Publications

bacterial rnas activate innate immunity in arabidopsis.	the common molecular patterns of microbes play a critical role in the regulation of plant innate immunity. however, little is known about the role of nucleic acids in this process in plants. we pre-infiltrated arabidopsis leaves with total rnas from pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pto dc3000) and subsequently inoculated these plants with the same bacterial cells. total pto dc3000 rnas pre-infiltrated into arabidopsis leaves elicited plant immune responses against pto dc3000. however, she ...	2016	26499893
stability of small ubiquitin-like modifier (sumo) proteases overly tolerant to salt1 and -2 modulates salicylic acid signalling and sumo1/2 conjugation in arabidopsis thaliana.	small ubiquitin-like modifier proteases 1 and 2 (sumo1/2) have been linked to the regulation of salicylic acid (sa)-mediated defence signalling in arabidopsis thaliana. in order to define the role of the sumo proteases overly tolerant to salt1 and -2 (ots1/2) in defence and to provide insight into sumo1/2-mediated regulation of sa signalling, we examined the status of sa-mediated defences in ots1/2 mutants. the ots1 ots2 double mutant displayed enhanced resistance to virulent pseudomonas syringa ...	2015	26494731
stability of small ubiquitin-like modifier (sumo) proteases overly tolerant to salt1 and -2 modulates salicylic acid signalling and sumo1/2 conjugation in arabidopsis thaliana.	small ubiquitin-like modifier proteases 1 and 2 (sumo1/2) have been linked to the regulation of salicylic acid (sa)-mediated defence signalling in arabidopsis thaliana. in order to define the role of the sumo proteases overly tolerant to salt1 and -2 (ots1/2) in defence and to provide insight into sumo1/2-mediated regulation of sa signalling, we examined the status of sa-mediated defences in ots1/2 mutants. the ots1 ots2 double mutant displayed enhanced resistance to virulent pseudomonas syringa ...	2015	26494731
a genetic framework for h2o2 induced cell death in arabidopsis thaliana.	to survive in a changing environment plants constantly monitor their surroundings. in response to several stresses and during photorespiration plants use reactive oxygen species as signaling molecules. the arabidopsis thaliana catalase2 (cat2) mutant lacks a peroxisomal catalase and under photorespiratory conditions accumulates h2o2, which leads to activation of cell death.	2015	26493993
loss of a conserved trna anticodon modification perturbs plant immunity.	trna is the most highly modified class of rna species, and modifications are found in trnas from all organisms that have been examined. despite their vastly different chemical structures and their presence in different trnas, occurring in different locations in trna, the biosynthetic pathways of the majority of trna modifications include a methylation step(s). recent discoveries have revealed unprecedented complexity in the modification patterns of trna, their regulation and function, suggesting ...	2015	26492405
tomato histone h2b monoubiquitination enzymes slhub1 and slhub2 contribute to disease resistance against botrytis cinerea through modulating the balance between sa- and ja/et-mediated signaling pathways.	histone h2b monoubiquitination pathway has been shown to play critical roles in regulating growth/development and stress response in arabidopsis. in the present study, we explored the involvement of the tomato histone h2b monoubiquitination pathway in defense response against botrytis cinerea by functional analysis of slhub1 and slhub2, orthologues of the arabidopsis athub1/athub2.	2015	26490733
genome-wide survey of two-component signal transduction systems in the plant growth-promoting bacterium azospirillum.	two-component systems (tcs) play critical roles in sensing and responding to environmental cues. azospirillum is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium living in the rhizosphere of many important crops. despite numerous studies about its plant beneficial properties, little is known about how the bacterium senses and responds to its rhizospheric environment. the availability of complete genome sequenced from four azospirillum strains (a. brasilense sp245 and cbg 497, a. lipoferum 4b and azospiri ...	2015	26489830
identification of critical amino acids conferring lethality in vopk, a type iii effector protein of vibrio cholerae: lessons from yeast model system.	vopk, a type iii effector protein, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of vibrio cholerae strains belonging to diverse serogroups. ectopic expression of this protein exhibits strong toxicity in yeast model system. in order to map critical residues in vopk, we scanned the primary sequence guided by available data on various toxins and effector proteins. our in silico analysis of vopk indicated the presence of predicted mcf1-she (shxxxe) serine peptidase domain at the c-terminus region of the ...	2015	26488395
microbial communities related to biodegradation of dispersed macondo oil at low seawater temperature with norwegian coastal seawater.	the deepwater horizon (dwh) accident in 2010 created a deepwater plume of small oil droplets from a deepwater well in the mississippi canyon lease block 252 ('macondo oil'). a novel laboratory system was used in the current study to investigate biodegradation of macondo oil dispersions (10 μm or 30 μm median droplet sizes) at low oil concentrations (2 mg l(-1)) in coastal norwegian seawater at a temperature of 4-5°c. whole metagenome analyses showed that oil biodegradation was associated with th ...	2015	26485443
bacterial leaf infiltration assay for fine characterization of plant defense responses using the arabidopsis thaliana-pseudomonas syringae pathosystem.	in the absence of specialized mobile immune cells, plants utilize their localized programmed cell death and systemic acquired resistance to defend themselves against pathogen attack. the contribution of a specific arabidopsis gene to the overall plant immune response can be specifically and quantitatively assessed by assaying the pathogen growth within the infected tissue. for over three decades, the hemibiotrophic bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola es4326 (psm es4326) has been widely ...	2015	26485301
rtp1 encodes a novel endoplasmic reticulum (er)-localized protein in arabidopsis and negatively regulates resistance against biotrophic pathogens.	oomycete pathogens cause serious damage to a wide spectrum of plants. although host pathogen recognition via pathogen effectors and cognate plant resistance proteins is well established, the genetic basis of host factors that mediate plant susceptibility to oomycete pathogens is relatively unexplored. here, we report on rtp1, a nodulin-related mtn21 family gene in arabidopsis that mediates susceptibility to phytophthora parasitica. rtp1 was identified by screening a t-dna insertion mutant popula ...	2016	26484750
a novel nematode effector suppresses plant immunity by activating host reactive oxygen species-scavenging system.	evidence is emerging that plant-parasitic nematodes can secrete effectors to interfere with the host immune response, but it remains unknown how these effectors can conquer host immune responses. here, we depict a novel effector, mjttl5, that could suppress plant immune response. immunolocalization and transcriptional analyses showed that mjttl5 is expressed specifically within the subventral gland of meloidogyne javanica and up-regulated in the early parasitic stage of the nematode. transgenic ...	2015	26484653
a novel nematode effector suppresses plant immunity by activating host reactive oxygen species-scavenging system.	evidence is emerging that plant-parasitic nematodes can secrete effectors to interfere with the host immune response, but it remains unknown how these effectors can conquer host immune responses. here, we depict a novel effector, mjttl5, that could suppress plant immune response. immunolocalization and transcriptional analyses showed that mjttl5 is expressed specifically within the subventral gland of meloidogyne javanica and up-regulated in the early parasitic stage of the nematode. transgenic ...	2015	26484653
genome-wide dna binding pattern of two-component system response regulator rhpr in pseudomonas syringae.	although pseudomonas syringae uses the two-component system rhprs to modulate the expression of type iii secretion system (t3ss) genes and pathogenicity, the molecular mechanisms and the regulon of rhprs have yet to be fully demonstrated. we have performed a genome-wide analysis of rhpr binding to dna prepared from p. syringae pv. phaseolicola in order to identify candidate direct targets of rhpr-mediated transcriptional regulation, as described in our recent article [1]. the data are available ...	2015	26484202
comparative genomic analysis and phenazine production of pseudomonas chlororaphis, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium.	pseudomonas chlororaphis ht66, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium that produces phenazine-1-carboxamide with high yield, was compared with three genomic sequenced p. chlororaphis strains, gp72, 30-84 and o6. the genome sizes of four strains vary from 6.66 to 7.30 mb. comparisons of predicted coding sequences indicated 4833 conserved genes in 5869-6455 protein-encoding genes. phylogenetic analysis showed that the four strains are closely related to each other. its competitive colonization in ...	2015	26484173
structural and functional characterization of recombinant isoforms of the lentil lipid transfer protein.	the recombinant isoforms lc-ltp1 and lc-ltp3 of the lentil lipid transfer protein were overexpressed in e. coli cells. it was confirmed that both proteins are stabilized by four disulfide bonds and characterized by a high proportion of the α-helical structure. it was found that lc-ltp1 and lc-ltp3 possess antimicrobial activity and can bind fatty acids. both isoforms have the ability to bind specific ige from sera of patients with food allergies, which recognize similar epitopes of the major pea ...	2015	26483961
fleq dna binding consensus sequence revealed by studies of fleq-dependent regulation of biofilm gene expression in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	the transcription factor fleq from pseudomonas aeruginosa derepresses expression of genes involved in biofilm formation when intracellular levels of the second messenger cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-gmp) are high. fleq also activates transcription of flagellar genes, and the expression of these genes is highest at low intracellular c-di-gmp. fleq thus plays a central role in mediating the transition between planktonic and biofilm lifestyles of p. aeruginosa. previous work showed that f ...	2015	26483521
fleq dna binding consensus sequence revealed by studies of fleq-dependent regulation of biofilm gene expression in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	the transcription factor fleq from pseudomonas aeruginosa derepresses expression of genes involved in biofilm formation when intracellular levels of the second messenger cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-gmp) are high. fleq also activates transcription of flagellar genes, and the expression of these genes is highest at low intracellular c-di-gmp. fleq thus plays a central role in mediating the transition between planktonic and biofilm lifestyles of p. aeruginosa. previous work showed that f ...	2015	26483521
ethylene: traffic controller on hormonal crossroads to defense.	ethylene (et) is an important hormone in plant responses to microbial pathogens and herbivorous insects, and in the interaction of plants with beneficial microbes and insects. early et signaling events during these biotic interactions involve activities of mitogen-activated protein kinases and ethylene response factor transcription factors. rather than being the principal regulator, et often modulates defense signaling pathways, including those regulated by jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. horm ...	2015	26482888
functional analysis of ntmpk2 uncovers its positive role in response to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 in tobacco.	mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades are highly conserved signaling modules downstream of receptors/sensors and play pivotal roles in signaling plant defense against pathogen attack. extensive studies on arabidopsis mpk4 have implicated that the map kinase is involved in multilayered plant defense pathways. in this study, we identified tobacco ntmpk2 as an ortholog of atmpk4. transgenic tobacco overexpressing ntmpk2 markedly enhances resistance to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pst ...	2016	26482478
plantpan 2.0: an update of plant promoter analysis navigator for reconstructing transcriptional regulatory networks in plants.	transcription factors (tfs) are sequence-specific dna-binding proteins acting as critical regulators of gene expression. the plant promoter analysis navigator (plantpan; http://plantpan2.itps.ncku.edu.tw) provides an informative resource for detecting transcription factor binding sites (tfbss), corresponding tfs, and other important regulatory elements (cpg islands and tandem repeats) in a promoter or a set of plant promoters. additionally, tfbss, cpg islands, and tandem repeats in the conserve ...	2015	26476450
plantpan 2.0: an update of plant promoter analysis navigator for reconstructing transcriptional regulatory networks in plants.	transcription factors (tfs) are sequence-specific dna-binding proteins acting as critical regulators of gene expression. the plant promoter analysis navigator (plantpan; http://plantpan2.itps.ncku.edu.tw) provides an informative resource for detecting transcription factor binding sites (tfbss), corresponding tfs, and other important regulatory elements (cpg islands and tandem repeats) in a promoter or a set of plant promoters. additionally, tfbss, cpg islands, and tandem repeats in the conserve ...	2015	26476450
phytopath: an integrative resource for plant pathogen genomics.	phytopath (www.phytopathdb.org) is a resource for genomic and phenotypic data from plant pathogen species, that integrates phenotypic data for genes from phi-base, an expertly curated catalog of genes with experimentally verified pathogenicity, with the ensembl tools for data visualization and analysis. the resource is focused on fungi, protists (oomycetes) and bacterial plant pathogens that have genomes that have been sequenced and annotated. genes with associated phi-base data can be easily id ...	2015	26476449
phytopath: an integrative resource for plant pathogen genomics.	phytopath (www.phytopathdb.org) is a resource for genomic and phenotypic data from plant pathogen species, that integrates phenotypic data for genes from phi-base, an expertly curated catalog of genes with experimentally verified pathogenicity, with the ensembl tools for data visualization and analysis. the resource is focused on fungi, protists (oomycetes) and bacterial plant pathogens that have genomes that have been sequenced and annotated. genes with associated phi-base data can be easily id ...	2015	26476449
large-scale identification of wheat genes resistant to cereal cyst nematode heterodera avenae using comparative transcriptomic analysis.	cereal cyst nematode heterodera avenae, an important soil-borne pathogen in wheat, causes numerous annual yield losses worldwide, and use of resistant cultivars is the best strategy for control. however, target genes are not readily available for breeding resistant cultivars. therefore, comparative transcriptomic analyses were performed to identify more applicable resistance genes for cultivar breeding.	2015	26475271
jasmonate signalling drives time-of-day differences in susceptibility of arabidopsis to the fungal pathogen botrytis cinerea.	the circadian clock, an internal time-keeping mechanism, allows plants to anticipate regular changes in the environment, such as light and dark, and biotic challenges such as pathogens and herbivores. here, we demonstrate that the plant circadian clock influences susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen, botrytis cinerea. arabidopsis plants show differential susceptibility to b. cinerea depending on the time of day of inoculation. decreased susceptibility after inoculation at dawn comp ...	2015	26466558
bacterial synthesis of n-hydroxycinnamoyl phenethylamines and tyramines.	hydroxycinnamic acids (hcas) including cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid, are c6-c3 phenolic compounds that are synthesized via the phenylpropanoid pathway. hcas serve as precursors for the synthesis of lignins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, stilbenes and other phenolic compounds. hcas can also be conjugated with diverse compounds including quinic acid, hydroxyl acids, and amines. hydroxycinnamoyl (hc) amine conjugates such as n-hc tyramines and n-hc phenethylamines have ...	2015	26463041
the genomic landscape of ribosomal peptides containing thiazole and oxazole heterocycles.	ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (ripps) are a burgeoning class of natural products with diverse activity that share a similar origin and common features in their biosynthetic pathways. the precursor peptides of these natural products are ribosomally produced, upon which a combination of modification enzymes installs diverse functional groups. this genetically encoded peptide-based strategy allows for rapid diversification of these natural products by mutation i ...	2015	26462797
potent and selective modulation of the rhlr quorum sensing receptor by using non-native ligands: an emerging target for virulence control in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	pseudomonas aeruginosa uses n-acylated l-homoserine lactone signals and a triumvirate of luxr-type receptor proteins--lasr, rhlr, and qscr--for quorum sensing (qs). each of these receptors can contribute to qs activation or repression and, thereby, the control of myriad virulence phenotypes in this pathogen. lasr has traditionally been considered to be at the top of the qs receptor hierarchy in p. aeruginosa; however, recent reports suggest that rhlr plays a more prominent role in infection than ...	2015	26460240
genome-wide systematic characterization of the bzip transcriptional factor family in tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.).	transcription factors of the basic leucine zipper (bzip) family represent exclusively in eukaryotes and have been shown to regulate diverse biological processes in plant growth and development as well as in abiotic and biotic stress responses. however, little is known about the bzip family in tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.).	2015	26459863
edwardsiella tarda esce (orf13 protein) is a type iii secretion system-secreted protein that is required for the injection of effectors, secretion of translocators, and pathogenesis in fish.	the type iii secretion system (t3ss) of edwardsiella tarda is crucial for its intracellular survival and pathogenesis in fish. the orf13 gene (esce) of e. tarda is located 84 nucleotides (nt) upstream of esrc in the t3ss gene cluster. we found that esce is secreted and translocated in a t3ss-dependent manner and that amino acids 2 to 15 in the n terminus were required for a completely functional t3ss in e. tarda. deletion of esce abolished the secretion of t3ss translocators, as well as the secr ...	2015	26459509
edwardsiella tarda esce (orf13 protein) is a type iii secretion system-secreted protein that is required for the injection of effectors, secretion of translocators, and pathogenesis in fish.	the type iii secretion system (t3ss) of edwardsiella tarda is crucial for its intracellular survival and pathogenesis in fish. the orf13 gene (esce) of e. tarda is located 84 nucleotides (nt) upstream of esrc in the t3ss gene cluster. we found that esce is secreted and translocated in a t3ss-dependent manner and that amino acids 2 to 15 in the n terminus were required for a completely functional t3ss in e. tarda. deletion of esce abolished the secretion of t3ss translocators, as well as the secr ...	2015	26459509
direct capture technologies for genomics-guided discovery of natural products.	microbes are important producers of natural products, which have played key roles in understanding biology and treating disease. however, the full potential of microbes to produce natural products has yet to be realized; the overwhelming majority of natural product gene clusters encoded in microbial genomes remain "cryptic", and have not been expressed or characterized. in contrast to the fast-growing number of genomic sequences and bioinformatic tools, methods to connect these genes to natural ...	2016	26456469
enhancement of thiamin content in arabidopsis thaliana by metabolic engineering.	thiamin is an essential nutrient in the human diet. severe thiamin deficiency leads to beriberi, a lethal disease which is common in developing countries. thiamin biofortification of staple food crops is a possible strategy to alleviate thiamin deficiency-related diseases. in plants, thiamin plays a role in the response to abiotic and biotic stresses, and data from the literature suggest that boosting thiamin content could increase resistance to stresses. here, we tested an engineering strategy ...	2015	26454882
ibr5 modulates temperature-dependent, r protein chs3-mediated defense responses in arabidopsis.	plant responses to low temperature are tightly associated with defense responses. we previously characterized the chilling-sensitive mutant chs3-1 resulting from the activation of the toll and interleukin 1 receptor-nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat (tir-nb-lrr)-type resistance (r) protein harboring a c-terminal lim (lin-11, isl-1 and mec-3 domains) domain. here we report the identification of a suppressor of chs3, ibr5-7 (indole-3-butyric acid response 5), which largely suppresses chilling ...	2015	26451844
functional monomerization of a clc-type fluoride transporter.	anion channels and antiporters of the clc superfamily have been found to be exclusively dimeric in nature, even though each individual monomer contains the complete transport pathway. here, we describe the destabilization through mutagenesis of the dimer interface of a bacterial f(-)/h(+) antiporter, clc(f)-eca. several mutations that produce monomer/dimer equilibrium of the normally dimeric transporter were found, simply by shortening a hydrophobic side chain in some cases. one mutation, l376w, ...	2015	26449639
overexpression of gbrlk, a putative receptor-like kinase gene, improved cotton tolerance to verticillium wilt.	verticillium dahliae is a causative fungal pathogen and only a few genes have been identified that exhibit critical roles in disease resistance and few has shown positive effects on the resistance to verticillium wilt in transgenic cotton. we cloned a receptor-like kinase gene (gbrlk) induced by verticillium dahliae (vd) in the disease-resistant cotton gossypium barbadense cv. hai7124. northern blotting revealed that the gbrlk was induced by vd at 96 h after inoculation. the functional gbrlk is ...	2015	26446555
linking pattern recognition and salicylic acid responses in arabidopsis through accelerated cell death6 and receptors.	the arabidopsis membrane protein accelerated cell death 6 (acd6) and the defense signal salicylic acid (sa) are part of a positive feedback loop that regulates the levels of at least 2 pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamp) receptors, including flagellin sensing 2 (fls2) and chitin elicitor receptor (lysm domain receptor-like kinase 1, cerk1). acd6- and sa-mediated regulation of these receptors results in potentiation of responses to fls2 and cerk1 ligands (e.g. flg22 and chitin, respecti ...	2015	26442718
selection and validation of potato candidate genes for maturity corrected resistance to phytophthora infestans based on differential expression combined with snp association and linkage mapping.	late blight of potato (solanum tuberosum l.) caused by the oomycete phytophthora infestans (mont.) de bary, is one of the most important bottlenecks of potato production worldwide. cultivars with high levels of durable, race unspecific, quantitative resistance are part of a solution to this problem. however, breeding for quantitative resistance is hampered by the correlation between resistance and late plant maturity, which is an undesirable agricultural attribute. the objectives of our research ...	2015	26442110
enhanced tomato disease resistance primed by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus.	roots of most terrestrial plants form symbiotic associations (mycorrhiza) with soil- borne arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf). many studies show that mycorrhizal colonization enhances plant resistance against pathogenic fungi. however, the mechanism of mycorrhiza-induced disease resistance remains equivocal. in this study, we found that mycorrhizal inoculation with amf funneliformis mosseae significantly alleviated tomato (solanum lycopersicum mill.) early blight disease caused by alternaria sol ...	2015	26442091
common protein sequence signatures associate with sclerotinia borealis lifestyle and secretion in fungal pathogens of the sclerotiniaceae.	fungal plant pathogens produce secreted proteins adapted to function outside fungal cells to facilitate colonization of their hosts. in many cases such as for fungi from the sclerotiniaceae family the repertoire and function of secreted proteins remains elusive. in the sclerotiniaceae, whereas sclerotinia sclerotiorum and botrytis cinerea are cosmopolitan broad host-range plant pathogens, sclerotinia borealis has a psychrophilic lifestyle with a low optimal growth temperature, a narrow host rang ...	2015	26442085
modulation of phenolic metabolism under stress conditions in a lotus japonicus mutant lacking plastidic glutamine synthetase.	this paper was aimed to investigate the possible implications of the lack of plastidic glutamine synthetase (gs2) in phenolic metabolism during stress responses in the model legume lotus japonicus. important changes in the transcriptome were detected in a gs2 mutant called ljgln2-2, compared to the wild type, in response to two separate stress conditions, such as drought or the result of the impairment of the photorespiratory cycle. detailed transcriptomic analysis showed that the biosynthesis o ...	2015	26442073
plant and pathogen nutrient acquisition strategies.	nutrients are indispensable elements required for the growth of all living organisms including plants and pathogens. phyllosphere, rhizosphere, apoplast, phloem, xylem, and cell organelles are the nutrient niches in plants that are the target of bacterial pathogens. depending upon nutrients availability, the pathogen adapts various acquisition strategies and inhabits the specific niche. in this review, we discuss the nutrient composition of different niches in plants, the mechanisms involved in ...	2015	26442063
shared and unique responses of plants to multiple individual stresses and stress combinations: physiological and molecular mechanisms.	in field conditions, plants are often simultaneously exposed to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses resulting in substantial yield loss. plants have evolved various physiological and molecular adaptations to protect themselves under stress combinations. emerging evidences suggest that plant responses to a combination of stresses are unique from individual stress responses. in addition, plants exhibit shared responses which are common to individual stresses and stress combination. in this review ...	2015	26442037
co-silencing of tomato s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase genes confers increased immunity against pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 and enhanced tolerance to drought stress.	s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (sahh), catalyzing the reversible hydrolysis of s-adenosylhomocysteine (sah) to adenosine and homocysteine, is a key enzyme that maintain the cellular methylation potential in all organisms. we report here the biological functions of tomato slsahhs in stress response. the tomato genome contains three slsahh genes that encode slsahh proteins with high level of sequence identity. qrt-pcr analysis revealed that slsahhs responded with distinct expression induction pa ...	2015	26442031
rhizosphere ecology of lumichrome and riboflavin, two bacterial signal molecules eliciting developmental changes in plants.	lumichrome and riboflavin are novel molecules from rhizobial exudates that stimulate plant growth. reported studies have revealed major developmental changes elicited by lumichrome at very low nanomolar concentrations (5 nm) in plants, which include early initiation of trifoliate leaves, expansion of unifoliate and trifoliate leaves, increased stem elongation and leaf area, and consequently greater biomass accumulation in monocots and dicots. but higher lumichrome concentration (50 nm) depressed ...	2015	26442016
influence of rhizoctonia solani and trichoderma spp. in growth of bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) and in the induction of plant defense-related genes.	many trichoderma species are well-known for their ability to promote plant growth and defense. we study how the interaction of bean plants with r. solani and/or trichoderma affect the plants growth and the level of expression of defense-related genes. trichoderma isolates were evaluated in vitro for their potential to antagonize r. solani. bioassays were performed in climatic chambers and development of the plants was evaluated. the effect of trichoderma treatment and/or r. solani infection on t ...	2015	26442006
the engineered chloroplast genome just got smarter.	chloroplasts are known to sustain life on earth by providing food, fuel, and oxygen through the process of photosynthesis. however, the chloroplast genome has also been smartly engineered to confer valuable agronomic traits and/or serve as bioreactors for the production of industrial enzymes, biopharmaceuticals, bioproducts, or vaccines. the recent breakthrough in hyperexpression of biopharmaceuticals in edible leaves has facilitated progression to clinical studies by major pharmaceutical compan ...	2015	26440432
multipart chaperone-effector recognition in the type iii secretion system of chlamydia trachomatis.	secretion of effector proteins into the eukaryotic host cell is required for chlamydia trachomatis virulence. in the infection process, scc1 and scc4, two chaperones of the type iii secretion (t3s) system, facilitate secretion of the important effector and plug protein, copn, but little is known about the details of this event. here we use biochemistry, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and genetic analyses to characterize this trimolecular event. we find that scc4 comp ...	2015	26438824
a conserved core of programmed cell death indicator genes discriminates developmentally and environmentally induced programmed cell death in plants.	a plethora of diverse programmed cell death (pcd) processes has been described in living organisms. in animals and plants, different forms of pcd play crucial roles in development, immunity, and responses to the environment. while the molecular control of some animal pcd forms such as apoptosis is known in great detail, we still know comparatively little about the regulation of the diverse types of plant pcd. in part, this deficiency in molecular understanding is caused by the lack of reliable r ...	2015	26438786
drawing the line.	the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum is an agriculturally important pest of leguminous plants including peas and broad beans. the widespread use of chemical pesticides impacts heavily on the environment, and increases pesticide-resistant pea aphid populations, so alternative strategies are being actively sought. pseudomonas syringae bacteria are known to infect and kill the pea aphid, and offer a possible control strategy. in this study, the authors measured the effects of injecting p. syringae on ...	2015	26438421
plant resistance against the parasitic nematode heterodera schachtii is mediated by mpk3 and mpk6 kinases, which are controlled by the mapk phosphatase ap2c1 in arabidopsis.	plant-parasitic cyst nematodes infect plants and form highly sophisticated feeding sites in roots. it is not known which plant cell signalling mechanisms trigger plant defence during the early stages of nematode parasitism. mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) are central components of protein phosphorylation cascades transducing extracellular signals to plant defence responses. mapk phosphatases control kinase activities and the signalling outcome. the involvement and the role of mpk3 and ...	2015	26438412
plant resistance against the parasitic nematode heterodera schachtii is mediated by mpk3 and mpk6 kinases, which are controlled by the mapk phosphatase ap2c1 in arabidopsis.	plant-parasitic cyst nematodes infect plants and form highly sophisticated feeding sites in roots. it is not known which plant cell signalling mechanisms trigger plant defence during the early stages of nematode parasitism. mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) are central components of protein phosphorylation cascades transducing extracellular signals to plant defence responses. mapk phosphatases control kinase activities and the signalling outcome. the involvement and the role of mpk3 and ...	2015	26438412
pathogen-regulated genes in wheat isogenic lines differing in resistance to brown rust puccinia triticina.	inoculation of wheat plants with puccinia triticina (pt) spores activates a wide range of host responses. compatible pt interaction with susceptible thatcher plants supports all stages of the pathogen life cycle. incompatible interaction with tclr9 activates defense responses including oxidative burst and micronecrotic reactions associated with the pathogen's infection structures and leads to complete termination of pathogen development. these two contrasting host-pathogen interactions were a fo ...	2015	26438375
joint transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal changes in the primary metabolism and imbalances in the subgenome orchestration in the bread wheat molecular response to fusarium graminearum.	fusarium head blight is a prevalent disease of bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.), which leads to considerable losses in yield and quality. quantitative resistance to the causative fungus fusarium graminearum is poorly understood. we integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics data to dissect the molecular response to the fungus and its main virulence factor, the toxin deoxynivalenol in near-isogenic lines segregating for two resistance quantitative trait loci, fhb1 and qfhs.ifa-5a. the data set ...	2015	26438291
prophage recombinases-mediated genome engineering in lactobacillus plantarum.	lactobacillus plantarum is a food-grade microorganism with industrial and medical relevance belonging to the group of lactic acid bacteria (lab). traditional strategies for obtaining gene deletion variants in this organism are mainly vector-based double-crossover methods, which are inefficient and laborious. a feasible possibility to solve this problem is the recombineering, which greatly expands the possibilities for engineering dna molecules in vivo in various organisms.	2015	26438232
passive dust collectors for assessing airborne microbial material.	settled airborne dust is used as a surrogate for airborne exposure in studies that explore indoor microbes. in order to determine whether detecting differences in dust environments would depend on the sampler type, we compared different passive, settled dust sampling approaches with respect to displaying qualitative and quantitative aspects of the bacterial and fungal indoor microbiota.	2015	26434807
transcription factors wrky70 and wrky11 served as regulators in rhizobacterium bacillus cereus ar156-induced systemic resistance to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 in arabidopsis.	the activation of both the sa and ja/etsignalling pathways may lead to more efficient general and broad resistance to pst dc3000 by non-pathogenic rhizobacteria. however, the mechanisms that govern this simultaneous activation are unclear. using arabidopsis as a model system, two transcription factors, wrky11 and wrky70, were identified as important regulators involved in induced systemic resistance (isr) triggered by bacillus cereus ar156. the results revealed that ar156 treatment significantly ...	2016	26433201
pbl13 is a serine/threonine protein kinase that negatively regulates arabidopsis immune responses.	receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (rlcks) are a subset of plant receptor-like kinases lacking both extracellular and transmembrane domains. some of the 46 members in the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) rlck subfamily vii have been linked to plant innate immunity; however, most remain uncharacterized. thus, multiple subfamily vii members are expected to be involved in plant immune signaling. here, we investigate the role of avrpphb susceptible1-like13 (pbl13), a subfamily vii rlck with unique ...	2015	26432875
using the plant vacuole as a biological system to investigate the functional properties of exogenous channels and transporters.	plant cells possess a large intracellular compartment that animal cells do not, the central vacuole, which has been investigated for a long time. the central vacuole can occupy up to 90% of the cellular volume and, differently from intracellular organelles from animal cells such as lysosomes or endosomes, it is easy to isolate. because of its large dimension (up to 40 μm diameter) it can be successfully studied using the classical patch-clamp technique. following the idea that the vacuolar membr ...	2016	26431786
the hrp pathogenicity island of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 is induced by plant phenolic acids.	plants produce a wide array of antimicrobial compounds, such as phenolic compounds, to combat microbial pathogens. the hrp pai is one of the major virulence factors in the plant pathogen, pseudomonas syringae. a major role of hrp pai is to disable the plant defense system during bacterial invasion. we examined the influence of phenolic compounds on hrp pai gene expression at low and high concentrations. there was approximately 2.5 times more hrpa and hrpz mrna in ptodc3000 that was grown in mini ...	2015	26428924
novel jaz co-operativity and unexpected ja dynamics underpin arabidopsis defence responses to pseudomonas syringae infection.	pathogens target phytohormone signalling pathways to promote disease. plants deploy salicylic acid (sa)-mediated defences against biotrophs. pathogens antagonize sa immunity by activating jasmonate signalling, for example pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 produces coronatine (cor), a jasmonic acid (ja) mimic. this study found unexpected dynamics between sa, ja and cor and co-operation between jaz jasmonate repressor proteins during dc3000 infection. we used a systems-based approach involvin ...	2015	26428397
novel jaz co-operativity and unexpected ja dynamics underpin arabidopsis defence responses to pseudomonas syringae infection.	pathogens target phytohormone signalling pathways to promote disease. plants deploy salicylic acid (sa)-mediated defences against biotrophs. pathogens antagonize sa immunity by activating jasmonate signalling, for example pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 produces coronatine (cor), a jasmonic acid (ja) mimic. this study found unexpected dynamics between sa, ja and cor and co-operation between jaz jasmonate repressor proteins during dc3000 infection. we used a systems-based approach involvin ...	2015	26428397
over-expression of an s-domain receptor-like kinase extracellular domain improves panicle architecture and grain yield in rice.	the s-domain receptor kinase (srk) comprises a highly polymorphic subfamily of receptor-like kinases (rlks) originally found to be involved in the self-incompatibility response in brassica. although several members have been identified to play roles in developmental control and disease responses, the correlation between srks and yield components in rice is still unclear. the utility of transgenic expression of a dominant negative form of srk, oslsk1 (large spike s-domain receptor like kinase 1), ...	2015	26428067
molecular characterization of ljabcg1, an atp-binding cassette protein in lotus japonicus.	ljabcg1, a full-size abcg subfamily of atp-binding cassette proteins of a model legume, lotus japonicus, was reported as a gene highly expressed during the early stages of nodulation, but have not been characterized in detail. in this study we showed that the induction of ljabcg1 expression was remarkable by methyl jasmonate treatment, and reporter gene experiments indicated that ljabcg1 was strongly expressed in the nodule parenchyma and cell layers adjacent to the root vascular tissue toward t ...	2015	26418593
platismatia glaucia and pseudevernia furfuracea lichens as sources of antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents.	the antioxidative, antimicrobial and antibiofilm potentials of acetone, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of lichen species platismatia glauca and pseudevernia furfuracea were evaluated. the phytochemical analysis by gc, gc/ms and nmr revealed caperatic acid, atraric acid, atranorin and chloroatranorin as the predominant compounds in platismatia glauca. atraric acid, olivetoric acid, atranorin and chloroatranorin were the major constituents in pseudevernia furfuracea. the strong antioxidant ca ...	2014	26417313
high atmospheric carbon dioxide-dependent alleviation of salt stress is linked to respiratory burst oxidase 1 (rboh1)-dependent h2o2 production in tomato (solanum lycopersicum).	plants acclimate rapidly to stressful environmental conditions. increasing atmospheric co2 levels are predicted to influence tolerance to stresses such as soil salinity but the mechanisms are poorly understood. to resolve this issue, tomato (solanum lycopersicum) plants were grown under ambient (380 μmol mol(-1)) or high (760 μmol mol(-1)) co2 in the absence or presence of sodium chloride (100mm). the higher atmospheric co2 level induced the expression of respiratory burst oxidase 1 (slrboh1) an ...	2015	26417022
9-lipoxygenase-derived oxylipins activate brassinosteroid signaling to promote cell wall-based defense and limit pathogen infection.	the oxylipins, a large family of oxygenated lipid derivatives, regulate plant development and immunity. two members of the 9-lipoxygenase (9-lox) oxylipin pathway, 9-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid and 9-ketooctadecatrienoic acid, control root development and plant defense. studies in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) using a series of 9-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid- and 9-ketooctadecatrienoic acid-insensitive nonresponding to oxylipins (noxy) mutants showed the importance of the cell wall as a 9- ...	2015	26417008
repression of lateral organ boundary genes by pennywise and pound-foolish is essential for meristem maintenance and flowering in arabidopsis.	in the model plant arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), endogenous and environmental signals acting on the shoot apical meristem cause acquisition of inflorescence meristem fate. this results in changed patterns of aerial development seen as the transition from making leaves to the production of flowers separated by elongated internodes. two related bel1-like homeobox genes, pennywise (pny) and pound-foolish (pnf), fulfill this transition. loss of function of these genes impairs stem cell mainten ...	2015	26417006
mini-tn7 vectors for stable expression of diguanylate cyclase pled* in gram-negative bacteria.	the cyclic diguanylate (c-di-gmp) is currently considered an ubiquitous second messenger in bacteria that influences a wide range of cellular processes. one of the methodological approaches to unravel c-di-gmp regulatory networks involves raising the c-di-gmp intracellular levels, e.g. by expressing a diguanylate cyclase (dgc), to provoke phenotypic changes.	2015	26415513
characterization of the hrpz gene from pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola m2.	pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola is a natural pathogen of members of the brassicaceae plant family. using a transposon-based mutagenesis strategy in pseudomonas syringaepv. maculicola m2 (psmm2), we conducted a genetic screen to identify mutants that were capable of growing in m9 medium supplemented with a crude extract from the leaves of arabidopsis thaliana. a mutant containing a transposon insertion in the hrpz gene (psmmut8) was unable to infect adult plants from arabidopsis thaliana or b ...	2015	26413080
chemical products induce resistance to xanthomonas perforans in tomato.	the bacterial spot of tomato, caused by xanthomonas spp., is a very important disease, especially in the hot and humid periods of the year. the chemical control of the disease has not been very effective for a number of reasons. this study aimed to evaluate, under greenhouse conditions, the efficacy of leaf-spraying chemicals (acibenzolar-s-methyl (asm) (0.025 g.l(-1)), fluazinam (0.25 g.l(-1)), pyraclostrobin (0.08 g.l(-1)), pyraclostrobin + methiran (0.02 g.l(-1) + 2.2 g.l(-1)), copper oxychlo ...	2015	26413050
different ancestries of r tailocins in rhizospheric pseudomonas isolates.	bacterial genomes accommodate a variety of mobile genetic elements, including bacteriophage-related clusters that encode phage tail-like protein complexes playing a role in interactions with eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells. such tailocins are unable to replicate inside target cells due to the lack of a phage head with associated dna. a subset of tailocins mediate antagonistic activities with bacteriocin-like specificity. functional characterization of bactericidal tailocins of two pseudomonas pu ...	2015	26412856
transcriptional mechanism of jasmonate receptor coi1-mediated delay of flowering time in arabidopsis.	flowering time of plants must be tightly regulated to maximize reproductive success. plants have evolved sophisticated signaling network to coordinate the timing of flowering in response to their ever-changing environmental conditions. besides being a key immune signal, the lipid-derived plant hormone jasmonate (ja) also regulates a wide range of developmental processes including flowering time. here, we report that the coronatine insensitive1 (coi1)-dependent signaling pathway delays the flower ...	2015	26410299
inference of longevity-related genes from a robust coexpression network of seed maturation identifies regulators linking seed storability to biotic defense-related pathways.	seed longevity, the maintenance of viability during storage, is a crucial factor for preservation of genetic resources and ensuring proper seedling establishment and high crop yield. we used a systems biology approach to identify key genes regulating the acquisition of longevity during seed maturation of medicago truncatula. using 104 transcriptomes from seed developmental time courses obtained in five growth environments, we generated a robust, stable coexpression network (matnet), thereby capt ...	2015	26410298
opposing effects on two phases of defense responses from concerted actions of heat shock cognate70 and bonzai1 in arabidopsis.	the plant immune system consists of multiple layers of responses targeting various phases of pathogen infection. here, we provide evidence showing that two responses, one controlling stomatal closure and the other mediated by intracellular receptor proteins, can be regulated by the same proteins but in an antagonistic manner. the heat shock cognate70 (hsc70), while previously known as a negative regulator of stomatal closure, is a positive regulator of immune responses mediated by the immune rec ...	2015	26408532
flagellin glycosylation in paenibacillus alvei ccm 2051t.	flagellin glycosylation impacts, in several documented cases, the functionality of bacterial flagella. the basis of flagellin glycosylation has been studied for various gram-negative bacteria, but less is known about flagellin glycans of gram-positive bacteria including paenibacillus alvei, a secondary invader of honeybee colonies diseased with european foulbrood. paenibacillus alvei ccm 2051(t) swarms vigorously on solidified culture medium, with swarming relying on functional flagella as evide ...	2016	26405108
flagellin glycosylation in paenibacillus alvei ccm 2051t.	flagellin glycosylation impacts, in several documented cases, the functionality of bacterial flagella. the basis of flagellin glycosylation has been studied for various gram-negative bacteria, but less is known about flagellin glycans of gram-positive bacteria including paenibacillus alvei, a secondary invader of honeybee colonies diseased with european foulbrood. paenibacillus alvei ccm 2051(t) swarms vigorously on solidified culture medium, with swarming relying on functional flagella as evide ...	2016	26405108
regulatory proteolysis in arabidopsis-pathogen interactions.	approximately two and a half percent of protein coding genes in arabidopsis encode enzymes with known or putative proteolytic activity. proteases possess not only common housekeeping functions by recycling nonfunctional proteins. by irreversibly cleaving other proteins, they regulate crucial developmental processes and control responses to environmental changes. regulatory proteolysis is also indispensable in interactions between plants and their microbial pathogens. proteolytic cleavage is simu ...	2015	26404238
transgenic citrus expressing an arabidopsis npr1 gene exhibit enhanced resistance against huanglongbing (hlb; citrus greening).	commercial sweet orange cultivars lack resistance to huanglongbing (hlb), a serious phloem limited bacterial disease that is usually fatal. in order to develop sustained disease resistance to hlb, transgenic sweet orange cultivars 'hamlin' and 'valencia' expressing an arabidopsis thaliana npr1 gene under the control of a constitutive camv 35s promoter or a phloem specific arabidopsis suc2 (atsuc2) promoter were produced. overexpression of atnpr1 resulted in trees with normal phenotypes that exhi ...	2015	26398891
arabidopsis vq motif-containing proteins vq12 and vq29 negatively modulate basal defense against botrytis cinerea.	arabidopsis vq motif-containing proteins have recently been demonstrated to interact with several wrky transcription factors; however, their specific biological functions and the molecular mechanisms underlying their involvement in defense responses remain largely unclear. here, we showed that two vq genes, vq12 and vq29, were highly responsive to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen botrytis cinerea. to characterize their roles in plant defense, we generated amir-vq12 transgenic plants by using an ...	2015	26394921
detoxification of indole by an indole-induced flavoprotein oxygenase from acinetobacter baumannii.	indole, a derivative of the amino acid tryptophan, is a toxic signaling molecule, which can inhibit bacterial growth. to overcome indole-induced toxicity, many bacteria have developed enzymatic defense systems to convert indole to non-toxic, water-insoluble indigo. we previously demonstrated that, like other aromatic compound-degrading bacteria, acinetobacter baumannii can also convert indole to indigo. however, no work has been published investigating this mechanism. here, we have shown that th ...	2015	26390211
two cytochromes p450 catalyze s-heterocyclizations in cabbage phytoalexin biosynthesis.	phytoalexins are abundant in edible crucifers and have important biological activities, yet no dedicated gene for their biosynthesis is known. here, we report two new cytochromes p450 from brassica rapa (chinese cabbage) that catalyze unprecedented s-heterocyclizations in cyclobrassinin and spirobrassinin biosynthesis. our results provide genetic and biochemical insights into the biosynthesis of a prominent pair of dietary metabolites and have implications for pathway discovery across >20 recent ...	2015	26389737
arabidopsis aterf15 positively regulates immunity against pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 and botrytis cinerea.	upon pathogen infection, activation of immune response requires effective transcriptional reprogramming that regulates inducible expression of a large set of defense genes. a number of ethylene-responsive factor transcription factors have been shown to play critical roles in regulating immune responses in plants. in the present study, we explored the functions of arabidopsis aterf15 in immune responses against pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) dc3000, a (hemi)biotrophic bacterial pathogen, a ...	2015	26388886
chromatin versus pathogens: the function of epigenetics in plant immunity.	to defend against pathogens, plants have developed a sophisticated innate immunity that includes effector recognition, signal transduction, and rapid defense responses. recent evidence has demonstrated that plants utilize the epigenetic control of gene expression to fine-tune their defense when challenged by pathogens. in this review, we highlight the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of histone modifications (i.e., methylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination) and chromatin remo ...	2015	26388882
iron is a signal for stenotrophomonas maltophilia biofilm formation, oxidative stress response, omps expression, and virulence.	stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging nosocomial pathogen. in many bacteria iron availability regulates, through the fur system, not only iron homeostasis but also virulence. the aim of this work was to assess the role of iron on s. maltophilia biofilm formation, eps production, oxidative stress response, omps regulation, quorum sensing (qs), and virulence. studies were done on k279a and its isogenic fur mutant f60 cultured in the presence or absence of dipyridyl. this is the first report ...	2015	26388863
contact-dependent growth inhibition (cdi) and cdib/cdia two-partner secretion proteins.	bacteria have developed several strategies to communicate and compete with one another in complex environments. one important mechanism of inter-bacterial competition is contact-dependent growth inhibition (cdi), in which gram-negative bacteria use cdib/cdia two-partner secretion proteins to suppress the growth of neighboring target cells. cdib is an omp85 outer-membrane protein that exports and assembles cdia exoproteins onto the inhibitor cell surface. cdia binds to receptors on susceptible ba ...	2015	26388411
o antigen modulates insect vector acquisition of the bacterial plant pathogen xylella fastidiosa.	hemipteran insect vectors transmit the majority of plant pathogens. acquisition of pathogenic bacteria by these piercing/sucking insects requires intimate associations between the bacterial cells and insect surfaces. lipopolysaccharide (lps) is the predominant macromolecule displayed on the cell surface of gram-negative bacteria and thus mediates bacterial interactions with the environment and potential hosts. we hypothesized that bacterial cell surface properties mediated by lps would be import ...	2015	26386068
plant pathogen-induced water-soaking promotes salmonella enterica growth on tomato leaves.	plant pathogen infection is a critical factor for the persistence of salmonella enterica on plants. we investigated the mechanisms responsible for the persistence of s. enterica on diseased tomato plants by using four diverse bacterial spot xanthomonas species that differ in disease severities. xanthomonas euvesicatoria and x. gardneri infection fostered s. enterica growth, while x. perforans infection did not induce growth but supported the persistence of s. enterica. x. vesicatoria-infected le ...	2015	26386057
complete dna sequence of pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, the causal agent of kiwifruit canker disease.	pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae is the causal agent of bacterial canker of kiwifruit, a disease that has rapidly spread worldwide. we have fully sequenced and assembled the chromosomal and plasmid dna from p. syringae pv. actinidiae icmp 18884 using the pacbio rs ii platform.	2015	26383666
2-hydroxy acids in plant metabolism.	glycolate, malate, lactate, and 2-hydroxyglutarate are important 2-hydroxy acids (2ha) in plant metabolism. most of them can be found as d- and l-stereoisomers. these 2ha play an integral role in plant primary metabolism, where they are involved in fundamental pathways such as photorespiration, tricarboxylic acid cycle, glyoxylate cycle, methylglyoxal pathway, and lysine catabolism. recent molecular studies in arabidopsis thaliana have helped elucidate the participation of these 2ha in in plant ...	2015	26380567
ethylene responsive factors in the orchestration of stress responses in monocotyledonous plants.	the apetala2/ethylene-responsive factor (ap2/erf) superfamily of transcription factors (tfs) regulates physiological, developmental and stress responses. most of the ap2/erf tfs belong to the erf family in both dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants. erfs are implicated in the responses to both biotic and abiotic stress and occasionally impart multiple stress tolerance. studies have revealed that erf gene function is conserved in dicots and monocots. moreover, successful stress tolerance phe ...	2015	26379679
gene expression of type vi secretion system associated with environmental survival in acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae by principle component analysis.	valine glycine repeat g (vgrg) proteins are regarded as one of two effectors of type vi secretion system (t6ss) which is a complex multi-component secretion system. in this study, potential biological roles of t6ss structural and vgrg genes in a rice bacterial pathogen, acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae (aaa) rs-1, were evaluated under seven stress conditions using principle component analysis of gene expression. the results showed that growth of the pathogen was reduced by h₂o₂ and paraquat-induc ...	2015	26378528
modifications of sphingolipid content affect tolerance to hemibiotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens by modulating plant defense responses in arabidopsis.	sphingolipids are emerging as second messengers in programmed cell death and plant defense mechanisms. however, their role in plant defense is far from being understood, especially against necrotrophic pathogens. sphingolipidomics and plant defense responses during pathogenic infection were evaluated in the mutant of long-chain base phosphate (lcb-p) lyase, encoded by the dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate lyase1 (atdpl1) gene and regulating long-chain base/lcb-p homeostasis. atdpl1 mutants exhibit ...	2015	26378098
bypasses in intracellular glucose metabolism in iron-limited pseudomonas putida.	decreased biomass growth in iron (fe)-limited pseudomonas is generally attributed to downregulated expression of fe-requiring proteins accompanied by an increase in siderophore biosynthesis. here, we applied a stable isotope-assisted metabolomics approach to explore the underlying carbon metabolism in glucose-grown pseudomonas putida kt2440. compared to fe-replete cells, fe-limited cells exhibited a sixfold reduction in growth rate but the glucose uptake rate was only halved, implying an imbalan ...	2015	26377487
bypasses in intracellular glucose metabolism in iron-limited pseudomonas putida.	decreased biomass growth in iron (fe)-limited pseudomonas is generally attributed to downregulated expression of fe-requiring proteins accompanied by an increase in siderophore biosynthesis. here, we applied a stable isotope-assisted metabolomics approach to explore the underlying carbon metabolism in glucose-grown pseudomonas putida kt2440. compared to fe-replete cells, fe-limited cells exhibited a sixfold reduction in growth rate but the glucose uptake rate was only halved, implying an imbalan ...	2015	26377487
functional analysis of the aefr mutation and identification of its binding site in pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 11528.	the tetr family transcriptional regulator aefr contributes to the regulation of the quorum-sensing system. however, the role of aefr in the regulatory network of the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pathovars is not known. in this study, the phenotype of a p. syringae pv. tabaci 11528 aefr deletion mutant strain was examined. the aefr gene expression and aefr dna-binding affinity were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assay, respect ...	2015	26376742
nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species are required for systemic acquired resistance in plants.	systemic acquired resistance (sar) is a form of broad-spectrum disease resistance that is induced in response to primary infection and that protects uninfected portions of the plant against secondary infections by related or unrelated pathogens. sar is associated with an increase in chemical signals that operate in a collective manner to confer protection against secondary infections. these include, the phytohormone salicylic acid (sa), glycerol-3-phosphate (g3p), azelaic acid (aza) and more rec ...	2015	26375184
maize homologs of hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis, bind the nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat rp1 proteins to modulate the defense response.	in plants, most disease resistance genes encode nucleotide binding leu-rich repeat (nlr) proteins that trigger a rapid localized cell death called a hypersensitive response (hr) upon pathogen recognition. the maize (zea mays) nlr protein rp1-d21 derives from an intragenic recombination between two nlrs, rp1-d and rp1-dp2, and confers an autoactive hr in the absence of pathogen infection. from a previous quantitative trait loci and genome-wide association study, we identified a single-nucleotide ...	2015	26373661
type iii secretion systems: the bacterial flagellum and the injectisome.	the flagellum and the injectisome are two of the most complex and fascinating bacterial nanomachines. at their core, they share a type iii secretion system (t3ss), a transmembrane export complex that forms the extracellular appendages, the flagellar filament and the injectisome needle. recent advances, combining structural biology, cryo-electron tomography, molecular genetics, in vivo imaging, bioinformatics and biophysics, have greatly increased our understanding of the t3ss, especially the str ...	2015	26370933