occurrence of these beta-lactamases in enterobacteriaceae is not known. hence the present study was undertaken to determine the occurrence of ampc enzymes among clinical isolates.	2003	14748463
yersiniabactin and other siderophores produced by clinical isolates of enterobacter spp. and citrobacter spp.	we analyzed the ability of extraintestinal strains of enterobacter spp. and citrobacter spp. to employ different siderophore-mediated strategies of iron acquisition. all strains produced iron-chelating compounds. cross-feeding assays indicated that most isolates of both enterobacter spp. and citrobacter spp. excreted catecholate siderophore enterobactin, less produced aerobactin, and single strains excreted hydroxamates different from aerobactin. besides, we analyzed if the strains had the abili ...	2004	14734186
results from the meropenem yearly susceptibility test information collection (mystic) programme: report of the 2001 data from 15 united states medical centres.	the meropenem yearly susceptibility test information collection (mystic) programme is an international surveillance network of more than 100 medical centres where meropenem is the primary therapeutic carbapenem. institutions have been monitored since 1997 (1999 in united states (us)) using national committee for clinical laboratory standards (nccls) reference susceptibility methods to monitor in vitro activity of meropenem and selected other broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. in 2001, a total ...	2004	14732314
the composition and persistence of faecal coliforms and enterococcal populations in sewage treatment plants.	the changes in structure and composition of faecal coliforms and enterococcal populations in sewage from different treatment plants, and the elimination of vancomycin- and erythromycin-resistant enterococci (vre and ere, respectively) in these treatment plants was analysed to determine any selective reduction.	2004	14723689
utilization of aminoaromatic acids by a methanogenic enrichment culture and by a novel citrobacter freundii strain.	following incubation of mesophilic methanogenic floccular sludge from a lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor used to treat cattle manure wastewater, a stable 5-aminosalicylate-degrading enrichment culture was obtained. subsequently, a citrobacter freundii strain, wa1, was isolated from the 5-aminosalicylate-degrading methanogenic consortium. the methanogenic enrichment culture degraded 5-aminosalicylate completely to ch4, co2 and nh4+, while c. freundii strain wa1 reduced 5-aminosalicyl ...	2004	14716473
dietary pectin and calcium inhibit colonic proliferation in vivo by differing mechanisms.	diet plays an important role in promoting and/or preventing colon cancer; however, the effects of specific nutrients remain uncertain because of the difficulties in correlating epidemiological and basic observations. transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia (tmch) induced by citrobacter rodentium, causes significant hyperproliferation and hyperplasia in the mouse distal colon and increases the risk of subsequent neoplasia. we have recently shown that tmch is associated with an increased abundanc ...	2003	14710853
structure of the o-polysaccharide of citrobacter youngae o1 containing an alpha-d-ribofuranosyl group.	the lipopolysaccharide of citrobacter youngae o1, strain pcm 1492 was degraded with acid or alkali under mild conditions, and the resultant polysaccharide was isolated by gpc and studied by sugar and methylation analyses and 1h and 13c nmr spectroscopies, including 2d cosy, tocsy, noesy and 1h, 13c hsqc experiments. the following structure of the branched tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the o-polysaccharide was established: [structure: see text] where substitution with the alpha-d-ribf group i ...	2004	14698890
[post-marketing surveillance of antibacterial activities of cefozopran against various clinical isolates--ii. gram-negative bacteria].	as a post-marketing surveillance, the in vitro antibacterial activities of cefozopran (czop), an agent of cephems, against various clinical isolates were yearly evaluated and compared with those of other cephems, oxacephems, carbapenems, monobactams, and penicillins. changes in czop susceptibility among bacteria were also evaluated with the bacterial resistance ratio calculated from the breakpoint mic. twenty-five species (4,154 strains) of gram-negative bacteria were isolated from the clinical ...	2003	14692381
[comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (2001). i. susceptibility distribution].	the bacterial strains isolated from patients diagnosed as having urinary tract infections (utis) in 10 institutions in japan were supplied between the period of september and december 2001. then, the susceptibilities of them to a variety of antimicrobial agents were investigated. the number of them were 496 strains. the breakdown of these strains was gram-positive bacteria as 29.6% and gram-negative bacteria as 70.4%. susceptibilities of these bacteria to antimicrobial agents were as follows; ag ...	2003	14692378
critical role of t cell-dependent serum antibody, but not the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, for surviving acute mucosal infection with citrobacter rodentium, an attaching and effacing pathogen.	citrobacter rodentium uses virulence factors similar to the enteropathogenic escherichia coli to produce attaching and effacing lesions in the distal colon of mice. we used this infection model to determine components of adaptive immunity needed to survive infection. during acute infection, wild-type mice develop breaks across infected epithelial surfaces but resolve infection. surprisingly, mice markedly deficient in mucosal lymphocyte populations from beta(7) integrin deficiency resolve infect ...	2004	14688352
crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction study of the class a beta-lactamase sed-1 and its mutant sed-g238c from citrobacter sedlakii.	sed-1, a class a beta-lactamase from citrobacter sedlakii, is a ctx-m-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has the ability to hydrolyze expanded-spectrum cephalosporins such as cefotaxime. sed-1 and a sed mutant in which gly238 has been replaced by a cysteine, forming a disulfide bridge with the other cys residue located at position 69 (sed-g238c), have been crystallized. the crystals belong to the monoclinic space group c2, with unit-cell parameters a = 188.09, b = 73.65, c = 105.41 a, be ...	2004	14684905
evaluation of novel beta-ribosidase substrates for the differentiation of gram-negative bacteria.	to synthesize novel substrates for the detection of beta-ribosidase and assess their potential for the differentiation of gram-negative bacteria.	2004	14678171
bioremediation of soil contaminated with organic compounds with special reference to acrylonitrile.	enrichment of acrylonitrile (an) degrading bacterial culture from contaminated soil resulted in the isolation of two cultures which were identified as gram negative small rods (c1) and gram positive cocci (c2). one of the cultures (c1) was identified as citrobacter fruendii on the basis of biochemical and physiological tests. both the cultures (c1 and c2) were able to utilize acrylonitrile up to a concentration of 2000 mg/l as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. the studies also confirmed th ...	2003	14672363
peritoneal infection in acute intermittent peritoneal dialysis.	a prospective study was done to evaluate the incidence and microbiological trend of peritoneal infection in patients undergoing acute intermittent peritoneal dialysis (pd). complete sterile procedure was ensured and at the completion of the procedure pd fluid was sent for bacteriological culture, sensitivity, and total and differential cell count. during the period september 2000 to february 2001 a total of 100 patients were evaluated. male female ratio was 72:28. mean age was 43.17 +/- 17.2 yea ...	2003	14669856
etiologic diagnosis of 204 pericardial effusions.	the etiologic evaluation of pericardial effusion is frequently unsuccessful when noninvasive methods are used. to determine the cause of the current episode, all patients with echographically identified pericardial effusion from may 1998 to december 2002 underwent noninvasive diagnostic testing of blood, throat, and stool samples. patients with postpericardiotomy syndrome were excluded. to analyze the value of our tests, we tested randomly selected blood donors as negative controls. among 204 in ...	2003	14663288
hydrolysis of third-generation cephalosporins by class c beta-lactamases. structures of a transition state analog of cefotoxamine in wild-type and extended spectrum enzymes.	bacterial resistance to the third-generation cephalosporins is an issue of great concern in current antibiotic therapeutics. an important source of this resistance is from production of extended-spectrum (es) beta-lactamases by bacteria. the enterobacter cloacae gc1 enzyme is an example of a class c es beta-lactamase. unlike wild-type (wt) forms, such as the e. cloacae p99 and citrobacter freundii enzymes, the es gc1 beta-lactamase is able to rapidly hydrolyze third-generation cephalosporins suc ...	2004	14660590
regulation of rna polymerase promoter selectivity by covalent modification of dna.	expression of genes encoding type ii restriction/modification (r/m) systems, which are widely spread in eubacteria, must be tightly regulated to ensure that host dna is protected from restriction endonucleases at all times. examples of coordinated expression of r/m genes that rely on the action of regulatory factors or the ability of methyl transferases to repress their own synthesis by interacting with the promoter dna have been described. here, we characterize the molecular mechanism of factor ...	2004	14659743
mutagenesis of suge, a small multidrug resistance protein.	the small multidrug resistance protein family has two subclasses. in this study we used a mutation approach to see what is necessary to convert a sug subgroup member into a quaternary ammonium compound (qac) transporter. we chose four key residues (h24, m39, i43, and a44) conserved within sugs but conserved differently within the qac transporters. altogether, seven mutants were generated in citrobacter freundii suge. surprisingly, the mutated suge demonstrated an increased sensitivity to represe ...	2003	14651958
a molecular phylogeny of enteric bacteria and implications for a bacterial species concept.	a molecular phylogeny for seven taxa of enteric bacteria (citrobacter freundii, enterobacter cloacae, escherichia coli, hafnia alvei, klebsiella oxytoca, klebsiella pneumoniae, and serratia plymuthica) was made from multiple isolates per taxa taken from a collection of environmental enteric bacteria. sequences from five housekeeping genes (gapa, groel, gyra, ompa, and pgi) and the 16s rrna gene were used to infer individual gene trees and were concatenated to infer a composite molecular phylogen ...	2003	14640415
antimicrobial resistance in gram-negative bacilli isolated from infant formulas.	a total of 90 samples of infant formula (if) were collected from the lactary of a teaching hospital, during a 4-month period from july to august 1999. the sanitary conditions of the formulas were analyzed, and a physiological characterization of gram-negative bacillus isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed. colony counts were considered to be unacceptable for the majority of the if samples and the contamination rates were related to inadequate handling. coliforms (35 de ...	2003	14638421
fulminant citrobacter meningitis with multiple periventricular abscesses in a three-month-old infant.	citrobacter, a gram-negative enteric bacillus, is a rare cause of septicemia and meningitis, seldom reported beyond the neonatal period. it is characterized by a fulminant clinical course and a high incidence of complications, including brain abscesses. we studied a three-month-old infant with citrobacter meningitis, who developed acute communicating hydrocephalus and multiple periventricular brain abscesses while on treatment. the patient died, despite intensive antibiotic treatment directed to ...	2004	14636485
the use of molecular typing to evaluate the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative rods in brazilian hospitals.	antimicrobial resistance has increased rapidly in brazil and worldwide during the past few years, giving rise to a growing necessity for antimicrobial resistance surveillance programs. these programs have been instituted in order to monitor bacterial resistance in various regions, and to guide empirical antimicrobial therapy. we evaluated the use of molecular typing in multicenter surveillance programs. we also studied the dissemination modes of selected resistance profiles. antimicrobial suscep ...	2004	14636474
contamination of drinking water by coliforms from biofilms grown on rubber-coated valves.	in water samples from drinking water distribution systems, coliform bacteria (predominantly citrobacter species) were repeatedly detected. disinfection and flushing of the systems did not erase the problem. the pattern of the coliform occurrences indicated contamination originating from biofilms. after inspection of internal surfaces of the systems, no significant biofilm growth was observed on pipe surfaces, but in a number of cases, visible biofilms were detected on rubber-coated valves which ...	2003	14626903
[plasmid profile of common neonatal sepsis causative agents].	the plasmid profile of 25 hospital strains of gram-negative bacteria that are known to be originators of neonatal sepsis was studied by the authors. of these, e. coli, enterobacter spp., and citrobacter spp. proved to be the most frequently seen causative agents in the above health problem, with 13, 5, and 7 strains respectively having been recovered in the studied material. there have been isolated 26 plasmids from the studied 25 bacterial strains. of these, fifty percent were classified as cit ...	2003	14618802
shv-34: an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase encoded by an epidemic plasmid.	to elucidate the causes for treatment failure in children given extended-spectrum cephalosporins.	2003	14613945
citrobacter bacteremia in a tertiary care hospital.	from january 1998 to december 2001, 176 cases of citrobacter bacteremia occurred of which repeat isolation was possible in 48 cases. of 48 isolates, 79.1% were c. diversus and 20.9% c. freundii. citrobacter bacteremia was polymicrobial in 46.1% cases, and maximum number of cases (54.1%) occurred in the age group less than 10 years. portal of entry was unknown (42.3%), respiratory tract (20.9%), gastrointestinal tract (15.3%) and urinary tract 15.3%. c. freundii isolates were relatively more resi ...	2003	14606621
[activity of frequently used disinfectants and antiseptics against nosocomial bacterial types].	in this study, bactericidal activity of widely used disinfectants and antiseptics (glutaraldehyde, laurylbispropylidentriamin 5 g and benzalkoniumchlorid 20 g, polyvinylpyrolidon iodine, benzalkonium chloride and sodium hypochloride) against some nosocomial bacterial isolates were investigated by qualitative and quantitative suspension test methods. one methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), 6 multi drug-resistant gram-negative hospital isolates (escherichia coli, pseudomonas aerugi ...	2003	14593898
bacteriology of chronic suppurative otitis media in congolese children.	the study intended to identify bacteria active in the chronic suppurative otitis media and to determine their sensitivity to current antibiotics.	2003	14571655
indole can act as an extracellular signal to regulate biofilm formation of escherichia coli and other indole-producing bacteria.	we demonstrated previously that genetic inactivation of tryptophanase is responsible for a dramatic decrease in biofilm formation in the laboratory strain escherichia coli s17-1. in the present study, we tested whether the biochemical inhibition of tryptophanase, with the competitive inhibitor oxindolyl-l-alanine, could affect polystyrene colonization by e. coli and other indole-producing bacteria. oxindolyl-l-alanine inhibits, in a dose-dependent manner, indole production and biofilm formation ...	2003	14569285
[yearly changes in antibacterial activities of cefozopran against various clinical isolates between 1996 and 2001--ii. gram-negative bacteria].	the in vitro antibacterial activities of cefozopran (czop), an agent of cephems, against various clinical isolates obtained between 1996 and 2001 were yearly evaluated and compared with those of other cephems, oxacephems and carbapenems. a total of 3,245 strains in 32 species of gram-negative bacteria were isolated from the clinical materials annually collected from january to december, and consisted of moraxella subgenus branhamella catarrhalis, escherichia coli, citrobacter freundii, citrobact ...	2003	14567255
resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and mortality in patients with citrobacter freundii bacteremia.	this study was performed to characterize the clinical features and to identify the risk factors for resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (escs) and for mortality in patients with citrobacter freundii bacteremia.	2003	14562942
a practical synthesis of alpha-d-manp-(1-->3)-alpha-d-manp-(1-->2)-[alpha-d-glcp-(1-->3)]-alpha-d-manp-(1-->2)-alpha-d-manp-(1-->2)-alpha-d-manp, an o-specific heterohexasaccharide fragment of citrobacter braakii o7a, 3b, 1c.	an o-specific heterohexasaccharide fragment of citrobacter braakii o7a, 3b, 1c, alpha-d-manp-(1-->3)-alpha-d-manp-(1-->2)-[alpha-d-glcp-(1-->3)]-alpha-d-manp-(1-->2)-alpha-d-manp-(1-->2)-alpha-d-manp was synthesized as its methyl glycoside. acetylation of allyl 4,6-o-benzylidene-alpha-d-mannopyranoside, followed by debenzylidenization and benzoylation gave allyl 2,3-di-o-acetyl-4,6-di-o-benzoyl-alpha-d-mannopyranoside (3), and subsequent deacetylation of 3 with ch(3)cocl-meoh gave the monosaccha ...	2003	14553977
tempe fermentation: some aspects of formation of gamma-linolenic acid, proteases and vitamins.	during a tempe fermentation the concentrations of linoleic, and alpha-linolenic acids (ala) decreased while the concentration of oleic acid increased. during fatty acid synthesis rhizopus sp. produced only gamma-linolenic acid (gla) instead of ala. the amount of gla in tempe were influenced by varying external parameters. the proteolytic capacity of 36 strains of the genus rhizopus isolated from indonesian tempe or tempe inocula was examined. there was a distinct increase in the amount of free a ...	1993	14545670
tyrosine phenol-lyase: the role of the coenzyme-binding residue ser-254 in catalysis.		2003	14531074
epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria causing skin and soft tissue infections in the usa and europe: a guide to appropriate antimicrobial therapy.	susceptibility data for all organisms associated with a range of skin and soft tissue infections (ssti) in hospitalised patients were studied. data were reported by clinical laboratories in the usa, france, germany, italy and spain during 2001 which participate in the surveillance network (tsn). staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus spp. and coagulase-negative staphylococci (cns), escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most prevalent pathogens in all countries. mrsa was detected in 4 ...	2003	14522104
sepsis in a renal transplant recipient due to citrobacter braakii.	cellulitis is usually caused by organisms such as beta-hemolytic streptococci and staphylococcus aureus. citrobacter are gram-negative bacilli that can cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts. they are rarely implicated in skin or soft tissue infections. the genus citrobacter has been respeciated according to genetic relatedness. citrobacter braakii refers to the genomospecies 6 of the citrobacter freundii complex. there are no detailed studies of infections caused by the newly ...	2003	14515921
isolation and characterization of a phytase with improved properties from citrobacter braakii.	citrobacter braakii yh-15 produced an intracellular phytase which was purified 12800 fold to homogeneity with the specific activity of 3457 units mg(-1), which is 1.9 times higher than e. coli phytase previously recorded as having the highest specific activity. its molecular weight was 47 kda by sds-page gel. enzyme activity was optimal at ph 4 and at 50 degrees c. the km value for sodium phytate was 0.46 mm with a vmax 6027 u mg(-1). the phytase was resistant to proteases such as trypsin, pepsi ...	2003	14514072
mutational analysis of the catalytic centre of the citrobacter freundii ampd n-acetylmuramyl-l-alanine amidase.	citrobacter freundii ampd is an intracellular 1,6-anhydro-n-acetylmuramyl-l-alanine amidase involved in both peptidoglycan recycling and beta-lactamase induction. ampd exhibits a strict specificity for 1,6-anhydromuropeptides and requires zinc for enzymic activity. the ampd three-dimensional structure exhibits a fold similar to that of another zn2+ n-acetylmuramyl-l-alanine amidase, the t7 lysozyme, and these two enzymes define a new family of zn-amidases which can be related to the eukaryotic p ...	2004	14507260
in vitro antibacterial potency and spectrum of abt-492, a new fluoroquinolone.	abt-492 demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against most quinolone-susceptible pathogens. the rank order of potency was abt-492 > trovafloxacin > levofloxacin > ciprofloxacin against quinolone-susceptible staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci. abt-492 had activity comparable to those of trovafloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin against seven species of quinolone-susceptible members of the family enterobacteriaceae, although it was less active than the comparators against citro ...	2003	14506039
citrobacter koseri brain abscess in the neonatal rat: survival and replication within human and rat macrophages.	a unique feature of citrobacter koseri is the extremely high propensity to initiate brain abscesses during neonatal meningitis. previous clinical reports and studies on infant rats have documented many citrobacter-filled macrophages within the ventricles and brain abscesses. it has been hypothesized that intracellular survival and replication within macrophages may be a mechanism by which c. koseri subverts the host response and elicits chronic infection, resulting in brain abscess formation. in ...	2003	14500508
development of a rapid 1-h fluorescence-based cytotoxicity assay for listeria species.	listeria monocytogenes is cytotoxic to the lymphocyte-origin hybridoma ped-2e9 cell line. the relative cytotoxicity can be calculated by assaying the release of alkaline phosphatase (alp) from the infected cell line. in this study, a fluorogenic substrate (4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate, mup) was used to quantify the alp activity. the assay is 3.5-fold more sensitive than the colorimetric-based assay and requires only 1 h to differentiate virulent from avirulent strains. in addition to various l ...	2003	14499993
a problem on the pathogenic role of citrobacter of enteric bacteria.		1960	14440860
[studies on the incidence of citrobacter (bethesda) and its sensitivity to ten antibiotics and to furadoine].		1959	14419062
citrobacter freundii associated with diarrhea in a laboratory mice.		1965	14341174
citrobacter bacteriophages.		1965	14323053
synthesis of 4-oxonorleucine and comparison with an amino acid isolated from citrobacter freundii.		1964	14189890
[study of 2 strains of citrobacter o 127:b8].		1964	14131335
isolation of n-acetylneuraminic acid and 4-oxonorleucine from a polysaccharide obtained from citrobacter freundii.		1963	14072840
[contribution to the incidence and evaluation of citrobacter in man].		1963	14030130
[contribution to the incidence and evaluation of citrobacter in man].		1963	13958276
[paracoli bethesda (citrobacter) and escherichia freundii in disease in dakar].		1959	13797825
[an institutional epidemic of infant diarrhea caused by citrobacter].		1960	13753081
[on the drug resistance of enteric bacteria. 6. transmissibility of multiple drug resistance among citrobacter, shigella and e. coli].		1961	13711412
enhancement of plasmid curing by 9-aminoacridine and two phenothiazines in the presence of proton pump inhibitor 1-(2-benzoxazolyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-propanone.	plasmid-containing bacteria often cause serious therapeutic failure during the treatment of infectious diseases. the selection of resistant-mutant strains and the transfer of mobile genetic determinants (such as plasmids and transposons) of resistance promote increased antibiotic resistance. in the last 30 years the antiplasmid effect of acridine dyes, ethidium bromide, sodium dodecyl sulphate and phenothiazines was described. the main aim of this study was to test the mechanism of the antiplasm ...	2003	13678825
[septic osteomyelitis caused by citrobacter with a contribution to the problem of cortisone administration in bacterial infections].		1958	13594740
[properties and significance of the strains of the citrobacter (escherichia freudii-ballerup-bethesda) group].		1957	13434348
crystal structure of the citrobacter freundii dihydroxyacetone kinase reveals an eight-stranded alpha-helical barrel atp-binding domain.	dihydroxyacetone kinases are a sequence-conserved family of enzymes, which utilize two different phosphoryldonors, atp in animals, plants and some bacteria, and a multiphosphoprotein of the phosphoenolpyruvate carbohydrate phosphotransferase system in bacteria. here we report the 2.5-a crystal structure of the homodimeric citrobacter freundii dihydroxyacetone kinase complex with an atp analogue and dihydroxyacetone. the n-terminal domain consists of two alpha/beta-folds with a molecule of dihydr ...	2003	12966101
similarity of tetracycline resistance genes isolated from fish farm bacteria to those from clinical isolates.	tetracycline-resistant (tet(r)) bacteria were isolated from fishes collected at three different fish farms in the southern part of japan in august and september 2000. of the 66 tet(r) gram-negative strains, 29 were identified as carrying tetb only. four carried tety, and another four carried tetd. three strains carried tetc, two strains carried tetb and tety, and one strain carried tetc and tetg. sequence analyses indicated the identity in tet(r) genes between the fish farm bacteria and clinical ...	2003	12957921
kinetic studies on endo-beta-galactosidase by a novel colorimetric assay and synthesis of n-acetyllactosamine-repeating oligosaccharide beta-glycosides using its transglycosylation activity.	novel chromogenic substrates for endo-beta-galactosidase were designed on the basis of the structural features of keratan sulfate. galbeta1-4glcnacbeta1-3galbeta1-4glcnacbeta-pnp (2), which consists of two repeating units of n-acetyllactosamine, was synthesized enzymatically by consecutive additions of glcnac and gal residues to p-nitrophenyl beta-n-acetyllactosaminide. in a similar manner, glcnacbeta1-3galbeta1-4glcnacbeta-pnp (1), glcnacbeta1-3galbeta1-4glcbeta-pnp (3), galbeta1-4glcnacbeta1-3 ...	2003	12950254
epidemiological risk factors for isolation of ceftriaxone-resistant versus -susceptible citrobacter freundii in hospitalized patients.	antimicrobial resistance is an emerging problem among nosocomial bacteria. risk factors for the recovery of ceftriaxone-resistant (crcf) or -susceptible (cscf) citrobacter freundii in clinical cultures from hospitalized patients were determined by using a case-case-control study design. crcf was isolated from 43 patients (case group 1) and cscf was isolated from 87 patients (case group 2) over a 3-year period. risk factors for crcf were exposure to imipenem (odds ratio [or], 7.5; 95% confidence ...	2003	12936989