Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| the polypeptide of mr 14,000 of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus: gene assignment and intracellular location. | synthetic oligopeptides, corresponding to an amino acid sequence encoded by a potential mr 9000 product's open reading frame (orf-4) at the 3' terminus of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus genome, were used to generate rabbit antiserum. these antibodies produced immune complexes with an mr 14,000 (14k) polypeptide in infected cells. the 14k product was shown by immune fluorescence to become associated with the cell nucleus, correlating with the onset of nuclear vacuolation, and suggesting ... | 1989 | 2550577 |
| induction of neutralizing antibodies to transmissible gastroenteritis virus by anti-idiotypic antibodies. | the potential of anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-ids) as immunogens against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) was tested in a heterologous system. a month-old pig was immunized with a neutralizing murine monoclonal antibody (mab, 5a5) of the igg2a isotype, specific for the e2 glycoprotein of tgev. the anti-ids were isolated from the serum of the immunized pig by affinity chromatography, initially on a 5a5-sepharose column, followed by repeated adsorption on a mouse igg2a column. the swi ... | 1989 | 2550023 |
| nucleotide sequence of coronavirus tgev genomic rna: evidence for 3 mrna species between the peplomer and matrix protein genes. | the region of the tgev genome between the e1-matrix protein gene and the e2-peplomer protein gene has been sequenced from a cdna clone. the consensus recognition sequence, 5'ttaa ctaaac was found upstream from 3 large open reading frames. in coronaviruses these homologous recognition sequences are involved in the initiation of transcription suggesting that there are 3 mrna species in this region of the tgev genome. northern blot analysis and nuclease s1 mapping confirmed the presence of 3 mrna s ... | 1989 | 2549745 |
| quantitation, biological and physicochemical properties of cell culture-adapted porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus (pedv). | the porcine epidemic coronavirus (pedv), tentatively classified as a coronavirus, was adapted to vero cells and a plaque test developed for infectivity titration, allowing us to test the biological and biophysical properties of the virus. growth kinetics showed peak titers of 10(5.5) plaque-forming units ml-1 15 h after infection. filtration experiments and electron microscopy revealed a particle diameter between 100 and 200 nm. the buoyant density of the virus was 1.18. the particle lost its in ... | 1989 | 2549681 |
| infection with porcine respiratory coronavirus does not fully protect pigs against intestinal transmissible gastroenteritis virus. | eight nine-week-old specific-pathogen-free pigs which had been infected with the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev)-related porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv) and four uninfected littermates were challenged with tgev. the previous prcv infection failed to protect them against the enteric tgev infection. virus excretion in faeces was detected by an elisa in all the pigs for three to six consecutive days after inoculation. although little diarrhoea was observed, the infection extended ... | 1989 | 2549676 |
| pathogenicity of experimental infection with 'pneumotropic' porcine coronavirus. | virus localisation and lesions were studied in 14-one-week-old piglets following combined intranasal-oral inoculation with a british isolate of 'pneumotropic' porcine coronavirus (pcv) and were compared with the effects of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) infection in five piglets. unlike tgev-infected piglets, all pcv-inoculated piglets remained clinically healthy. seroconversion was detected at seven days after inoculation. mild bronchointerstitial pneumonia involving terminal airway ... | 1989 | 2549594 |
| isolation of peplomer glycoprotein e2 of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and application in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on peplomer glycoprotein e2 was developed for the detection of antibodies to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev). purified preparations of e2 were isolated by solubilization of the viral membrane with nonion detergent nonidet p-40, followed by sucrose density gradient sedimentation. elisa optical density values with e2 antigen significantly exceeded the indices when other tgev protein or intact virion antigen was used. it was shown that a ... | 1989 | 2549096 |
| nucleotide sequence between the peplomer and matrix protein genes of the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus identifies three large open reading frames. | 1989 | 2548340 | |
| a competitive inhibition elisa for the differentiation of serum antibodies from pigs infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) or with the tgev-related porcine respiratory coronavirus. | a competitive inhibition elisa was developed to detect non-neutralizing antibodies to the peplomer protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) in porcine sera using a monoclonal antibody as an indicator. it was demonstrated that field strains of the tgev-related porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv) did not induce this antibody, whereas the miller strain and field strains of tgev did. the sensitivity of the competitive inhibition elisa appeared to be similar to that of the virus neutr ... | 1989 | 2548322 |
| sequence of the coding regions from the 3.0 kb and 3.9 kb mrna. subgenomic species from a virulent isolate of transmissible gastroenteritis virus. | subgenomic mrna from a virulent isolate of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) was used to produce cdna clones covering the genome region from the 3' end of the peplomer gene to the start of the integral membrane protein gene. the nucleotide sequence of this area was determined using clone ptg11 and a previously reported cdna clone ptg22. three open reading frames (orfs) were identified encoding putative polypeptides of relative molecular masses (mr) 6,600, 27,600, and 9,200. the ... | 1989 | 2546515 |
| coronavirus subgenomic minus-strand rnas and the potential for mrna replicons. | the genome of the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus is a plus-strand, polyadenylylated, infectious rna molecule of approximately 20 kilobases. during virus replication, seven subgenomic mrnas are generated by what is thought to be a leader-priming mechanism to form a 3'-coterminal nested set. by using radiolabeled, strand-specific, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide probes in rna blot hybridization analyses, we have found a minus-strand counterpart for the genome and for each subgeno ... | 1989 | 2546161 |
| lesions of transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection in experimentally inoculated pigs suckling immunized sows. | intestinal lesions of transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus infection in conventionally reared pigs suckling either nonvaccinated, vaccinated, or previously infected sows were studied by scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and immunofluorescent microscopy for tge viral antigen. pigs were inoculated with virulent tge virus when they were 5 or 21 days old and were euthanatized shortly after the onset of diarrhea or 96 hours after inoculation if no diarrhea developed. pigs inoculate ... | 1989 | 2543242 |
| [suspension culturing of swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus]. | 1989 | 2543136 | |
| [thymus-dependent nature of the antigens of enteropathogenic viruses]. | the nature of antigens in enteropathogenic animal viruses--coronavirus--an agent of transmissive gastroenteritis of pigs (tge) and pig enterovirus of serotype vi was studied. basing on the results of the histomorphometric study of the white spleen pulp under the individual introduction of viruses and in combination with the lymphoid chalone it was established that the developing immune response has a thymus-dependent induction mechanism. the pharmacological stimulation of the t-system of animals ... | 1989 | 2542735 |
| comparison of ascites production for monoclonal antibodies in balb/c and balb/c-derived cross-bred mice. | balb/c male mice were mated with either swiss-webster or mf1 females to produce first generation cross-bred offspring. hybridoma cell lines, from the fusion of p3-ns1-ag4/1 myeloma cells with spleen cells sensitised to the porcine coronavirus causing transmissible gastroenteritis, were injected intraperitoneally into these mice to produce ascitic fluid containing monoclonal antibodies. mice of 11 weeks of age weighing between 26 and 34 g were used. the volume of ascites produced by mice injected ... | 1989 | 2542413 |
| detection of turkey enteric coronavirus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and differentiation from other coronaviruses. | a double-antibody elisa for the detection of coronaviruses in intestinal contents from turkey poults with diarrhea was developed. antibodies were raised in rabbits and guinea pigs against a minnesota isolate of turkey enteric coronavirus (tcv) propagated in embryonating turkey eggs and were purified by density-gradient centrifugation. the specificity of antisera was confirmed by hemagglutination-inhibition and immunoelectron microscopy. absorption of anti-tcv hyperimmune sera with egg extracts o ... | 1989 | 2541641 |
| predict7, a program for protein structure prediction. | we describe a program for protein sequence analysis which runs in ibm pc computers. protein sequences are loaded from files in mount-conrad and lipman-pearson format. seven features are analyzed: hydrophilicity, hydropathy, surface probability, side chain flexibility, antigenicity, secondary structure and n-glycosylation sites. numeric results can be shown, printed or stored in files exportable to other programs. graphics of up to four predictions can be displayed on the screen, printed out or p ... | 1989 | 2539121 |
| relationship among transmissible gastroenteritis virus antibody titers in serum, colostrum, and milk from vaccinated sows, and protection in their suckling pigs. | we studied the antibody responses to transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) in serum, colostrum, and milk from sows vaccinated with 2 attenuated (1 im and 1 oral-im) and 1 nonattenuated live vaccines and the relationship of these responses with the survivability of the sow's suckling pigs after challenge exposure with virulent tge virus. contrary to previous studies, the anti-tge virus-neutralizing geometric mean titers (gmt) in the milk of sows vaccinated with attenuated vaccines at 3 and 5 days o ... | 1989 | 2537591 |
| clinical evaluation of transmissible gastroenteritis virus vaccines and vaccination procedures for inducing lactogenic immunity in sows. | two federally licensed attenuated live transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus vaccines (an im vaccine and an oral-im vaccine) and 1 nonlicensed nonattenuated live tge virus vaccine were evaluated and compared in sows free of tge virus-neutralizing antibodies. litters from the sows were challenge exposed at 3 and 5 days of age, and results were combined according to the vaccine administered to the sows. the survivability of pigs suckling sows vaccinated with the nonattenuated vaccine was signi ... | 1989 | 2537590 |
| isolation of a tge virus-related respiratory coronavirus causing fatal pneumonia in pigs. | 1989 | 2536975 | |
| intestinal permeability to polyethylene glycol 4000 and porcine albumin in piglets infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. | the intestinal permeability of specific pathogen free piglets has been studied by measuring the concentration of 14c in the blood after oral administration of 14c polyethylene glycol (14c peg, mw = 4000) and the concentration of 131i in the faeces after intraperitoneal administration of 131i porcine albumin (131i pa, mw = 68,000). the tests were performed one day before and up to two days after the piglets were infected with transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus. jejunal biopsies were taken ... | 1989 | 2534334 |
| [the influence of previous infections on the development of experimental swine pleuropneumonia in specific pathogen free pigs]. | this study was designed to determine in six-week old specific pathogen free pigs, the effect of previous experimental exposure to mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and transmissible gastroenteritis virus on a challenge infection with actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. pigs exposed simultaneously to m. hyopneumoniae and transmissible gastroenteritis virus appeared more resistant to challenge (one week later) with a. pleuropneumoniae. four pigs out of a group of ten died following the challenge infection, co ... | 1989 | 2531628 |
| effect of chlorpromazine on experimental diarrhoea in just-weaned piglets. | in just-weaned piglets (n = 30, 3-4 weeks) diarrhoea (100%) and vomiting (66%) were provoked by inoculation with transmissible gastroenteritis virus and enterotoxigenic e. coli strains (o149: k91: k88ac; lt, sta and stb enterotoxin positive). this combined infection resulted in a mortality of 71% within 7 days. during this period animals revealed a decrease in body weight, in arterial pressure, in leukocyte count, in plasma ph and in plasma lactic acid concentrations, and an increase in heart ra ... | 1989 | 2501952 |
| the interferon sensitivity of selected porcine viruses. | the objective of this study was to compare the sensitivity of 11 porcine viruses to the antiviral effects of porcine interferon-alpha in serum from piglets which had been infected 19 h previously with transmissible gastroenteritis virus, and of porcine interferon-beta prepared in pk-15 cells by induction with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, in yield reduction assays in pig kidney cells which were treated with interferon before virus challenge, and both before and after virus challenge. the most ... | 1989 | 2492445 |
| induction of the 2-5a system by interferon and transmissible gastroenteritis virus. | interferon (ifn) treatment increased the level of 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5a) synthetase and inhibited replication of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) in cultured swine testicular cells. despite a minimal increase in tgev titer in ifn-treated swine testicular cells, there was rapid cellular destruction. ifn-treated swine testicular cells had detectable levels of 2-5a (3.6 nm 6 h post-infection) after infection with 30 pfu tgev/cell. infection of neonatal pigs with a virulent strain of ... | 1989 | 2481702 |
| epitope mapping and the detection of transmissible gastroenteritis viral proteins in cell culture using biotinylated monoclonal antibodies in a fixed-cell elisa. | a fixed-cell elisa was developed using swine testicle (st) cells infected with the virulent miller strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and purified biotinylated monoclonal antibodies (b-mabs). five of the b-mabs were specific for the peplomer (e2), five reacted to the nucleocapsid (n), and one reacted to the e 1 protein of the miller strain of tgev. protein a-sepharose purification of mabs yielded protein concentrations ranging from 0.40 to 3 mg per ml of ascites. separate pools ... | 1989 | 2479362 |
| induction of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus-neutralizing antibodies in vitro by virus-specific t helper cell hybridomas. | three transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus-specific t helper (th) cell hybridomas have been generated from virus-primed balb/c mice, by fusion with the thymoma bw5147. the hybridomas responded to purified u.v.-inactivated tge virus with interleukin production and growth inhibition. tge virus recognition by the hybridomas was restricted by the major histocompatibility complex: only splenocytes from syngeneic or semi-syngeneic mice were able to recognize the antigen. the three hybridomas were ... | 1989 | 2471795 |
| antigenic structure of the e2 glycoprotein from transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus. | the antigenic structure of transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus e2 glycoprotein has been defined at three levels: antigenic sites, antigenic subsites and epitopes. four antigenic sites (a, b, c and d) were defined by competitive radioimmunoassay (ria) using monoclonal antibodies (mabs) selected from 9 fusions. about 20% (197) of the hybridomas specific for tge virus produced neutralizing mabs specific for site a, which was one of the antigenically dominant determinants. site a was different ... | 1988 | 2453977 |
| differentiation of porcine coronavirus from transmissible gastroenteritis virus. | 1988 | 2451340 | |
| the effect of interferon induction in parturient sows and newborn piglets on resistance to transmissible gastroenteritis. | high titers of interferon were found in the serum and milk of three sows treated two days after farrowing with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid complexed with poly-l-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose, but circulating interferon was not found in the piglets suckled by these sows. when two treated sows and their suckling piglets were exposed to infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus eight hours after treatment, the sows showed no signs of disease, although they developed circulating int ... | 1988 | 2450628 |
| [use of gamma-globulins from the peritoneal fluid of cats with infectious peritonitis for the immunofluorescence demonstration of the tge antigen]. | peritoneal exudate of a cat affected with feline infectious peritonitis (fip) was used to isolate an igg-globulin, employing affinity chromatography, and conjugate it with fluorescein isothiocyanate. the conjugate was tested on cross sections of the small intestine of a pig infected with strain miller-3 of the transmissive gastroenteritis (tge) virus, simultaneously with an anti-tge conjugate of an spf pig. identical results were obtained with both conjugates, however, the anti-fip conjugate had ... | 1987 | 2449762 |
| identification of epitopes of immunological importance on the peplomer of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus. | 1987 | 2449047 | |
| critical epitopes in transmissible gastroenteritis virus neutralization. | 1987 | 2449043 | |
| antigenic variation of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus detected by monoclonal antibodies. | mouse myeloma cells (sp2/o) were fused with spleen cells from balb/c mice immunized with detergent-solubilized antigen of purified virus, and 21 monoclonal (mc) antibodies reactive in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with the to-163 strain of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus were obtained. of these mc antibodies, 14, 6 and 1 were igg1, igg2a and igm, respectively. all of the mc antibodies contained light chains of the kappa type. of these mc antibodies, 8 were found to have neu ... | 1987 | 2444027 |
| critical epitopes in transmissible gastroenteritis virus neutralization. | purified transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus was found to be composed of three major structural proteins having relative molecular weights of 200,000, 48,000, and 28,000. the peplomer glycoprotein was purified by affinity chromatography with the monoclonal antibody (mab) 1d.g3. a collection of 48 mabs against tge virus was developed from which 26, 10, and 3 were specific for proteins e2, n, and e1, respectively. a total of 14 neutralizing mabs of known reactivity were e2 protein specific. ... | 1986 | 2427744 |
| antigenic structure of transmissible gastroenteritis virus. ii. domains in the peplomer glycoprotein. | the antigenic structure of the peplomer glycoprotein e2 of the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev) was explored using a panel of 23 hybridoma antibodies (mabs). the topography of the epitopes was established by means of a competition radioimmunoassay. four main antigenic sites, termed a, b, c and d, were thus clearly delineated. most of the neutralization-mediating determinants were found to cluster in the a-b area, which has been shown to be highly conserved among tgev stra ... | 1986 | 2425049 |
| the role of interferon in spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity in pigs. | specific release of 51cr and the production of interferon (ifn) increased in parallel in a spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (scmc) assay in which uninfected pk-15 cells or pk-15 cells persistently infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (pk-15-tge cells) were used as targets, and peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) from a young adult pig were used as effector cells. higher levels of both specific 51cr release and ifn were obtained in the assays containing pk-15-tge cells. co-culti ... | 1986 | 2422808 |
| antigenic structure of transmissible gastroenteritis virus. i. properties of monoclonal antibodies directed against virion proteins. | thirty-two hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the three major structural proteins of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) have been isolated. radioimmunoprecipitation of intracellular viral polypeptides showed that 17 hybridomas recognized both the peplomer protein [e2, 220 x 10(3) mol. wt. (220k)] and a lower mol. wt. species (e'2, 175k), which was characterized as a precursor of e2. six mabs selectively immunoprecipitated the e'2 protein. four hybridomas ... | 1986 | 2418148 |
| nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the spike glycoprotein of human coronavirus hcv 229e. | the gene encoding the spike glycoprotein of the human coronavirus hcv 229e has been cloned and sequenced. this analysis predicts an s polypeptide of 1173 amino acids with an mr of 128,600. the polypeptide has 30 potential n-glycosylation sites. a number of structural features typical of coronavirus s proteins can be recognized, including a signal sequence, a membrane anchor, heptad repeat structures and a carboxy-terminal cysteine cluster. a detailed, computer-aided comparison with the s protein ... | 1990 | 2345367 |
| analysis of properties of monoclonal antibodies to transmissible gastroenteritis virus using to-163 strain. | nineteen monoclonal antibodies (mabs), reactive in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), with porcine transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus to-163 were obtained. of these mabs, 5 showed neutralizing (nt) activity (x 3,200 to 25,600) against to-163. one of the mabs which had nt activity showed hemagglutination inhibition activity (x 5,120) too. 14 hybridomas of polypeptide specificity against to-163 strain were developed from which 11, 2, and 1 were specific for protein e2, n, and e1, re ... | 1990 | 2176427 |
| establishment of transformed swine fibroblast cell lines using sv40 large t antigen. | swine testicle cell lines were established by transformation of primary swine testicle (pst) cells with an sv40 plasmid (psv3-neo), which contains genes conferring resistance to neomycin and expressing sv40 large t antigen. plasmid dna was transfected into pst cells using a lipofection system. two related plasmids, psv2-neo and psv5-neo, failed to induce transformed cells. cells transformed with psv3-neo formed single colonies that were resistant to the antibiotic, g418, and expressed large t an ... | 1990 | 2175590 |
| porcine respiratory coronavirus differs from transmissible gastroenteritis virus by a few genomic deletions. | the genome organization of porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv), a newly recognized agent which has a close antigenic relationship to the enteropathogenic transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), was studied. genomic rna from cell-cultured prcv (french isolate rm4) was used to produce cdna clones covering the genomic 3' end to the start of the spike (s) glycoprotein gene (7519 nucleotides). six open reading frames (orfs) were identified that allowed the translation of three coronavirus stru ... | 1990 | 2174956 |
| serotypic differentiation of group a rotaviruses with porcine rotavirus gene 9 probes. | the serotypic specificities of gottfried and osu porcine rotavirus gene 9 probes were investigated in a dot hybridization assay. the probes were reacted with homologous and heterologous serotypes of group a rotaviruses of human and animal origin. hybridizations were conducted under relatively low-stringency (52 degrees c, no formamide, 5 x ssc) and high-stringency (52 degrees c, 50% formamide, formamide, 5 x ssc) conditions (1 x ssc is 0.15 m nacl plus 0.015 m sodium citrate). under conditions o ... | 1990 | 2174902 |
| assembly of coronavirus spike protein into trimers and its role in epitope expression. | the folding and oligomerization of coronavirus spike protein were explored using a panel of monoclonal antibodies. chemical cross-linking and sedimentation experiments showed that the spike of transmissible gastroenteritis virus is a homotrimer of the s membrane glycoprotein. the spike protein was synthesized as a 175,000-apparent-molecular-weight (175k) monomer subunit that is sensitive to endo-beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase h. assembly of monomers into a trimeric structure was found to occur on ... | 1990 | 2170676 |
| intestinal replication of a porcine respiratory coronavirus closely related antigenically to the enteric transmissible gastroenteritis virus. | one-week-old piglets were inoculated with the porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv) either intravenously or directly into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. both inoculation routes resulted in the isolation of virus from the caudal small intestine. viral replication, however, was only observed upon inoculation into the digestive tract in quantities of greater than or equal to 10(3) tcid50. replication remained limited to a few unidentified cells located in or underneath the epithelial lay ... | 1990 | 2169676 |
| molecular biology of transmissible gastroenteritis virus. | the causative agent (tgev) of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis belongs to the coronaviridae, a family of enveloped viruses with a positive, single-stranded rna genome. important progress has recently been made concerning the molecular biology of tgev. the research work of our group has been focused on two main aspects: genome structure and functional domains of the envelope proteins. tgev genomic rna is organised into seven regions. the sequence of six of them, i.e. the 3' most 8300 nucleot ... | 1990 | 2169670 |
| genetic basis for the pathogenesis of transmissible gastroenteritis virus. | intracellular rnas of an avirulent small-plaque (sp) transmissible gastroenteritis virus variant and the parent virulent miller strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus were compared. northern rna blotting showed that the miller strain contained eight intracellular rna species. rnas 1, 2(s), 5, 6(m), 7(n), and 8 were similar in size for both viruses; however, the sp variant lacked subgenomic rnas 3 and 4. instead, the sp virus contained an altered rna species (delta 4) that was slightly sma ... | 1990 | 2168963 |
| sows infected in pregnancy with porcine respiratory coronavirus show no evidence of protecting their sucking piglets against transmissible gastroenteritis. | eighteen litters of sucking piglets were challenged with one of two strains of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev). during pregnancy, their seronegative dams had been either inoculated intranasally with porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv), inoculated orally with tgev or left untreated. on the basis of weight gain, clinical signs and survival, no differences in response to challenge was detected when piglets suckled by prcv inoculated sows were compared with those suckled by uninoculate ... | 1990 | 2168106 |
| appearance of ph-dependent cell fusions by transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus. | 1990 | 2167999 | |
| kinetics of the in vitro antibody response to transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus from pig mesenteric lymph node cells, using the elisaspot and elisa tests. | a method is described for in vitro studies of viral humoral immune responses in the pig. after oral immunization with transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) coronavirus, antibody production from primed mesenteric lymph node cells was revealed by an in vitro boost with viral antigen. for the latter the leukocytes were co-cultured with uv-inactivated virus using a variety of different methods of antigenic stimulation. enumeration of specific antibody-secreting cells (asc) and titration of secreted an ... | 1990 | 2167914 |
| characterization of blood mononuclear cells producing ifn alpha following induction by coronavirus-infected cells (porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus). | porcine blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) were shown to produce interferon-alpha (ifn alpha) following incubation with cells infected by a coronavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus. monoclonal antibodies (mab) with specificities for leukocyte subsets and major histocompatibility complex (mhc) antigens were used to characterize ifn alpha producer cells. the production of ifn alpha was found to be a function of non-phagocytic, non-adherent, non-t, non-b, cd4+ (and to a lesser extent cd8+) mhc- ... | 1990 | 2167506 |
| serologic survey for transmissible gastroenteritis virus neutralizing antibodies in selected feral and domestic swine sera in the southern united states. | serum samples collected from feral and domestic swine (sus scrofa) in florida and feral swine in georgia and texas were assayed by plaque reduction for their virus neutralizing (vn) antibodies against the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tge). none of 560 samples collected from feral swine contained vn antibodies for tge virus, but experimentally infected feral swine seroconverted. none of 665 samples from domestic swine contained tge-vn antibodies. these results indicate feral swine ... | 1990 | 2167395 |
| mechanisms of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus neutralization. | transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) was neutralized more than 10(9)-fold with antibodies of a single specificity [monoclonal antibodies (mabs)]. most of the virus was neutralized in the first 2-3 min of a reversible reaction, which was followed by a second phase with a decreased neutralization rate and, in some cases, by a persistent fraction, which was a function of the mab and of the antibody-to-virus ratio. neutralization of tgev is a specific event that requires the location of the ep ... | 1990 | 2164725 |
| the multiplication of transmissible gastroenteritis viruses in several cell lines originated from porcine kidney and effects of trypsin on the growth of the viruses. | plaque formation, replication and related cytopathic function of 9 strains of transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus were examined in primary cells and cell lines such as cpk, ib-rs-2, esk, and pk-15 originated from porcine kidney and the effects of trypsin on the replication of tge virus were examined in cpk cells. all strains produced a cytopathic effect and grew well in cpk cells as well as in primary porcine kidney cells. the effect of trypsin on the plaque formation was different from st ... | 1990 | 2161476 |
| sites of replication of a porcine respiratory coronavirus related to transmissible gastroenteritis virus. | a porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv) was inoculated by aerosol into nine hysterectomy-derived and colostrum-deprived pigs at the age of one week. they were killed at different times after inoculation and tissues were sampled for virus isolation and immunofluorescence. results indicate that virus replicated to high titres in the respiratory tract. replication mainly occurred in alveolar cells but also in epithelial cells of nasal mucosa, trachea, bronchi, bronchioli, in alveolar macrophages a ... | 1990 | 2159175 |
| lactogenic immunity to transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) of swine induced by the attenuated nouzilly strain of tge virus: passive protection of piglets and detection of serum and milk antibody classes by elisa. | piglets of eight sows vaccinated by different routes with the attenuated tge mutant coronavirus, nouzilly (n) strain, and piglets from two field seropositive sows were challenged with a virulent tge strain. on the day of challenge and 10 days after challenge, milk and serum samples from sows were analysed for their level of neutralizing antibodies, total immunoglobulin classes and tge antibody classes by an elisa. no direct relationship was seen between the level of protection of the litters and ... | 1990 | 2156374 |
| localization of antigenic sites of the e2 glycoprotein of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus. | four antigenic sites of the e2 glycoprotein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus were defined by competitive radioimmunoassays of monoclonal antibodies (mabs). here, we describe the localization of these sites by testing the antigenicity of protein fragments and prokaryotic expression products of e2 gene fragments, and by sequencing of mab-resistant (mar) mutants. partial proteolysis of purified e2 protein allowed the isolation of a 28k fragment recognized by both site a- and site c-specific m ... | 1990 | 2155284 |
| coronavirus transcription: subgenomic mouse hepatitis virus replicative intermediates function in rna synthesis. | both genomic and subgenomic replicative intermediates (ris) and replicative-form (rf) structures were found in 17cl1 mouse cells that had been infected with the a59 strain of mouse hepatitis virus (mhv), a prototypic coronavirus. seven species of rnase-resistant rf rnas, whose sizes were consistent with the fact that each was derived from an ri that was engaged in the synthesis of one of the seven mhv positive-strand rnas, were produced by treatment with rnase a. because the radiolabeling of the ... | 1990 | 2154591 |
| [the use of genetic engineering in veterinary medicine with examples from epidemiology, diagnosis and drug production]. | the results of genetic engineering have reached practical veterinary medicine already. nevertheless there is a great lack of knowledge among those veterinarians who usually do not work with these methods. therefore we want to give an introduction into the advantages and dangers of this technology concerning veterinary medicine. some important analytical methods are explained. related viruses such as wee and eee or canine parvovirus, feline parvovirus and mink enteritis virus, or the related coro ... | 1990 | 2112273 |
| biosynthesis and function of the coronavirus spike protein. | 1990 | 2103106 | |
| functional analysis of the coronavirus mhv-jhm surface glycoproteins in vaccinia virus recombinants. | 1990 | 2103098 | |
| structural analysis of the conformational domains involved in neutralization of bovine coronavirus using deletion mutants of the spike glycoprotein s1 subunit expressed by recombinant baculoviruses. | two conformation-dependent neutralizing epitopes, a and b, have been mapped to the s1 subunit of the s spike glycoprotein of bovine coronavirus (bcv). in order to characterize the structure of these antigenic sites, we constructed a series of cdna clones encoding deleted or truncated s1 derivatives and expressed the modified genes in insect cells using recombinant baculoviruses. monoclonal antibodies directed against epitopes a and b recognized only the mutant s1 polypeptides containing amino ac ... | 1991 | 2053298 |
| comparison of bovine coronavirus (bcv) antigens: monoclonal antibodies to the spike glycoprotein distinguish between vaccine and wild-type strains. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against two major structural proteins of the cell-adapted mebus strain of bovine coronavirus (bcv-l9) were produced and characterized. seven mabs reacted with the peplomeric glycoprotein, gp 100/s, while three mabs reacted with the nucleoprotein p53/n in western blot analysis of bcv polypeptides. mabs to gp 100/s reacted with discontinuous epitopes of gp 100/s in westerns under mild but not under standard denaturing conditions. in contrast, mabs to p53/n reacted in b ... | 1991 | 2053295 |
| comparison of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the s genes specified by virulent and avirulent strains of bovine coronaviruses. | the entire nucleotide sequences of the spike glycoprotein (s) genes of the highly virulent bovine coronavirus (bcv) strain bcv-ly138, the avirulent bcv-l9 and related norden vaccine (bcv-vaccine) strains were determined using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to amplify cdnas obtained by reverse transcription of viral rna, and to produce single strand cdnas for dna sequencing. the s gene sequences of these viral strains were compared with those of recently published strains bcv-mebus, bcv-queb ... | 1991 | 2053289 |
| minus-strand copies of replicating coronavirus mrnas contain antileaders. | the 5' leader sequence on mrnas of the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus was determined and found to be 90 nucleotides in length. an oligodeoxynucleotide with a sequence from within the leader was used as a probe in northern analysis on rna from infected cells, and an antileader (a minus-strand copy of the leader sequence) was shown to be present on all mrna minus-strand species. rnase protection analysis showed the antileader to be approximately the same length as the leader. th ... | 1991 | 1985203 |
| the s2 subunit of the spike glycoprotein of bovine coronavirus mediates membrane fusion in insect cells. | the hemagglutinin/esterase (he), spike precursor (s) and the s1 and s2 subunits of the spike precursor protein of bovine coronavirus were expressed in spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) cells, and the cell-fusing activity of each recombinant glycoprotein was examined. extensive syncytia formation was observed in cells infected with the s2 recombinant but not with the he or s1 recombinant baculoviruses. fusion of sf9 cells expressing the intact s protein precursor was evident after trypsin treatment. th ... | 1991 | 1984658 |
| molecular aspects of the relationship of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) with porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv). | 1990 | 1966436 | |
| infection with a new porcine respiratory coronavirus in denmark: serologic differentiation from transmissible gastroenteritis virus using monoclonal antibodies. | in 1984 neutralizing antibodies against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) were detected in pig herds in a small geographical area in the southern part of denmark. no clinical symptoms were observed and accumulating epidemiological evidence gradually pointed towards a respiratory infection. in 1986 a tge-like virus, tentatively named porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv), was isolated from the lungs of swine. the virus was partially characterized using monoclonal antibodies against tgev ... | 1990 | 1966435 |
| sites of replication of a porcine respiratory coronavirus in 5-week-old pigs with or without maternal antibodies. | on farms, where the porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv) is enzootic, pigs usually become infected between 5 and 10 weeks of age while losing their maternal antibodies. it was examined whether prcv replicates in the small intestine in such pigs. this point is important since intestinal replication with prcv might induce immunity against tgev not only by stimulating mucosal intestinal immunity, but also by the induction of a lactogenic iga response at later age via the gut-mammary link. five we ... | 1990 | 1966434 |
| induction of milk iga antibodies by porcine respiratory coronavirus infection. | an elisa was developed to examine the prevalence of tgev-specific immunoglobulin (ig)a in the milk of sows, infected in the field with prcv or with tgev. it was shown that previous prcv-infections can induce the secretion of iga antibodies in the milk. however, only 9 out of 28 prcv-infected sows had iga in their milk whereas 11 tgev-infected sows all secreted iga. on farms where a reinfection with prcv occurred, the number of iga-secreting sows increased from 2 to 11 on a total of 13 sows. this ... | 1990 | 1966433 |
| background paper. the appearance of the porcine respiratory coronavirus has created new problems and perspectives. | 1990 | 1966432 | |
| genomic organisation of a virulent isolate of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus. | 1990 | 1966423 | |
| coronavirus subgenomic replicons as a mechanism for mrna amplification. | 1990 | 1966420 | |
| nucleotide sequence of the e2-peplomer protein gene and partial nucleotide sequence of the upstream polymerase gene of transmissible gas gastroenteritis virus (miller strain). | the e2-peplomer protein gene of the virulent miller strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) was sequenced from cdna clones and compared to the e2 gene sequence of the avirulent purdue strain. sequence comparisons indicate that most amino acid differences occur in the n-terminal half of the e2-peplomer which represents the most exposed region of the protein. in addition, analysis of an incompletely sequenced open reading frame (orf) to the immediate 5' side of the e2 gene indicates e ... | 1990 | 1966416 |
| expression of tgev structural genes in virus vectors. | 1990 | 1966407 | |
| expression of the spike protein of murine coronavirus jhm using a baculovirus vector. | the spike (s) protein of murine coronavirus jhm strain (jhmv) has been expressed in insect cells using a recombinant baculovirus vector. the expressed s protein was shown to be glycosylated and expressed on the cell surface, and to be similar in size and antigenic properties to the s protein produced in mouse cells infected by jhmv. however, no proteolytic cleavage was detected in insect cells. the sera from rats immunised with s protein derived from insect cells reacted in immunoprecipitation a ... | 1990 | 1966405 |
| expression of the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus m protein. | cloned cdna encoding the m protein of the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev) was introduced into a vaccinia virus to examine the function of the amino-terminal signal peptide. the m protein expressed by the recombinant virus was targeted to the golgi region of infected cells, as is the m protein in cells infected with tgev. the protein appeared not to undergo processing other than glycosylation. however, the vaccinia-expressed m protein was slightly larger than the protein ... | 1990 | 1966402 |
| evidence for a porcine respiratory coronavirus, antigenically similar to transmissible gastroenteritis virus, in the united states. | a respiratory variant of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), designated prcv-ind/89, was isolated from a swine breeding stock herd in indiana. the virus was readily isolated from nasal swabs of pigs of different ages and induced cytopathology on primary porcine kidney cells and and on a swine testicular (st) cell line. an 8-week-old pig infected oral/nasally with the respiratory variant and a contact pig showed no signs of respiratory or enteric disease. these pigs did not shed virus in ... | 1990 | 1965638 |
| sequence of the s gene from a virulent british field isolate of transmissible gastroenteritis virus. | subgenomic mrna from a virulent field isolate of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), strain fs772/70, was used to produce cdna. the cdna from three overlapping clones was sequenced by the chain termination method and two open reading frames (orfs) were identified. the largest orf, 4350bp, encoded a polypeptide of 1449 amino acids of relative molecular mass (mr) 159811, which contained 33 potential n-linked glycosylation sites, a cysteine-rich region, and a potential transmembrane ... | 1990 | 1964522 |
| sequence analysis of the leader rna of two porcine coronaviruses: transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine respiratory coronavirus. | the leader rna sequence was determined for two pig coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), and porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv). primer extension, of a synthetic oligonucleotide complementary to the 5' end of the nucleoprotein gene of tgev was used to produce a single-stranded dna copy of the leader rna from the nucleoprotein mrna species from tgev and prcv, the sequences of which were determined by maxam and gilbert cleavage. northern blot analysis, using a synthetic ol ... | 1990 | 1962975 |
| experimental induction of diarrhoea in newly-weaned piglets. | to induce diarrhoea and hypovolaemia, newly-weaned conventionally bred piglets (3- to 4-weeks-old), were either given secretagogues or were inoculated with enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec). choleratoxin (n = 2), e. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (n = 2) or castor oil (n = 2) were given intragastrically or piglets were intraperitoneally injected with dl 5-hydroxytryptophan (n = 3). these substances induced a transient diarrhoea without clinical symptoms of dehydration. therefore, a combinati ... | 1991 | 1950231 |
| coronavirus motif. | 1991 | 1896083 | |
| electrolyte transport in piglets infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. stimulation by verapamil and clonidine. | the effects of clonidine, an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, and verapamil, a ca2+ channel blocker, on na+ and cl- absorption were studied in stripped jejunal mucosa from control and transmissible-gastroenteritis-virus-infected piglets. all infected piglets developed severe diarrhea 18-24 hours after oral inoculation. jejunum from infected animals, as compared with control jejunum, had decreased mucosal-to-serosal, serosal-to-mucosal, and net na+ and cl- fluxes. clonidine and verapamil caused a decr ... | 1991 | 1889713 |
| sequence analysis of the turkey enteric coronavirus nucleocapsid and membrane protein genes: a close genomic relationship with bovine coronavirus. | the 3' end of the turkey coronavirus (tcv) genome and the gene encoding the nucleocapsid protein (n) were cloned and sequenced. the gene encoding the membrane protein (m) was obtained by cloning a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-amplified fragment obtained using bovine coronavirus (bcv)-specific primers. furthermore, five tcv dna fragments, obtained by pcr on rna from clinical specimens and corresponding to either the n terminus of the m protein or the complete m protein were also cloned and seq ... | 1991 | 1856695 |
| genetic analysis of porcine respiratory coronavirus, an attenuated variant of transmissible gastroenteritis virus. | the genome and transcriptional pattern of a newly identified respiratory variant of transmissible gastroenteritis virus were analyzed and compared with those of classical enterotropic transmissible gastroenteritis virus. the transcriptional patterns of the two viruses indicated that differences occurred in rnas 1 and 2(s) and that rna 3 was absent in the porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv) variant. the smaller rna 2(s) of prcv was due to a 681-nucleotide (nt) deletion after base 62 of the prc ... | 1991 | 1851885 |
| oral transmission of transmissible gastroenteritis virus by muscle and lymph node from slaughtered pigs. | a study was conducted in the usa to determine whether transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus could be transmitted from carcases of slaughtered pigs. transmissible gastroenteritis virus was transmitted to 6-day-old piglets by dosing with homogenates of muscle and lymph node collected from 500 clinically normal pigs at the time of slaughter. all piglets in 2 separately housed litters showed clinical signs of tge with 5 piglets dying within 10 d of oral dosing with homogenates. transmissible gas ... | 1991 | 1850981 |
| localization of extensive deletions in the structural genes of two neurotropic variants of murine coronavirus jhm. | the intracellular rna of two neurotropic variants of the jhm strain of mouse hepatitis virus (mhv) independently isolated from the brain and spinal cord of an infected wistar furth rat were compared with that of the parental virus. the mrnas corresponding to the genes encoding the peplomer (s) and the hemagglutinin-esterase (he) proteins of the variant viruses were found to be smaller in size. the possible sequence changes were studied by oligonucleotide fingerprinting and direct rna sequencing. ... | 1991 | 1850936 |
| intracellular processing of the porcine coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus spike protein expressed by recombinant vaccinia virus. | the spike (s) protein from a virulent british field isolate of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) fs772/70 was constructed from cdna and inserted into the vaccinia virus (vv) thymidine kinase gene locus under the control of the vv early/late gene p7.5k promoter. recombinant s protein was synthesized as an endo-beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase h (endo h)-sensitive glycoprotein with high mannose simple oligosaccharides (gp 190) that underwent post-translational modification to an endo ... | 1991 | 1850927 |
| induction of lactogenic immunity to transmissible gastroenteritis virus of swine using an attenuated coronavirus mutant able to survive in the physicochemical environment of the digestive tract. | a transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) coronavirus mutant (188-sg), selected as attenuated and resistant to acidity and proteases of the digestive tract of adult pigs, was used as vaccine ("nouzilly strain") in sows to protect suckling piglets against a challenge exposure carried out with a highly virulent tgev strain. the pregnant sows were immunized once (42-49 days before farrowing) or twice (42-49 and 7-15 days before farrowing) by the oral, intramuscular or conjunctival route with the 188-sg ... | 1991 | 1850894 |
| infection of pigs with transmissible gastroenteritis virus from contaminated carcases. | sixteen 6-month-old pigs were exposed to transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus by placing them in close contact with piglets infected at 1 week of age. fourteen of the older pigs were slaughtered between 1 and 5 d after exposure to infection and their carcases dressed in simulated abattoir conditions. samples of muscle, bone marrow and carcase lymph nodes were stored at -25 degrees c for at least 30 d and then homogenised and fed to groups of 1-week-old and 3-week-old pigs. four of 12 one-we ... | 1991 | 1850235 |
| glycosylation is required for coronavirus tgev to induce an efficient production of ifn alpha by blood mononuclear cells. | porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) are induced to produce interferon alpha (ifn alpha) following in vitro exposure to coronavirus tgev (transmissible gastroenteritis virus)-infected glutaraldehyde-fixed cell monolayers or to tgev virions. in the present report, we examined the possibility that glycosylation of viral proteins could play a major role in interactions with pbmc leading to the production of ifn alpha. con a pretreatment of tgev-infected cell monolayers before fixation ... | 1991 | 1850168 |
| sequence comparison of the 5' end of mrna 3 from transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine respiratory coronavirus. | analysis of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv) mrna species indicated a deletion in mrna 3 of prcv. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to clone the 5' end of mrna 3 from prcv for comparison with the equivalent region in tgev. small deletions were observed within and around the prcv sequence equivalent to the putative open reading frame (orf) orf-3a identified in tgev. the potential rna polymerase-leader complex binding site (leader ... | 1991 | 1848593 |
| alteration of the ph dependence of coronavirus-induced cell fusion: effect of mutations in the spike glycoprotein. | infection of susceptible murine cells with the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus type 4 (mhv4) results in extensive cell-cell fusion at phs from 5.5 to 8.5. the endosomotropic weak bases chloroquine and ammonium chloride do not prevent mhv4 infection. in marked contrast, we have selected variants from a neural cell line persistently infected with mhv4 which are entirely dependent on acid ph to fuse host cells and are strongly inhibited by endosomotropic weak bases. wild-type and variant viruses ... | 1991 | 1848311 |
| detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus using cdna probes. | five cdna probes prepared from molecular clones representing genomic rna sequences of the virulent miller strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) were used in a dot blot hybridization assay to detect tgev in cell culture and fecal specimens. two clones (pa2 and pb4) represent nucleotide base pairs at the 3' terminus of the miller tgev genome. the other three clones represent various portions of the 5' end of the e2 gene, which codes for the major surface glycoprotein of tgev. each o ... | 1991 | 1848070 |
| primary structure of the membrane and nucleocapsid protein genes of feline infectious peritonitis virus and immunogenicity of recombinant vaccinia viruses in kittens. | feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv) causes a mostly fatal, immunologically mediated disease in cats. previously, we demonstrated that immunization with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the fipv spike protein (s) induced early death after challenge with fipv (vennema et al., 1990, j. virol. 64, 1407-1409). in this paper we describe similar immunizations with the fipv membrane (m) and nucleocapsid (n) proteins. the genes encoding these proteins were cloned and sequenced. comparison o ... | 1991 | 1847259 |
| differentiation of transmissible gastroenteritis virus from porcine respiratory coronavirus and other antigenically related coronaviruses by using cdna probes specific for the 5' region of the s glycoprotein gene. | two cdna clones prepared from the virulent miller strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) were identified, and their nucleotide sequences were determined. the clones were nonoverlapping and located in the 5' region of the s glycoprotein gene. their nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences were compared with published sequences of the attenuated purdue strain of tgev and feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv). tgev clone pe21 contained 381 bp of the s glycoprotein gene and h ... | 1991 | 1847152 |
| intestinal permeability in piglets during transmissible gastroenteritis. | macromolecular permeability of the small intestine was tested in seven three-week-old piglets infected with porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tge-strain miller). fourteen hours after the infection, the piglets showed loss of appetite and a profuse diarrhoea. in some animals vomiting occurred somewhat earlier. macromolecular permeability was tested morphologically by injecting horseradish peroxidase (mw = 40,000 da) into the jejunal lumen just distally to the treitz' ligament in two pi ... | 1991 | 1830439 |
| a conserved coronavirus epitope, critical in virus neutralization, mimicked by internal-image monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies. | monoclonal antibody (mab) 6a.c3 neutralizes transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev) and is specific for a conserved epitope within subsite ac of the spike (s) glycoprotein of tgev. six hybridomas secreting anti-idiotypic (ab2) mabs specific for mab 6a.c3 (ab1) have been selected. all six mabs inhibited the binding of ab1 to tgev and specifically cross-linked mab1-6a.c3. four of these hybridomas secreted gamma-type anti-idiotypic mabs. the other two ab2s (mabs 9a.g3 and 9c.e11) were reco ... | 1991 | 1719237 |
| an elisa for the detection of serum antibodies to both transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine respiratory coronavirus. | a competition elisa utilizing a mab directed towards a peplomer protein epitope common to tgev, prcv and related feline and canine coronaviruses is described. | 1991 | 1717102 |
| linear neutralizing epitopes on the peplomer protein of coronaviruses. | 1990 | 1715660 |