Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| use of heat shock for culturing clostridium difficile from rectal swabs. | 1993 | 8324126 | |
| elevated levels of serum immunoglobulins in asymptomatic carriers of clostridium difficile. | serum levels of iga, igm, and polyvalent immunoglobulins reactive with clostridium difficile were determined by elisa for asymptomatic carriers (n = 5), symptomatic individuals (n = 21), and a pool of 30 "normal" individuals. mean iga concentrations expressed as optical density (od +/- sd) were significantly higher (p < .001) for asymptomatic carriers (1.252 +/- 0.516) than for symptomatic patients (0.374 +/- 0.145). mean serum igm levels also were significantly higher (p < .001) for carriers (1 ... | 1993 | 8324125 |
| role of the laboratory in investigations of clostridium difficile diarrhea. | the laboratory diagnosis of acute diarrhea due to clostridium difficile can be based solely on the demonstration of either cytotoxin or enterotoxin in the stool. this and other noncultural methods, however, fail to provide isolates from which useful data can be obtained. outbreaks can be recognized only by comparison of isolated strains. a dual approach of toxin detection and isolation is therefore recommended. | 1993 | 8324124 |
| purification of a functional receptor for clostridium difficile toxin a from intestinal brush border membranes of infant hamsters. | a receptor for clostridium difficile toxin a was purified from brush border membranes (bbms) from the small intestine of infant hamsters. the bbms were solubilized with triton x-114, and the solubilized receptor was purified with use of a toxin a immobilized affinity-chromatography column and differential temperature elution. sds-page and silver staining of the purified receptor revealed numerous high-molecular-weight bands. however, ligand blotting analysis with 125i-toxin a used as the probe i ... | 1993 | 8324123 |
| the microecology of clostridium difficile. | an understanding of the microecology of clostridium difficile provides for a better understanding of the disease that this organism causes. c. difficile is not a significant component of the microflora in the colon of healthy adult humans or animals; however, it can establish large populations in antibiotic-treated or gnotobiotic animals and in infants before they acquire a complete flora. major factors that determine whether or not disease develops are: (1) the size of the c. difficile populati ... | 1993 | 8324122 |
| activation of cellular phospholipase a2 by clostridium difficile toxin b. | c. difficile toxin b is a potent cytotoxin known to disrupt the microfilaments of cultured cells. we have recently shown also increased phospholipase a2 activity in cells treated with toxin b. the activity was detected as a toxin-induced, dose-dependent release of 14c-arachidonic acid from prelabeled fibroblasts. here is shown that the toxin elicited a 14c-arachidonic acid release in a cell mutant resistant to the toxin b effect on the microfilaments. the toxin-induced release was further charac ... | 1993 | 8320270 |
| signal transduction pathways and cellular intoxication with clostridium difficile toxins. | in cultured cells the cytopathic effects (cpe) of clostridium difficile toxins a and b are superficially similar. the irreversible cpes involve a reorganization of the cytoskeleton, but the molecular details of the mechanism(s) of action are unknown. as part of the work to elucidate the events leading to the cpe, cultured cells were preincubated with agents known to either stimulate or inhibit some major signal transduction pathways, whereupon toxin was added and the development of the cpe was f ... | 1993 | 8320269 |
| [nosocomial infections. some aspects]. | nosocomial infection is not a recent problem. however, it presents nowadays as a serious issue, not only due to the associated morbidity and mortality but also due to the economic burden on hospitals. the increased susceptibility of patients and the increased resistance to antibiotics by bacterial agents are important factors in the present situation. among the different nosocomial pathogens, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and clostridium difficile are two of the most distressing fo ... | 1993 | 8317232 |
| saccharomyces boulardii for clostridium difficile-associated enteropathies in infants. | based on experimental evidence in animals showing that the oral administration of saccharomyces boulardii is effective in reducing morbidity and mortality due to clostridium difficile-induced pseudomembranous colitis, we conducted an open trial to examine the effects of the living yeast, given as primary therapy, in a selected group of infants and children with persistent intestinal symptoms related to toxinogenic c. difficile overgrowth. over a period of 10 consecutive months, we studied 19 eli ... | 1993 | 8315551 |
| putting back the bugs: bacterial treatment relieves chronic diarrhoea. | 1994 | 8309401 | |
| use of the arbitrary primer polymerase chain reaction for investigating an outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in aids patients. | 1993 | 8307056 | |
| [yield of detection of clostridium difficile toxin versus stool culture in the study of nosocomial diarrhea]. | the aim of the study was to determine whether the detection of clostridium difficile toxin in stools may be more profitable than conventional stool cultures for the etiologic study of nosocomial diarrhea and to analyze what risk factors favor the development of nosocomial diarrhea by c. difficile. | 1993 | 8305554 |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole given as prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | 1994 | 8304370 | |
| postoperative clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis in idiopathic scoliosis. a brief clinical report. | the authors report two healthy young patients with progressive idiopathic scoliosis, both without allergies or histories of gastrointestinal disorders, who received perioperative preventive cephalosporin antibiotics, and developed explosive diarrhea postoperatively, confirmed as clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis by stool toxin assay. both patients had initially recovered uneventfully after posterior fusion and cotrel-dubousset instrumentation. their youth, health, diagnosis, and lac ... | 1993 | 8303465 |
| the effect of fce 22891, a new oral penem, on faecal flora anaerobes and their fermentation end products in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | the influence of fce 22891 on the faecal flora was investigated in 11 patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). colony counts of faecal (an)aerobes and concentrations of their short-chain fatty acids and organic acids were determined simultaneously in fresh faeces before, during and after administration of the drug, and compared to those of healthy human volunteers. the mic of fce 22891 for the 142 isolated anaerobes was determined, and compared to the ... | 1993 | 8300248 |
| human antibody response to clostridium difficile toxin a in relation to clinical course of infection. | this study investigated whether differences in fecal and serum antitoxin a antibody levels may account for the duration of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) and the occurrence of relapses. by an enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay, we tested 40 patients with cdad including 25 patients without immunodeficiency and 15 patients receiving antineoplastic drugs. two hundred eighty serum samples and 80 normal stool samples were investigated as controls. in nonimmunocompromised patients, se ... | 1994 | 8300199 |
| recurrent pseudomembranous colitis due to clostridium difficile in aids. | 1994 | 8300102 | |
| [acute hemorrhagic colitis caused by pristinamycin: two cases with association of klebsiella oxytoca and clostridium difficile]. | 1993 | 8288098 | |
| diagnosis of enteritis and enterotoxemia due to clostridium difficile in captive ostriches (struthio camelus). | 1993 | 8286467 | |
| nutritional aspects of cytotoxin production by clostridium difficile. | arginine was the only amino acid used by clostridium difficile that permitted cytotoxin synthesis in a peptone-based medium. synthesis of cytotoxin was delayed when glucose was used as the substrate. addition of rifampin or puromycin to cultures prior to release of cytotoxin inhibited the release of cytotoxin, suggesting that a protein essential for cytotoxin release is synthesized after cytotoxin is synthesized. | 1993 | 8285703 |
| case records of the massachusetts general hospital. weekly clinicopathological exercises. case 6-1993. a 31-month-old girl with fever, diarrhea, abdominal distention, and edema. | 1994 | 8284009 | |
| genomic fingerprinting of clostridium difficile isolates by using a random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) assay. | this study describes the use of a new and easy method called random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) assay to distinguish strains of c. difficile. we used two single short primers (ap4 and ap5) with arbitrary nucleotide sequences in a polymerase chain reaction to amplify genomic dna. the profiles observed after electrophoretic separation were able to distinguish 20 reference c. difficile strains previously serotyped by delmée's method. the fingerprints of 11 epidemiologically unrelated c. diffic ... | 1993 | 8282184 |
| risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in hiv-infected patients. | to identify risk factors associated with a first episode of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) in patients with hiv infection. | 1993 | 8280409 |
| epidemiology of community-acquired clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | the epidemiology of clinically recognized community-acquired clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea was assessed in a retrospective cohort study of members of a health maintenance organization (hmo). potential cases were identified through positive toxin assay results and confirmed by review of automated full-text medical records. of 51 cases identified (7.7 per 100,000 person-years), 42 (82%) were diagnosed and treated exclusively in the ambulatory care setting; 33 cases occurred within 42 d ... | 1994 | 8277174 |
| images in clinical medicine. clostridium difficile. | 1994 | 8272087 | |
| clostridium difficile-related disease: evaluation and prevalence among inpatients with diarrhea in two freestanding rehabilitation hospitals. | clostridium difficile has been associated with diarrhea in hospitalized patients receiving antibiotic therapy, and may be nosocomially acquired. rehabilitation hospital inpatients may require frequent antibiotic intervention and are thus at risk, though few reports of epidemics at such centers have been published. this study describes the evaluation and prevalence of c difficile-related disease, among rehabilitation hospital inpatients. a retrospective review was conducted of all diarrhea evalua ... | 1993 | 8267789 |
| evaluation of four commercially available enzyme immunoassays for laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diseases. | four commercial enzyme immunoassays (eias) for the detection of clostridium difficile toxin a have recently been developed and marketed (premier, meridian diagnostics, cincinnati, ohio; vidas, biomerierux vitek, inc., hazelwood, mo.; tox-a-test, techlab, blacksburg, va.; and bartels, baxter diagnostics, mcgaw park, ill.). the performances of these eias were compared with those of the tissue culture cytotoxicity assay and a definition of c. difficile-associated disease based on both laboratory an ... | 1993 | 8263168 |
| antibiotic associated colitis. | it is a prospective study based on 100 consecutive cases of diarrhea following antibiotic therapy admitted to the pediatric services of j.n. medical college, a.m.u., aligarh between january to december 1987. they had c. penicillin (50), chloramphenicol (34), ampicillin (34), gentamicin (34), cephalosporin (4) and cotrimoxazole (4) for 3 days to 3 weeks prior to the onset of diarrhea. apart from routine and special investigations, naked eye and microscopic examination of stool, its culture for pa ... | 1993 | 8262596 |
| epidemiology of nosocomial clostridium difficile infection. | c. difficile is a frequent cause of nosocomial diarrhea and is associated with substantial morbidity. c. difficile carriage may arise either from overgrowth of endogenous organisms or from exogenous acquisition. within hospitals, asymptomatically colonized patients typically outnumber symptomatic patients by a ratio of approximately 3:1. patient-to-patient transmission of c. difficile has been well documented in studies of nosocomial outbreaks, utilizing typing methods to supplement epidemiologi ... | 1993 | 8261769 |
| [an epidemic of clostridium difficile colitis in patients with cancer: role of cancer chemotherapy and nosocomial infection in the pathogenesis]. | 1993 | 8259863 | |
| emerging problems in gram-positive infections in the postoperative patient. | gram-positive bacteria are increasingly prevalent in the postoperative patient population and are important as pathogens. as increasingly ill and elderly patients undergo surgical treatment and as increased use is made of invasive or immunosuppressive treatment modalities, this trend is likely to accelerate. the increasing use of broad-spectrum antibiotics results in the emergence of resistant pathogens or superinfections that are increasingly difficult to treat. examples of such pathogens inclu ... | 1993 | 8256192 |
| [antibiotic-induced diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis]. | although not all antibiotic-induced diarrhoea is pseudomembranous, and not all pseudomembranous colitis is antibiotic-induced, by far the greater proportion of intestinal lesions and diarrhoea occurring in conjunction with clostridium difficile infection are attributed to previous antibiotic treatment. the article consists in a review of pathogenic, diagnostic, treatment and nosocomial aspects. | 1993 | 8247717 |
| an investigation of a nosocomial outbreak of clostridium difficile by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. | isolates from a presumptive nosocomial outbreak of clostridium difficile infection at a large teaching hospital were typed by pyrolysis mass spectrometry (pms) and antibiograms. one isolate, from the putative index case, was dissimilar from the outbreak strain, but 24 isolates from 16 patients were indistinguishable by both methods. the outbreak centred on two wards for the acute care of the elderly, with a few cases elsewhere. transfer of patients appeared to be the route of transmission betwee ... | 1993 | 8246251 |
| impact of cefpodoxime proxetil and amoxicillin on the normal oral and intestinal microflora. | ten healthy volunteers were given 200 mg cefpodoxime proxetil tablets every 12 h and ten volunteers received 500 mg amoxicillin tablets every 8 h for seven days and the impact of the agents on the oral and intestinal microflora was studied. in the oral microflora, only minor alterations were observed in both groups. in subjects receiving cefpodoxime proxetil, the numbers of streptococci, enterobacteria and clostridia were strongly reduced in the faecal flora, while there was an overgrowth of ent ... | 1993 | 8243490 |
| in vitro activity of new quinoxaline compounds against campylobacter species and clostridium difficile. | sc-44914 and sc-44942-a are two new quinoxaline compounds with a spectrum of activity similar to that of metronidazole. we studied the activity of sc-44914 and sc-44942-a against 35 campylobacter jejuni, 30 c. coli, and 20 clostridium (cl.) difficile and compared it with that of metronidazole by utilizing an agar dilution method. the quinoxalines had little activity against the c. jejuni and c. coli [minimum inhibitory concentration (mic)90 > or = 64 micrograms/ml]. sc-44914 and sc-44942-a had e ... | 1993 | 8243041 |
| an epidemiologic study of nosocomial infections in a pediatric long-term care facility. | to determine the incidence of hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infection in pediatric long-term care facilities. | 1993 | 8239048 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis after surgery for a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm]. | we present a rare postoperative complication after surgical procedures for rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms. the disease, a pseudomembranous colitis, was early recognized (by evidence of clostridium difficile after a coprocultive) and satisfactorily treated with vancomycin. from the literature review we found only a similar case but results were absolutely different from our case. | 1993 | 8239041 |
| [survey with three epidemiological markers after 22 cases of diarrhea caused by clostridium difficile in a geriatric hospital]. | in a geriatric hospital of saint-etienne (charité), among 153 patients having presented a nosocomial diarrhea from september 1990 to august 1991 clostridium difficile (c.d.) has been isolated in 22 cases. two of the nine units of the hospital had the highest incidence rates: 4.6 and 3.7%. in the faeces of 16 patients, c.d. was toxinogenic. in all cases, except one, antibiotic preceded diarrhea. amoxicillin + clavulanic acid treatment was the most frequently responsible (65%). for detecting an ev ... | 1993 | 8233646 |
| [prevalence of clostridium difficile and toxin a in feces of hiv infected patients]. | patients with aids are immunodeficient, receive multiple antibiotic treatments, occasionally anti-cancer chemotherapy and are often hospitalised; thus they are susceptible to develop a clostridium difficile infection. the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of c. difficile in diarrhoea in this patient population. therefore, c. difficile and toxin a which plays a major role in pathogenicity were examined in faecal samples of hiv infected patients. between january 1991 and june 1992, 102 st ... | 1993 | 8233645 |
| immunological comparison of intracellular toxin a and extracellular toxin a from clostridium difficile. | intracellular toxin a and extracellular toxin a of clostridium difficile were compared immunologically. immunodiffusion tests with anti-intracellular toxin a and anti-extracellular toxin a sera showed that these toxins were identical. in neutralization tests, both antisera neutralized the homologous and heterologous toxins with regard to cytotoxicity, mouse lethality and loop response at nearly the same titers. although intracellular toxin a lacks the hemagglutination (ha) activity, anti-intrace ... | 1993 | 8230809 |
| in vitro activity of the new quinolone bay y 3118 against anaerobic bacteria. | the in vitro activity of bay y 3118 against anaerobic cocci, propionibacterium acnes, clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, bacteroides fragilis, other bacteroides spp. and fusobacteria was determined by an agar dilution method. this activity was compared with that of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, piperacillin, cefoxitin, imipenem, clindamycin and metronidazole. bay y 3118, imipenem, clindamycin and metronidazole were the most active agents tested. the in vitro activity of bay y 3118 again ... | 1993 | 8223667 |
| review of in vitro activity, pharmacokinetic characteristics, safety, and clinical efficacy of cefprozil, a new oral cephalosporin. | to review the pharmacokinetics, microbiology, clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerance of cefprozil, a new, broad-spectrum oral cephalosporin. | 1993 | 8219444 |
| clostridium difficile after haemolytic uraemic syndrome. | six children are described who developed diarrhoea associated with clostridium difficile during the course of haemolytic uraemic syndrome. the significance of this infection is discussed within the context of the pathophysiology of haemolytic uraemic syndrome. | 1993 | 8215530 |
| prolonged carriage of clostridium difficile in hirschsprung's disease. | the role of clostridium difficile in the aetiology of diarrhoea in children with hirschsprung's disease was investigated in a prospective longitudinal study. in 64 children with hirschsprung's disease no significant difference was found in the isolation rate of c difficile in patients with diarrhoea (32%) and without diarrhoea (26%). comparable isolation rates were found in 47 control children with and without diarrhoea (27% and 16% respectively). the number of strains producing toxin b was simi ... | 1993 | 8215525 |
| susceptibilities of 428 gram-positive and -negative anaerobic bacteria to bay y3118 compared with their susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, metronidazole, piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and cefoxitin. | the susceptibilities of 428 gram-negative and gram-positive anaerobes (including selected cefoxitin-resistant strains) to bay y3118 (a new fluoroquinolone), ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, metronidazole, cefoxitin, piperacillin, and piperacillin-tazobactam were tested. organisms comprised 115 bacteroides fragilis group, 116 non-b. fragilis bacteroides, prevotella, and porphyromonas spp., 40 fusobacteria, 58 peptostreptococci, 48 gram-positive non-spore-forming rods, and 51 clostridia. beta-lactamase ... | 1993 | 8215278 |
| dithiothreitol generates an activated 250,000 mol. wt form of clostridium difficile toxin b. | the potent cytotoxin of clostridium difficile, toxin b, is internalized by endocytosis and activated intracellularly by an unidentified mechanism. here it is shown that dithiothreitol treatment of toxin b resulted in (1) a mol. wt of 250,000 which is the smallest species of this toxin shown to be cytotoxic; (2) an increased endpoint titre; and (3) translocation of plasma membrane-bound toxin across the membrane at ph 4.5. treatment with dithiothreitol can thus mimic intracellular activation of t ... | 1993 | 8212030 |
| antibiotic-induced diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. | pseudomembranous colitis is commonly associated with the use of antibiotics but may follow administration of other drugs and has occurred in patients who have not received any medication. cases related to antibiotic administration are thought to be due to changes in normal intestinal flora that allow overgrowth of clostridium difficile and elaboration of toxin. clusters of cases in hospitals suggest nosocomial transmission of the bacteria. the stool cytotoxin assay is the most specific test for ... | 1994 | 8202415 |
| [mechanism on the production of clostridium difficile toxins]. | 1994 | 8201770 | |
| a randomized placebo-controlled trial of saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for clostridium difficile disease. | objective--to determine the safety and efficacy of a new combination treatment for patients with clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdd). the treatment combines the yeast saccharomyces boulardii with an antibiotic (vancomycin hydrochloride or metronidazole). design--a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group intervention study in patients with active cdd. patients received standard antibiotics and s boulardii or placebo for 4 weeks, and were followed up for an addition ... | 1994 | 8201735 |
| epidemic clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: role of second- and third-generation cephalosporins. | to better define the role of multiple risk factors for cytotoxic clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 1994 | 8201240 |
| oligosaccharide sequences attached to an inert support (synsorb) as potential therapy for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. | toxin a produced by clostridium difficile, the causative agent of pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea, was shown to bind to synthetic oligosaccharide sequences attached to an inert support (synsorb). the oligosaccharide sequences that bind to toxin a were related to sequences previously identified as potential receptors for the toxin. various synsorbs containing a variety of oligosaccharides were examined for their potential to neutralize toxin a activity from toxin-conta ... | 1994 | 8195606 |
| lessons from diarrheal diseases: demography to molecular pharmacology. | from diarrheal diseases come profound lessons about health and population growth, microbial pathogenesis, and the molecular pharmacology of signal transduction. epidemics such as cholera, hemorrhagic colitis, salmonellosis, and cryptosporidiosis remind us of how interdependent we are, sharing enteric microbial flora on a global scale. diarrhea morbidity and mortality teach us that disease and poverty do not control but are associated with population overgrowth. great advances are being made in u ... | 1994 | 8195598 |
| investigation of an outbreak of clostridium difficile infection in a general hospital by numerical analysis of protein patterns by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. | one hundred forty-five cultures of clostridium difficile, including strains from an apparent nosocomial outbreak of infection, were characterized by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole-cell proteins. each protein pattern was characterized by the presence of one to three dense bands which were highly reproducible. the first 100 strains (in chronological order) were used as the basis for a numerical analysis which divided the strains into 17 phenons ( ... | 1994 | 8195391 |
| ventricular arrhythmias associated with flosequinan. | 1994 | 8193436 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | 1994 | 8190141 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | 1994 | 8190140 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | 1994 | 8190139 | |
| [susceptibility of clostridium difficile strains to teicoplanin and ramoplanin]. | the in vitro activity of teicoplanin and ramoplanin against 113 clostridium difficile strains isolated from different origins was determined. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of antibiotics were determined by the agar dilution method. mic of teicoplanin and ramoplanin were twofold lower for clostridium difficile strains isolated from patient with pseudomembranous colitis. no correlation between the origin of the strains toxigenicity and susceptibility to teicoplanin and ramoplanin wa ... | 1993 | 8189828 |
| aetiology of gastroenteritis at a major referral centre in saudi arabia. | to determine the causes of gastroenteritis at a major referral centre in saudi arabia, retrospective study was carried out on 58,110 fresh stools from 42,035 patients. examination of stool specimens for pathogens was based on the clinical judgement of the physician responsible, so that all specimens were not tested for the presence of all pathogen groups. bacterial enteropathogens were found in 7.7% of patients; salmonella species (51.7%) were found to be the most frequent pathogens followed by ... | 1994 | 8187944 |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxin by enzyme immunoassay, tissue culture test and culture. | clostridium difficile toxin is frequently encountered in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (eia) detecting toxins a and b was evaluated, screening 148 stool specimens specifically submitted for the detection of c. difficile. a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 97.5% were found compared to a tissue culture assay. the overall prevalence of c. difficile toxin was 22.1%. cephalosporins had been administered significantly more often to to ... | 1994 | 8181838 |
| [incidence and importance of clostridium difficile in patients treated with antibacterial therapy or perioperative preventive cefoxitin administration]. | clostridium difficile and/or toxin b were isolated from the faeces of 3 (1.6%) of 184 patients within the first two days of hospitalisation in the university of tübingen, gynaecological clinic. with following stool samples from a total of 117 patients the isolation rate of c. difficile was examined in relation to the treatment with antibiotics. from the first group of 61 patients, who had had gynaecological operations and were not treated with any antibiotic, the isolation rate of c. difficile r ... | 1994 | 8174919 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis in patients with kidney failure]. | two cases of pseudomembranous colitis in patients with renal failure are presented. both patients were treated with antibiotics. clinical course, bacteriologic examination of feces, and endoscopy of the colon plays an important role in the diagnosis of this complication. no gut endoscopy was performed in both patients due to severe disease course. pseudomembranous colitis was diagnosed by clinical symptoms and bacteriologic examination of feces out of which c. difficile was isolated. teicoplanin ... | 1993 | 8170819 |
| [nosocomial acquisition of clostridium difficile infections]. | clostridium difficile (cd) is associated with diarrhea in hospital patients receiving antibiotic therapy and may be nosocomially acquired. an outbreak of cd diarrhea was observed among elderly patients in acute hospital and geriatric rehabilitation wards. all but 1 patient presenting with diarrhea had a toxin-positive stool culture. of patients with cd toxin-positive cultures, 4 died, 5 recovered completely and 1 became a chronic carrier. effective preventive measures are needed to reduce nosoco ... | 1994 | 8168741 |
| effect of okadaic acid on the cytotoxic activity of clostridium difficile toxin b and clostridium sordellii toxin l. | clostridium difficile toxin b and clostridium sordellii toxin l, which are immunologically related toxins, possess a cytotoxic activity inducing depolymerization of microfilaments and cellular retraction of cell bodies that are different for toxin b- and toxin-l-treated cells. the biological mechanisms responsible for these effects are unknown, but a previous study revealed that both toxins induce modification of phosphorylation of cellular proteins extracted from toxin b- and toxin l-treated ce ... | 1993 | 8167958 |
| soy fiber delays disease onset and prolongs survival in experimental clostridium difficile ileocecitis. | clostridium difficile colitis is a disabling complication in critically ill patients who commonly receive broad-spectrum antibiotics and liquid diets. to date, there is no experimental model specifically designed to investigate the effects of liquid diets on this type of colitis. the addition of fiber to liquid diets normalizes gut structure and improves absorptive function in selected conditions of intestinal dysfunction. the purposes of this study were the following: (1) to develop a reproduci ... | 1994 | 8164305 |
| clostridium difficile colonization and diarrhea at a tertiary care hospital. | clostridium difficile is the major identifiable infectious cause of nosocomial diarrhea. a prospective study was conducted at new england deaconess hospital (boston) to examine risk factors for c. difficile carriage at both admission and follow-up. specimens from patients admitted to two wards (one medical, one surgical) and three intensive care units (two surgical, one medical) were cultured weekly until discharge. for 89 (18%) of 496 patient admissions, at least one culture was positive. the p ... | 1994 | 8161624 |
| reactive arthritis induced by clostridium difficile. | 1994 | 8160472 | |
| genotyping of clostridium difficile isolates. | arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-pcr) was used to genotype clostridium difficile isolates from various sources. four major molecular types were identified among strains from the american type culture collection previously typed by serogroup and from isolates from patients at the university of california, davis medical center, from a patient at a utah institution, and from the environment. these groups contained subgroups that displayed, in addition to the common group bands, at l ... | 1994 | 8158046 |
| practical considerations in the laboratory diagnosis of bacterial enteric infections. | diarrheal diseases caused by bacterial pathogens are important causes of morbidity in the united states, and considerable laboratory resources are spent to detect these enteric pathogens. this article reviews recent developments in the detection and identification of campylobacter spp, enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, and clostridium difficile, and outlines cost-effective strategies for use of stool cultures. | 1994 | 8154450 |
| [diarrhea associated with antibiotic therapy]. | the authors suggest rational procedures to prevent the antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad) clostridium difficile positive or not, considering its high cost (both to stay in hospital and for specific therapy). twenty-four cases of diarrhea starting during antibiotic therapy and until one month from its interruption was assessed. twelve (50%) was found clostridium difficile (+); 12 (50%) was clostridium difficile (-); no case of pseudomembranous colitis was found. two hospitalized patients shared ... | 1994 | 8152577 |
| a particle counting immunoassay for the direct detection of clostridium difficile serogroup specific antigen in faecal specimens. | the potential of a particle counting immunoassay (pacia) for the direct detection of clostridium difficile serogroup g specific antigen in faecal specimens was evaluated. f(ab')2 fragments from a rabbit anti-serogroup g antiserum were covalently coupled to carboxylated latex beads. this reagent was mixed with acid extracts of faecal specimens and the reaction was assayed with an optical counter which discriminated unagglutinated from agglutinated latex particles. culture for c. difficile, faecal ... | 1994 | 8151678 |
| epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and outcome of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile gastrointestinal disease is an important nosocomial infection and is associated with recent antibiotic use. this study evaluated c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) over a 2-yr period. | 1994 | 8147353 |
| clostridium difficile toxin b acts on the gtp-binding protein rho. | clostridium difficile toxin b exhibits cytotoxic activity that is characterized by the disruption of the microfilamental cytoskeleton. here we studied whether the gtp-binding rho protein, which reportedly participates in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, is involved in the toxin action. toxin b treatment of chinese hamster ovary cells reveals a time- and concentration-dependent decrease in the adp-ribosylation of rho by clostridium botulinum c3 exoenzyme in the cell lysate. disruption of ... | 1994 | 8144660 |
| antibiotic-induced diarrhea: specificity of abdominal ct for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile disease. | to evaluate the specificity of abdominal computed tomography (ct) in the diagnosis of clostridium difficile disease. | 1994 | 8134552 |
| effect of ceftibuten on the normal intestinal microflora. | 14 healthy volunteers were given 400 mg ceftibuten orally once daily for ten days. stool specimens were collected before, during and after ceftibuten administration. ceftibuten was well absorbed; on average 123 mg was excreted in urine 0-6 h after dosing, while only two volunteers had detectable concentrations of ceftibuten in faeces (< or = 3.2 mg/kg). there was an overgrowth of enterococci during the administration period, while the numbers of escherichia coli and anaerobic cocci were reduced. ... | 1993 | 8132366 |
| [nosocomial epidemic outbreak of diarrhea from clostridium difficile. comparative study of diarrhea associated with the use of antibiotics]. | clostridium difficile is considered as one of the principal enteropathogens of nosocomial origin in developed countries in the last decade. no nosocomial outbreaks have been described in spain. | 1994 | 8127164 |
| comparison of two commercially available enzyme immunoassays for detection of clostridium difficile in stool specimens. | clostridium difficile is the cause of most cases of pseudomembranous colitis, the most severe form of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. rapid diagnosis guides both the treatment and the control of nosocomial spread of infection. two enzyme immunoassay (eia) kits developed for the rapid detection of c. difficile toxin a in fecal specimens, premier (meridian diagnostics, cincinnati, ohio) and tox-a test (techlab, virginia polytechnic institute research park, blacksburg), were evaluated by using 410 ... | 1994 | 8126205 |
| toxins a and b of clostridium difficile. | the toxins produced by clostridium difficile share several functional properties with other bacterial toxins, like the heat-labile enterotoxin of escherichia coli and cholera toxin. however, functional and structural differences also exist. like cholera toxin, their main target is the disruption of the microfilaments in the cell. however, since these effects are not reversible, as found with cholera toxin, additional mechanisms add to the cytotoxic potential of these toxins. unlike most bacteria ... | 1994 | 8117467 |
| island flap anoplasty for anal canal stenosis and mucosal ectropion. | anoplasty is a technique used to treat patients with mucosal ectropion and anal canal stenosis. the island flap design has been demonstrated to have distinct advantages over the older forms of anoplasty. few reports have addressed the long-term results of this procedure. a review of all patients undergoing island flap anoplasty between 1987 and 1992 was performed. twenty-eight patients were identified. indications for anoplasty included anal stenosis in 20 patients and mucosal ectropion in eight ... | 1994 | 8116980 |
| growth inhibition of clostridium difficile by intestinal flora of infant faeces in continuous flow culture. | growth of clostridium difficile was inhibited more strongly in continuous flow (cf) culture with c. difficile-negative faeces of infants than with c. difficile-positive faeces. culture of faecal flora of infants yielded a greater variety of bacterial species in c. difficile-negative than in c. difficile-positive faeces. in the mixed cf culture of c. difficile with enterococcus avium, bacteroides distasonis, eubacterium lentum, c. ramosum, c. perfringens and either escherichia coli or klebsiella ... | 1994 | 8114067 |
| comparison of four methods in the diagnosis of clostridium difficile disease. | nine hundred forty-five stool specimens from patients suspected of having clostridium difficile disease were examined using a cell culture cytotoxicity assay (cta), two enzyme immunoassay (eia) kits (cytoclone for toxins a and b; vidas for toxin a) and a latex agglutination assay (cdt). one hundred nineteen specimens had positive titers (> or = 90) in the cta; clinical review of 16 discordant samples and 49 controls supported the significance of 90 as the positive cut-off titer. the performance ... | 1993 | 8112366 |
| kinetics of appearance of intestinal lesions in mice mono-associated with a lethal or non-lethal strain of clostridium difficile. | the kinetics of the appearance of intestinal lesions induced by orogastric inoculation of gnotobiotic mice with a lethal strain of clostridium difficile (vpi) that produced toxins a and b in vivo and in vitro was studied and compared with the lesions induced by non-lethal c. difficile strain 786 that produced toxins a and b in vitro but only toxin b in measurable amounts in vivo. different portions of the intestine were removed 12, 20, 26 and 30 h after inoculation and studied by scanning electr ... | 1994 | 8107057 |
| clostridium difficile colonization in residents of long-term care facilities: prevalence and risk factors. | to determine the period prevalence of clostridium difficile disease and asymptomatic carriage in the residents of long-term care facilities (ltcf) and to characterize the risk factors for colonization or associated disease. | 1993 | 8104968 |
| a molecular characterization of clostridium difficile isolates from humans, animals and their environments. | it is generally accepted that most patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea acquire the organism from the environment. recently we demonstrated that household pets may constitute a significant reservoir of c. difficile through gastrointestinal carriage in up to 39% of cats and dogs. these findings suggested that direct transmission from household pets, or contamination of the environment by them, may be a factor in the pathogenesis of c. difficile-associated diarrhoea. to investi ... | 1993 | 8104816 |
| comparison of typing methods for clostridium difficile isolates. | a simple discriminative typing method for clostridium difficile has been developed. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole-cell proteins and restriction enzyme analysis are relatively simple techniques but are difficult to evaluate, especially the restriction enzyme analysis. immunoblotting and restriction fragment length polymorphism typing facilitate simple discrimination of patterns. | 1993 | 8103774 |
| [clostridium difficile in early childhood ulcerative pancolitis]. | ulcerative colitis is a rare disease in young infants. less than one per cent of cases occur during the first two years of life. we describe a male child who developed frequent bloody diarrhea at the age of 20 months. more common causes like infections or gastrointestinal food allergy were excluded. endoscopy and histopathological evaluations revealed ulcerative colitis of the entire colon. treatment with sulfasalazine and prednisone resulted in a clinical remission after seven weeks. the follow ... | 1993 | 8101635 |
| oral immunoglobulin a supplement in treatment of clostridium difficile enteritis. | 1993 | 8095616 | |
| genetic basis for antibiotic resistance in anaerobes. | this review focuses on genetic and molecular data regarding antibiotic resistance in anaerobes, particularly clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, bacteroides species, and prevotella species. the determinants of resistance are frequently transferable through a conjugation-like process; plasmid self-transfer, plasmid mobilization, or (in bacteroides species) chromosomal conjugative elements can be involved. the determinants can be localized on transposons. at the genetic level, resistan ... | 1994 | 8086579 |
| clostridium difficile: history of its role as an enteric pathogen and the current state of knowledge about the organism. | clostridium difficile is the most frequently identified enteric pathogen in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. it accounts for 10%-25% of all cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and virtually all cases of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. clinical features that distinguish infection with c. difficile from that due to many other enteric pathogens are hyperpyrexia, leukemoid reactions, toxic megacolon, pseudomembranous colitis, hypoalbuminemia, and chronic ... | 1994 | 8086574 |
| utility of newer techniques for classification and identification of pathogenic anaerobic bacteria. | results of genetic and biochemical analyses have broadened our understanding of taxonomic relationships among groups of anaerobic bacteria and have led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of infection. conventional bacteriologic methods are still of prime importance for the detection and identification of anaerobic pathogens. the use of nucleic acid probes has so far been restricted to research laboratories. a polymerase chain reaction-generated probe would be most useful for the rapid ... | 1994 | 8086572 |
| antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous enteritis due to clostridium difficile. | although pseudomembranous colitis is relatively common following antibiotic exposure, there have been few reported cases of pseudomembrane formation involving the small intestine. herein we report a case of pseudomembranous enteritis of the small and large intestine that occurred after antibiotic exposure. the etiologic organism appears to be clostridium difficile, as evidenced by the characteristic pseudomembranous lesions and a positive elisa for toxin a in an ileal tissue specimen. | 1994 | 8086563 |
| a sustained outbreak of clostridium difficile in a general hospital: persistence of a toxigenic clone in four units. | to evaluate the endemicity and epidemiology of toxigenic clostridium difficile in a sustained outbreak of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | 1994 | 8083503 |
| clostridium difficile nosocomial infections--still lethal and persistent. | 1994 | 8083502 | |
| vascular and glomerular effects of clostridium difficile toxin a peptide on the isolated rat kidney. | toxin a peptide from clostridium difficile caused damage and secretion in the intestinal mucosa. these effects are mediated in part by pro-inflammatory substances. in order to evaluate and compare the biologic effect of toxin a on renal vascular, glomerular and tubular functions, we studied this toxin in isolated rat kidneys. isolated kidneys from adult male wistar rats (260-320 g) were perfused with krebs-henseleit solution containing 60 mg/ml dialyzed bovine serum albumin. we studied the effec ... | 1994 | 8081300 |
| decrease in nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea by restricting clindamycin use. | to report the investigation and effective control of a nosocomial epidemic of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 1994 | 8080497 |
| pseudomembranous colitis: a surgical disease? | pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) is an increasingly common nosocomial infection caused by clostridium difficile and its toxins. the disease is usually successfully treated with oral vancomycin. the toxic form of pmc, which requires surgical intervention, is uncommon and often carries a high mortality rate. the indications and recommended surgical procedure and the results of current surgical treatment remain unclear. | 1994 | 8079179 |
| wide diversity of clostridium difficile types at a tertiary referral hospital. | nosocomial clostridium difficile infection was investigated at a hospital with 15 cases of c. difficile diarrhea per 1000 discharges. from january 1991 to may 1991, patients admitted or transferred to five wards or units had weekly rectal swabs taken for culture; in addition, all cytotoxin-positive stools were cultured. restriction enzyme analysis (rea) was used for molecular typing. among 205 isolates from 39 patients with c. difficile diarrhea and 67 asymptomatically colonized, 55 distinct rea ... | 1994 | 8077719 |
| special organism isolation: attempting to bridge the gap. | 1994 | 8077647 | |
| two-year study of endemic enteric pathogens associated with acute diarrhea in new caledonia. | a longitudinal study of diarrheal disease among patients of all ages with acute diarrhea was carried out in new caledonia from january 1990 to december 1991. stool samples from 2,088 diarrheal patients were examined for parasites, rotavirus, and bacterial pathogens. potential sources of contamination (drinking water, seawater and bovine and porcine feces) were investigated. one or more enteric pathogens were identified in 41.8 and 40.6% of the persons with diarrhea, in 1990 and 1991, respectivel ... | 1994 | 8077399 |
| etiology and management of toxic megacolon in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | we report six cases of toxic megacolon in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). one case, at an early stage of hiv infection, mimicked a severe attack of crohn's disease, with a negative search for infectious agents. subtotal colectomy was successfully performed with an uneventful postoperative course. the five other cases concerned patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome at a late stage of immunodeficiency. they were related to clostridium difficile or cytomegalovirus (cmv) ... | 1994 | 8076773 |