Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| [hepatitis a and hepatitis e seroprevalence in adults in the ankara area]. | in this study, between the period of september 2000 to july 2001, hepatitis a virus (hav) igg antibodies and hepatitis e virus (hev) total (igg + igm) antibodies have been searched by using commercially provided enzyme immunoassay kits (axsym, abbott usa), in 1046 adults aged between 15-75 years old (mean age: 32.3 years), who were admitted to the outpatient clinics of internal medicine and infectious diseases department of ankara university medical school, with no acute hepatitis signs and symp ... | 2002 | 12476770 |
| current treatments for hepatitis. | common viral agents known to cause inflammation of the liver (hepatitis) are hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), and hepatitis c virus (hcv). some other viral agents that can cause hepatitis are epstein barr virus, herpes simplex virus, and cytomegalovirus. some patients infected with these viral agents progress to develop chronic viral hepatitis. approximately 45% of chronic hepatitis cases are associated with hepatitis c and approximately 15% are associated with hepatitis b. in a ... | 2002 | 12464795 |
| the utility of prescreening for hepatitis a in military recruits prior to vaccination. | the u.s. army administers the hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccination for prophylaxis against hav infection. there is little comparative data as to whether prescreening for previous hav infection before immunization is less costly than universal vaccination. we designed a study to determine the prevalence of previous hav infection in u.s. army recruits and then perform a cost analysis. the cost analysis compared selective vaccination versus universal vaccination. basic demographic information, inclu ... | 2002 | 12448616 |
| [specific and non-specific immune mechanisms against hepatitis a virus (hav)--research and recent progress]. | 1995 | 12442484 | |
| seasonal variation of hepatitis a virus infection in the city of rio de janeiro, brazil. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection constitutes a major public health problem in brazil. the transmission of hav is primarily by fecal-oral route so the water is an important vehicle of hav dissemination. there is a great incidence of acute cases of hepatitis a in some areas of brazil however the seasonal variation of these cases was not documented. the aim of this study was to determine the seasonality of hav infection in rio de janeiro. from january 1999 to december 2001, 1731 blood samples were ... | 2002 | 12436171 |
| risk of hepatitis a infection following travel. | travel to endemic areas is one of the most frequently reported risk factors for infection with the hepatitis a virus (hav). we evaluated the association between hav infection and travel, by area of destination. we conducted a case-control study on all cases of hav infection reported to the italian national surveillance system for acute viral hepatitis in the period 1996-2000. the study population consisted of 9695 persons with hav infection (cases) and 2590 with hbv infection (controls). the ris ... | 2002 | 12431210 |
| serological study of hepatitis a virus infection amongst the students of a medical college in delhi & evaluation of the need of vaccination. | recent seroepidemiological studies have demonstrated a decrease in the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, thereby increasing the pool of susceptible adult population. health care workers, especially those working in paediatric wards and nurseries, are at an increased risk of developing hav infection. the present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of antibody against hav (igg anti-hav) among a batch of medical students of the maulana azad medical college, new delhi ... | 2002 | 12424929 |
| spectrum of viral hepatitis in thalassemic children receiving multiple blood transfusions. | to investigate the prevalence of infection with hepatitis viruses in children with thalassemia receiving multiple blood transfusions. | 2002 | 12416747 |
| hepatitis a virus inhibits cellular antiviral defense mechanisms induced by double-stranded rna. | the consequences of a hepatitis a virus (hav) infection on cell-based antiviral responses and the interactions between virus and host cells resulting in persistent infections are poorly understood. in this report, we show that hav does inhibit double-stranded (dsrna)-induced beta interferon (ifn-beta) gene expression by influencing the ifn-beta enhanceosome, as well as dsrna-induced apoptosis, which suggests that both effects may be connected by shared viral and/or cellular factors. this ability ... | 2002 | 12414934 |
| molecular characterization of hepatitis a virus isolates from a transcontinental shellfish-borne outbreak. | one hundred eighty-four serologically confirmed cases of hepatitis a were reported in eastern spain in 1999. a matched case-control study implicated imported coquina clams complying with european union shellfish standards as the source of infection; this implication was confirmed by the detection by reverse transcription-pcr of hepatitis a virus (hav) rna in shellfish samples. in spite of the recognized low variability of hav, genetic characterization of the complete capsid region of virus isola ... | 2002 | 12409389 |
| hepatitis a seroprevalence in a random sample of the turkish population by simultaneous epi cluster and comparison with surveys in turkey. | this study was conducted to determine the hepatitis a virus (hav) seroprevalence in nine provinces representative of turkey as a whole. these provinces are representative of the country's geographical location, and demographic, economic and social characteristics. in each province, sample sizes were determined using published data on hav seroprevalence, and sample sizes for each province and for the cluster were calculated for each group of subjects under the age of 30 for seroprevalence estimat ... | 2002 | 12405430 |
| anti-hepatitis a virus seroprevalence and seroconversion in a cohort of patients with chronic viral hepatitis. | patients with chronic hepatitis c infected by hepatitis a virus have a substantial risk of fulminant hepatitis or death, while the course of hepatitis a virus is uncomplicated in most subjects with chronic hepatitis b. | 2002 | 12405253 |
| ultraviolet inactivation of feline calicivirus, human enteric viruses and coliphages. | norwalk and norwalk-like viruses (nlv) are major causes of food- and water-related disease in the united states. there is no host cell line in which the nlv can be tested for infectivity. feline calicivirus (fcv) and nlv both belong to the family caliciviridae. fcv can be assayed for infectivity in the crandell reese feline kidney cell line, so fcv serves as a surrogate for nlv. this study is the first report of uv inactivation of fcv and also of using the plaque technique, in contrast to the 50 ... | 2002 | 12405148 |
| detection of enteroviruses, hepatitis a virus and rotaviruses in sewage by means of an immunomagnetic capture reverse transcription-pcr assay. | an immunomagnetic capture reverse transcription-pcr (imc-rt-pcr) assay was evaluated to recover and detect enteric viruses in sewage and to remove pcr inhibitors. the procedure was applied along with a simple sample processing consisting of an initial separation of solids followed by polyethylen glycol precipitation and solvent extraction. this procedure reduced sample volumes by about 65-fold without eliminating rt-pcr inhibitors. paramagnetic beads coupled to pooled human immunoglobulins were ... | 2002 | 12398285 |
| zirconium hydroxide effectively immobilizes and concentrates human enteric viruses. | detection of human enteric viruses in foods and environmental samples requires concentration of viruses from complex matrices before application of molecular or cultural methods. previous studies have described the use of zirconium hydroxide to concentrate bacteria from clinical, environmental, and food samples. | 2002 | 12390492 |
| [results of the hepatitis a epidemic in blekinge. transmission links surveyed with the help of sequence analysis of viral rna]. | in 1994-1995 there was an epidemic of hepatitis a (hav) among drug abusers in the county of blekinge, sweden. there were also a number of other cases in which the epidemiological links were unclear. in order to uncover possible links between unclear cases retrospective sequencing was carried out of the vp1 region of hav-rna from patient sera. it was found that the epidemic among drug abusers spread beyond their closest contacts, revealing links that would otherwise not have been suspected. the e ... | 2002 | 12389249 |
| inactivation of hepatitis a virus and a calicivirus by high hydrostatic pressure. | potential application of high hydrostatic pressure processing (hpp) as a method for virus inactivation was evaluated. a 7-log10 pfu/ml hepatitis a virus (hav) stock, in tissue culture medium, was reduced to nondetectable levels after exposure to more than 450 mpa of pressure for 5 min. titers of hav were reduced in a time- and pressure-dependent manner between 300 and 450 mpa. in contrast, poliovirus titer was unaffected by a 5-min treatment at 600 mpa. dilution of hav in seawater increased the ... | 2002 | 12380746 |
| virus safety of human blood, plasma, and derived products. | the reconstitution of blood and its components is hampered by factors of compatibility, availability, and the risk of transmission of infectious diseases. protozoal agents such as plasmodium malariae and trypanosoma cruzi are only regionally relevant. bacterial transmissions are easy to prevent and treat. antibody, antigen, and nucleic acid screening have been implemented to prevent transmission of blood-borne viruses. transfusion-relevant viruses include hepatitis b and c virus (hbv and hcv), h ... | 2002 | 12379292 |
| vaccination against hepatitis a virus may not be required for schoolchildren in northern india: results of a seroepidemiological survey. | to evaluate the current seroprevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a virus (hav) in a sample of schoolchildren above 10 years of age and to determine the prevalence of hav-induced hepatitis in adults at a tertiary care hospital in northern india between january 1992 and december 2000. | 2002 | 12378291 |
| long-term immunogenicity of an inactivated virosome hepatitis a vaccine. | the aim of this study was to predict the long-term protection induced after immunisation with inactivated, aluminium-free virosome hepatitis a vaccine. the study population consisted of adult volunteers enrolled in four different clinical trials. lower 95% confidence interval limits and seroconversion rate were calculated by using a linear mixed model to estimate the persistence of serum antibodies over time. to assess the robustness of the mathematical model, several sensitivity analyses were p ... | 2002 | 12376955 |
| impact of recurrent epidemics of hepatitis a virus infection on population immunity levels: bristol bay, alaska. | the dynamics of population-based immunity were examined by using serologic surveys of 7 villages in rural alaska between 2 epidemics of hepatitis a virus (hav) and after the second epidemic (1988-1990). among persons aged 2-30 years, the overall age-adjusted prevalence of antibody to hav (anti-hav) was 51% in 1983 and 49% in 1993 (p=.506). in children aged <5 years, prevalence rates were 0% and 11% in 1983 and 1993, respectively. the prevalence of hav infection increased with age in both surveys ... | 2002 | 12355357 |
| mechanisms of inactivation of hepatitis a virus by chlorine. | the study was intended to investigate the feasibility of reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) for evaluation of the efficacy of inactivation of viruses in water and to elucidate the mechanisms of inactivation of hepatitis a virus (hav) by chlorine. cell culture, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and long-overlap rt-pcr were used to detect the infectivity, antigenicity, and entire genome of hav inactivated or destroyed by chlorine. the cell culture results revealed the complete inactivation of inf ... | 2002 | 12324343 |
| day care setting ideal place for vaccination. pediatrics (hav). | hepatitis a is highly endemic in developing countries. for example, in sao paulo, brazil, 100% and 40.3% of lower and middle socioeconomic level children aged 2-11 years, respectively, have antibodies to hepatitis a. 90.4% of voluntary middle class adult blood donors are infected with the virus. day care centers represent an important source of hepatitis a in several communities. richtmann et al. investigated the immunogenicity and safety of the hepatitis a virus (hav) strain gbm vaccine amo ... | 1996 | 12290904 |
| seroepidemiology of hepatitis a antibodies among children's hospital staff. | with improved socioeconomic conditions, adults are more frequently seronegative for hepatitis a virus (hav) and therefore susceptible to infection. a safe and efficacious active hav vaccine has been developed and licensed. the general recommendation is to vaccinate populations at increased occupational exposure to hav. | 2002 | 12237591 |
| present epidemiological pattern of antibody to hepatitis a virus among chiang mai children, northern thailand. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is common in southeast asia, and most of the inhabitants acquire a lifelong immunity as a result of natural infection during childhood. however, the age-specific seroprevalence is changing with development of socioeconomic and hygiene status in this area and the infection is predicted to shift to adulthood with more severe clinical manifestations in the future. in this study, we report the present epidemiological pattern of antibody to hav (anti-hav) among schoo ... | 2002 | 12236424 |
| hepatitis e virus infection in fulminant hepatitis patients and an apparently healthy population in bangladesh. | this is the first study comparing hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in bangladesh in fulminant hepatitis (fh) patients presumed to have a viral cause and in the apparently healthy population. sera from 22 fh patients were analyzed for antibodies to hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c and d viruses, and hev and for hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag). anti-hev immunoglobulin m (igm) was detected in the sera of 63.6% of patients, whereas 35.7% were positive for hbsag. a h ... | 2002 | 12224580 |
| decline of maternal hepatitis a virus antibody levels in infants. | hepatitis a is a common viral infection causing substantial morbidity and mortality. the anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccination in infants would guarantee control of the infection. however, the immunogenicity of the hav vaccine in infants could be impaired by the presence of passively acquired maternal hav antibodies. this study evaluated the prevalence of hav antibodies in 103 women at delivery and in their babies in the first year of life. eighteen mothers (17.5%) had anti-hav serum level >1 ... | 2002 | 12222709 |
| seroepidemiological markers of enterically transmitted viral hepatitis a and e in individuals living in a community located in the north area of rio de janeiro, rj, brazil. | we investigated the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in subjects living in the community of manguinhos, rio de janeiro, brazil, and assisted at the health unit of escola nacional de saúde pública, fundação oswaldo cruz. after formal consent, individuals were submitted to an interview using a standardized questionnaire. anti-hav and anti-hev antibodies were detected by elisa. statistical analysis was carried out using the epi-info 6.04b software, to ... | 2002 | 12219125 |
| an outbreak of hepatitis a among homosexuals linked to a family outbreak. | several outbreaks of hepatitis a occurred in norway in 1995-8. molecular epidemiology was used to follow the spread of hepatitis a virus in the population. distinct strains of hepatitis a virus (hav) were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and subsequent sequencing in serum from patients in different communities at risk of infection. two hav strains were detected in an outbreak among 26 men having sexual contact with other men. one of these strains was also dete ... | 2002 | 12211577 |
| prolonged hepatitis a infection in an hiv-1 seropositive patient. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is a worldwide disease; in most cases, it causes an acute self-limited illness that does not lead to a chronic state. the course of hav viremia in a homosexual male with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and the correlation between hiv and hav viral load, alanine aminotranferase (alt) level, and cd4(+) lymphocyte count were investigated during the course of the infection. hav rna was detected quantitatively up to 256 days after clinical onset. to our knowledge, ... | 2002 | 12210424 |
| genetic characterization of hepatitis a virus isolates from buenos aires, argentina. | the hepatitis a virus (hav) has been classified in seven different genotypes, which include human (i, ii, iii, and vii) and simian (iv, v, and vi) groups. the sequence analysis of hav strains contributes to the molecular epidemiology of the virus. although the infection with hav is endemic in argentina and vaccination is being implemented in this country, using both ia and ib strains, there are very few data on the genotypes of the circulating viruses. on the basis of the sequences of 20 isolate ... | 2002 | 12210404 |
| hay fever and asthma in relation to markers of infection in the united states. | the hygiene hypothesis proposes that declining exposure to infections is implicated in the rising trend of allergy and asthma. | 2002 | 12209083 |
| age-specific prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a in santiago, chile: risk factors and shift in age of infection among children and young adults. | transition from high to lower endemicity of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection may portend increased public health burden with the shift of infection to older ages and increasing morbidity and mortality. this report describes age-specific prevalence of antibodies to hav (anti-hav) among children and young adults in santiago, chile, compared with previous prevalence data and assesses factors predictive for anti-hav. in 1998, a serosurvey was performed in metropolitan santiago, designed to enroll a ... | 2002 | 12201603 |
| hepatitis a vaccine. | hepatitis a is an infectious disease frequently reported in the united states. an average of 26,000 cases were reported each year during 1980 to 1999; probably 3 times as many occurred. hepatitis a vaccines provide a powerful new prevention tool. the 2 inactivated hepatitis a vaccines available as pediatric and adult formulations in the united states and in many other countries are safe, immunogenic, and efficacious. a single dose provides excellent short-term protection; the second dose is thou ... | 2002 | 12199612 |
| molecular evolution of hepatitis a virus: a new classification based on the complete vp1 protein. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is a positive-stranded rna virus in the genus hepatovirus in the family picornaviridae so far, analysis of the genetic variability of hav has been based on two discrete regions, the vp1/2a junction and the vp1 n terminus. in this report, we determined the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the complete vp1 gene of 81 strains from france, kosovo, mexico, argentina, chile, and uruguay and compared them with the sequences of seven strains of hav isolated elsewher ... | 2002 | 12186933 |
| replication of a hepatitis a virus replicon detected by genetic recombination in vivo. | unlike other picornaviruses, hepatitis a virus (hav) replicates so inefficiently in cell culture that the study of its rna biosynthesis presents a major experimental challenge. to assess viral rna replication independent of particle formation, a subgenomic replicon representing a self-replicating rna was constructed by replacing the p1 domain encoding the capsid proteins with the firefly luciferase sequence. although translation of the hav replicon was as efficient as a similar poliovirus replic ... | 2002 | 12185272 |
| the need for immunoglobulin for travelers who receive hepatitis a vaccine. | 2002 | 12182391 | |
| simultaneous detection and identification of hepatitis a virus and rotavirus by multiplex nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) and microtiter plate hybridization system. | human rotavirus and hepatitis a virus (hav) are two of the most common causes of virus-mediated food-borne illness. epidemiological investigations of outbreaks associated with these viruses have been hindered by the lack of available methods for their detection in foodstuffs. in this study, a multiplex nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) system was developed to detect specifically and simultaneously human rotavirus and hav. two sets of primers selected from published nucleic acid s ... | 2002 | 12176149 |
| detection of enteroviruses and hepatitis a virus in water by consensus primer multiplex rt-pcr. | to develop a rapid detection method of enteroviruses and hepatitis a virus (hav). | 2002 | 12174381 |
| the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a among preschool children in an urban setting in turkey. | the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus (hav) was investigated in 114 children (59.7 per cent males) aged 4-6 years, in the campus area of middle east technical university, ankara, turkey. the prevalence of hepatitis a antibody in this age group was 11.4 per cent (13/114). the rate of immunized children against hepatitis a was 3.65 per cent (5/137). in conclusion the prevalence of anti-hav demonstrates the susceptibility of other preschool children to hepatitis a. this may be a cause f ... | 2002 | 12164604 |
| contribution of microbial activity to virus reduction in saturated soil. | application of wastewater to soil may result in the contamination of groundwater and soil with pathogenic microorganisms and other biological and chemical agents. this study was performed to determine the antiviral microbial activity of soil saturated with secondary effluent. low concentrations (0.05mg/ml) of protease pronase resulted in the inactivation of more than 90% of seeded cox-a9 virus, whereas poliovirus type 1, hepatitis a virus (hav) and ms2 bacteriophages were found to be insensitive ... | 2002 | 12153026 |
| detection of both hepatitis a virus and norwalk-like virus in imported clams associated with food-borne illness. | hepatitis a virus (hav) and norwalk-like virus (nlv) were detected by reverse transcription-pcr in clams imported into the united states from china. an epidemiological investigation showed that these clams were associated with five cases of norwalk-like gastroenteritis in new york state in august 2000 (food and drug administration import alert 16-50). they were labeled "cooked" but appeared raw. viral rna extraction was performed by using dissected digestive tissues rather than whole shellfish m ... | 2002 | 12147490 |
| hepatitis e virus superinfection in patients with chronic liver disease. | infection with hepatitis a virus (hav) can cause severe illness in adult patients with chronic liver disease (cld) caused by hepatitis c. in endemic areas such as south asia, however, most adult patients already have been exposed to hav but could still be susceptible to hepatitis e virus (hev) infection. we document that hev superinfection in 4 of our cld patients caused severe liver decompensation. we then determined the seroprevalence of hav and hev in 233 patients with stable cld, with the go ... | 2002 | 12143058 |
| [anti-hav igg prevalence in a popultion between 1 and 39 years old in lima,peru] | the prevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) in a country largely reflects its standards of hygiene and socio-economic conditions. in the 80's, it was reported 98% positive anti-hav in adults and 82% in children; the rate increased with age, from 30% in thosed aged 1 year old to 100% in those of 8 years old.from october to december 1999, we performed a sero-epidemiologic survey to evaluate the presence of hepatitis a antibody (anti-hav) in 859 subjects (518 were children and 341 adults), aged fron ... | 2000 | 12140596 |
| effect of gamma irradiation on human cortical bone transplants contaminated with enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. | in the production of bone grafts intended for transplantation, basic safety measures to avoid the transmission of pathogens are selection and serological screening of donors for markers of virus infections. as an additional safety tool we investigated the effect of gamma irradiation on the sterility of human bone diaphysis transplants and evaluated its impact on the virus safety of transplants. model viruses were included in the study to determine the dose necessary to achieve a reduction factor ... | 2002 | 12127314 |
| investigation of transfusion transmitted viruses in cases clinically suspected of posttransfusion hepatitis with undetermined ethiology. | transfusion transmitted viruses (ttv) were investigated in cardiac surgery cases who were previously transfused with blood and/or blood products and were suspected of having posttransfusion hepatitis (pth) based on the results of physical examination, clinical findings, biochemical blood test results and in a smaller number, on radiological results. they were identified as having non-a-c hepatitis based on serological or molecular test methods. in this study, out of 90 cases suspected for pth an ... | 2002 | 12126200 |
| declining hepatitis a seroprevalence among medical students in bangkok, thailand, 1981-2001. | the severity of clinical symptoms following hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is age dependent. hepatitis a in children is mostly an asymptomatic disease while adolescents and adults usually show symptoms of clinical hepatitis. improved personal hygiene and environmental sanitation has led to a decline in natural immunity acquired in childhood, creating a population of susceptible adults. in the past decade, the incidence and prevalence of hepatitis a disease in thailand have decreased significa ... | 2002 | 12125918 |
| [carriers of hepatitis c: should they all be vaccinated for hepatitis a?]. | to investigate the prevalence of immunization against hepatitis a virus (hav) in persons with hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection, in order to determine who should be vaccinated for the former. | 2002 | 12106556 |
| chimeric hepatitis a virus particles presenting a foreign epitope (hiv gp41) at their surface. | hepatitis a virus (hav) protein 2a has been demonstrated to be involved in virus morphogenesis and suggested to be located on the surface of the particle. to determine whether this protein can function as a target structure to harbor and expose foreign epitopes on hav particles, a full-length hav cdna, containing a seven amino acid stretch of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope protein gp41, was constructed. following vaccinia virus mva-t7-mediated expression of the cdna in cos7 ... | 2002 | 12103436 |
| analysis of deletion mutants indicates that the 2a polypeptide of hepatitis a virus participates in virion morphogenesis. | unlike all other picornaviruses, the primary cleavage of the hepatitis a virus (hav) polyprotein occurs at the 2a/2b junction and is carried out by the only proteinase encoded by the virus, 3c(pro). the resulting p1-2a capsid protein precursor is subsequently cleaved by 3c(pro) to generate vp0, vp3, and vp1-2a, which associate as pentamers. an unidentified cellular proteinase acting at the vp1/2a junction releases the mature capsid protein vp1 from vp1-2a later in the morphogenesis process. alth ... | 2002 | 12097562 |
| pretreatment to avoid positive rt-pcr results with inactivated viruses. | enteric viruses that are important causes of human disease must often be detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), a method that commonly yields positive results with samples that contain only inactivated virus. this study was intended to develop a pretreatment for samples, so that inactivated viruses would not be detected by the rt-pcr procedure. model viruses were human hepatitis a virus, vaccine poliovirus 1 and feline calicivirus as a surrogate for the norwalk-lik ... | 2002 | 12088831 |
| a nosocomial and occupational cluster of hepatitis a virus infection in a pediatric ward. | we describe a cluster of acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection that involved two patients and one physician in the pediatric unit where two children with acute hav infection had been housed. an interview with the unit personnel revealed several breaches in infection control measures and the lack of vaccination of healthcare workers against hav . | 2002 | 12083241 |
| changing scenario of hepatitis a virus and hepatitis e virus exposure among the primitive tribes of andaman and nicobar islands, india over the 10-year period 1989-99. | the andaman and nicobar islands, union territory of india, are home to six primitive tribes. studies carried out earlier among these tribes revealed very high rates of hepatitis b infection. we have now studied hepatitis a and e infection among them. a total of 951 serum samples were collected from four accessible tribes (nicobarese, shompens, onges and great andamanese) and tested for antibodies against hepatitis a and e viruses. in addition, 240 serum samples collected a decade earlier from ag ... | 2002 | 12081610 |
| association between severity of type a hepatitis and nucleotide variations in the 5' non-translated region of hepatitis a virus rna: strains from fulminant hepatitis have fewer nucleotide substitutions. | type a hepatitis is still a considerable problem in both underdeveloped and developed countries. why some patients progress to fulminant type a hepatitis and others do not is unclear. | 2002 | 12077097 |
| seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a and e viruses in pediatric age groups in turkey. | hepatitis a and hepatitis e are enteric transmitted viral diseases occurring in epidemic and sporadic forms especially in developing countries. previous studies in turkey showed that most residents are infected with hav by the second decade of life. since hev is generally transmitted by the same route as hav we conducted a community-based seroprevalence study for hav and hev infection in ahatli area in antalya, turkey where socioeconomic conditions are low. anti-hav total immunoglobulin was test ... | 2002 | 12073829 |
| human cytomegalovirus salivary antibodies as related to stress. | human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) is prevalent in 50-80% of the population worldwide. after primary infection it remains in a latent state until reactivation. stressful events induce the release of corticosteroids which activate hcmv. the effect of examination stress on hcmv reactivation among first year female students was studied by detecting the values of hcmv specific salivary igg and iga antibodies before, during and after two important examinations. hepatitis a virus (hav) salivary antibodies s ... | 2002 | 12071580 |
| foodborne viruses. | foodborne and waterborne viral infections are increasingly recognized as causes of illness in humans. this increase is partly explained by changes in food processing and consumption patterns that lead to the worldwide availability of high-risk food. as a result, vast outbreaks may occur due to contamination of food by a single foodhandler or at a single source. although there are numerous fecal-orally transmitted viruses, most reports of foodborne transmission describe infections with norwalk-li ... | 2002 | 12069883 |
| global market: shellfish imports as a source of reemerging food-borne hepatitis a virus infections in spain. | a total of 16 mollusk imports from south america to spain, including clam and scallop species, were analyzed for hepatitis a virus (hav), due to the great concern about this type of food after an important hepatitis a outbreak in eastern spain in september 1999. in addition, clams from the stock that had caused the outbreak were also tested. of the 17 stocks, four were positive for the presence of hav rna as demonstrated by rt-pcr and southern hybridization. contradictory analyses confirmed the ... | 2001 | 12051566 |
| hepatitis a outbreak in a public school in rio de janeiro, brazil. | from june 1 to july 1 1999, an outbreak involving 25 cases of hepatitis a occurred in a public school in rio de janeiro, brazil. since these cases were notified to the state health department, the national reference center for hepatitis viruses (cnrhv) was required to investigate the extent of hepatitis a virus (hav) dissemination. blood samples from all students were tested for igm and total anti-hav antibodies using a commercial enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa). at the same time, a questionna ... | 2002 | 12048555 |
| relative infectivity of hepatitis a virus by the oral and intravenous routes in 2 species of nonhuman primates. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is naturally transmitted by the fecal-oral route but can also be transmitted intravenously. to determine the relative infectivity of these 2 routes, an infectivity titration of a standard challenge pool of virulent hav was performed in tamarins and chimpanzees. in both species, 1 oral dose of hav was equivalent to 10(4.5) intravenous doses. these findings have relevance for attempts to develop live, attenuated hav vaccines that can be administered orally. | 2002 | 12023776 |
| occupational risk for hepatitis a and hepatitis e among health care professionals? | since transmission routes of hepatitis e virus (hev) and hepatitis a virus (hav) are believed to be similar, comparable risk factors and a correlation between the two seroprevalence rates may be assumed. | 2002 | 12018477 |
| synthesis and evaluation of keto-glutamine analogues as inhibitors of hepatitis a virus 3c proteinase. | hepatitis a virus (hav) 3c enzyme is a picornaviral cysteine proteinase involved in the processing of the initially synthesized viral polyprotein and is therefore important for viral maturation and infectivity. although it is a cysteine proteinase, this enzyme has a topology similar to those of the chymotrypsin-like serine proteinases. since the enzyme recognizes peptide substrates with a glutamine residue at the p(1) site, a number of ketone-containing glutamine compounds analogous to nanomolar ... | 2002 | 12003522 |
| detection of hepatitis a virus in mussels from different sources marketed in puglia region (south italy). | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is endemic in puglia (south italy). epidemiological studies indicate that shellfish consumption, particularly mussels, is a major risk factor for hav infection, since these products are eaten raw or slightly cooked. nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) has been shown to be a sensitive technique for the detection of hav in mussels. the aim of the present study was to detect the presence of hav in a large sample of mussels by nested rt-p ... | 2002 | 11999106 |
| hospital-based diagnosis of hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and hepatitis in cambodian children. | surveillance was conducted for three clinical syndromes (hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and hepatitis) in cambodian children admitted to the national pediatric hospital in phnom penh from july 1996 through september 1998. acute- and convalescent-phase sera, and cerebrospinal fluid, when applicable, underwent diagnostic evaluation for infections with dengue virus (denv), japanese encephalitis virus (jev), and hepatitis a, b, c, and e viruses. of 621 children admitted with hemorrhagic fever, 499 ... | 2002 | 11996683 |
| [safety and immunogenicity of a new inactivated hepatitis a vaccine]. | to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a new inactivated hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine. | 2001 | 11986726 |
| hepatitis a virus infections in the united states: model-based estimates and implications for childhood immunization. | the high prevalence of antibody to hepatitis a virus (hav) in the us population suggests that the incidence of infection is much higher than reported, but the infection rate is difficult to measure directly because of anicteric infection and underreporting. we present a model that reconciles the reported incidence of hepatitis a with the observed prevalence of antibody to hav and provides an estimate of the true incidence of hav infection. | 2002 | 11986444 |
| immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a combined high dose hepatitis a and hepatitis b vaccine, compared to that of twinrix in healthy indian children. | hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) are vaccine preventable important childhood acquired infectious diseases in developing countries. in the changing epidemiology of hav, the utility of such a vaccine in india needs urgent attention. further, the efficacy of two versus three dose schedule needs to be assessed to improve compliance. | 2002 | 11972979 |
| microbial quality of wastewater: detection of hepatitis a virus by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. | the persistent circulation of hepatitis a virus (hav) in the mediterranean area suggests the need for monitoring its presence in the environment. a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was used to detect the presence of hav in several consecutive raw sewage and final effluent samples, collected over an 8-month period from an activated sludge treatment plant in southern italy. | 2002 | 11972685 |
| hepatitis a virus suppresses monocyte-to-macrophage maturation in vitro. | to analyze the pathogenetic mechanism of hematopoietic dysregulation associated with hepatitis a virus (hav) infections, we studied the influence of hav on monocyte (mo)-to-macrophage (mac) maturation in vitro. exposure of peripheral blood-derived mononuclear cells (mnc) to hav led to diminished adherence of mo to plastic. furthermore, hav inhibited the ability of peripheral blood mo to differentiate toward mac. freshly isolated and 14-day-old mo cultures demonstrated reduced differentiation and ... | 2002 | 11932401 |
| experimental hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in callithrix jacchus: early detection of hav antigen and viral fate. | common marmosets (callithrixjacchus) were orally inoculated with a brazilian strain (haf-203) of hepatitis a virus (hay). three monkeys were euthanized at postinoculation hours 6, 12 and 24 to investigate the early events of hav infection. following others three inoculated and one control marmosets remained throughout the 46 day to evaluation of viral excretion. different samples were collected to detect sequential presence of hav rna by nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt ... | 2002 | 11930901 |
| hepatitis a virus infection in tamarins: experimental transmission via contaminated factor viii concentrates. | an experimental hepatitis a virus (hav) transmission study was performed in 3 tamarins, using a factor viii concentrate linked to a recent outbreak of hav infections in german hemophiliacs. the typical indicators for hav infection were investigated in feces and serum samples. one tamarin showed a classical hav infection with seroconversion. hav antigen and hav rna were detected in feces of a second animal, but no seroconversion was observed until 19 weeks after inoculation. the hav sequences fro ... | 2002 | 11930328 |
| prevalence of enterovirus and hepatitis a virus in bivalve molluscs from galicia (nw spain): inadequacy of the eu standards of microbiological quality. | a study of the presence of hepatitis a virus (hav) and enterovirus (ev) in shellfish from the northwestern coast of spain, one of the most important mussel producers in the world, was carried out employing dot-blot hybridization and rt-pcr techniques. in addition, bacterial contamination of the samples was evaluated by escherichia coli (ec) counts, according to the european union (eu) standards of shellfish microbiological quality. shellfish samples included raft-cultured and wild mussels, as we ... | 2002 | 11929166 |
| seroprevalence and risk factors for hepatitis a among montreal street youth. | to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) antibodies among montreal street youth. | 2002 | 11925701 |
| the survival of hepatitis a virus in fresh produce. | fresh produce has been repeatedly implicated as the source of human viral infections, including infection with hepatitis a virus (hav). the objective of the present study was to evaluate the hav adsorption capacity of the surface of various fresh vegetables that are generally eaten raw and the persistence of the hav. to this end, the authors experimentally contaminated samples of lettuce, fennel, and carrot by immersing them in sterile distilled water supplemented with an hav suspension until re ... | 2002 | 11883673 |
| four chimpanzee monoclonal antibodies isolated by phage display neutralize hepatitis a virus. | chimpanzee immunoglobulins are virtually identical to human immunoglobulins and may have clinically useful applications. four chimpanzee monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to the hepatitis a virus (hav) capsid were isolated from a combinatorial cdna library of gamma1/kappa antibody genes using phage display. competition assays indicated that three of the mabs recognized the same or overlapping epitopes, whereas the fourth recognized a different, nonoverlapping epitope on the hav capsid. all four mabs ... | 2002 | 11878915 |
| quantification and duration of viraemia during hepatitis a infection as determined by real-time rt-pcr. | human transmission studies and molecular techniques have provided evidence that transient viraemia occurs during infection with hepatitis a virus (hav). however, the duration of its presence and levels during the phases of clinical disease and convalescence has not yet been well studied in human patients. real-time rt-pcr techniques are increasingly used to quantify rna viruses for diagnosis and/or research purposes. we have optimized a one-step rt-pcr that contains a dual-labelled fluorogenic p ... | 2002 | 11876791 |
| serine and threonine beta-lactones: a new class of hepatitis a virus 3c cysteine proteinase inhibitors. | hepatitis a virus (hav) 3c enzyme is a cysteine proteinase essential for viral replication and infectivity and represents a target for the development of antiviral drugs. a number of serine and threonine beta-lactones were synthesized and tested against hav 3c proteinase. the d-n-cbz-serine beta-lactone 5a displays competitive reversible inhibition with a k(i) value of 1.50 x 10(-6) m. its enantiomer, l-n-cbz-serine beta-lactone 5b is an irreversible inactivator with k(inact) = 0.70 min(-1), k(i ... | 2002 | 11871884 |
| interstitial nephritis, acute renal failure in a patient with non-fulminant hepatitis a infection. | this is the first report from norway of a patient with interstitial nephritis and renal failure due to non-fulminant hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. hav infection was confirmed by positive anti-hav igm serology. all tests for other virus infections were negative. at admittance serum creatinine (s-creat) and blood urea nitrogen (bun) concentration were 539 microlmol/l and 32.6 mmol/l increasing the following days to 890 micromol/l and 39.9 mmol/l, respectively. nine courses of hemodialysis had ... | 2002 | 11863126 |
| [protective efficacy of h2 strain live attenuated hepatitis a vaccines in an outbreak of hepatitis a]. | to investigate the protective efficacy of h(2) strain live attenuated hepatitis a vaccine (h(2)-strain vaccine) locally produced in an outbreak of hepatitis a (ha). | 2000 | 11860920 |
| a polymerase chain reaction-based method for the detection of hepatitis a virus in produce and shellfish. | outbreaks of gastroenteritis that are suspected to be of viral origin are on the rise. thus, there is a need for regulatory agencies entrusted with food safety to develop adequate techniques for the detection of viruses in foods. we have established a general procedure for the detection of hepatitis a virus (hav) in shellfish that, with minor modifications, is also applicable to fresh produce such as cilantro. total rna was isolated from shellfish or cilantro, followed by isolation of poly(a)-co ... | 2002 | 11858194 |
| prevalence of markers for hepatitis a, b and c in the german population. results of the german national health interview and examination survey 1998. | the prevalence of serological parameters indicative of infection with hepatitis a, b and c was determined using sera collected from representative population samples in the former east german (new) federal states and the west german (old) federal states during the german national health and examination survey in 1998. sera were tested for antibodies to hepatitis a virus (hav), to hepatitis b core antigen (hbc) and to hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), hepatitis c virus (hcv), as well as for th ... | 2001 | 11855576 |
| an outbreak of hepatitis a amongst injecting drug users. | this descriptive study investigated an outbreak of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection among injecting drug users (idus) and their contacts. twenty-seven cases of acute hav infection were identified in a 5-month period. connections with the local injecting drug using (idu) population were established for 25 of the cases of whom 14 admitted to injecting drug use. hav rna genotyping revealed two hav variants, closely related to variants found in scandinavian idus and in south east asia. the study de ... | 2001 | 11811880 |
| immunization strategies to control a community-wide hepatitis a epidemic. | one fifth of 527 cases of hepatitis a occurred in self-identified injection drug users during a community-wide epidemic in spokane county (washington) in 1997-8. we hypothesized that an immunization campaign targeted at illicit drug users could control the epidemic. starting in may 1998, hepatitis a vaccine was provided to individuals in jails and other sites frequented by illicit drug users. volunteers at vaccination sites were surveyed about risk. serial convenience samples of jail inmates who ... | 2001 | 11811879 |
| perinuclear accumulation of hepatitis a virus proteins, rna, and particles and ultrastructural alterations in infected cells. | the exact intracellular site of hepatitis a virus (hav) production is unknown, possibly due to its usually slow and inefficient replication. using immunocytochemistry and in-situ rt-pcr, we show that in cells infected with the rapidly replicating hav strain has-15, viral proteins and rna are scattered throughout the cytoplasm and accumulate in the perinuclear cytoplasmic area. various ultrastructural alterations were found in infected cells, such as large polyribosomes, swelling of the perinucle ... | 2001 | 11811680 |
| hepatitis a virus polyprotein processing by escherichia coli proteases. | hepatitis a virus (hav) encodes a single polyprotein, which is post-translationally processed. this processing represents an essential step in capsid formation. the virus possesses only one protease, 3c, responsible for all cleavages, except for that at the vp1/2a junction region, which is processed by cellular proteases. in this study, data demonstrates that hav polyprotein processing by escherichia coli protease(s) leads to the formation of particulate structures. p3 polyprotein processing in ... | 2002 | 11807229 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus antibody among children and young adults in bangkok. | to determine the prevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) antibodies in various age groups of healthy children and young adults who have not received the hepatitis a vaccine. | 2001 | 11804259 |
| thrombocytopenia and emperipolesis in a patient with hepatitis a infection. | lmmune thrombocytopenia is a benign, self-limiting disease in children, responding well to treatment and generally associated with viral infections. a 13-year-old girl was admitted to a hospital with the epistaxis and purpura after an attack of jaundice 6 weeks before. the diagnosis of hepatitis a virus (hav)-induced thrombocytopenia was made. furthermore, erythrophagocytosis by megakaryocytes was demonstrated in the bone marrow of the patient. although hematologic complications following hepati ... | 2002 | 11787869 |
| genetic analysis of wild-type hepatitis a virus strains. | to clarify the distribution of hepatitis a virus (hav) genotype in geographical regions of china. | 2001 | 11780469 |
| influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on acute hepatitis a virus infection. | to assess the possible influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection on the clinical course of acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, 15 hiv-1-infected homosexual men and 15 non-hiv-infected age-matched subjects were compared. hav load was higher in hiv-1-infected than in non-hiv-infected patients (p<.001). duration of viremia in hiv-1-infected patients (median, 53 days) was significantly (p<.05) longer than in non-hiv-infected patients (median, 22 days). hiv-1-infected pa ... | 2002 | 11774086 |
| replication of subgenomic hepatitis a virus rnas expressing firefly luciferase is enhanced by mutations associated with adaptation of virus to growth in cultured cells. | replication of hepatitis a virus (hav) in cultured cells is inefficient and difficult to study due to its protracted and generally noncytopathic cycle. to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved, we constructed a subgenomic hav replicon by replacing most of the p1 capsid-coding sequence from an infectious cdna copy of the cell culture-adapted hm175/18f virus genome with sequence encoding firefly luciferase. replication of this rna in transfected huh-7 cells (derived from a human h ... | 2002 | 11773393 |
| [chronic hepatitis c and risk for hepatitis a infection]. | the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti-hav antibodies and factors associated with hav infection amongst patients with chronic hepatitis c. the prevalence of anti-hav antibodies in hepatitis c patients was 69.2% and did not differ significantly from 63.3% observed in the group of healthy controls. in patients with chronic hepatitis c the occurrence of hav antibodies was not associated with the duration of hcv infection, history of transfusions and surgeries. there was a ten ... | 2001 | 11761835 |
| hepatitis a virus: a test method for virucidal activity. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is closely related to the genus enterovirus. hav is very stable and resistant to acid ph and elevated temperature, as well as to chemicals and environmental influences. human poliovirus is still one of the model viruses for testing disinfectants but there are discussions about changing to hepatitis a virus. the purpose of this study was to develop a method for using adapted hepatitis a virus to test hand disinfectants. using hav strains hm175/24a and frhk-4 cytopathic eff ... | 2001 | 11759019 |
| genetic characterization of wild-type genotype vii hepatitis a virus. | the complete genome sequence of the only identified genotype vii hepatitis a virus (hav), strain slf88, was obtained from pcr amplicons generated by a modified long pcr approach. there was 90% nucleotide identity in the 5' untranslated region compared to other known hav sequences. in the remainder of the genome containing the long open reading frame, there was about 85% nucleotide identity to human hav genotypes ia and ib and 80% identity to simian hav genotype v. compared to hav strain hm-175, ... | 2002 | 11752700 |
| characterization of hepatitis a virus isolates from subgenotypes ia and ib in rio de janeiro, brazil. | hepatitis a virus (hav) isolates from around the world have been classified into seven genotypes (i-vii). most human strains belong to genotype i, which has been divided into two subgenotypes, a and b. south america has provided a small number of strains studied at the genome level. in the present study, igm anti-hav antibodies were detected in 116 out of 250 (46%) serum samples collected from consecutive patients with acute hepatitis referred to the brazilian reference center for viral hepatiti ... | 2002 | 11748654 |
| improved detection of human enteric viruses in foods by rt-pcr. | human enteric viruses (including hepatitis a virus (hav) and norwalk-like viruses (nlvs)) are now recognized as common causes of foodborne disease. while methods to detect these agents in clinical specimens have improved significantly over the last 10 years, applications to food samples have progressed more slowly. in an effort to improve the sensitivity and speed of virus detection from non-shellfish food commodities by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), we (i) evaluated ... | 2002 | 11742653 |
| perspectives: towards a peptide-based vaccine against hepatitis c virus. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a widespread infectious disease in humans with the negative implication of becoming chronic in most persons. patients infected with hcv are at risk of liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma at later stages. in contrast to hepatitis a and hepatitis b, there is no immunization yet available, neither prophylactic nor therapeutic. thus, there is an urgent need to develop a safe, protective vaccine against this fatal disease. developing countries are even more at risk ... | 2001 | 11741697 |
| guidelines for the control of hepatitis a virus infection. | the phls advisory committee on vaccination and immunisation, following a review of the evidence on control measures for preventing hepatitis a virus (hav) infection and widespread consultation, has prepared the following guidelines. they include a description of the current epidemiology of hav infection in england and wales, where most individuals are now susceptible to hav. hav infection is uncommon, with around 1000 infections notified per year in england and wales. clusters occur in families ... | 2001 | 11732363 |
| an outbreak of hepatitis a among young men associated with having sex in public venues. | an increase in hepatitis a virus (hav) infection was noted among young men in the former thames regions during 1997. a retrospective case-control study, using a standardised questionnaire at interview, was conducted in the area most affected (london and east sussex) to investigate the hypothesis that this increase was mainly among homosexual men and to establish the risk factors associated with transmission. forty-eight cases and 161 controls completed questionnaires. forty-one cases (85%) descr ... | 2001 | 11732354 |
| identification of tapr (an airway hyperreactivity regulatory locus) and the linked tim gene family. | to simplify the analysis of asthma susceptibility genes located at human chromosome 5q23-35, we examined congenic mice that differed at the homologous chromosomal segment. we identified a mendelian trait encoded by t cell and airway phenotype regulator (tapr). tapr is genetically distinct from known cytokine genes and controls the development of airway hyperreactivity and t cell production of interleukin 4 (il-4) and il-13. positional cloning identified a gene family that encodes t cell membrane ... | 2001 | 11725301 |
| detection of hepatitis a virus by the nucleic acid sequence-based amplification technique and comparison with reverse transcription-pcr. | a nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) technique for the detection of hepatitis a virus (hav) in foods was developed and compared to the traditional reverse transcription (rt)-pcr technique. oligonucleotide primers targeting the vp1 and vp2 genes encoding the major hav capsid proteins were used for the amplification of viral rna in an isothermal process resulting in the accumulation of rna amplicons. amplicons were detected by hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide ... | 2001 | 11722911 |