Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| [antibiotic-associated colitis--clostridium difficile colitis]. | 1994 | 7837446 | |
| clinical significance of clostridium difficile and its toxins in faeces of immunocompromised children. | in this study, clinical and laboratory findings were tested for correlation with the presence of clostridium difficile. the toxigenicity of the isolated strains and the toxins were determined in faecal samples of immunocompromised children admitted to a single room for protective isolation. using the toxin assay as the gold standard, the culture sensitivity of toxigenic c difficile was 94.1%, the specificity 93.8%, the positive predictive value 62.8%, and the negative predictive value 99.3%. cor ... | 1994 | 7828982 |
| [susceptibility of strict anaerobic bacteria to antibiotics in france: a multicenter study]. | during 1992, the in vitro antibiotic susceptibility of 462 anaerobic bacteria was performed in 7 hospitals, by the reference agar dilution method. among the 222 bacteroides fragilis group strains, only one bacteroides fragilis strain was resistant to imipenem and all bêtalactams, even combined with bêtalactamase-inhibitors while metronidazole resistance could not be detected. one major outer membrane protein (probably a porin) was lacking in some of the six amoxicillin-clavulanic acid resistant ... | 1994 | 7824321 |
| diarrhea with enteral feeding: prospective reappraisal of putative causes. | our objective was to test, in tube-fed patients whether treatment with antibiotics, the presence of hypoalbuminemia, or the use of hypertonic tube feeding is associated with a higher incidence of diarrhea; how often tube feeding actually causes diarrhea; and whether administration of a lactobacillus preparation reduces the incidence of diarrhea. our study design included a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of patients on tube feeding for at least 5 days. stool weights and clinic ... | 1994 | 7819650 |
| laboratory detection of clostridium difficile. a comparison of media and incubation systems. | parallel testing for culture recovery of clostridium difficile was performed using three selective media in each of four anaerobic incubation environmental systems. testing was completed on 67 stool samples from 60 hospitalized patients in whom c difficile-associated diarrhea was suspected. three different media were evaluated: ccfa (modified cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar), ccfa-pras (ccfa, prereduced-anaerobically-sterilized) and cmba (modified cycloserine-mannitol-blood agar). the incuba ... | 1995 | 7817945 |
| saccharomyces boulardii enhances rat intestinal enzyme expression by endoluminal release of polyamines. | saccharomyces boulardii is a yeast widely used in humans for the prevention and treatment of infectious enteritis and clostridium difficile-associated enterocolopathies. after oral administration to human volunteers or growing rats, s. boulardii enhances markedly the expression of intestinal enzymes as well as the production of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor by mechanisms that remain unknown. we have analyzed the role of the yeast polyamines as potential mediators in the intestinal trophi ... | 1994 | 7816529 |
| intestinal microflora in colicky and noncolicky infants: bacterial cultures and gas-liquid chromatography. | to find out whether intestinal microflora in colicky infants is different from that in noncolicky controls, stool samples were collected from colicky infants during colic (n = 55) and at the age of 3 months (n = 46) and compared with samples from age-matched controls (n = 49 and n = 45, respectively). the samples were cultured on several selective and unselective aerobic and anaerobic culture agars, and gas-liquid chromatography of bacterial cellular fatty acids was used to produce fatty-acid pr ... | 1994 | 7815263 |
| application of typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to the study of clostridium difficile in a neonatal intensive care unit. | pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) analysis of restriction pattern polymorphism was applied to type clostridium difficile isolated from neonates hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit, and the results were compared with those of immunoblot analysis. c. difficile was isolated from fecal specimens of 41 (61%) of 67 neonates during a 5-month investigation. all of these neonates were asymptomatic. fifty-five c. difficile isolates from 32 patients were analyzed by pfge after digestion wi ... | 1994 | 7814526 |
| evaluation of an oligonucleotide probe and an immunological test for direct detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in stool samples. | a 33 basepair oligonucleotide probe, designed from the sequence of the clostridium difficile toxin b gene, was evaluated for its ability to detect toxigenic clostridium difficile directly in stool samples, without culture or dna isolation. two different labelling techniques were investigated: radiolabelling and digoxigenin-labelling. one hundred ninety-six stools were tested, with a good correlation (96%) obtained between the oligonucleotide probe and the gold standard, the cytotoxicity tissue c ... | 1994 | 7805686 |
| periprosthetic clostridium difficile hip abscess imaged with in-111 wbcs. | during a prolonged hospital stay, left hip pain developed in a woman with sickle cell disease and bilateral hip prostheses. in-111 labeled wbc scintigraphy supplemented by tc-99m sc bone marrow imaging demonstrated abnormal wbc accumulation surrounding the left greater trochanter. results of surgical exploration showed an abscess involving the pseudocapsule, trochanteric bursa, and periprosthetic cement column. cultures grew clostridium difficile, an unusual pathogen in this site. | 1994 | 7805316 |
| in vitro activity of dmg-mino and dmg-dm dot, two new glycylcyclines, against anaerobic bacteria. | the in vitro activity of dmg-mino and dmg-dm dot against 350 anaerobic bacterial strains including anaerobic cocci, propionibacterium acnes, clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, bacteroides fragilis, other bacteroides species and fusobacteria was determined by the agar dilution method. their activity was compared with that of minocycline, doxycycline, piperacillin, cefoxitin, imipenem, clindamycin and metronidazole. dmg-mino and dmg-dm dot and imipenem were the most active agents test ... | 1993 | 7802861 |
| ciprofloxacin versus trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for prophylaxis of bacterial infections in bone marrow transplant recipients: a randomized, controlled trial. | to compare the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin (cip) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tms) for the prevention of bacterial infections in patients who received bone marrow transplantation (bmt) for the treatment of solid and hematopoietic neoplasms. | 1995 | 7799026 |
| monotherapy for fever and neutropenia in cancer patients: a randomized comparison of ceftazidime versus imipenem. | to compare the efficacy of ceftazidime and imipenem monotherapy for fever and neutropenia, and to determine whether fewer antimicrobial modifications (additions or changes) are required by the broader-spectrum agent, imipenem. | 1995 | 7799016 |
| hexamethonium and secretory diarrhea. | 1995 | 7797038 | |
| everninomicin, a new oligosaccharide antibiotic: its antimicrobial activity, post-antibiotic effect and synergistic bactericidal activity. | antimicrobial activity of everninomicin (sch) 27899) in comparison with two glycopeptides (vancomycin, teicoplanin) and six beta-lactam agents was evaluated against recent clinical isolates of gram-positive bacteria. everninomicin showed the highest activity against the species tested and mics90% of everninomicin against streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium and clostridium difficile were 0.1, 0.1, 0.2, 0.39, 0.1 microgram/ml, respectively. ... | 1995 | 7796712 |
| enhanced fermentation of mannitol and release of cytotoxin by clostridium difficile in alkaline culture media. | clostridium difficile atcc 43255 fermented less than 10% of the mannitol in a medium at ph 7; however, when the initial ph of the medium was adjusted to 8.5 or 9, about 80% of the mannitol was fermented. cell extracts of c. difficile phosphorylated mannitol with phosphoenolpyruvate, not atp, indicating a phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system transport phosphorylation of mannitol. the phosphorylation product was dehydrogenated by d-mannitol-1-phosphate:nad oxidoreductase. growth at an ini ... | 1995 | 7793964 |
| diagnosis of cryptantigen exposure and polyagglutinability: management of transfusion therapy in a patient with sepsis and colitis. | 1995 | 7793597 | |
| diarrhea in the intensive care patient. | approximately one third of patients admitted to the icu develop diarrhea during their hospitalization. diarrhea can lead to further complications, such as volume depletion and wound infection, and can significantly increase medical costs. the most common causative factors are medications, enteral feedings, and c. difficile infections. these may be implicated alone or in combination. further investigations of the pathophysiology of icu diarrhea as well as potential therapies are needed to clarify ... | 1995 | 7788541 |
| diagnosis and management of clostridium difficile infection. | 1995 | 7787544 | |
| glucosylation of rho proteins by clostridium difficile toxin b. | toxin a and b, the major virulence factors of clostridium difficile, are the causative agents of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. in cultured cell lines their potent cytotoxicity results from their ability to induce disaggregation of the microfilament cytoskeleton. toxin b acts on the low-molecular-mass gtpase rhoa, which is involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. we report here that toxin b catalyses the incorporation of up to one mole of glucose per mole of rhoa at ... | 1995 | 7777059 |
| antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis without clostridium difficile toxin in children. | we describe nine children with antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis without clostridium difficile toxin. the onset was usually sudden, with severe hematochezia and abdominal cramps. the illness quickly resolved and required no specific treatment except discontinuation of the implicated antibiotic. early proctosigmoidoscopy was a useful diagnostic adjunct. it appears that antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis is a distinct entity rather than a variant of antibiotic-associated colitis in ... | 1995 | 7776076 |
| teicoplanin or vancomycin in the treatment of gram-positive infections? | the glycopeptide antibiotics vancomycin and teicoplanin have similar mechanisms of action on bacterial cell wall synthesis. their spectra of activity are limited to gram-positive bacteria, with the degree of bactericidal activity depending on the species of micro-organism. staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermis, enterococci and clostridium difficile are generally sensitive, including methicillin-resistant strains of s. aureus and s. epidermidis. glycopeptide resistance has recently emer ... | 1995 | 7775615 |
| the enterotoxin from clostridium difficile (toxa) monoglucosylates the rho proteins. | the enterotoxin from clostridium difficile (toxa) is one of the causative agents of the antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. in cultured monolayer cells toxa exhibits cytotoxic activity to induce disassembly of the actin cytoskeleton, which is accompanied by morphological changes. toxa-induced depolymerization of actin filaments is correlated with a decrease in the adp-ribosylation of the low molecular mass gtp-binding rho proteins (just, i., selzer, j., von eichel-streiber, c., and a ... | 1995 | 7775453 |
| clostridium difficile causing sepsis and an acute abdomen in critically ill patients. | 1995 | 7774230 | |
| [clostridium difficile infection. the nosocomial aspect]. | clostridium difficile infection is discussed relatively rarely as a nosocomial problem in norway. epidemiological studies have shown clostridium difficile diarrhoea to be frequently an antibiotica-associated nosocomial disease. we describe a material consisting of 22 patients with clostridium difficile infection from a county hospital in norway. the inclusion criteria were a clinical disease with diarrhoea and a positive test for clostridium difficile toxin a and/or b in the faeces. 11 patients ... | 1995 | 7770832 |
| antibiotic-induced diarrhea. | diarrhea is a common complication of antibiotic therapy and can range from mild soiling of a cast to severe and life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis. although clindamycin is the most notorious, almost all antibiotics, particularly penicillins and cephalosporins, may also be responsible (bartlett, 1992; kelly, pothoulakis, & lamont, 1994). because of the frequent use of these antibiotics in orthopaedic patients, antibiotic-associated enteric disease is a common problem in this population. ab ... | 1995 | 7761131 |
| cdad rates. | 1995 | 7759818 | |
| transfer of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b (mls) resistance in clostridium difficile is linked to a gene homologous with toxin a and is mediated by a conjugative transposon, tn5398. | an mls resistance gene designated ermbz, from a toxigenic clostridium difficile strain (630) could be transferred between c. difficile strains, and to and from bacillus subtilis. the intergeneric transfer occurred in the absence of any detectable plasmid dna and the element responsible for gene transfer entered the recipient's chromosome, behaviour which is characteristic of a conjugative transposon. the element was designated tn5398 and was found in six c. difficile strains. tn5398 could be tra ... | 1995 | 7759394 |
| severity and treatability of clostridium difficile infection in aids patients. | 1995 | 7755799 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea after doxycycline malaria prophylaxis. | 1995 | 7752793 | |
| in vivo and in vitro studies of clostridium difficile-induced disease in hamsters fed an atherogenic, high-fat diet. | after previous observation of increased susceptibility to clostridium difficile enterocolitis in hamsters fed an atherogenic, high-fat diet, a study was undertaken to examine experimental reproducibility of this disease. hamsters were fed either the high-fat diet or a control diet, then orally challenged with a toxigenic strain of c. difficile. hamsters fed the high-fat diet suffered 80% morbidity, which was statistically significant from the 11% morbidity of the control diet group (p < or = 0.0 ... | 1995 | 7752614 |
| the effect of du-6859a, a new potent fluoroquinolone, on fecal microflora in human volunteers. | following the oral administration of du-6859a to six healthy male volunteers at 100 mg per dose three times a day for seven consecutive days, the degree of disturbances of fecal microflora and fecal drug concentrations were examined. the total viable count decreased transiently during the administration due to changes in the number of members of the family bacteroidaceae, the most predominant organisms. the other obligate anaerobes and most aerobes including facultative anaerobes were suppressed ... | 1995 | 7752450 |
| clostridium difficile colitis: an increasing hospital-acquired illness. | colitis caused by clostridium difficile is receiving increased attention as a nosocomial hospital-acquired infection. | 1995 | 7747823 |
| pseudomembranous colitis following clarithromycin therapy. | to describe the association of clarithromycin, used to treat helicobacter pylori infection and duodenal ulceration, with pseudomembranous colitis in two patients. | 1995 | 7743311 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a case-control study. | to evaluate the prevalence of, risk factors for, treatment and outcome of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. | 1995 | 7743309 |
| use of arbitrary primer pcr to type clostridium difficile and comparison of results with those by immunoblot typing. | an arbitrarily primed pcr (ap-pcr) assay was used to type clostridium difficile isolates from a hospital outbreak of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. forty-one isolates were separated into nine groups, with 66% falling into one group; no other group contained more than 10%. comparison of ap-pcr grouping with that when the immunoblot technique was used showed agreement for 33 of 34 isolates typed by both techniques, and ap-pcr grouped seven isolates that were not typeable by immunoblotting. | 1994 | 7741841 |
| investigation and management of clostridium difficile colonisation in a paediatric oncology unit. | little is known about clostridium difficile infection in children with cancer but a presumed outbreak has previously been described. the carriage rate before admission to hospital and morbidity is reported to be high, especially in younger children. the prevalence of c difficile infection on a paediatric oncology ward was monitored from june 1991 to may 1992. twenty eight (13%) of 214 children were found to be infected. though the temporal distribution suggested an outbreak, polyacrylamide gel e ... | 1995 | 7741567 |
| immunoglobulin and non-immunoglobulin components of human milk inhibit clostridium difficile toxin a-receptor binding. | clostridium difficile is isolated from the intestinal tracts of > 50% of healthy infants. the mechanism by which intestinal colonisation of infants by toxigenic c. difficile is generally asymptomatic is unknown but may reflect the presence in human milk of neutralising activity against c. difficile toxin a. on this basis, the ability of human milk to inhibit the binding of toxin a to a purified hamster brush border membrane receptor was determined. ten milk samples from healthy volunteers in var ... | 1995 | 7739018 |
| clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | 1995 | 7738343 | |
| clostridium difficile toxin b is more potent than toxin a in damaging human colonic epithelium in vitro. | toxin a but not toxin b, appears to mediate intestinal damage in animal models of clostridium difficile enteritis. the purpose of this study was to investigate the electrophysiologic and morphologic effects of purified c. difficile toxins a and b on human colonic mucosa in ussing chambers. luminal exposure of tissues to 16-65 nm of toxin a and 0.2-29 nm of toxin b for 5 h caused dose-dependent epithelial damage. potential difference, short-circuit current and resistance decreased by 76, 58, and ... | 1995 | 7738167 |
| [antibiotics-associated colitis--clostridium difficile colitis]. | 1994 | 7736018 | |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile associated diarrhea: comparison of three rapid methods employing different markers for detection. | latex agglutination and the enzyme immunoassays cytoclone (eia-c) and vidas (eia-v) were compared with a cytotoxicity assay for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. among patients with discrepant results, the cytotoxicity assay and clinical assessment were used to evaluate the performance of the latex agglutination and eia tests. clostridium difficile associated diarrhea was documented in 30/149 samples (20.1%) from 130 patients. all test results matched in 113 instances. ... | 1995 | 7728658 |
| elevated serum antibody response to toxin a following splenic abscess due to clostridium difficile. | splenic abscess and segmental small-bowel infarction were documented in a patient from whose splenic culture clostridium difficile was isolated. a week and a half after splenectomy and partial bowel resection, diarrhea developed and stool cultures yielded an isolate of c. difficile that was identical to the abscess isolate when subjected to restriction endonuclease analysis. the level of igg antibody to toxin a was markedly higher in serum from this patient than in sera from patients with c. dif ... | 1995 | 7727643 |
| in vitro activity of bms-181139, a new carbapenem with potent antipseudomonal activity. | the in vitro activities of the carbapenem bms-181139 were determined in comparison with those of imipenem, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and vancomycin. bms-181139 was the most active against species of pseudomonas and related genera alteromonas and burkholderia, with mics for 147 of 149 isolates of < 4 micrograms/ml. of 22 imipenem-resistant (mic > 8 micrograms/ml) p. aeruginosa strains, only 1 required an mic of bms-181139 of > 4 micrograms/ml, compared with 14 requiring the same mero ... | 1995 | 7726502 |
| clostridium sordellii cytotoxin induces phosphorylation of an 80,000 mol. wt protein in mccoy cultured cells. | the cytotoxins from clostridium difficile (toxin b) and clostridium sordellii (toxin l) induce rounding of cultured cells. the cellular effects induced by these two cytotoxins are clearly distinct, suggesting that both toxins use a similar, but not identical mechanism for cell intoxication. we have employed the technique of two-dimensional page for the separation of 32p-labelled cell lysates of mccoy cultured cells to investigate changes in the phosphorylation status of cellular proteins after t ... | 1994 | 7725327 |
| pneumatosis intestinalis in a child with aids and pseudomembranous colitis. | pneumatosis intestinalis (pi) was first reported in three children and one adult with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) in 1990. the microorganisms cultured from these patients included cryptosporidium, rotavirus, cytomegalovirus, and pseudomonas. we report the fourth child with aids and pi, and the first with pi to be associated with clostridium difficile colitis. | 1994 | 7724293 |
| severe clostridium difficile colitis. | reports of fatality related to clostridium difficile colitis and a sharp increase in prevalence of this infection prompted a study of patients who develop a more aggressive form of this disease. | 1995 | 7720439 |
| colonic localization of labeled leukocytes in critically ill patients. scintigraphic detection of pseudomembranous colitis. | this study assesses the causes of colonic localization of labeled white blood cells (wbcs) in critically ill patients who had undergone leukocyte scintigraphy for suspected infection. forty-two patients showed abdominal or pelvic wbc localization; 20 of these had a pattern of colonic localization, and some also showed a pattern of small bowel activity. eight of the 20 patients had documented gastrointestinal bleeding. white blood cell scintigraphy in these eight patients showed a pattern of mult ... | 1995 | 7720321 |
| evaluation of the effects of a new water-jel system on specific bacterial and yeast strains in laboratory conditions. | in three previous studies the water-jel (wj) system was found to protect burn wounds from microbial contamination, to have excellent analgesic and cooling effects when used as a first-aid dressing and to be bactericidal to 15 microorganisms including yeasts tested from the ostrava burn unit. now a new wj system has been introduced without povidone iodine. an extensive bacteriological laboratory evaluation of the new wj system showed quite clearly its excellent antimicrobial and antimycotic prope ... | 1995 | 7718119 |
| rectal prolapse in children associated with clostridium difficile infection. | 1995 | 7716002 | |
| a defined growth medium for clostridium difficile. | minimal requirements of amino acids and vitamins were determined in chemically defined medium for five strains of clostridium difficile. cysteine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, tryptophan and valine were essential amino acids for growth of c. difficile. arginine, glycine, histidine, methionine and threonine enhanced growth. biotin, pantothenate and pyridoxine were essential vitamins. a defined medium containing the minimal requirements of amino acids and vitamins produced a rapid and heavy growt ... | 1995 | 7704267 |
| specific detection of clostridium difficile toxin a gene sequences in clinical isolates. | the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to specifically detect toxin a gene sequences of clostridium difficile in dna isolated from human faeces. a set of oligonucleotide primers derived from the non-repetitive region of the toxin a gene was developed to amplify a 634-bp dna fragment. all 28 cytotoxic strains of c. difficile, previously characterized by a toxin b-pcr assay, were positive for the presence of toxin a gene sequences. no amplification products were obtained from dnas extracted ... | 1994 | 7700267 |
| pcr amplification of rrna intergenic spacer regions as a method for epidemiologic typing of clostridium difficile. | from january to march 1993, a suspected outbreak of antibiotic-associated diarrhea occurred on a pediatric oncology ward of the clinical center hospital at the national institutes of health. isolates of clostridium difficile obtained from six patients implicated in this outbreak were typed by both pcr amplification of rrna intergenic spacer regions (pcr ribotyping) and restriction endonuclease analysis of genomic dna. comparable results were obtained with both methods; five of the six patients w ... | 1995 | 7699038 |
| diarrheal disease. established pathogens, new pathogens, and progress in vaccine development. | although much progress has been made in reducing the morbidity and mortality of infectious diarrhea through the use of oral rehydration, progress in preventive measures, such as vaccine development, has been slow. despite the plethora of candidate vaccines developed, there has not been an effective vaccine ready for general use, particularly in developing countries, during the past decade, perhaps in part because of the as-yet-undefined pathophysiology of many of these pathogens, as well as the ... | 1994 | 7698825 |
| rectal use of vancomycin. | 1994 | 7696727 | |
| tox-a test for clostridium difficile. | 1994 | 7695729 | |
| diagnosis and monitoring of clostridium difficile infections with the polymerase chain reaction. | toxigenic clostridium difficile is the etiologic agent of pseudomembranous colitis. we have developed an assay system for the rapid direct detection of toxigenic c. difficile in human stool samples. after dna extraction, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification is undertaken with primers targeting specific sequences in the c. difficile 16s rrna gene. next, toxigenic strains of c. difficile are distinguished from nontoxigenic strains by pcr amplification of toxin a and/or b gene sequences. t ... | 1993 | 7686782 |
| the challenge of vancomycin-resistant enterococci: a clinical and epidemiologic study. | vancomycin-resistant enterococci have been recovered with increasing frequency from hospitalized patients. risk factors, mode of nosocomial transmission, extent of colonization in hospitalized patients, and treatment options for these organisms have not been completely delineated. | 1995 | 7677262 |
| [sequelae of prolonged consumption of honey in excessive amounts]. | a case of a 46-year patient with honey poisoning is presented. it is worth mentioning that honey eaten for a long time may produce severe pathologies. honey in the south-eastern poland, where the patient lives, contains not only water, sugars such as sucrose, glucose and fructose, dextrins, and nitrogen compounds but also low levels of antibiotics and sulphonamides, used as prophylaxis against honey-bee diseases, heavy metals ions, and various bacteria. | 1994 | 7675708 |
| acute gastroenteritis in three community-based nursing homes. | acute gastroenteritis is a cause of considerable morbidity and mortality in the elderly population. a prospective assessment of acute diarrhea in three community-based long-stay homes is described. | 1995 | 7671026 |
| concurrence of clostridium difficile toxin a enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, fecal lactoferrin assay, and clinical criteria with c. difficile cytotoxin titer in two patient cohorts. | the accurate and sensitive diagnosis of clostridium difficile-related diarrhea, normally treated with vancomycin, has become increasingly important in light of the emergence of dangerous new strains of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. in order to improve the threshold for c. difficile diagnosis and treatment, a number of commonly used assays for the diagnosis of c. difficile diarrhea were examined. these included an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for c. difficile toxin a (toxa), a cho cell c ... | 1995 | 7665642 |
| surgical antibiotic prophylaxis and clostridium difficile toxin positivity. | to examine a possible relationship between prophylactic antibiotic therapy (pat) and the development of clostridium difficile toxin (cdt) positivity. | 1995 | 7661686 |
| toxigenicity of clostridium difficile strains isolated in the surgical ward. | we report the use of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile strains. pcr was performed as described (mcmillin et al., 1991). the results obtained by pcr were compared with those of cytotoxicity assays and of the latex agglutination test. twenty seven strains cultured from stool specimens of patients and five strains isolated from hospital environment in a surgical ward were investigated. twenty five of 32 strains produced cytotoxin as shown on th ... | 1995 | 7660857 |
| is cardiorespiratory failure induced by bacterial toxins the cause of sudden infant death syndrome? studies with an animal model (the rabbit). | recent studies have implicated various toxigenic bacteria and their toxins in the aetiology of sudden infant death syndrome (sids). therefore the effect of six bacterial toxins on the cardiorespiratory system of the rabbit was studied as a model for sids. the toxins' effect on the heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and breathing of anaesthetized rabbits was determined and their action compared to that of endotoxin. intravenous injection of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and alpha-toxin, s ... | 1995 | 7660368 |
| computed tomographic findings in pseudomembranous colitis: an important clue to the diagnosis. | computed tomography (ct) is increasingly used to evaluate abdominal diseases, including those of the colon. recent ct studies have documented colonic abnormalities in patients with pseudomembranous colitis; however, these findings are not widely appreciated by primary care physicians. over a 25-month period, we prospectively identified 13 patients who had proven pseudomembranous colitis evaluated by abdominal ct. the primary indications for ct were abdominal pain with or without fever in 9 patie ... | 1995 | 7660210 |
| atypical clostridium difficile colitis in a heart transplant recipient. | 1995 | 7654746 | |
| differentiation of clostridium difficile, clostridium bifermentans, clostridium sordellii, and clostridium perfringens from diarrheal stool by api zym and api lra oxidase test. | a simple, rapid and reliable outline for identification of clostridia isolates from human infections was developed. it consists of a combination of api zym and api lra oxidase tests. the enzymatic activities were performed with strains sub-cultured onto carbohydrate-free medium (columbia blood agar). fifty-five strains of clostridium difficile, c. bifermentans, c. sordellii, and c. perfringens from clinical specimens and eight reference standard strains representing different species of the same ... | 1995 | 7651236 |
| value of routine stool cultures in hospitalized patients with diarrhea. | in a prospective study conducted over a six-month period, the relative yield of 721 routine cultures of stool from adult inpatients as a function of the time after hospital admission was assessed. salmonella, campylobacter, shigella or yersinia spp. were recovered from 10.9% (41/377) of patients within three days of hospitalization and from only 1.5% (5/344) after three days. however, a review of these patients' charts did not suggest nosocomial transmission but rather a delay in stool collectio ... | 1995 | 7649200 |
| cloning and characterization of the cytotoxin l-encoding gene of clostridium sordellii: homology with clostridium difficile cytotoxin b. | hybridization of an oligodeoxyribonucleotide (oligo) probe, designed from a repeated sequence ('oligo rep') at the c terminus of the clostridium difficile (cd) cytotoxin (cyt), revealed that homologies exist between the cd cyt gene and the genomes of several other clostridia, including clostridium sordellii (cs), suggesting a common ancestral cyt amongst the clostridium genus. this cd 'oligo rep' probe was used to clone the cs (strain 6018) cyt. the sequenced (7095 bp) region encodes 2364 amino ... | 1995 | 7642137 |
| ten years of prospective clostridium difficile-associated disease surveillance and treatment at the minneapolis va medical center, 1982-1991. | to understand the epidemiology, risks, and management of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) and to establish and evaluate reliable methods of surveillance. | 1994 | 7632199 |
| [fecal flora in infants at the beginning and the end of hospitalization]. | the feces of 52 children without diarrhea, aged from 5 days to 22 months, treated in the department for various causes was investigated for the presence of that might be the cause of infectious diarrhea. samples were taken at the beginning and the end of hospitalization. the results were analyzed with reference to 5 age subgroups (1 month, 2-3 months, 4-6 months, 7-12 months, 12-22 months) and duration of hospitalization (3-42 days). the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the feces w ... | 1995 | 7624168 |
| selective neutralization of a bacterial enterotoxin by serum immunoglobulin a in response to mucosal disease. | one-third of convalescent-phase serum samples (6 of 18) from patients with clostridium difficle-associated diarrhea demonstrated neutralization of the clostridial enterotoxin, toxin a. although appreciable amounts of toxin a-specific immunoglobulin g (igg) and iga were present in these sera, the ability to neutralize the cytotoxic activity of toxin a on otf9-63 cells in vitro was confined to the iga fraction and the iga1 subclass in serum samples from all six patients. in contrast to the patient ... | 1995 | 7622244 |
| photo quiz. fulminant clostridium difficile colitis with intramural gas. | 1995 | 7619993 | |
| treatment of clostridium difficile infection. | 1995 | 7616972 | |
| sequencing and analysis of the gene encoding the alpha-toxin of clostridium novyi proves its homology to toxins a and b of clostridium difficile. | a library of total clostridium novyi dna was established and screened for the alpha-toxin gene (tcn alpha) by hybridization with oligonucleotides derived from a partial n-terminal sequence and by using specific antisera. overlapping subgenic tcn alpha fragments were isolated and subsequently the total sequence of tcn alpha was determined. the 6534 nucleotide open reading frame encodes a polypeptide of m(r) 250,166 and pi 5.9. the n-terminal alpha-toxin (tcn alpha) sequence mlitreqlmkiasip determ ... | 1995 | 7616958 |
| trefoil peptide protection of intestinal epithelial barrier function: cooperative interaction with mucin glycoprotein. | goblet cells secrete a combination of trefoil peptides and mucin glycoproteins to form a continuous gel on the mucosal surface. the functional effects of these products remain uncertain. | 1995 | 7615201 |
| effects of purified clostridium difficile toxin a on rabbit distal colon. | antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis in humans is caused by proliferation of clostridium difficile, which elaborates an enterotoxin toxin a that causes epithelial damage and altered motility in rabbit small intestine. the aim of this study was to assess the effects of toxin a on rabbit distal colonic motility and to relate this to histological damage and inflammatory mediator production. | 1995 | 7615182 |
| usefulness of culture in the diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection. | between january and april 1993, culture for clostridium difficile and a faecal cytotoxin assay were performed on 500 selected specimens. isolates from culture-positive patients from whom faecal samples were cytotoxin negative were also examined in vitro for cytotoxin production. the significance of a positive culture result in the absence of faecal cytotoxin was assessed. forty-one of the 500 specimens were toxin positive. in only 25 of these was clostridium difficile examination specifically re ... | 1995 | 7614964 |
| clostridium difficile infection in hamsters fed an atherogenic diet. | diarrhea and unexpected death were encountered in a group of young syrian hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) used for hyperlipoproteinemia and atherosclerosis research. the animals were fed an atherogenic diet containing 18% saturated fat and 0.366% cholesterol. mortality began 45 days after hamsters were placed on this atherogenic diet. the atherogenic studies were aborted at 74 days because of high mortality. toxigenic clostridium difficile was isolated from animals found dead or euthanatized bec ... | 1995 | 7604493 |
| [5 cases of clostridium difficile enteritis in infants]. | we encountered 5 cases of clostridium difficile enteritis that is rate in infancy. its clinical symptoms consisted mainly of diarrhea, fever and vomiting. also progressive abdominal enlargement was characteristically noted. hematological examination revealed an increase in the number of leukocytes predominant with granulocytes in addition to accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, an increase in alpha 2 globulin value and high ldh. on the bacteriological examination, detecting bacteria was d ... | 1995 | 7602196 |
| evaluation of gas-liquid chromatography (glc) for rapid detection of clostridium difficile in fecal specimens. | clostridium difficile intestinal infection is a major nosocomial hazard in patients receiving antimicrobial therapy. rationale for rapid diagnosis include lifesaving antimicrobial therapy in patients with severe colitis and early isolation measures for transmission control. we have therefore analysed the sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of glc identification of isocaproic acid in diarrheic stools from adult hospitalized patients in comparison with selective fecal culture on cycloser ... | 1995 | 7597879 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile colitis. summary of a round table held in brussels on march, 3rd, 1994. | due to the growing incidence and the severity of infections due to vancomycin resistant enterococci, it is now recommended to treat mild to moderate cases of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea with metronidazole while maintaining the use of oral vancomycin in serious or life-threatening colitis. clostridium difficile is a common cause of diarrhoea after antibiotic therapy and induces a spectrum of diseases ranging from mild diarrhoea to pseudomembranous colitis (pmc). it is considered to ... | 1995 | 7597874 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. | objectives: to review and summarize the status of diagnosis, epidemiology, infection control, and treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). diagnosis: a case definition of cdad should include the presence of symptoms (usually diarrhea) and at least one of the following positive tests: endoscopy revealing pseudomembranes, stool cytotoxicity test for toxin b, stool enzyme immunoassay for toxin a or b, or stool culture for c difficile (preferably with confirmation of organism to ... | 1995 | 7594392 |
| evaluation of formalin-inactivated clostridium difficile vaccines administered by parenteral and mucosal routes of immunization in hamsters. | clostridium difficile produces toxins that cause inflammation, necrosis, and fluid in the intestine and is the most important cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. we evaluated c. difficile antigens as vaccines to protect against systemic and intestinal disease in a hamster model of clindamycin colitis. formalin-inactivated culture filtrates from a highly toxigenic strain were administered by mucosal routes (intranasal, intragastric, and rectal) with cholera toxin as a ... | 1995 | 7591115 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis probably caused by clostridium difficile: first case appeared during preventive treatment of infection of ascitic fluid with norfloxacin]. | 1995 | 7590012 | |
| chronic septic arthritis and osteomyelitis in a prosthetic knee joint due to clostridium difficile. | a case of chronic septic arthritis and osteomyelitis in a prosthetic knee joint due to clostridium difficile is reported. a knee prosthesis was installed in a 16-year-old boy for surgical treatment of an osteosarcoma of the femur. later, the patient suffered a traumatic closed fracture of his patella, and a sterile fluid was aspirated. one month later, the joint displayed inflammation. culture of the articular fluid yielded a nontoxigenic clostridium difficile strain. despite several attempts us ... | 1995 | 7588845 |
| antibiotic-induced diarrhoea. | 1995 | 7587988 | |
| apparent outbreaks of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in horses in a veterinary medical teaching hospital. | intestinal colonization with toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile was documented in 9 of 10 horses with acute onset diarrhea in a veterinary medical teaching hospital, whereas a similar isolate was detected in only 1 of 23 other horses without diarrhea in the hospital. one horse with diarrhea was infected simultaneously with both c. difficile and salmonella krefeld. clostridium difficile was detected by fecal culture on selective medium, confirmed with a latex particle agglutination test, ... | 1995 | 7578449 |
| [presence of campylobacter spp., clostridium difficile, c. perfringens and salmonellae in litters of puppies and in adult dogs in a shelter]. | in order to ascertain the importance of campylobacter spp., c.difficile, c.perfringens and salmonella as agents of bacterial gastroenteritis in dogs, two groups of animals were studied prospectively. the first group consisted of 77 puppies in 14 litters, with fecal cultures performed weekly for 10 weeks, starting at birth. the second group consisted of a kennel population with every dog cultured at entry, and at two-month intervals thereafter. incidence of campylobacter spp. was 32 and 31 per 10 ... | 1995 | 7569838 |
| role of clostridium difficile in childhood diarrhea. | to investigate the etiologic role of clostridium difficile in childhood acute diarrhea, stool specimens from 618 children with diarrhea and 135 controls without enteric symptoms were examined by cell culture assay for the presence of free toxin b. this toxin was found in 4.2% of the fecal specimens examined without finding a significant difference between cases and controls, suggesting no causal relationship between diarrhea and the presence of free c. difficile toxin b. c. difficile strains iso ... | 1995 | 7567289 |
| a binding site for activation by the bacillus subtilis ahrc protein, a repressor/activator of arginine metabolism. | in bacillus subtilis, the ahrc protein represses genes encoding enzymes of arginine biosynthesis and activates those mediating its catabolism. to determine how this repressor also functions as an activator, we attempted to clone catabolic genes by searching for insertions of the tn917-lacz transposon that express ahrc-dependent, arginine-inducible beta-galactosidase activity. one such isolate was obtained. the region upstream of lacz was subcloned in escherichia coli in such a way that it could ... | 1995 | 7565595 |
| ciprofloxacin-associated clostridium difficile disease. | 1995 | 7564771 | |
| antineoplastic-associated colitis in chulalongkorn university hospital. | clostridium difficile is well known for causing pseudomembranous colitis. most cases are associated with the use of antimicrobial agents. non-antibiotic associated colitis has rarely been reported. the causes of colitis are related to dietary changes, anesthesia, uremia, and various non-antibiotics medications, especially antineoplastic agents. most responsible antineoplastics in previous reports are methotrexate and 5fu. from july 1993 to august 1994, 34 cancer patients developed acute diarrhea ... | 1995 | 7561566 |
| pcr ribotyping and arbitrarily primed pcr for typing strains of clostridium difficile from a polish maternity hospital. | detection of the source of clostridium difficile strains is of importance for the control of the nosocomial spread of this microorganism. for this purpose, vaginal and rectal swabs from 183 mothers, duplicate fecal samples (taken on days 1 and 4 after birth) from 183 neonates, and 94 environmental samples were cultured for c. difficile. the microorganism was never detected in the meconium obtained on day 1 after birth. on the other hand, an incidence of 17% c. difficile positivity was noted in t ... | 1995 | 7559940 |
| transient expression of rhoa, -b, and -c gtpases in hela cells potentiates resistance to clostridium difficile toxins a and b but not to clostridium sordellii lethal toxin. | the bacterial pathogen clostridium difficle synthesizes two high-molecular-weight toxins (a and b), which exhibit toxic effects in vivo and in vitro. here, we present evidence that the major intracellular targets of these two toxins are the rho gtpases. overexpression of rhoa, rhob, or rhoc gtpases in transfected hela cells conferred an increased resistance to toxins a and b, indicating that these toxins cause their cytopathic effects primarily by affecting rho proteins. in addition, toxin a and ... | 1995 | 7558320 |
| escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1: evidence for induction of actin assembly by constitutive activation of the p21 rho gtpase. | cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (cnf1) induces in hep-2 cells an increase in f-actin structures, which was detectable by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis 24 h after addition of this factor to the culture medium. increase in f-actin was correlated with the augmentation of both the cell volume and the total cell actin content. actin assembly-disassembly is controlled by small gtp-binding proteins of the rho family, which have been reported recently to be modified by cnf1 treatment. ... | 1995 | 7558302 |
| toxic megacolon complicating pseudomembranous enterocolitis. | toxic megacolon is a rare complication of pseudomembranous enterocolitis. we reviewed our recent experience with this complication. | 1995 | 7555415 |
| [diarrhea associated with antibiotics and disease caused by clostridium difficile]. | 1995 | 7548675 | |
| correlation of pyrolysis mass spectrometry and outer membrane protein profiles of clostridium difficile. | 1995 | 7548589 | |
| sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of edta-extracted cell-surface protein antigens is a simple and reproducible method for typing clostridium difficile. | 1995 | 7548588 |