Publications

inheritance of mating type and a lethal factor in cosmarium botrytis var. subtumidum wittr.		1954	16578436
pullulomyxa botrytis n. sp.		1939	16560256
mass spectrometry in grape and wine chemistry. part ii: the consumer protection.	controls in food industry are fundamental to protect the consumer health. for products of high quality, warranty of origin and identity is required and analytical control is very important to prevent frauds. in this article, the "state of art" of mass spectrometry in enological chemistry as a consumer safety contribute is reported. gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc/ms) and liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc/ms) methods have been developed to determine pesticides, ethyl carbamate, ...	2006	16555227
dehydro-alpha-lapachone isolated from catalpa ovata stems: activity against plant pathogenic fungi.	the methanol extract of stems of catalpa ovata g don exhibits potent in vivo antifungal activity against magnaporthe grisea (hebert) barr (rice blast) on rice plants, botrytis cinerea pers ex fr (tomato grey mould) and phytophthora infestans (mont) de bary (tomato late blight) on tomato plants, puccinia recondita rob ex desm (wheat leaf rust) on wheat plants and blumeria graminis (dc) speer f. sp. hordei marchal (barley powdery mildew) on barley plants. an antifungal substance was isolated and i ...	2006	16550502
two-dimensional electrophoresis protein profile of the phytopathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea.	botrytis cinerea is a phytopathogenic fungi causing disease in a number of important crops. it is considered a very complex species in which different populations seem to be adapted to different hosts. in order to characterize fungal virulence factors, a proteomic research was started. a protocol for protein extraction from mycelium tissue, with protein separation by 2-de and ms analysis, was optimised as a first approach to defining the b. cinerea proteome. around 400 spots were detected in 2-d ...	2006	16544282
production and characterization of laccase from botrytis cinerea 61-34.	an isolate of botrytis cinerea (strain 61-34) constitutively expresses substantial amounts of extracellular laccase on a defined growth medium. the enzyme has been purified to homogeneity by a facile operational sequence, the last stage of which involves hydrophobic interaction chromatography. by these means, over 80 mg of laccase liter(sup-1) can be obtained from aerated fermentor reaction broths. the enzyme, with an estimated m(infr) of 74,000 and pi of 4.0, is a monomeric glycoprotein contain ...	1995	16534974
mapping gene h controlling cane pubescence in raspberry and its association with resistance to cane botrytis and spur blight, rust and cane spot.	disease resistance is increasing in importance, as consumers require high-quality raspberry fruit at a time when chemical disease control is undesirable. breeders have limited resources and rarely include a primary screen for each fungal disease. marker-assisted breeding would facilitate the introduction of resistance into elite germplasm and breeding lines. an additional 20 simple sequence repeats have been added to the existing raspberry linkage map. gene h, which determines cane pubescence (g ...	2006	16514550
calcineurin, mpk1 and hog1 mapk pathways independently control fludioxonil antifungal sensitivity in cryptococcus neoformans.	fludioxonil is employed as an agricultural fungicide to control plant-pathogenic fungi such as botrytis cinerea. cryptococcus neoformans is a basidiomycetous human fungal pathogen that causes fatal disease in immunocompromised hosts. this paper demonstrates that three different signalling cascades regulate sensitivity of c. neoformans to fludioxonil. fludioxonil inhibited growth of the serotype a sequence reference strain h99 but not that of the sequenced serotype d strain jec21. in the drug-sen ...	2006	16514140
brassica oleracea pollen, a new source of occupational allergens.	vegetable pollen is a rare source of occupational allergens. occupational allergy has only been described in the case of paprika pollen and tomato pollen. we describe a new source of occupational pollen allergy.	2006	16512813
antifungal activity of thiophenes from echinops ritro.	extracts from 30 plants of the greek flora were evaluated for their antifungal activity using direct bioautography assays with three colletotrichum species. among the bioactive extracts, the dichloromethane extract of the radix of echinops ritro (asteraceae) was the most potent. bioassay-guided fractionation of this extract led to the isolation of eight thiophenes. antifungal activities of isolated compounds together with a previously isolated thiophene from echinops transiliensis were first eva ...	2006	16506815
molecular cloning, characterization, and expression studies of a novel chitinase gene (ech30) from the mycoparasite trichoderma atroviride strain p1.	we describe the cloning and characterization of a single copy gene from trichoderma atroviride p1 encoding a novel 30 kda chitinase, ech30. ech30 is a family 18 chitinase showing low sequence similarity to other trichoderma chitinases. real-time quantitative rt-pcr studies revealed that expression of the ech30 gene was induced by the presence of botrytis cinerea in plate confrontation assays, but hardly by chitin in liquid cultures. studies of ech30 purified from an escherichia coli strain overe ...	2006	16499618
biosynthesis of fatty acid derived aldehydes is induced upon mechanical wounding and its products show fungicidal activities in cucumber.	fatty acid 9/13-hydroperoxide lyase (9/13-hpl) in cucumber is an enzyme that can cleave either 9- or 13-hydroperoxides of polyunsaturated fatty acids to form c9- or c6-aldehydes, respectively, as products. in order to reveal the physiological function of 9/13-hpl, its expression profiles were analyzed, and it was found that 9/13-hpl expression was developmentally regulated and high in the hypocotyls, female flowers and mature fruits. however, its transcript as well as its activity was only induc ...	2006	16497344
expression profiling of botrytis cinerea genes identifies three patterns of up-regulation in planta and an fkbp12 protein affecting pathogenicity.	the ascomycete botrytis cinerea is a broad-spectrum plant pathogen. here, we describe the first macroarray transcriptomic study of the fungus in real-time infection conditions. infection of arabidopsis thaliana leaves by b.cinerea was monitored using macroarrays, containing 3032 genes. variance analysis revealed that 7% of b.cinerea genes are differentially expressed during infection and allowed us to identify 27 genes significantly up-regulated in planta. among them, two genes have already been ...	2006	16497329
genetic characterization of strains of saccharomycescerevisiae responsible for 'refermentation' in botrytis-affected wines.	saccharomyces cerevisiae is responsible for alcoholic fermentation of wines. however, some strains can also spoil sweet botrytis-affected wines. three 'refermentation' strains were isolated during maturation. characterization of those strains in regards to their fingerprint, rdna sequence and resistance to so2, which constituted the main source of stress in botrytis-affected wines, was carried out.	2006	16478491
impact of fungal drug transporters on fungicide sensitivity, multidrug resistance and virulence.	drug transporters are membrane proteins that provide protection for organisms against natural toxic products and fungicides. in plant pathogens, drug transporters function in baseline sensitivity to fungicides, multidrug resistance (mdr) and virulence on host plants. this paper describes drug transporters of the filamentous fungi aspergillus nidulans (eidam) winter, botrytis cinerea pers and mycosphaerella graminicola (fückel) schroter that function in fungicide sensitivity and resistance. the f ...	2006	16475240
enhanced resistance to botrytis cinerea mediated by the transgenic expression of the chitinase gene ch5b in strawberry.	plants of strawberry (cultivar pájaro) were transformed with three defense related genes: ch5b, gln2 and ap24 using agrobacterium tumefaciens. the ch5b gene encodes for a chitinase from phaseolus vulgaris, while gln2 and ap24 encode for a glucanase and a thaumatin-like protein, respectively, both from nicotiana tabacum. sixteen transgenic lines expressing one or a combination of two defense genes were obtained. phytopathological tests showed that two transgenic lines expressing only the ch5b gen ...	2006	16475010
thptr2, a di/tri-peptide transporter gene from trichoderma harzianum.	the generation of a wide ests library and database from trichoderma harzianum cect 2413 was the base for identifying the gene thptr2, coding for a ptr family di/tri-peptide transporter. the deduced protein sequence of the thptr2 gene showed the conserved motifs and also the 12 transmembrane domains typical of the ptr transporters. the highest level of thptr2 expression was found when the fungus was grown in chitin as sole carbon source. we also found that thptr2 expression was increased when tri ...	2006	16466953
the major allergen of alternaria alternata (alt a 1) is expressed in other members of the pleosporaceae family.	there is general consensus regarding the scarce cross-reactivity existing between alternaria alternata and other allergenic moulds such as aspergillus fumigatus, penicillium notatum or cladosporium herbarum. however, a. alternata has been shown to have a very significant level of allergenic cross-reactivity with other fungi belonging to the pleosporaceae family. to date, no biological identity or homologies with other proteins have been described for alt a 1, and it remains unclear whether the m ...	2006	16466440
annual variation of fungal spores in atmosphere of porto: 2003.	the seasonal distribution of fungal spore concentration in the city of porto, portugal, was continuously studied, from 1 january to 31 december 2003, using a 7-day volumetric burkard trap. in portugal, aerobiological studies are scarce, and to our knowledge there are no published data on the atmospheric concentration of fungal spores. the aim of this work therefore is to initiate the aeromycological studies in porto. the total airborne spore concentration fluctuated between 2 and 2,198 spores/m( ...	2005	16457491
micromycetes, producers of toxins, detected on stored vegetables.	in 2003-2004, investigations of mycological contamination of stored and newly harvested vegetables were carried out. the aim of the study was to detect fungal species able to synthesize toxic metabolites, which are spread on vegetables under various conditions. for mycological investigations, samples of carrots, onions and cabbage were taken from storehouses with different storage periods and conditions. penicillium expansum, p. nalgiovense, mucor silvaticus and penicillium verrucosum were more ...	2005	16457482
exposure to moulds in flats and the prevalence of allergic diseases--preliminary study.	the presented study concerned mycological analysis of buildings in lódź and evaluation of the role between filamentous fungi contaminated flats and inhabitants health (allergic airway diseases). 49 inhabitants of 20 flats with signs of moulds contamination were examined. air samples were collected in houses and outdoors. in all inhabitants skin prick tests (spt) to common allergens and to standardized particular fungal extracts were performed. moreover, total and serum specific ige to moulds, re ...	2005	16457375
stereoselective synthesis and fungicidal activities of (e)-alpha-(methoxyimino)-benzeneacetate derivatives containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring.	fifteen novel (e)-alpha-(methoxyimino)-benzeneacetate derivatives, the analogues of strobilurins, which contain two pharmacophoric substructures of (e)-methyl methoxyiminoacetate moiety and 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring were stereoselectively synthesized. it was first found that the coupling reaction could give stereoselectively the key intermediate (e) and (z)-methyl 2-(hydroxyimino)-2-o-tolylacetate 2 with a ratio of 14:1. the preliminary bioassays indicated that all the compounds 1 showed potent fung ...	2006	16455246
determination of fungicide residues in field-grown strawberries following different fungicide strategies against gray mold (botrytis cinerea).	in a 2 year experiment, residues in field-grown strawberries were investigated from the fungicides fenhexamid, pyrimethanil, tolylfluanid, and kresoxim-methyl resulting from different strategies, as regards the dose, number, and time of fungicide applications. kresoxim-methyl was only used the first year and in full or no dose to control powdery mildew. in the first year, the highest concentrations analyzed were 0.66 mg kg(-1) for pyrimethanil and 0.63 mg kg(-1) for fenhexamid resulting from the ...	2006	16448201
different signalling pathways involving a galpha protein, camp and a map kinase control germination of botrytis cinerea conidia.	conidial germination of the grey mould fungus botrytis cinerea was found to be induced by different chemical and physical signals, namely the amount and quality of nutrients as well as the hydrophobicity and rigidity of the surface. a b. cinerea deltabcg3 mutant disrupted in the galpha3 subunit of the heterotrimeric g protein was specifically defective in germination induced by carbon sources. a similar germination defect of an adenylate cyclase mutant, and the complementing effect of camp addit ...	2006	16420354
fungi and ochratoxin a detected in healthy grapes for wine production.	the mycoflora of healthy grapes (i.e. without visible symptoms of rot) for wine production in portuguese wine-making regions was assessed and its potential for ochratoxin a (ota) production evaluated. the ota content of grapes was also determined.	2006	16411918
biosynthetic studies on the botcinolide skeleton: new hydroxylated lactones from botrytis cinerea.	[reaction: see text] the biosynthetic origin of the botcinolide skeleton was investigated by means of feeding 13c- and 2h-labeled precursors to botrytis cinerea. three new compounds, two homobotcinolide derivatives, 3-o-acetylhomobotcinolide (5) and 8-methylhomobotcinolide (6), and a new 11-membered lactone (7), were isolated. their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data, including one-bond and long-range 1h-13c correlations. the relative stereochemistries were determined ...	2006	16408965
cladobotric acids a-f: new cytotoxic polyketides from a new zealand cladobotryum sp.	[reaction: see text] cladobotric acids a-f (1-6), fungal-derived polyketides, were isolated from the fermentation broth of a new zealand cladobotryum species. structures were determined by extensive spectral analysis and x-ray crystallography, and the polyketide origin of 1-6 was concluded from feeding experiments with (13)c-labeled precursors. the observed folding pattern for the polyketide chain is unusual for fungi. cladobotric acids a-f (1-6) exhibited notable cytotoxicity against the murine ...	2006	16408955
the non-host pathogen botrytis cinerea enhances glucose transport in pinus pinaster suspension-cultured cells.	botrytis cinerea is the causal agent of grey mould disease and a non-host necrotrophic pathogen of maritime pine (pinus pinaster). recent evidence suggests that pathogen challenge can alter carbon uptake in plant cells; however, little is known on how elicitor-derived signalling pathways control sugar transport activity. p. pinaster suspended cells are able to absorb d-[14c]glucose with high affinity, have an h+-dependent transport system (km, 0.07 mm; vmax, 1.5 nmol min(-1) mg(-1) dw), are spec ...	2006	16407393
ethylene sensing and gene activation in botrytis cinerea: a missing link in ethylene regulation of fungus-plant interactions?	ethylene production by infected plants is an early resistance response leading to activation of plant defense pathways. however, plant pathogens also are capable of producing ethylene, and ethylene might have an effect not only on the plant but on the pathogen as well. therefore, ethylene may play a dual role in fungus-plant interactions by affecting the plant as well as the pathogen. to address this question, we studied the effects of ethylene on the gray mold fungus botrytis cinerea and the di ...	2006	16404951
the endo-beta-1,4-xylanase xyn11a is required for virulence in botrytis cinerea.	phytopathogenic fungi can degrade xylan, an abundant hemicellulose in plant cell walls, by the coordinate action of a group of extracellular enzymes. among these, endo-beta-1,4-xylanases carry out the initial breakdown by cleaving internal bonds in the polymer backbone. we have isolated and characterized a gene, xyn11a, coding for an endo-beta-1,4-xylanase belonging to family 11 of glycosyl hydrolases. xyn11a was shown to be induced by xylan and repressed by glucose and to be expressed in planta ...	2006	16404950
differences in the initial events of infection of botrytis cinerea strains isolated from tomato and grape.	various stages of the infection process among b. cinerea strains isolated from tomatoes or grapes, belonging to different genetic groups, were compared. it was found that strains of b. cinerea isolated from either grapes or tomatoes showed differences in adhesion patterns and in the percentage of germination on tomato cutin. in strains isolated from tomato the first stage of adhesion occurred faster than in strains isolated from grape. at the same time strains isolated from tomato showed a highe ...	2005	16396356
altered growth and polyamine catabolism following exposure of the chocolate spot pathogen botrytis fabae to the essential oil of ocimum basilicum.	biomass of the fungal pathogen botrytis fabae in liquid culture amended with two chemotypes of the essential oil of basil, ocimum basilicum, was reduced significantly at concentrations of 50 ppm or less. the methyl chavicol chemotype oil increased the activity of the polyamine biosynthetic enzyme s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (adometdc), but polyamine concentrations were not significantly altered. in contrast, the linalol chemotype oil decreased adometdc activity in b. fabae, although again ...	2005	16392245
controlled atmosphere storage of wild strawberry fruit (fragaria vesca l.).	controlled atmosphere storage technology to extend the shelf life of "reina de los valles" wild strawberry fruit (fragaria vesca l.) was studied. fruits were stored at 3 degrees c for three weeks in different atmosphere compositions: 0.05% co2/21% o2 (air), 3% co2/18% o2, 6% co2/15% o2, 10% co2/11% o2, and 15% co2/6% o2. the effect of gas composition on soluble solids content, titrable acidity, ph, off-flavor, aroma volatiles, and consumer preference was monitored. the result showed that the 10% ...	2006	16390182
modified cyclodextrins are chemically defined glucan inducers of defense responses in grapevine cell cultures.	in grapevine (vitis vinifera l.), defense responses after microbial infection or treatment with elicitors involve accumulation of phytoalexins, oxidative burst, and the synthesis of pathogenesis-related proteins. oligosaccharide fractions from fungal or algal cell walls efficiently induce the defense responses, but a detailed analysis of the elicitor-plant cell surface interaction at the molecular level is precluded by the lack of chemically pure oligosaccharide elicitors. a grapevine liquid cel ...	2006	16390179
beech leaf colonization by the endophyte apiognomonia errabunda dramatically depends on light exposure and climatic conditions.	ozone and light effects on endophytic colonization by apiognomonia errabunda of adult beech trees (fagus sylvatica) and their putative mediation by internal defence compounds were studied at the kranzberg forest free-air ozone fumigation site. a. errabunda colonization was quantified by "real-time pcr" (qpcr). a. errabunda-specific primers allowed detection without interference by dna from european beech and several species of common genera of plant pathogenic fungi, such as mycosphaerella, alte ...	2005	16388469
primary pulmonary botryomycosis with multiple adjacent organ involvement mimicking mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma.	botryomycosis is an unusual chronic suppurative disease characterized by the histological finding of sulphur granules containing the causative bacteria in an abscess. we describe a previously healthy 14-year-old girl who presented with chronic productive cough. chest computed tomography (ct) revealed a right lower mass with involvement of the parietal pleura, chest wall, diaphragm, liver and costovertebral junction. thoracostomy biopsy was performed due to suspicion of low-grade mucosa-associate ...	2005	16385377
botcinins a, b, c, and d, metabolites produced by botrytis cinerea, and their antifungal activity against magnaporthe grisea, a pathogen of rice blast disease.	four new metabolites, botcinins a-d, were isolated from the culture filtrate of a strain of botrytis cinerea. their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods, mainly nmr techniques, molecular modeling, and the modified mosher's method. they exhibited antifungal activities against magnaporthegrisea, a pathogen of rice blast disease. botcinins b and c have a mic of 12.5 microm, and botcinins a and d are not active below 100 microm.	2005	16378371
laccase induction in fungi and laccase/n-oh mediator systems applied in paper mill effluent.	there has been increasing interest in extracellular enzymes from white rot fungi, such as lignin and manganese peroxidases, and laccases, due to their potential to degrade both highly toxic phenolic compounds and lignin. the optimum cultivation conditions for laccase production in semi-solid and liquid medium by trametes versicolor, trametes villosa, lentinula edodes and botrytis cinerea and the effects of laccase mediator system in e1 effluent were studied. the higher laccase activity (12756 u) ...	2007	16376074
in vitro sensitivity of botrytis cinerea to anthraquinone and anthrahydroquinone derivatives.	the effect on mycelial growth of the fungus botrytis cinerea of a set of structurally related tricyclic hydroquinones [9,10-dihydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-2,3,5,8-tetrahydroantracen-1(4h)-one and 9,10-dihydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-5,8-dihydroanthracen-1(4h)-one derivatives] and tricyclic quinones [4,4-dimethylanthracen-1,9,10(4h)-trione derivatives] was studied. in general, the anthraquinones presented higher activity than the anthrahydroquinones. anthraquinone and anthrahydroquinone derivatives with methyl gr ...	2005	16366698
protection of originality of tokaji aszú: amines and organic acids in botrytized wines by high-performance liquid chromatography.	amine and organic acid composition of aszú wines from the tokaj region of hungary, nonbotrytized hungarian wines from different regions, and foreign botrytized wines were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. hungarian and foreign wines (36 hungarian and seven foreign botrytized wines) were compared in different ways by calculation of ratios of given amine compounds, analyses of variance, principal component, and discriminant analysis. in wines, putrescine and in some samples 3-met ...	2005	16366692
functional analysis of arabidopsis thaliana plant defensins.		2005	16366319
characterization of debilitation-associated mycovirus infecting the plant-pathogenic fungus sclerotinia sclerotiorum.	it was previously reported that three dsrna segments, designated l, m and s, were isolated from sclerotinia sclerotiorum strain ep-1pn and that the m dsrna segment was coincident with hypovirulence and debilitation of the fungal host. here, the complete nucleotide sequence of the m dsrna of 5419 nt, excluding the poly(a) tail, was determined. sequence analysis revealed the occurrence of a single open reading frame (nt 93-5195) encoding a protein with significant similarity to the replicases of t ...	2006	16361437
sorbic hydroxamic acid, an antifungal agent effective over a wide ph range.	sorbic hydroxamic acid was prepared from sorbic acid by esterification and treatment with hydroxylamine (mp 133 to 135 c, pk(a) 8.8). its ultraviolet spectrum in acid solution had a single absorption maximum at 262 mmu; in alkaline solution the maximal absorption shifted to 255 mmu and significant absorption appeared at 280 to 300 mmu. at concentrations of 0.1% (w/v), sorbic hydroxamic acid prevented the growth of aspergillus niger, penicillium notatum, botrytis cinerea, cladosporium herbarum, a ...	1963	16349636
fungi associated with softening of bisulfite-brined cherries.	softening of sound, calcium bisulfite-brined cherries was induced fairly quickly by brining them with cherries rotted by aspergillus niger, cytospora leucostoma, and penicillium expansum, but not with cherries rotted by a variety of other microorganisms, including alternaria sp., aspergillus oryzae, aureobasidium pullulans, botrytis cinerea, cladosporium sp., mucor racemosus, rhizopus stolonifer, and sclerotinia fructicola. rapid softening was correlated with the presence of a bisulfite-stable p ...	1963	16349630
chlorine dioxide for reduction of postharvest pathogen inoculum during handling of tree fruits.	alternatives to hypochlorous acid and fungicides are needed for treatment of fruit and fruit-handling facilities. chlorine dioxide was evaluated and found effective against common postharvest decay fungi and against filamentous fungi occurring on fruit packinghouse surfaces. in vitro tests with conidial or sporangiospore suspensions of botrytis cinerea, penicillium expansum, mucor piriformis, and cryptosporiopsis perennans demonstrated >99% spore mortality within 1 min when the fungi were expose ...	1994	16349354
adhesion of nongerminated botrytis cinerea conidia to several substrata.	conidia of the plant pathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea adhered to tomato cuticle and to certain other substrata immediately upon hydration. this immediate adhesion occurred with both living and nonliving conidia. adhesion was not consistently influenced by several lectins, sugars, or salts or by protease treatment, but it was strongly inhibited by ionic or nonionic detergents. with glass and oxidized polyethylene, substrata whose surface hydrophobicities could be conveniently varied, there was ...	1993	16348954
degradation of extracellular beta-(1,3)(1,6)-d-glucan by botrytis cinerea.	during growth on glucose, botrytis cinerea produced extracellular beta-(1,3)(1,6)-d-glucan (cinerean), which formed an adhering capsule and slime. after glucose was exhausted from the medium, cinereanase activity increased from <0.4 to 30 u/liter, effecting a striking loss in the viscosity of the culture. cinerean was cleaved into glucose and gentiobiose. gentiobiose was then hydrolyzed to glucose. while cinereanase activity was strongest in the culture supernatant, gentiobiase activity was loca ...	1992	16348789
bioconversion of alpha-damascone by botrytis cinerea.	bioconversion of alpha-damascone (compound 1) was studied with four strains of botrytis cinerea in grape must (ph 3.2). as biotransformation products of compound 1, 3-oxo-alpha-damascone, cis- and trans-3-hydroxy-alpha-damascone, gamma-damascenone, 3-oxo-8, 9-dihydro-alpha-damascone, and cis- and trans-3-hydroxy-8,9-dihydro-alpha-damascone were identified. in addition, acid-catalyzed chemical transformation of compound 1 to the diastereomers of 9-hydroxy-8,9-dihydro-alpha-damascone was observed. ...	1991	16348390
characterization and reclassification of yeasts used for biological control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables.	in previous studies workers have shown that three yeast strains (strains us-7, 82, and 101) have biological control activity against various postharvest fungal pathogens of fruits and vegetables, including penicillium rots of apples and citrus and botrytis rot of apples. in these reports the researchers have described these strains as debaryomyces hansenii (anamorph, candida famata) or candida sp. strains. in this study we performed additional physiological, dna reassociation, and mannan charact ...	1990	16348361
comparative studies of extracellular fungal laccases.	various basidiomycetes, ascomycetes, and deuteromycetes, grown in a sugar-rich liquid medium, were compared for laccase-producing ability and for the inducing effect of 2,5-xylidine on laccase production. clear stimulation of the extracellular enzyme formation by xylidine was obtained in the cultures of fomes annosus, pholiota mutabilis, pleurotus ostreatus, and trametes versicolor, whereas rhizoctonia praticola and botrytis cinerea were not affected by the xylidine, and in the case of podospora ...	1984	16346649
a secreted lipase encoded by lip1 is necessary for efficient use of saturated triglyceride lipids in fusarium graminearum.	a triglyceride lipase gene lip1 was identified in the genome of fusarium graminearum strain ph-1. the predicted protein encoded by lip1 contains 591 amino acid residues with a putative n-terminal signal peptide and shows 57 and 40-44 % identity to a botrytis cinerea lipase and five candida rugosa lipases, respectively. yeast cells overexpressing lip1 showed lipolytic activity against a broad range of triglyceride substrates. northern blot analyses revealed that expression of lip1 was activated i ...	2005	16339936
the membrane-anchored botrytis-induced kinase1 plays distinct roles in arabidopsis resistance to necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens.	plant resistance to disease is controlled by the combination of defense response pathways that are activated depending on the nature of the pathogen. we identified the arabidopsis thaliana botrytis-induced kinase1 (bik1) gene that is transcriptionally regulated by botrytis cinerea infection. inactivation of bik1 causes severe susceptibility to necrotrophic fungal pathogens but enhances resistance to a virulent strain of the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv tomato. the response to an av ...	2006	16339855
inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi by essential oil, hydrosol, ground material and extract of summer savory (satureja hortensis l.) growing wild in turkey.	the antifungal activities of the essential oil, hydrosol, ground material and extract of summer savory (satureja hortensis l.) on mycelial growth of alternaria mali roberts and botrytis cinerea pers. were determined. all doses of extract inhibited 100% the mycelial growth of both fungi, and exhibited a fungicidal effect. the 15% level of hydrosol and the 1.0% level of ground material had a 100% effect on b. cinerea. the other doses showed weak inhibition on mycelial growth of the fungi, and anti ...	2006	16330123
a pathogen-inducible patatin-like lipid acyl hydrolase facilitates fungal and bacterial host colonization in arabidopsis.	genes and proteins related to patatin, the major storage protein of potato tubers, have been identified in many plant species and shown to be induced by a variety of environmental stresses. the arabidopsis patatin-like gene family (plps) comprises nine members, two of which (plp2 and plp7) are strongly induced in leaves challenged with fungal and bacterial pathogens. here we show that accumulation of plp2 protein in response to botrytis cinerea or pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (avrrpt2) is dep ...	2005	16297072
differential accumulation of monolignol-derived compounds in elicited flax (linum usitatissimum) cell suspension cultures.	lignin and lignans share monolignols as common precursors and are both potentially involved in plant defence against pathogens. in this study, we investigated the effects of fungal elicitors on lignin and lignan metabolism in flax (linum usitatissimum) cell suspensions. cell suspension cultures of flax were treated with elicitor preparations made from mycelium extracts of botrytis cinerea, phoma exigua and fusarium oxysporum f ssp lini. elicitors induced a rapid stimulation of the monolignol pat ...	2006	16292660
limenin, a defensin-like peptide with multiple exploitable activities from shelf beans.	from the seeds of the shelf bean, an antifungal peptide with a molecular mass of 6.5 kda was isolated. the isolation procedure comprised affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel, ion exchange chromatography on mono s, and gel filtration on superdex 75. the peptide was adsorbed on affi-gel blue gel and mono s. it potently suppressed mycelial growth in botrytis cinerea, fusarium oxysporum, and mycosphaerella arachidicola with an ic(50) of 2.9, 2.1, and 0.34 microm, respectively. it exerted ant ...	2006	16285021
fungal pathogens of euphorbia heterophylla and e. hirta in brazil and their potential as weed biocontrol agents.	a two-year survey of the fungi associated with two important congeneric pantropical weeds, euphorbia heterophylla and e. hirta, was conducted in part of their native range in southern brazil. sampling was concentrated mainly in rio de janeiro state and ten species were identified as pathogens of these weeds. two taxa, botrytis ricini and uromyces euphorbiae, were common to both weed hosts. alternaria euphorbiicola, bipolaris euphorbiae, melampsora sp., oidium sp. and sphaceloma poinsettiae were ...	1998	16284862
induction of resistance to gray mold with benzothiadiazole modifies amino acid profile and increases proanthocyanidins in grape: primary versus secondary metabolism.	field treatments of grapevine (cv. merlot) with the plant activator benzothiadiazole (bth, 0.3 mm) induced resistance against gray mold caused by botrytis cinerea. both incidence and severity of the disease were reduced. the resistance was associated with an increase of total polyphenols in berry skins, in particular, the proanthocyanidin fraction, that increased up to 36%. the amino acid profile of leaves was also modified by treatments, particularly lysine, that augmented 4-fold. other amino a ...	2005	16277413
algicidal and antifungal compounds from the roots of ruta graveolens and synthesis of their analogs.	bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethyl acetate extract of ruta graveolens roots yielded rutacridone epoxide with potent selective algicidal activity towards the 2-methyl-isoborneol (mib)-producing blue-green alga oscillatoria perornata, with relatively little effect on the green alga selenastrum capricornutum. the diol-analog of rutacridone epoxide, gravacridondiol, which was also present in the same extract, had significantly less activity towards o. perornata. rutacridone epoxide also show ...	2005	16271733
lunatusin, a trypsin-stable antimicrobial peptide from lima beans (phaseolus lunatus l.).	an anti-fungal peptide designated as lunatusin, with a molecular mass around 7kda, was purified from the seeds of chinese lima bean (phaseolus lunatus l.). the peptide was isolated using a simple protocol consisting of affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel and gel filtration on superdex 75. lunatusin exerted an anti-fungal activity toward fungal species such as fusarium oxysporum, mycosphaerella arachidicola and botrytis cinerea, and an antibacterial action on, bacillus megaterium, bacill ...	2005	16269344
control of the phytopathogen botrytis cinerea using adipic acid monoethyl ester.	the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of adipic acid monoethyl ester (aame) on the necrotrophic pathogen botrytis cinerea has been studied. this chemical effectively controlled this important phytopathogen, inhibited spore germination and mycelium development at non-phytotoxic concentrations. the effectiveness of aame treatment is concentration-dependent and influenced by ph. spore germination in the presence of aame is stopped at a very early stage, preventing germ tube development. in a ...	2006	16261314
post-translational modifications of recombinant b. cinerea epg 6.	the fungus botrytis cinerea is a ubiquitous plant pathogen that infects more than 200 different plant species and causes substantial economic losses in a wide range of agricultural crops and harvested products. endopolygalacturonases (epgs) are among the first array of cell-wall-degrading enzymes secreted by fungi during infection. up to 13 epg glycoforms have been described for b. cinerea. the presence of multiple n-linked glycosylation modifications in bcpg1-6 is predicted by their deduced ami ...	2005	16259040
gibberellins are involved in nodulation of sesbania rostrata.	upon submergence, azorhizobium caulinodans infects the semiaquatic legume sesbania rostrata via the intercellular crack entry process, resulting in lateral root-based nodules. a gene encoding a gibberellin (ga) 20-oxidase, srga20ox1, involved in ga biosynthesis, was transiently up-regulated during lateral root base nodulation. two srga20ox1 expression patterns were identified, one related to intercellular infection and a second observed in nodule meristem descendants. the infection-related expre ...	2005	16258018
the polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein pgip2 of phaseolus vulgaris has evolved a mixed mode of inhibition of endopolygalacturonase pg1 of botrytis cinerea.	botrytis cinerea is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes gray mold in >1,000 plant species. during infection, it secretes several endopolygalacturonases (pgs) to degrade cell wall pectin, and among them, bcpg1 is constitutively expressed and is an important virulence factor. to counteract the action of pgs, plants express polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (pgips) that have been shown to inhibit a variety of pgs with different inhibition kinetics, both competitive and noncompetitive. the pg-p ...	2005	16244152
antifungal effect of some spice hydrosols.	the antifungal effects of rosemary, cumin, sater (savory), basil and pickling herb hydrosols were investigated against rhizoctonia solani, fusarium oxysporum f. sp tulipae, botrytis cinerea and alternaria citri. hydrosols of sater and pickling herb showed the most relevant fungicidal activity.	2005	16243447
[bacillus subtilis and phenotypically similar strains producing hexaene antibiotics].	we studied metabolites synthesized by bacillus subtilis strains, including the type strain of b. atrophaeus and phenotypically similar cultures. these metabolites were presented by polyene antibiotics with conjugated double bonds. hexaenes from study strains inhibited the growth of phytopathogenic fungi fusarium culmorum, f. sporotrichiella, f. oxysporum, botrytis sorokiniana, alternaria tenuis, and phytophtora infestans. the degree of growth inhibition depended on the test fungus.	2005	16240655
zn(ii) biosorption properties of botrytis cinerea biomass.	the study was aimed of determining the zn(ii) sorption performance of botrytis cinerea (b. cinerea) biomass as a new biosorbent. heat inactivated biomass was used in the determination of optimum conditions. the rate and extent of accumulation were effected by ph, contact time and initial zinc ion concentrations. the uptake capacity of b. cinerea was increased by chemical and physical pretreatment of the cells when compared with the native biomass. the maximum removal of zn(ii) at ph 5.0-6.0 was ...	2006	16239066
characterization of a class iii chitinase from vitis vinifera cv. koshu.	a chitinase gene (chi3k) was cloned from the genomic dna of vitis vinifera cv. koshu. the structural gene comprised 891 by without introns and encoded 297 amino acids. the chi3k product showed high similarity to the class iii chitinase of v. vinifera cv. pinot noir. chi3k was expressed using a bacterial expression vector for purification and enzymatic characterization of its gene product. the recombinant chitinase exhibited hydrolytic activity toward glycol chitin and its optimum ph was 4.0. it ...	2003	16233474
a case study from the interaction of strawberry and botrytis cinerea highlights the benefits of comonitoring both partners at genomic and mrna level.	strawberry fragaria x ananassa (cv. korona) was inoculated with botrytis cinerea by dipping berries in a conidial suspension. colonization by the pathogen was monitored using real-time pcr, elisa and ergosterol assays, the first showing the highest sensitivity. the expression of pathogen beta-tubulin and six polygalacturonases (bcpg1-6) and three host defence genes (polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (fapgip) and two class ii chitinases) were monitored using real-time rt-pcr. the maximum trans ...	2005	16219085
[proteinase inhibitors as antistress proteins in higher plants].	physicochemical and functional characteristics of plant protein proteinase inhibitors as antistress biopolymers were studied to determine the mechanisms for plant resistance to phytopathogens and to obtain disease-resistant cereal and leguminous cultures. the activity of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and subtilisin inhibitors varied in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous cultures. study varieties of leguminous and cereal cultures were shown to contain endogenous inhibitors specific to proteinases of ph ...	2005	16212034
production of an engineered killer peptide in nicotiana benthamiana by using a potato virus x expression system.	the decapeptide killer peptide (kp) derived from the sequence of a single-chain, anti-idiotypic antibody acting as a functional internal image of a microbicidal, broad-spectrum yeast killer toxin (kt) was shown to exert a strong microbicidal activity against human pathogens. with the aim to exploit this peptide to confer resistance to plant pathogens, we assayed its antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. synthetic kp exhibited antimicrobial activit ...	2005	16204558
development of real-time pcr (taqman) assays for the detection and quantification of botrytis cinerea in planta.	real-time pcr assays based on taqman chemistry have been developed for the detection and quantification of botrytis cinerea, suitable for a wide range of different host plant species. assays were designed to the beta-tubulin gene, the intergenic spacer (igs) region of the nuclear ribosomal dna and also to a previously published, species-specific sequence characterised amplified region (scar) marker; the assays were compared to a published method based on sybr green i technology. the assays desig ...	2005	16198585
isolation and identification of antifungal and antialgal alkaloids from haplophyllum sieversii.	bioassay-guided fractionation of the hexane/ethyl acetate/water (h/etoac/h2o) crude extract of the aerial parts of haplophyllum sieversii was performed because of preliminary screening data that indicated the presence of growth inhibitory components against colletotrichum fragariae, colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and colletotrichum acutatum. fractionation was directed using bioautographical methods resulting in the isolation of the bioactive alkaloids flindersine, anhydroevoxine, haplamine, and ...	2005	16190626
a family 11 xylanase from the pathogen botrytis cinerea is inhibited by plant endoxylanase inhibitors xip-i and taxi-i.	the phytopathogen fungus botrytis cinerea produces various glycosidases which are secreted during plant infection. in this study, the xynbc1 cdna that encodes a xylanase from family 11 glycoside hydrolase from b. cinerea was identified by homology-based analysis, cloned by reverse transcription rt-pcr, fully sequenced, and heterologously expressed in pichia pastoris x-33. the purified recombinant protein obtained by chelating-affinity chromatography demonstrated high catalytic activity (180+/-23 ...	2005	16185656
genome characterization of a flexuous rod-shaped mycovirus, botrytis virus x, reveals high amino acid identity to genes from plant 'potex-like' viruses.	this study reports the molecular characterization of a flexuous rod-shaped mycovirus, botrytis virus x (bvx), infecting the plant-pathogenic fungus, botrytis cinerea. bvx contains a ssrna genome of 6966 nucleotides, and a poly(a) tract at or very near the 3' terminus. computer analysis of the genomic cdna sequence of bvx revealed five potential open reading frames (orfs). orf1 showed significant amino acid sequence identity to the replicase proteins of plant 'potex-like' viruses, including 73% i ...	2006	16172841
secondary metabolites influence arabidopsis/botrytis interactions: variation in host production and pathogen sensitivity.	numerous studies have suggested that plant/pathogen interactions are partially mediated via plant secondary metabolite production and corresponding pathogen tolerance. however, there are inconsistent reports on the ability of particular compounds to provide resistance to a pathogen. most of these studies have focused on individual isolates of a given pathogen, suggesting that pathogens vary in their sensitivity to plant-produced toxins. we tested variability in virulence among pathogen isolates, ...	2005	16167893
improvement of table grapes quality and safety by the combination of modified atmosphere packaging (map) and eugenol, menthol, or thymol.	table grape is a nonclimacteric fruit that shows a rapid loss of quality during storage and is very susceptible to colonization by fungi, especially botrytis cinerea, which is considered the most important disease of this commodity. to solve this problem, synthetic fungicides have been used, although legal restrictions and consumer's concern demand the search of other safe means. in the present paper, and as an alternative of synthetic fungicides, an active packaging to improve map effectiveness ...	2005	16159173
pulmonary botryomycosis: a difficult diagnosis in the preoperative patient.		2005	16153967
a novel homodimeric lectin from astragalus mongholicus with antifungal activity.	a novel lectin (amml) was isolated from a chinese herb, i.e., the roots of astragalus mongholicus, using a combination of ammonium sulfate fraction and ion exchange chromatographies. the molecular mass of intact amml was determined to be 66,396 da by maldi-tof mass spectrometry and 61.8 kda by gel filtration, respectively. amml was a dimeric protein composed of two identical subunits each with a molecular mass of 29.6 kda. the lectin was a glycoprotein with a neutral carbohydrate content of 19.6 ...	2005	16140255
the hrpn gene of erwinia amylovora stimulates tobacco growth and enhances resistance to botrytis cinerea.	erwinia amylovora is a member of the harpin proteins that induces pathogen resistance and hypersensitive cell death in plants. to obtain tobacco plants displaying a hypersensitive response, the hrpn gene from erwinia amylovora was cloned into vector pmjc-gb under the control of the rice cytochrome promoter and transfected into tobacco. southern hybridization with a hrpn probe revealed that the gene was present in one copy in the transgenic plants. in addition, hrpn transcripts could be detected ...	2006	16136336
biotransformation of 6,7-epoxygeraniol by fungi.	the biotransformation of 6,7-epoxygeraniol by resting cells of selected fungi was investigated. the main product obtained from the transformation in rhodotorula glutinis and r. marina cultures was 6,7-epoxynerol (5-48% of chloroform extracts), whereas saccharomyces cerevisiae, candida parapsilosis and c. kefyr reduced this substrate to 6,7-epoxycitronellol (30-33% of chloroform extracts). cultures of yarrowia lipolytica, botrytis cinerea and s. cerevisiae promoted the cyclisation of 6,7-epoxyger ...	2005	16133341
nppdr1, a pleiotropic drug resistance-type atp-binding cassette transporter from nicotiana plumbaginifolia, plays a major role in plant pathogen defense.	nicotiana plumbaginifolia nppdr1, a plasma membrane pleiotropic drug resistance-type atp-binding cassette transporter formerly named npabc1, has been suggested to transport the diterpene sclareol, an antifungal compound. however, direct evidence for a role of pleiotropic drug resistance transporters in the plant defense is still lacking. in situ immunolocalization and histochemical analysis using the gusa reporter gene showed that nppdr1 was constitutively expressed in the whole root, in the lea ...	2005	16126865
an antimicrobial peptide ar-amp from amaranth (amaranthus retroflexus l.) seeds.	a 30-residue antimicrobial peptide ar-amp was isolated from the seeds of amaranth amaranthus retroflexus l. essentially by a single step procedure using reversed-phase hplc, and its in vitro biological activities were studied. the complete amino acid sequence of ar-amp was determined by edman degradation in combination with mass spectrometric methods. in addition, the cdna encoding ar-amp was obtained and sequenced. the cdna encodes a precursor protein consisting of the n-terminal putative signa ...	2005	16126239
an antifungal protein from ginger rhizomes.	there are very few reports on antifungal proteins from rhizomes and there is none from the family of zingiberaceae. an antifungal protein with a novel n-terminal sequence was isolated from ginger rhizomes utilizing a protocol that involved ion exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose, affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel, and fast protein liquid chromatography on superdex 75. the protein was unadsorbed on deae-cellulose and adsorbed on affi-gel blue gel. it exhibited an apparent molecul ...	2005	16125680
interactions between the mycoparasite pythium oligandrum and two types of sclerotia of plant-pathogenic fungi.	the interactions between pythium oligandrum hyphae and two types of sclerotia, i.e. the plano-convexoid sclerotium of botrytis cinerea and the tuberoid sclerotium of sclerotinia minor, were investigated by ultrastructural and cytochemical experiments. in the mycoparasitism of p. oligandrum, some differences in relation to sclerotium anatomy and the role of the rind layer in preventing invasion are documented. both types of sclerotia showed neither alterations of the heavily melanised rind walls, ...	2005	16121563
sclerotinia sclerotiorum: when "to be or not to be" a pathogen?	sclerotinia sclerotiorum is unusual among necrotrophic pathogens in its requirement for senescent tissues to establish an infection and to complete the life cycle. a model for the infection process has emerged whereby the pathogenic phase is bounded by saprophytic phases; the distinction being that the dead tissues in the latter are generated by the actions of the pathogen. initial colonization of dead tissue provides nutrients for pathogen establishment and resources to infect healthy plant tis ...	2005	16112822
screening study of lead compounds for natural product-based fungicides: antifungal activity and biotransformation of 6alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-beta-himachalene by botrytis cinerea.	eleven beta-himachalene derivatives were tested, using the poisoning food technique, for their potential antifungal activity against the phytopathogen botrytis cinerea. compounds 1-11 displayed moderate activity, whereas the 6,7-diol derivative (12) produced an inhibition of 91% after 6 days. the microbial transformation of 12 was investigated and yielded four new compounds hydroxylated at positions c-5 (13), c-2 (14), c-4 (15), and c-12 (16). the structures were established on the basis of thei ...	2005	16104783
origin of (-)-geosmin on grapes: on the complementary action of two fungi, botrytis cinerea and penicillium expansum.	one of the consequences of rot on grapes is the development of volatile compounds giving fungal, mouldy or earthy odours. among these compounds, (-)-geosmin (trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol), a powerful aromatic compound with an earthy smell is a persistent defect in grape juice and wines made with at least partially rotten grapes. a microbiota analysis of rotten grapes containing (-)-geosmin was carried out on sites from four french regions from 1999 to 2002, to clarify the involvement in g ...	2005	16096689
guard cells: transcription factors regulate stomatal movements.	recent work shows that transcription factors are necessary for stomatal movements in plants. different members of the plant-specific r2r3-myb transcription factor family are required for mediating stomatal opening in response to light and stomatal closure in response to darkness.	2005	16085479
[cloning of acc oxidase gene and inhibition of endogenous gene expression with rnai in cauliflower].	a fragment of 1202 bp of the candidate aco gene was amplified from the cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis) genome using the degenerated primers which were designed according to the consensus sequence of aco amino acids among various plant species. the result of blast showed the sequence presented a very high match with the aco genes from other plants; the homologue was from 83% to 99%. three exons and two introns were identified in this sequence. the spliced length of mrna was 756 nt a ...	2005	16078747
anaphylaxis caused by cauliflower.	cauliflower is a vegetable belonging to the family cruciferae, genus brassica, var. botrytis.	2005	16047720
ganodermin, an antifungal protein from fruiting bodies of the medicinal mushroom ganoderma lucidum.	a 15-kda antifungal protein, designated ganodermin, was isolated from the medical mushroom ganoderma lucidum. the isolation procedure utilized chromatography on deae-cellulose, affi-gel blue gel, cm-sepharose and superdex 75. ganodermin was unadsorbed on deae-cellulose and adsorbed on affi-gel blue gel and cm-sepharose. ganodermin inhibited the mycelial growth of botrytis cinerea, fusarium oxysporum and physalospora piricola with an ic50 value of 15.2 microm, 12.4 microm and 18.1 microm, respect ...	2006	16039755
antifungal activity and biotransformation of diisophorone by botrytis cinerea.	diisophorone (1) was tested against two strains of the necrotrophic plant pathogen botrytis cinerea. fungal sensitivity varied according to the strain. b. cinera 2100 was more sensitive than b. cinereauca992: its mycelial growth was significantly inhibited at concentrations of 50 ppm and above. although diisophorone (1) showed an effective control of b. cinerea, a detoxification mechanism was present. the detoxification of racemic diisophorone (1) by b. cinerea was investigated. incubation with ...	2005	16028992
an antifungal protein from flageolet beans.	a protein with antifungal and hemagglutinating activities was isolated from dried flageolet beans (phaseolus vulgaris cv. 'flageolet bean'). the protein was unadsorbed on deae-cellulose but adsorbed on affi-gel blue gel and cm-cellulose. the protein demonstrated antifungal activity against mycophaerella arachidicola with an ic50 of 9.8 microm, but was inactive toward fusarium oxysporum and botrytis cinerea. its hemagglutinating activity could not be inhibited by a variety of the sugars tested. t ...	2005	16026901
mould and yeast flora in fresh berries, grapes and citrus fruits.	fresh fruits are prone to fungal contamination in the field, during harvest, transport, marketing, and with the consumer. it is important to identify fungal contaminants in fresh fruits because some moulds can grow and produce mycotoxins on these commodities while certain yeasts and moulds can cause infections or allergies. in this study, 251 fresh fruit samples including several varieties of grapes, strawberries, blueberries, raspberries, blackberries, and various citrus fruits were surface-dis ...	2005	16023239
improvement of the fungal biocontrol agent trichoderma atroviride to enhance both antagonism and induction of plant systemic disease resistance.	biocontrol agents generally do not perform well enough under field conditions to compete with chemical fungicides. we determined whether transgenic strain sj3-4 of trichoderma atroviride, which expresses the aspergillus niger glucose oxidase-encoding gene, goxa, under a homologous chitinase (nag1) promoter had increased capabilities as a fungal biocontrol agent. the transgenic strain differed only slightly from the wild-type in sporulation or the growth rate. goxa expression occurred immediately ...	2005	16000810
insecticidal and fungicidal activity of new synthesized chitosan derivatives.	chitosan, the n-deacetylated derivative of chitin, is a potential biopolysaccharide owing to its specific structure and properties. in this paper, we report on the synthesis of 24 new chitosan derivatives, n-alkyl chitosans (nac) and n-benzyl chitosans (nbc), that are soluble in dilute aqueous acetic acid. the different derivatives were synthesized by reductive amination and analyzed by 1h nmr spectroscopy. a high degree of substitution (ds) was obtained with n-(butyl)chitosan (ds 0.36) at a 1:1 ...	2005	15999339
necrotizing activity of five botrytis cinerea endopolygalacturonases produced in pichia pastoris.	five botrytis cinerea endopolygalacturonase enzymes (bcpgs) were individually expressed in pichia pastoris, purified to homogeneity and biochemically characterized. while the ph optima of the five enzymes were similar (approximately ph 4.5) the maximum activity of individual enzymes differed significantly. for hydrolysis of polygalacturonic acid (pga), the v(max,app) ranged from 10 to 900 u mg(-1), while the k(m,app) ranged from 0.16 to 0.6 mg ml(-1). although all bcpgs are true endopolygalactur ...	2005	15998308
erecta receptor-like kinase and heterotrimeric g protein from arabidopsis are required for resistance to the necrotrophic fungus plectosphaerella cucumerina.	arabidopsis resistance to the necrotrophic fungus plectosphaerella cucumerina is complex and depends on the ethylene, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid signaling pathways. a quantitative trait loci (qtl) analysis of resistance to this fungus was performed using two populations of recombinant inbred lines. three loci qrp1-qrp3 (for quantitative resistance to plectosphaerella) were identified and mapped on chromosome 2 (qrp1 and qrp2) and 5 (qrp3). qrp1, the locus showing the strongest effect, was ...	2005	15998304
adsorption-desorption dynamics of cyprodinil and fludioxonil in vineyard soils.	cyprodinil and fludioxonil are new-generation fungicides that are employed to protect grapevines from botrytis and various rots. in this work, their adsorption and desorption dynamics in eight vineyard soils from galicia (northwestern spain) were examined in batch and column experiments. both fungicides exhibited linear adsorption isotherms, with more ready adsorption (greater kd) of fludioxonil. kd values for cyprodinil were significantly correlated with soil organic matter content (r 2= 0.675, ...	2005	15998132