Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| the interplay between enteric pathogens and gastrointestinal mucins. | 1995 | 8576804 | |
| inhibition of receptor signaling to phospholipase d by clostridium difficile toxin b. role of rho proteins. | rho proteins have been reported to activate phospholipase d (pld) in in vitro preparations. to examine the role of rho proteins in receptor signaling to pld, we studied the effect of clostridium difficile toxin b, which glucosylates rho proteins, on the regulation of pld activity in human embryonic kidney (hek) cells stably expressing the m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (machr). toxin b treatment of hek cells potently and efficiently blocked machr-stimulated pld. in contrast, basal and phor ... | 1996 | 8576201 |
| pseudomonas aeruginosa as a cause of infectious diarrhea successfully treated with oral ciprofloxacin. | to describe an immunocompromised patient (without aids) with nosocomial infectious diarrhea caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa. oral ciprofloxacin therapy proved to be effective. | 1995 | 8573957 |
| [severe forms of pseudomembranous colitis caused by clostridium difficile]. | clostridium difficile causes a broad spectrum of enteric diseases in humans, ranging from mild antibiotic-associated diarrhoea to more severe pseudomembranous colitis. the authors report four cases of life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis with haemodynamic changes. infection due to clostridium difficile should be kept in mind whenever a patient undergoing antibiotic therapy develops a symptomatology of an acute abdomen. | 1995 | 8572394 |
| rapid polymerase chain reaction method for specific detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile. | a rapid polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method for detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile directly from fecal samples by amplification of toxin a gene fragments was investigated. the technique was applied to monitor the spread of the microorganism in a long-term care ward with a relatively high incidence of overt episodes of diarrhea. the pcr approach has several advantages over traditional methods, rapidly allowing the specific detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile strains from sto ... | 1995 | 8565994 |
| antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous enteritis due to clostridium difficile. | 1995 | 8562771 | |
| a predictive model to identify clostridium difficile toxin in hospitalized patients with diarrhea. | although clostridium difficile is a common pathogen in hospitalized patients with diarrhea, no study has attempted to develop a predictive model to estimate the likelihood of c. difficile positivity. | 1996 | 8561149 |
| the lack of value of repeated clostridium difficile cytotoxicity assays. | to determine the value of repeated clostridium difficile cytotoxicity assays (ca). | 1996 | 8554444 |
| synthesis of bluetongue virus chimeric vp3 molecules and their interactions with vp7 protein to assemble into virus core-like particles. | bluetongue virus (btv) core-like particles (clps) are formed in the cytoplasm of insect cells when only two major proteins (vp3 and vp7) of the btv core are expressed by baculovirus vectors (t. j. french and p. roy, 1990, j. virol. 64, 1530-1536). we have recently reported that five small internal deletion mutants of vp3 form clps when provided with unmodified vp7 protein (d1-5; s. tanaka and p. roy, 1994, j. virol. 68, 2795-2802). to investigate whether foreign sequences can be inserted into vp ... | 1995 | 8553561 |
| antibiotic-induced colitis. | most cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea can be classified into two categories: cases in which clostridium difficile is implicated and cases in which no putative agent or recognized pathophysiological mechanism is recognized. c difficile colonization produces a spectrum of conditions, ranging from asymptomatic carriage to fatal pseudomembranous colitis: it is implicated in virtually all cases of pseudomembranous colitis and up to 25% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea without colitis ... | 1995 | 8548209 |
| [a rare cause of severe diarrhea in children: pseudomembranous colitis]. | pseudomembranous colitis is a rare and serious complication of treatment by antibiotics. the case of a patient with a protracted pseudomembranous colitis followed by two relapses is reported. | 1995 | 8547977 |
| characterisation of an enterotoxin-negative, cytotoxin-positive strain of clostridium sordellii. | in ileal loop assay, elisa and anion-exchange column chromatography, clostridium sordellii strain 6018 was shown to produce a cytotoxin, but no detectable enterotoxin. dna sequence and polymerase chain reaction analyses indicated that the lack of enterotoxin activity is not due to a lack of gene transcription, but to lack of a major portion of the enterotoxin gene. this is the first characterisation of such a strain. | 1996 | 8544213 |
| three cases of hemorrhagic colitis in west virginia due to escherichia coli o157:h7. | escherichia coli o157:h7 is an emerging cause of food-borne illness. this bacterial pathogen, most commonly transmitted by undercooked ground beef, causes hemorrhagic colitis. it has been associated with the hemolytic uremic syndrome and death, mostly in children and the elderly. this article describes three patients treated for sporadic cases of escherichia coli o157:h7-associated hemorrhagic colitis at charleston area medical center over a three-week period. | 1995 | 8533400 |
| wound botulism--california, 1995. from the center for disease control and prevention. | 1996 | 8531319 | |
| shigellosis in children from north india: a clinicopathological study. | stool samples of 1488 children suffering from acute diarrhoea were studied for bacterial culture and sensitivity. shigella culture was positive in 143 (10 per cent) children and 53 hospitalized children could be studied in detail. thirty-six (68 per cent) children were under 2 years of age and peak prevalence was observed in summer months. fever and diarrhoea were universal features; 96 per cent had blood and mucus in the stools, but 32 per cent started with watery diarrhoea lasting 1-3 days fol ... | 1995 | 8531265 |
| [diarrhea associated with clostridium difficile and salmonella enteritidis in a patient with hiv infection]. | 1995 | 8523960 | |
| clostridium difficile--associated diarrhoeal diseases: an overview. | 1995 | 8522806 | |
| diagnostic value of clostridium difficile cytotoxin assay. | 1995 | 8522782 | |
| [diagnostic and therapeutic strategy in severe acute colitis in adults]. | 1995 | 8522096 | |
| have enteric infections a role in 5-fluorouracil-associated diarrhea? | in 16 advanced colorectal cancer patients with 5-fluorouracil-associated diarrhea, we evaluated the role of bacterial pathogens in the development of this adverse effect. neither clostridium difficile nor other pathogens were cultured from fecal specimens. these data seem to suggest that it is unlikely that intestinal infections have a role in the pathogenesis of 5fu-associated diarrhea. | 1995 | 8520881 |
| [nosocomial infections caused by anaerobes]. | 1995 | 8519821 | |
| [toxic megacolon in pseudomembranous colitis. complicated course of antibiotic-induced clostridium difficile colitis]. | we report on a patient with antibiotic-induced pseudomembranous colitis aggravated by toxic megacolon. colonoscopy not only rapidly permits the diagnosis to be established, but the relief of pressure achieved simultaneously also has a therapeutic effect. if treatment comprising parenteral fluid and electrolyte replacement in combination with oral vancomycin fails to effect an improvement, surgery becomes necessary. current recommendations for treatment are discussed on the basis of a review of t ... | 1993 | 8514224 |
| prevalence and toxigenicity of clostridium difficile isolates in fecal microflora of preterm infants in the intensive care nursery. | fecal isolates of clostridium difficile and its toxin b were followed prospectively in 50 preterm intensive care nursery (icn) patients. the first stool specimen was obtained after 1 week of enteral feeding, at 15 +/- 1 days of life, and 2 more specimens were collected at 2-week intervals, 24 +/- 1 and 32 +/- 2 days of life. the stools were cultured for c. difficile, and tested for c. difficile toxin b. in the first specimen 15% of stools grew c. difficile. in the second specimen c. difficile is ... | 1993 | 8513027 |
| serogroup f strains of clostridium difficile produce toxin b but not toxin a. | most toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile produce two toxins: an enterotoxin (toxin a) and a cytotoxin (toxin b). only one strain (strain 8864) has been reported to produce toxin b but no toxin a. serogroup f strains (44) of c. difficile, often isolated from asymptomatic infants, have been examined for toxin production. these strains, which were from distinct geographical and clinical sources, did not produce any detectable toxin a in vitro when examined in three distinct immunoassays. nev ... | 1993 | 8510136 |
| clostridium difficile diarrhea in patients with aids versus non-aids controls. methods of treatment and clinical response to treatment. | we reviewed the hospital charts of 17 patients with aids and clostridium difficile diarrhea to determine antibiotic use before c. difficile infection, methods of treatment for c. difficile diarrhea, and response of diarrhea to treatment. left shift and total white blood cell count before and after treatment for c. difficile were also determined. non-hiv-infected patients with c. difficile diarrhea served as controls. in the patients with aids, resolution of diarrhea was noted in 15 (88%) patient ... | 1993 | 8505488 |
| clostridium difficile infection is a treatable cause of diarrhea in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection: a study of seven consecutive patients admitted from 1986 to 1992 to a university teaching hospital. | of 427 human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients admitted to the robert wood johnson university hospital from january 1986 through august 1992, seven had clostridium difficile enteric infection documented by the presence of cytotoxin b in the stool, without other enteric infection. all seven patients had aids, and all had recently received antibiotics. these patients had a severe clinical presentation of c. difficile infection. all patients had profound watery diarrhea, with a mean of 2 ... | 1993 | 8503386 |
| [clostridium difficile enteritis complicated by symphysitis. good effect of fecal streptococci]. | 1993 | 8502035 | |
| fecal leukocytes in stool specimens submitted for clostridium difficile toxin assay. | to determine their diagnostic utility, fecal leukocytes were sought by methylene blue stain in 502 consecutive stool specimens submitted for clostridium difficile toxin assay. in addition, the stability of fecal leukocytes was assessed by daily examination of 23 stool specimens stored at 4 degrees c and room temperature. the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of fecal leukocytes in predicting c. difficile toxin assay results were 28%, 92%, 27%, and 93%, respect ... | 1993 | 8495586 |
| medical technologists using molecular epidemiology as part of the infection control team. | two medical technologists were appointed as permanent members of a new epidemiology section in the diagnostic microbiology laboratory of a large veterans administration medical center in the fall of 1989. these positions accounted for 9% of the total microbiology staff and were created on a temporary basis 2 years earlier from a need to have dedicated technical expertise for use in the culture, isolation, and typing of nosocomial organisms. the technologists have evaluated outbreaks due to clost ... | 1993 | 8495585 |
| three-year prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria in an urban patient population in germany. | the prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria over a three-year period was 3.1% in an urban population in germany. nontyphoidal salmonella spp. (1.8% prevalence) represented 59.3% of all positive isolates, followed by campylobacter spp., which constituted 22.1% of such isolates. clostridium difficile toxin was detected in 5.6% of samples submitted specifically for detection of cytotoxigenic c. difficile. the seasonal distribution showed an increase of salmonella, shigella and aeromonas/plesiomonas ... | 1993 | 8491518 |
| the use of a commercially available enzyme immunoassay for the detection of clostridium difficile toxin a. | a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (eia) for the detection of clostridium difficile toxin a (premier toxin a eia, meridian diagnostics, cincinnati, ohio) was compared with tissue culture cytotoxicity assay, enterotoxigenic culture, and latex agglutination test for the laboratory diagnosis of c difficile-associated disease. when evaluated for detection of c difficile-associated disease using clinical specimens, eia was the most sensitive (83.1%) and tissue culture cytotoxicity assay was ... | 1993 | 8489340 |
| detection of clostridium difficile enterotoxin gene in clinical specimens by the polymerase chain reaction. | a rapid assay was developed for detection of the clostridium difficile enterotoxin gene in stool specimens by means of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the pcr primers amplified a 63-bp repetitive sequence of the enterotoxin gene, thereby generating a distinctive ladder pattern of dna bands following electrophoresis. crude dna extracts from stools containing c. difficile produced one (63-bp) or more bands of the characteristic ladder. of 172 stool specimens from 58 patients, 37 gave positive ... | 1993 | 8487296 |
| be alert to an avoidable problem. management and prevention of antibiotic-acquired diarrhoea. | antibiotic-associated diarrhoea is an unpleasant and distressing problem for patients and health professionals alike. although this condition can be treated with drugs, patient relapses are common. implementation of rigorous infection control policies are therefore required. | 1993 | 8483957 |
| heterogeneity of clostridium difficile isolates from infants. | in order to improve our understanding of the role of clostridium difficile in infants we characterised the strains isolated from this population. the production of toxin a and toxin b was studied. the toxin a, playing a major role in the disease, was searched for in faecal samples. the serogroup of the isolates was determined because some serogroups have been shown to be more pathogenic than others. over a 9-month period, 102 faecal samples from 102 hospitalised infants (0-12 months) were analys ... | 1993 | 8482281 |
| the treatment of clostridium difficile colitis. | 1993 | 8468761 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis: causes, cures. | 1993 | 8468760 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis: causes, cures. | 1993 | 8468759 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis: causes, cures. | 1993 | 8468757 | |
| clostridium difficile associated with typhlocolitis in an adult horse. | 1993 | 8466991 | |
| [intestinal side effects of antibiotics]. | 1993 | 8464389 | |
| comparison of three enzyme immunoassays, a cytotoxicity assay, and toxigenic culture for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | enzyme immunoassays (eias) based on monoclonal antibodies for the detection of clostridium difficile toxins have recently been developed for clinical use. the aim of this study was to compare three commercially available eias, two for toxin a (premier c. difficile toxin a; meridian, osi, elancourt, france; and vidas c. difficile toxin a; biomérieux, marcy l'etoile, france) and one for toxins a and b (cytoclone a + b eia; cambridge biotech corp., codiapharm, evian, france), with a cytotoxicity as ... | 1993 | 8463404 |
| saccharomyces boulardii inhibits clostridium difficile toxin a binding and enterotoxicity in rat ileum. | saccharomyces boulardii is a nonpathogenic yeast used for the prevention and treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. however, the mechanism by which s. boulardii exerts its protective effects remains unclear. | 1993 | 8462799 |
| oral enoxacin for infection prevention in adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. the enoxacin prophylaxis study group. | a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in eight hematologic units to determine the efficacy and safety of oral enoxacin for infection prevention in adult patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. one hundred nineteen patients undergoing remission induction or consolidation chemotherapy were enrolled; 62 of them received enoxacin (400 mg orally every 12 h). patients received antifungal prophylaxis with oral mycostatin (1,000,000 u four times daily) or clotrimazole ( ... | 1993 | 8460916 |
| in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of t-3761, a new quinolone derivative. | t-3761, a new quinolone derivative, showed broad and potent antibacterial activity. its mics for 90% of the strains tested were 0.20 to 100 micrograms/ml against gram-positive bacteria, including members of the genera staphylococcus, streptococcus, and enterococcus; 0.025 to 3.13 micrograms/ml against gram-negative bacteria, including members of the family enterobacteriaceae and the genus haemophilus; 0.05 to 50 micrograms/ml against glucose nonfermenters, including members of the genera pseudom ... | 1993 | 8460909 |
| identification and characterization of adhesive factors of clostridium difficile involved in adhesion to human colonic enterocyte-like caco-2 and mucus-secreting ht29 cells in culture. | experiments reported in this communication showed that the highly toxinogenic cd 79685, cd 4784, and wilkins clostridium difficile strains and the moderately toxinogenic fd strain grown in the presence of blood adhere to polarized monolayers of two cultured human intestinal cell lines: the human colonic epithelial caco-2 cells and the human mucus-secreting ht29-mtx cells. scanning electron microscopy revealed that the bacteria interacted with well-defined apical microvilli of differentiated caco ... | 1993 | 8459765 |
| comparison of enterotoxin production, cytotoxin production, serogrouping, and antimicrobial susceptibilities of clostridium difficile strains isolated from aids and human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients. | we analyzed and compared clostridium difficile strains isolated from diarrheic stools of 49 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-negative and 50 aids patients. our results suggest that distribution patterns of serogroups are different in these two populations. serogroup c (which has been previously reported to be very resistant to antimicrobial agents) represents 66.0 and 18.4% of the isolates from aids and hiv-negative patients, respectively (p < 0.001); the selection of serogroup c could be expl ... | 1993 | 8458977 |
| specific detection of toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile in stool specimens. | clostridium difficile is the infectious agent responsible for antibiotic-associated colitis. we report the use of the polymerase chain reaction technique to identify toxigenic strains of c. difficile in human stool specimens. a set of primers based on the nucleotide sequence of the toxin b gene, which amplified a 399-bp fragment from isolates producing toxin b, was designed. we examined 28 known toxigenic strains, which were all positive by this assay. dnas from the nontoxigenic strains examined ... | 1993 | 8458943 |
| comparison of cefoxitin and ceftizoxime in a hospital therapeutic interchange program. | to determine whether (a) ceftizoxime can replace cefoxitin in the prevention and treatment of various infections in a major teaching hospital, (b) a previously applied two-stage intervention program is an effective method of instituting a therapeutic interchange of ceftizoxime for cefoxitin and (c) the replacement of cefoxitin with ceftizoxime results in a more cost-effective therapy. | 1993 | 8457957 |
| demonstration of toxin a and b by polymerase chain reaction and mccoy cell assay in clinical isolates of clostridium difficile from denmark. | a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for demonstration of gene fragments of clostridium difficile was established. one hundred and sixty-eight clinical isolates of c. difficile from three population groups were tested for production of cytotoxins by mccoy cell line assay (mca) and for fragments of toxin a and b genes by pcr. the fragments for pcr amplification were at the 5' end of the toxin genes, which was found to be specific for c. difficile. full agreement between the pcr and mca results was f ... | 1993 | 8457321 |
| production of monoclonal antibodies against clostridium difficile cytotoxin using immunosorbent binding bioassay procedure. | in the following study, a novel screening approach was used to develop monoclonal antibodies specific for toxin b of clostridium difficile. the approach, which consisted of an immunosorbent binding bioassay (isbba), is based on antigen immunocapture by monoclonal antibodies and detection of biological activity. our results showed isbba, which uses unpurified antigen, to be more sensitive than the neutralization assay and elisa for the detection of toxin b antibody. | 1993 | 8456445 |
| trés difficile. | 1993 | 8454879 | |
| the prevalence and nosocomial acquisition of clostridium difficile in elderly hospitalized patients. | rectal swabs obtained from 10 of 49 chronic-care geriatric patients were positive for clostridium difficile, for a prevalence rate of 20.4%. simultaneous sampling of 29 patients in an acute geriatric ward revealed four colonized patients, for a prevalence rate of 13.7%. a prospective study of c. difficile colonization in 100 consecutive patients admitted to an acute geriatric ward was carried out. all patients were sampled upon admission and biweekly during hospitalization. two patients (2%) wer ... | 1993 | 8446550 |
| [can antibiotic-associated diarrhea be prevented?]. | post-antibiotic diarrhea is common but rarely serious. the chief cause is changes in the normal intestinal flora. decrease in the number of bacteria leads to maldigestion of carbohydrates, resulting in osmotic diarrhea. disappearance of the flora encourages the emergence of resistant strains, e.g. clostridium difficile. general measures concern the prescription of antibiotics and the use of probiotics. the latter restore and replace the normal flora and prevent more than half of all cases of dia ... | 1993 | 8442650 |
| inactivation of clostridium difficile spores by disinfectants. | the current study was designed to evaluate the activity of glutaraldehyde-based disinfectants against clostridium difficile using the association of official analytical chemists' (aoac) sporicidal test. this study was undertaken because gastrointestinal endoscopes that may be contaminated with c difficile spores are most commonly disinfected between patients using glutaraldehyde-based disinfectants. | 1993 | 8432966 |
| typing of clostridium difficile by western immunoblotting with 10 different antisera. | western blotting (immunoblotting) with antisera against each of 10 reference serogroups was evaluated as a means of typing clostridium difficile. a total of 164 clinical isolates of c. difficile were tested. variations in band profiles in each serogroup were used to type isolates into subserogroups. this technique was useful for an epidemiological investigation. | 1993 | 8432828 |
| mammalian epithelial cell line kit for detection of clostridium difficile toxin. | the performance characteristics of a mammalian epithelial (mep) cell line kit (cytotoxi test; advanced clinical diagnostics, toledo, ohio) for the detection of clostridium difficile toxin was compared with that of conventional tissue culture assays with human embryonic lung (hel) cells in shell vials and human foreskin fibroblasts (hffs) in test tubes. one hundred forty-nine stool samples were tested. the mep cells were at least as sensitive as the hel cells for use in c. difficile toxin detecti ... | 1993 | 8432817 |
| enzymatic reactions of clostridium difficile in aerobic and anaerobic environments with the rapid-ana ii identification system. | the rapid-ana ii anaerobic identification system (innovative diagnostic systems, inc., atlanta, ga.) was used to determine whether the incubation environment affects enzyme detection. twenty strains of clostridium difficile were tested in aerobic, anaerobic, and low-co2 anaerobic incubation environments. the percentages of enzymes detected in reactions with the following substrates were noted in the three incubation environments: phenylalanine-beta-naphthylamide, aerobic, 0%; anaerobic, 35%; low ... | 1993 | 8432813 |
| effects of clostridium difficile toxin b on human monocytes and macrophages: possible relationship with cytoskeletal rearrangement. | toxin b from clostridium difficile is cytopathic in vitro for various types of cells, including polymorphonuclear cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes. since intestine lamina propria is rich in macrophages, we studied the effect of toxin b on human monocytes and on human macrophages generated in vitro by long-term culture of purified circulating blood monocytes. upon addition of toxin b, human monocytes exhibited few modifications whereas macrophages adopted a stellate morphology, with rounding up ... | 1993 | 8432590 |
| surgical management and radiological characteristics of bronchogenic cysts. | forty-two patients with bronchogenic cysts were treated over a 30-year period (1962 to 1991). the location was mediastinal in 37 and intrapulmonary in 5. cysts were symptomatic in 21 patients (50%) and complications occurred in 11 (26%). the complications included infection in 5 patients, hemorrhage into the cyst in 2 patients, dysphagia due to esophageal compression in 2, adenocarcinoma arising from a bronchogenic cyst in an 8 1/2-year-old girl, and an esophagobronchopleurocutaneous fistula as ... | 1993 | 8431062 |
| characterisation of clostridium difficile strains by polymerase chain reaction with toxin a- and b-specific primers. | a total of 218 clostridium difficile strains was examined for production of toxin a by elisa, production of toxin b by a cytotoxin assay and the presence of toxin a and b gene-associated sequences by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). after saturation amplification with toxin b-specific primers, the characteristic amplification product (591 bp) was detected in all 184 toxigenic strains examined. pcr with toxin a-specific primers gave positive results with all but one of the toxigenic strains. ... | 1993 | 8429535 |
| in-vitro and in-vivo characterisation of resistance to colonisation with clostridium difficile. | in hamsters, resistance to colonisation by clostridium difficile appears to be mediated by micro-organisms that are present in the gut in relatively low concentrations. small amounts of normal caecal contents inhibited the growth of c. difficile when added to cultures in vitro or given to animals which had been treated with clindamycin. filtrates of caecal contents, frozen and thawed contents and contents diluted to 0.1% wet weight lost their inhibitory properties. however, caecal contents retai ... | 1993 | 8429534 |
| purification and characterization of clostridium difficile glutamate dehydrogenase. | recombinant clostridium difficile glutamate dehydrogenase (l-glutamate:nad oxidoreductase, ec 1.4.1.2) was purified 177-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity with a 62% recovery through a four-step procedure involving gel filtration and ion-exchange and dye affinity chromatography. the approximate molecular weights of the native enzyme by gel filtration and subunits by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were consistent with a hexameric structure for the purified enzyme. the ... | 1993 | 8424683 |
| comment to knoop et al. (1990) febs letters 267, 9-12, toxin b of clostridium difficile does not have enolase activity. | 1993 | 8422931 | |
| detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in stool specimens by the polymerase chain reaction. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of a segment of the toxin a gene was used to detect toxigenic clostridium difficile directly from stool specimens of patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. although pcr-inhibitory substances were recognized in dna prepared from stool specimens, the inhibitory substances were eliminated by using an ion-exchange column after phenol-chloroform extraction. eventually, 39 stool specimens were evaluated by pcr. pcr results for detection of toxigenic ... | 1993 | 8421180 |
| role of infectious agents in exacerbations of ulcerative colitis in india. a study of clostridium difficile. | fifty patients with idiopathic ulcerative colitis--25 with acute exacerbation of the disease (group i) and 25 in quiescent phase (group ii)--were studied. none of the patients had a history of recent exposure to antimicrobial drugs or hospitalization. evidence of infection with protozoal and bacterial agents and/or presence of clostridium difficile toxin was demonstrated in eight (32%) patients in group i and one (4%) patient in group ii (group i vs. group ii, p < 0.05; chi 2 test with yate's co ... | 1993 | 8421140 |
| purification and characterisation of intracellular toxin a of clostridium difficile. | after sonic disintegration of clostridium difficile cells, intracellular toxin a was purified to homogeneity by thyroglobulin affinity chromatography (tgac) followed by anion-exchange (mono q) by fast protein liquid chromatography (fplc). high haemagglutinating (ha) activity was detected in tgac-unbound fractions (2(9)/50 microliters), but not in tgac thermal eluates (2(0)/50 microliters). the low ha titre of the thermal eluates was markedly increased to 2(5)/50 microliters after dialysis agains ... | 1993 | 8418298 |
| postoperative clostridium difficile gastroenteritis. | clostridium difficile gastroenteritis can be the cause of an enigmatic postoperative syndrome of high temperature and marked leukocytosis, out of proportion to the initially mild constitutional symptoms. patients may suffer delayed onset of diarrhea, which will test positive for the c. difficile enterotoxin by latex agglutination. we report 5 cases of c. difficile gastroenteritis that occurred within a 2-year period. we believe that the combination of preoperative bowel preparation, and intraope ... | 1993 | 8417199 |
| diagnosis and treatment of clostridium difficile colitis. | pseudomembranous colitis associated with antibiotic therapy is almost always due to an overgrowth of clostridium difficile. if untreated, pseudomembranous colitis can lead to severe diarrhea, hypovolemic shock, toxic dilatation of the colon, cecal perforation, hemorrhage, and death. however, c difficile-associated colitis can mimic the more common "benign" antibiotic-associated diarrhea that is not caused by c difficile. an algorithm for diagnosis management of hospitalized patients with antibio ... | 1993 | 8416409 |
| use of an enzyme-linked immunoassay for clostridium difficile serogrouping. | an enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa) with 11 clostridium difficile serogroup-specific antisera was applied for serogrouping of c. difficile colonies from 314 consecutive positive fecal samples. two hundred forty-nine strains (79%) were correctly serogrouped, 57 (18%) belonged to serogroups other than the 11 which were evaluated and gave a negative reaction with all antisera, and 8 isolates (2.5%) did not react with their corresponding antisera. elisa is a rapid and reliable method for serogroupi ... | 1993 | 8408581 |
| clostridium difficile colitis and diarrhea. | clostridium difficile is now regarded as the most prevalent nosocomial pathogen, infecting as many as a quarter of hospitalized patients. the pathophysiology of infection with this unusual enteric pathogen involves alteration of the normal enteric flora by antibiotics, ingestion of spores, and colonization by c. difficile. the organism then releases potent exotoxins that produce an inflammatory colitis and diarrhea. a spectrum of host responses occurs, ranging from the asymptomatic carrier state ... | 1993 | 8406734 |
| approach to acute diarrhea in the elderly. | diarrhea is a common problem among the elderly that can have catastrophic results. atherosclerosis predisposes older adults to morbid sequelae from dehydration resulting from diarrhea. deaths related to diarrheal illnesses are recognized among older adults living in the community as well as among those confined to nursing homes. outbreaks have most often been associated with excess deaths from diarrhea among nursing-home patients. although most cases of dehydration from diarrhea result from gast ... | 1993 | 8406728 |
| improvement of clostridium difficile isolation by heat-shock and typing of the isolated strains by sds-page. | clostridium difficile plays an essential role in causing pseudomembranous colitis. we looked for the presence of these bacteria in the stools of 169 hospitalized patients and 38 nurses from wards with cases of diarrhea (207 subjects). the study was divided into three parts. in the first part, we compared three methods for isolating clostridium difficile from stool samples: pre-selection with heat-shock, direct plating on cycloserine-cefotaxime-fructose agar (ccfa) and culturing in a selective br ... | 1993 | 8405320 |
| clostridium difficile enteritis. a cause of intramural gas. | 1993 | 8404420 | |
| clostridium difficile enteritis in a canadian tertiary care hospital. | nosocomial clostridium difficile enteritis causes epidemic and endemic infection. the authors report the incidence of c difficile enteritis in a tertiary care hospital. the overall incidence rate over two years in the authors' institution was 22.2 cases per 100,000 in-patient-days; this rate appeared to decline over the study period (from 30.0 cases per 100,000 in 1990 to 11.2 at study end in 1992). continued surveillance will determine whether this is a durable trend. an average of 5.25 cases p ... | 1993 | 8400341 |
| clostridium difficile--the only important nosocomial gastrointestinal pathogen in developed countries. | 1993 | 8400339 | |
| ketotifen inhibits clostridium difficile toxin a-induced enteritis in rat ileum. | clostridium difficile toxin a is the principal mediator of inflammatory enterocolitis in experimental animals. the purpose of this study was to explore the effect of ketotifen, an anti-inflammatory drug, on toxin a-induced enterotoxicity in rat ileum. | 1993 | 8395445 |
| development of a rapid and efficient restriction endonuclease analysis typing system for clostridium difficile and correlation with other typing systems. | a hindiii restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) typing system for total genomic clostridium difficile dna including a rapid and efficient method of dna extraction and a scheme for organizing unique electrophoretic dna band patterns was developed. rea typing was performed by two extraction methods for 1,965 c. difficile isolates obtained from patients with symptomatic c. difficile disease, asymptomatic patients who were c. difficile culture positive, and environmental surfaces. this isolate col ... | 1993 | 8394378 |
| ischemic colitis in a patient with crohn's disease taking an oral contraceptive and an ergotamine alkaloid. | a 22-year-old woman developed transient left-sided ischemic colitis with submucosal oedema and bleeding, six weeks after an uneventful right hemicolectomy for crohn's disease. the thrombogenic properties of the contraceptive pill and the concomitant use of an ergotamine alkaloid were thought to be the cause of this complication in a patient at risk. an increase of procoagulant activity and underlying vascular injury has been described in crohn's disease. | 1993 | 8388603 |
| pseudomembranous colitis. | pseudomembranous colitis is an inflammatory disease of the colon and rectum characterized by the development of elevated mucosal plaques. it usually is associated with antibiotic therapy and is caused by elaboration of toxin from the anaerobic bacterium, clostridium difficile. the hallmark of treatment is orally administered vancomycin or metronidazole. the mortality rate is high in patients whose condition is not diagnosed and appropriately treated. emergency surgery occasionally is needed for ... | 1993 | 8378829 |
| quantitative cultures of the mucosal-associated bacteria in the mechanically prepared colon and rectum. | little is known about the mucosal microflora of the colon and rectum at the time of elective surgery. our objective was to determine the concentrations of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria associated with the mucosa of the mechanically prepared large bowel. ten patients were studied after a standard polyethylene glycol-electrolyte lavage preparation. no patient had taken antibiotics in the preceding four weeks. sterile wire brushes passed through the colonoscope during advancement were used to cult ... | 1993 | 8375226 |
| diagnostic tests for clostridium difficile diarrhoea and colitis: past, present and future. | 1993 | 8374085 | |
| shedding of clostridium difficile, fecal beta-lactamase activity, and gastrointestinal symptoms in 51 volunteers treated with oral cefixime. | microbial changes including the shedding of clostridium difficile, fecal beta-lactamase activity, and gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed in 51 healthy volunteers given 200 mg of cefixime twice daily for 8 days. the number of organisms of the family enterobacteriaceae (means +/- standard deviations) dropped from 6.9 +/- 1.1 to 3.9 +/- 1.8 log cfu/g of feces (p < 0.01), whereas counts of enterococci rose from 7.0 +/- 1.5 to 9.0 +/- 1.0 log cfu/g of feces (p < 0.01). both counts returned to th ... | 1993 | 8363371 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a elicits ca(2+)-independent cytotoxic effects in cultured normal rat intestinal crypt cells. | in rat intestinal crypt cells, clostridium difficile toxin a induces (i) early cytoskeletal alterations involving the whole population and (ii) late effects in 30 to 40% of the cells, consisting mainly of surface blebbing and nuclear fragmentation. all these effects were ca2+ independent and were not abolished by protein synthesis inhibitors. | 1993 | 8359922 |
| detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in fecal samples by colony blot hybridization. | a hybridization assay for detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in fecal samples was developed and compared with the classical tissue culture cytotoxicity assay. a dna fragment probe specific for the toxin b gene of clostridium difficile was synthesized by the polymerase chain reaction and labelled with digoxigenin. fecal samples were cultured for 24 hours, replica-plated and hybridized with the probe. the hybridization assay had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 96.7%, positive predi ... | 1993 | 8359169 |
| comparison of vidas clostridium difficile toxin-a assay and premier c. difficile toxin-a assay to cytotoxin-b tissue culture assay for the detection of toxins of c. difficile. | damage to the intestinal mucosa by clostridium difficile (cd) is toxin mediated. two enzyme immunoassays (eias) for toxin-a detection, the automated vitek immunodiagnostic assay system cda (vidas cda), and the premier toxin a (premier) were tested for their ability to detect toxin a in 301 stool samples and compared with an in-house tissue culture assay for toxin b (tca). of these 301 samples, 49 were tca positive and 252 were tca negative. agreement between vidas cda and tca on the initial run ... | 1993 | 8359010 |
| clostridium difficile: clinical disease and diagnosis. | clostridium difficile is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a spectrum of disease ranging from antibiotic-associated diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis. although the disease was first described in 1893, the etiologic agent was not isolated and identified until 1978. since clinical and pathological features of c. difficile-associated disease are not easily distinguished from those of other gastrointestinal diseases, including ulcerative colitis, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, and crohn' ... | 1993 | 8358706 |
| clostridia-associated enterocolitis in adult horses and foals. | a review of the literature describing clostridia-associated enterocolitis is presented. the bacteria, their toxins, and possible factors that interact to contribute to the pathogenesis of enterocolitis are described. clinical signs associated with clostridia-associated enterocolitis, methods of diagnosis, treatments, and preventive strategies are discussed. | 1993 | 8358653 |
| clostridium difficile infection associated with antineoplastic chemotherapy: a review. | colitis and infection due to clostridium difficile have been reported in patients receiving antineoplastic chemotherapy for cancer without prior antibiotic treatment. chemotherapeutic agents can alter the normal bowel flora and cause extensive intestinal inflammatory changes, potentiating both the growth of c. difficile and its production of toxin. this review includes all 23 known reported cases of c. difficile infection associated with antineoplastic chemotherapy and examines the pathogenesis, ... | 1993 | 8353229 |
| characterization, cloning, and in vitro expression of the extremely thermostable glutamate dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon, es4. | glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon es4 (optimal growth temperature 98 degrees c and maximum growth temperature 110 degrees c) was purified to homogeneity. the purified native enzyme had an m(r) of 270,000 +/- 5,000 and was shown by gel filtration and sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be a hexamer with identical subunits of m(r) = 46,000 +/- 3,000. the hexameric subunit composition was also evident from electron micrographs, which show a triangular antiprism ... | 1993 | 8349661 |
| the etiology and management of diarrhea in the gynecologic oncology patient. | we determined the etiology and evaluated the usefulness of diagnostic tests in 42 gynecologic oncology patients with diarrhea. | 1993 | 8349164 |
| [diarrhea following antibiotic treatment, clostridium difficile, and quinolones]. | 1993 | 8347715 | |
| enterotoxigenic bacteria in the sudden infant death syndrome. | faecal samples from 123 infants who died with sudden infant death syndrome (sids) and from a comparative group of 52 age-matched babies were analysed for toxigenic bacteria and their toxins. serum samples from the sids infants were also analysed for these toxins. a significantly higher proportion of toxigenic bacteria and their toxins were found in faecal samples of sids babies than in samples from the comparative group. these toxins were also found in serum from the sids babies. clostridium per ... | 1993 | 8345506 |
| the role of the clinical microbiology laboratory in the management of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | nosocomial diarrhea due to infection with c. difficile is a major health care problem, causing 20% to 30% of institutionally acquired diarrhea and affecting up to 8% of hospitalized patients. the clinical microbiology laboratory should be able to provide both diagnostic and epidemiologic services for institutions where this disease occurs. diagnostic testing includes culture for isolation of toxigenic c. difficile and detection of either toxin a or b from stool specimens. epidemiologic services ... | 1993 | 8345170 |
| intestinal carriage of clostridium difficile in neonate dogs. | a total of 70 puppies and their dams, distributed in 14 litters, were submitted to weekly fecal examinations for c. difficile during the first 10 weeks after birth. during the study, 94.3% of the puppies and 42.9% of the dams harboured c. difficile at least once in their feces. we calculated that 58% of the puppies carried toxigenic c. difficile at least once during the survey. in the puppies, c. difficile carriage rates ranging from 3.1% to 67.1% were observed at different moments of the observ ... | 1993 | 8342371 |
| reactive arthritis associated with clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. | reactive arthritis is associated with several gastrointestinal pathogens, particularly shigella, salmonella, campylobacter, and yersinia. another, less well recognized bowel infection leading to reactive arthritis is pseudomembranous colitis, caused by clostridium difficile. an illustrative case is presented, and the clinical features and characteristics of all reported patients with this association are reviewed. the pathogenesis of the reactive arthritis seems to be related to an immunological ... | 1993 | 8342048 |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxins in stools. comparison between a new enzyme immunoassay for toxin a and other routine tests. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for detection of clostridium difficile toxin a (enterotoxin) using a monoclonal antibody is described. no cross-reaction was observed with any of the clostridium species tested except for toxigenic clostridium difficile. one hundred and eight stool specimens from hospitalized patients harbouring c. difficile in their intestine and 43 samples negative for c. difficile isolation were studied to compare this test with a cytotoxicity assay, the isolation ... | 1993 | 8339887 |
| clostridium difficile-associated reactive arthritis in an hla-b27 negative male. | 1993 | 8331275 | |
| optimal methods for identifying clostridium difficile infections. | the major controversy in the diagnosis of symptomatic gastrointestinal infection due to clostridium difficile is whether laboratory evidence of the c. difficile organism in culture is sufficient or if evidence of one of the c. difficile toxins in stool should be required. cultures performed properly on selective media currently are the most sensitive method for detection of c. difficile, whereas the cell cytotoxin assay for detection of toxin b is the most specific. stool specimens from patients ... | 1993 | 8324164 |
| the friendly anaerobes. | anaerobic bacteria include the most pathogenic of microorganisms. their primary function, however, is hardly to cause illness. they rarely are involved in epidemics or in clinically significant infections. some organisms, e.g. lactobacilli, control the normal vaginal ecosystem, and the intestinal anaerobes probably are instrumental in restraining the growth of clostridium difficile in human carriers. the main role of anaerobes appears to be the provision of catabolic enzymes for organic compound ... | 1993 | 8324162 |
| antibacterial activity of meropenem and selected comparative agents against anaerobic bacteria at seven north american centers. | the antibacterial activity of meropenem and comparative agents against approximately 1,000 anaerobes was determined using the disk dilution methods recommended by the national committee for clinical laboratory standards (nccls). the organisms represented 27 species of six genera and included the most common pathogens. meropenem and imipenem were the most active drugs and were comparable in overall activity, generally exhibiting an mic90 of < or = 1 micrograms/ml. in contrast, the mics of cefoxit ... | 1993 | 8324148 |