Publications

detection of urinary gonadotropins in callitrichid monkeys with a sensitive immunoassay based upan a unique monoclonal antibody.	a radioimmunological method for measuring urinary luteinizing hormone (lh) and chorionic gonadotropin (cg) excretion in the family callitrichidae is described. the method uses a monoclonal antibody that will be available in virtually unlimited quantity. several polyclonal antisera that have been useful for the detection of callitrichid gonadotropins are near depletion. the monoclonal antibody-based ria provided similar results when compared with the mouse leydig cell bioassay for lh and a previo ...	1993	31937000
preliminary analysis of drinking from seawater sources by free-ranging rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta).	rhesus macaques on key lois island were observed drinking seawater that flowed into four holes they had excavated in the sand. data were gathered to determine the salinity (tds) and ph levels of the water and which animals were using the holes. average tds level (4,506.8 ± 1,750.8), but not ph (8.1 ± .30) level, of water from the holes differed from the surrounding seawater (tds = 29,000, ph = 8.0). there were significant variations in tds and ph levels of water between holes. a total of 249 dri ...	1993	31936999
sex differences in adolescent rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta) behavior.	sex differences in the behavior of 2.5- to 4.5-year-old rhesus monkeys, living in two social groups approximating natural compositions, were studied over a period of 3 years. both sexes interacted significantly more often with members of their own sex in agonistic and affiliative interactions even when total rates and durations for male and female subjects did not differ. strong sexual segregation was also seen in proximity, nonspecific contact, and huddling partners. males were more involved in ...	1993	31936997
localization of estrogen receptors in rhesus monkey ovary.	we have previously demonstrated that the exogenous administration of estradiol-17β (e2) to rhesus monkeys induces atresia of the dominant preovulatory follicle (df); and that this effect is mediated centrally, via the inhibition of follicle-stimulating hormone, and is also exerted directly at the level of the ovarian granulosa cell. we wished to investigate whether the local effect of e2 is transduced through interaction with the nuclear receptor for estrogen, particularly in light of certain ev ...	1993	31936993
population status of nonhuman primates in asia, with emphasis on rhesus macaques in india.	over 50 species of nonhuman primates live in 20 nations in asia, interacting ecologically with over 3 billion people. the population status of different species of primates ranges from rare and endangered to abundant and relatively secure. the distribution, numbers, and trends of most species are not known, even for those such as macaca fascicularis which are extensively used in biomedical research. field surveys of rhesus populations since 1959 showed a serious 90% decline in population numbers ...	1994	31936982
incidence of atresia or of luteinization without rupture of the dominant ovarian follicle in rhesus monkeys treated with estradiol-17β on day 8 of the menstrual cycle.	previous results have established that 17β-estradiol (e2) administered in capsules for 24 h on day 6 of the menstrual cycle results in atresia of the dominant follicle (df). the present experiment was designed to determine if atresia could be induced similarly as late as day 8, when the df is presumably larger, to facilitate biochemical analyses. on the morning of day 8, laparoscopy was used to confirm the presence of the df, and 4, 6, or 8 silastic capsules containing e2 were placed s.c. for 12 ...	1994	31936965
do female rhesus macaques choose novel males?	prior research has shown that estrous female rhesus macaques (macaca mulatto) maintain spatial proximity preferentially to lower-ranking males. in this paper, 657 h of focal individual follows of 48 free-ranging estrous female rhesus macaques of two social groups during two mating seasons are used to evaluate the hypothesis that this phenomenon is attributable to female mate choice for novel males. this hypothesis is plausible because of the positive correlation between dominance rank and the le ...	1995	31936956
psychological well-being in paired adult female rhesus (macaca mulatta).	we assessed the effects of social living (pairing) on improving the psychological well-being of adult female rhesus macaques (mucuca mulutta) housed under laboratory conditions. we measured well-being in 12 pairs and 12 singly housed females through multiple indices of health (hematology, clinical morbidity, and body weight), stress (immune responses), behavior (preferences for social proximity, exhibition of species typical affliative behavior, and rates of abnormal behavior), and reproduction ...	1994	31936932
behavioral effects of enrichment on pair-housed juvenile rhesus monkeys.	among captive primates, inanimate environmental enrichment can lead to measurable changes in behavior indicative of an improvement in psychological well-being. although this has been demonstrated repeatedly for singly caged primates, the relationship is not as well studied for pairhoused animals. study of the pair-housed setting has become increasingly relevant because of the social housing mandate of the animal welfare act regulations. we therefore observed 68 juvenile rhesus monkeys born in 19 ...	1994	31936917
progressive improvement in the transfer of maternal antibody across the order primates.	antibody levels were determined in adults and newborn offspring of five primate species. this cross-species comparison of intant igg levels indicated that prosimians and new world monkeys transfer lower levels of maternal antibody via placental transmission than do old world monkeys, apes, and humans. the evolutionary trend toward an increased reliance on prenatal antibody transfer in the higher primates appears to be most pronounced in the human infant, because our placenta has evolved an activ ...	1994	31936907
a neonatal nonhuman primate model of gestational zika virus infection with evidence of microencephaly, seizures and cardiomyopathy.	zika virus infection during pregnancy is associated with miscarriage and with a broad spectrum of fetal and neonatal developmental abnormalities collectively known as congenital zika syndrome (czs). symptomology of czs includes malformations of the brain and skull, neurodevelopmental delay, seizures, joint contractures, hearing loss and visual impairment. previous studies of zika virus in pregnant rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) have described injury to the developing fetus and pregnancy loss, ...	2020	31935257
association of persistent wild-type measles virus rna with long-term humoral immunity in rhesus macaques.	recovery from measles results in life-long protective immunity. to understand induction of long-term immunity, rhesus macaques were studied for 6 months after infection with wild-type measles virus (mev). infection caused viremia and rash, with clearance of infectious virus by day 14. mev rna persisted in pbmcs for 30-90 days and in lymphoid tissue for 6 months most often in b cells but was rarely detected in bm. antibody with neutralizing activity and binding specificity for mev nucleocapsid (n ...	2020	31935196
dysbiosis of gut microbiome affecting small intestine morphology and immune balance: a rhesus macaque model.	there is a growing appreciation for the specific health benefits conferred by commensal microbiota on their hosts. clinical microbiota analysis and animal studies in germ-free or antibiotic-treated mice have been crucial for improving our understanding of the role of the microbiome on the host mucosal surface; however, studies on the mechanisms involved in microbiome-host interactions remain limited to small animal models. here, we demonstrated that rhesus monkeys under short-term broad-spectrum ...	2020	31930784
tolerance and dependence following chronic alprazolam treatment: quantitative observation studies in female rhesus monkeys.	in order to understand mechanisms underlying tolerance and dependence following chronic benzodiazepine treatments, quantitative and reproducible behavioral models of these phenomena are required.	2020	31927603
pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir phosphate and oseltamivir carboxylate in non-pregnant and pregnant rhesus monkeys.	oseltamivir is an antiviral drug approved to treat influenza in humans. although the dosing regimen of this drug is well established for non-pregnant patients, it is not clear if the significant physiological alterations associated with pregnancy affect the pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir and, thus, warrant different dosing regimens to assure efficacy. in this study, we investigated the suitability of rhesus macaques as an animal model for studying oseltamivir pharmacokinetics during all trimest ...	2020	31927005
tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium orygis in a greater one-horned rhinoceros (rhinoceros unicornis): first report in the western hemisphere.	mycobacterium orygis, a newly identified member of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, has been isolated predominantly from hoofstock in eastern africa and the arabian peninsula, and sporadically in cattle (bos taurus indicus), rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta), humans, and a greater one-horned rhinoceros (rhinoceros unicornis) in south asia. in rhinoceros, tuberculosis typically presents as a chronic progressive respiratory disease. the report describes the postmortem diagnosis of tuberculosi ...	2020	31926536
ultrasound measurement of fetal growth in macaca nemestrina.	longitudinal ultrasound data were collected for 18 structures in 37 pigtailed macaque (macaca nemestrina) fetuses to 1) generate standards of normal fetal growth, 2) measure operator reliability, 3) assess the accuracy of linear and nonlinear regression models to estimate gestational age and dates of delivery, and 4) evaluate the portability of equations and absolute values derived from data at one facility (seattle) to describe independently collected data on the same species at another facilit ...	1995	31924085
delayed dispersal and elevated monoaminergic activity in free-ranging rhesus monkeys.	male rhesus monkeys typically disperse from their groups of birth when they are between 3 and 5 years of age. some males, however, delay dispersal from their natal groups until after they are 5 years old. the current study evaluated central monoaminergic neurotransmitter activity as a potential correlate of such "delayed" dispersal among 54 randomly selected adolescent and adult male rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) captured on cayo santiago during an annual trapping season. specifically, cerebro ...	1995	31924074
measures of body size and growth in rhesus and squirrel monkeys subjected to long-term dietary restriction.	although many studies have reported the robust effects of dietary restriction (dr) in retarding numerous aging processes in rodents, little is known about the outcomes of reducing caloric intake of a nutritious diet on aging in primates. most primate studies have concerned the effects of malnutrition. we hypothesized that dr influences aging processes in primate species as it does in rodents. in the present study, 24 male rhesus (macaca mulatta) monkeys (ages 0.6-5 years) and 25 male squirrel (s ...	1995	31924069
behavioral effects of enrichment on singly-housed, yearling rhesus monkeys: an analysis including three enrichment conditions and a control group.	three cohorts of yearling rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) were maintained in single cages for one year as part of a derivation program to produce a breeding colony of specific pathogen-free (spf) monkeys. during this year of social restriction, subjects were provided with three different types of environmental enrichment (physical, feeding, and sensory) to counteract the known effects of social restriction and to quantify the effects of these different conditions of enhancement on their behavior ...	1995	31924063
interleukin-1 induces sleep-like behavior and alters call structure in juvenile rhesus macaques.	to date, there have been no investigations of the behavioral effects of interleukin-1 (il-1) in nonhuman primates. in this study the locomotor behavior and vocalizations of juvenile rhesus monkeys were monitored for 45 minutes following intravenous injections of recombinant human il-1 alpha. in addition, their reaction to a broadcasted recording of infant monkey distress calls was determined 20 minutes after the beginning of each test session. il-1 induced sleep-like inactivity and significantly ...	1995	31924062
menopause in female rhesus monkeys.	fifteen female rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatto), ranging in age from 8 to 34 years, were studied for one year to characterize the endocrine and menstrual changes associated with menopause in this species. five monkeys were premenopausal; these younger monkeys, ages 8-11 years, menstruated and showed cyclic ovarian activity during the 12-month study period, as evidenced by menses and periodic elevations of serum estradiol (e2) and luteinizing hormone (lh) concentrations. four females, ages 24-26 y ...	1995	31924061
avoidance of close consanguineous inbreeding in captive groups of rhesus macaques.	in three captive groups of rhesus macaques (macaca mulatto) the intensity of inbreeding avoidance was directly correlated with the closeness of kinship. the incidence of inbreeding between matrilineal relatives was lower than expected were mating to occur randomly with regard to matrilineal affiliation. the avoidance of mating between sons and their mothers and between matrilineal sibs contributed about squally to this outcome. the incidence of mating between more remote matrilineal relatives wa ...	1995	31924057
quantification of viral rna and dna positive cells in tissues from simian immunodeficiency virus/simian human immunodeficiency virus infected controller and progressor rhesus macaques.	eradication of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) from an infected individual cannot be achieved using current antiretroviral therapy (art) regimens. viral reservoirs established in early infection remain unaffected by art and are able to replenish systemic infection upon treatment interruption. simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infected macaque models are useful for studying hiv pathogenesis, treatments, and persistent viral reservoirs. here, we used the siv macaque model to examine and q ...	2019	31921088
role of angiopoietin-like protein 3 in sugar-induced dyslipidemia in rhesus macaques: suppression by fish oil or rnai.	angiopoietin-like protein 3 (angptl3) inhibits lipid clearance and is a promising target for managing cardiovascular disease. here we investigated the effects of a high-sugar (high-fructose) diet on circulating angptl3 concentrations in rhesus macaques. plasma angptl3 concentrations increased ∼30% to 40% after 1 and 3 months of a high-fructose diet (both p < 0.001 vs. baseline). during fructose-induced metabolic dysregulation, plasma angptl3 concentrations were positively correlated with circula ...	2020	31919051
effects of social and inanimate enrichment on the behavior of yearling rhesus monkeys.	certain types of inanimate environmental enrichment have been shown to positively affect the behavior of laboratory primates, as has housing them in appropriate social conditions. while social housing is generally advocated as an important environmental enhancement, few studies have attempted to measure the influence of social conditions on the effects of inanimate enrichment or to compare the relative merits of social and inanimate enhancements. in the present study, inanimate enrichment (predo ...	1996	31918516
frequency of prenatal loss in a macaque breeding colony.	an accurate knowledge of the historical incidence of prenatal loss is essential for management of breeding colonies and for performing developmental toxicity studies in nonhuman primates. data from the california regional primate research center indoor (timed-mated) and outdoor (random-mated) colonies of rhesus, cynomolgus, and bonnet macaques (macaca mulatta, m. fascicularis, and m. radiata) were evaluated for a 10 year breeding period from 1984 to 1993. pregnancy outcome data for the three spe ...	1996	31918514
effector and target cells in the assessment of natural cytotoxic activity of rhesus monkeys.	in humans, decreased natural killer cell (nk) activity has been associated with stressful life events, whereas acute arousal and disturbance frequently has been reported to result in increased nk activity. this bidirectional immune modulation prompted us to investigate the effects of a social stressor on the lymphocyte cytolytic activity of 31 infant rhesus monkeys. the first of three studies evaluated the effects of an 8 hr maternal separation on the infants' cytolytic response against the k562 ...	1996	31918508
behavioral, immunological, and hormonal responses associated with social change in rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta).	twelve animals to be socially reorganized in a group of 49 animals were compared with ten animals in a socially stable group (n = 51) for reproductive hormones, cortisol concentrations, immune function, and behavioral patterns for a 6 week baseline and 16 week postreorganization period. cortisol values, mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis, and rates of behavior reflected social events. increased cortisols, increased noncontact aggression, and decreased mitogen response were associated with ...	1996	31918507
group formation of female pigtail macaques (macaca nemestrina).	human epidemiological studies have suggested that social variables can modulate the effects of stress on the immune system, and this concept has been gaining increasing attention with positive results emerging from empirical studies using nonhuman primates over the last two decades. results from a previous study in rhesus monkeys suggested that receiving grooming positively affected recovery of t-helper and t-suppressor cells following the initial stress associated with group formation, and this ...	1996	31918503
birth sex ratios and maternal social rank in a captive colony of rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta).	data from a 35-year study of rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) at madingley, cambridge, were used to investigate sex ratio biases associated with maternal rank. data were available from two colonies, the old colony (1960-81) and new colony (1982-93). overall, top-ranking mothers gave birth to 30.9% sons, while non-top mothers gave birth to 58.4% sons. among non-top mothers, middle- and bottom-ranking ones had 59.0 and 55.0% sons, respectively. top mothers' daughter biases were strongest in matril ...	1996	31918493
cbc and serum chemistry differences between indian-derived and chinese-indian hybrid rhesus monkey infants.	hematological and clinical biochemistry measures are commonly utilized as indicators of the health status of nonhuman primates. among individuals in a population of a given species, there may be considerable variation in these parameters. still wider variation may be found among different strains or subspecies of some orders. to date, few studies have addressed this phenomenon among strains of nonhuman primates of a given species. blood samples for hematological and serum biochemical analyses we ...	1996	31918489
influence of kinship and spatial density on reconciliation and grooming in rhesus monkeys.	some cercopithecine primates direct disproportionate amounts of grooming, huddling, and agonistic support toward maternal kin. disproportionate amounts of aggression are also directed toward maternal kin, however, suggesting that mechanisms that restore relationships damaged by aggression, such as reconciliation, might be biased toward these preferred social partners. studies investigating kinship effects and reconciliation are inconsistent, however, perhaps because of differences in the environ ...	1996	31918487
explicit memory and cognition in monkeys.	taxonomies of human memory, influenced heavily by endel tulving, make a fundamental distinction between explicit and implicit memory. humans are aware of explicit memories, whereas implicit memories control behavior even though we are not aware of them. efforts to understand the evolution of memory, and to use nonhuman animals to model human memory, will be facilitated by better understanding the extent to which this critical distinction exists in nonhuman animals. work with metacognition paradi ...	2020	31917205
behavioral predictors of pairing success in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta).	pair housing is one of the most important components of behavioral management for caged macaques; however, it can result in aggression and injury if partners are incompatible. knowing when to proceed and when to stop social introductions can be challenging, and can have consequences for the partners. we examined whether behavior early in social introductions predicted success (i.e., partners remained cohoused with full contact for at least 28 days) in 724 female-female and 477 male-male rhesus m ...	2020	31916274
perosomus elumbis in a stillborn rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta): a case report.	perosomus elumbis (pe) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by absence of caudal spine (lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae). here, we present the first reported case of pe in a rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) and relate our findings to those described in other species.	2020	31912505
blockage of nmda- and gaba(a) receptors improves working memory selectivity of primate prefrontal neurons.	the ongoing activity of prefrontal neurons after a stimulus has disappeared is considered a neuronal correlate of working memory. it depends on the delicate but poorly understood interplay between excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory gabaergic receptor effects. we administered the nmda receptor antagonist mk-801 and the gaba(a) receptor antagonist bicuculline methiodide while recording cellular activity in pfc of male rhesus monkeys performing a delayed decision task requiring working memory. ...	2020	31911457
post mortem evaluation of inflammation, oxidative stress, and pparγ activation in a nonhuman primate model of cardiac sympathetic neurodegeneration.	cardiac dysautonomia is a common nonmotor symptom of parkinson's disease (pd) associated with loss of sympathetic innervation to the heart and decreased plasma catecholamines. disease-modifying strategies for pd cardiac neurodegeneration are not available, and biomarkers of target engagement are lacking. systemic administration of the catecholaminergic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-ohda) recapitulates pd cardiac dysautonomia pathology. we recently used positron emission tomography (pet) to vis ...	2020	31910209
classical complement cascade initiating c1q protein within neurons in the aged rhesus macaque dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.	cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, aging, and alzheimer's disease is associated with spine and synapse loss from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlpfc) layer iii. complement cascade signaling is critical in driving spine loss and disease pathogenesis. complement signaling is initiated by c1q, which tags synapses for elimination. c1q is thought to be expressed predominately by microglia, but its expression in primate dlpfc has never been examined. the current study assayed c1q levels in a ...	2020	31906973
precise annotation of human, chimpanzee, rhesus macaque and mouse mitochondrial genomes leads to insight into mitochondrial transcription in mammals.	in the present study, we applied our 'precise annotation' to the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of human, chimpanzee, rhesus macaque and mouse using 5' and 3' end small rnas. our new annotations updated previous annotations. in particular, our new annotations led to two important novel findings: (1) the identification of five conserved sequence blocks (csb1, csb2, csb3, lsp and hsp) in the control regions; and (2) the annotation of transcription initiation and novel transcription termination sites. ...	2020	31905034
altered face scanning and arousal after orbitofrontal cortex lesion in adult rhesus monkeys.	to further assess orbitofrontal cortex (ofc) contribution to the processing of socioemotional signals, spontaneous scanning patterns and pupil diameter variations were measured while adult rhesus macaques with either bilateral lesions of ofc areas 11 and 13 (group o-asp) or sham-operations (group c) freely viewed pictures of neutral and expressive faces of conspecifics, of other nonhuman primates and humans, and of objects with and without facial features. as compared to group c, group o-asp dis ...	2020	31904252
embryotoxic impact of zika virus in a rhesus macaque in vitro implantation model.	zika virus infection (zikv) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in humans, and infection in the first trimester can lead to miscarriage and stillbirth. vertical and sexual transmission of zikv have been demonstrated, yet the impact of infection during the initial stages of pregnancy remains unexplored. here we defined the impact of zikv on early embryonic and placental development with a rhesus macaque model. during in vitro fertilization (ivf), macaque gametes were inoculated with a p ...	2020	31901091
blood pressure reference intervals for ketamine-sedated rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta).	appropriate calculation and use of reference intervals have widespread clinical and research implications. unfortunately, reference intervals for blood pressure in one of the most commonly used nhp species, rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta), have never been calculated. although anesthetic drugs and noninvasive methods of blood pressure measurement both have known effects on blood pressure values, their use provides the safest, fastest, and most widely used approach to clinical evaluation and bloo ...	2020	31896390
peripherally administered kp-10 prevents development of insulin-induced hypoglycemic shock in diabetic rhesus monkeys.	this study investigated whether kisspeptin-10 (kp-10) prevents diabetic rhesus monkeys from insulin-induced hypoglycemic shock.	2019	31896266
prevention of tuberculosis in macaques after intravenous bcg immunization.	mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) is the leading cause of death from infection worldwide1. the only available vaccine, bcg (bacillus calmette-guérin), is given intradermally and has variable efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis, the major cause of mortality and disease transmission1,2. here we show that intravenous administration of bcg profoundly alters the protective outcome of mtb challenge in non-human primates (macaca mulatta). compared with intradermal or aerosol delivery, intravenous im ...	2020	31894150
fluselenamyl: evaluation of radiation dosimetry in mice and pharmacokinetics in brains of non-human primate.	to allow quantitative assessment of therapeutic efficacy for therapeutic interventions (either approved or undergoing fda approvals) for either inhibiting or reducing development of aβ pathophysiology in vivo, 18f-labelled tracers, such as florbetapir, florbetaben, and flutemetamol have been approved. previously, we have reported on development and preclinical validation of 18f-fluselenamyl, comprising traits of translatable aβ imaging agents. herein, we report the dosimetry data for 18f-flusele ...	2020	31891882
estrogen activates alzheimer's disease genes.	women are at increased risk for alzheimer's disease (ad), but the reason why remains unknown. one hypothesis is that low estrogen levels at menopause increases vulnerability to ad, but this remains unproven.	2019	31890855
liver-directed but not muscle-directed aav-antibody gene transfer limits humoral immune responses in rhesus monkeys.	a number of publications have described the use of adeno-associated virus (aav) for the delivery of anti-hiv and anti-simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to rhesus monkeys. anti-drug antibodies (adas) have been frequently observed, and long-term aav-mediated delivery has been inconsistent. here, we investigated different aav vector strategies and delivery schemes to rhesus monkeys using the rhesus monkey mab 4l6. we compared 4l6 immunoglobulin g1 (igg1) delivery usin ...	2020	31890736
correction to: inflammaging phenotype in rhesus macaques is associated with a decline in epithelial barrier-protective functions and increased pro-inflammatory function in cd161-expressing cells.	unfortunately, the original version of this article was published with error in the materials and methods section.	2020	31884556
combined gm-csf and g-csf administration mobilizes cd4+ cd25hi foxp3hi treg in leukapheresis products of rhesus monkeys.	early phase clinical trials are evaluating the feasibility, safety, and therapeutic potential of ex vivo expanded regulatory t cells (treg) in transplantation. a limitation is the paucity of naturally occurring treg numbers in peripheral blood. hence, protracted ex vivo expansion is required to obtain sufficient treg in order to meet target cell doses. because cytokine administration has been used successfully to mobilize immune cells to the peripheral blood in experimental and clinical studies, ...	2020	31883190
statin treatment prevents the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension in a nonhuman primate model of hiv-associated pah.	pulmonary arterial hypertension (pah) is a life-threatening disease characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling, elevated pulmonary arterial pressure, and right heart failure. human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals have a higher incidence of pah than the non-hiv infected population and evidence suggests a role for systemic and pulmonary inflammation in the pathogenesis of hiv-associated pah. due to their pleiotropic effects, including immune-modulatory and anti-inflammatory e ...	2019	31882598
gut microbiota of provisioned and wild rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) living in a limestone forest in southwest guangxi, china.	the gut microbiota plays an important role in animal health and is strongly affected by the environment. captivity and human source food have been shown to influence drastically the gut microbiota composition and function of wild animals. therefore, in the present study, the gut microbiota of provisioned and wild populations of limestone-living rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) were compared using high-throughput 16s rrna sequencing and bioinformatic analyses. the results indicated that provision ...	2020	31880067
umbilical cord hypercoiling in two rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta).	obstruction of umbilical blood flow is a common cause of death in fetal nonhuman primates, but cord accidents have not been reported in the macaque. we describe two cases of cord accident in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) resulting in fetal death at approximately 110 and 50 days of gestation, respectively.	2020	31879963
sex differences in the impact of social status on hair cortisol concentrations in rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta).	social status impacts stress in primates, but the direction of the effect differs depending on species, social style, and group stability. this complicates our ability to identify broadly applicable principles for understanding how social status impacts health and fitness. one reason for this is the fact that social status is often measured as linear dominance rank, yet social status is more complex than simply high or low rank. additionally, most research on social status and health ignores the ...	2020	31876328
feasibility of successfully breeding rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) to obtain healthy infants year-round.	rhesus monkeys are typically seasonal breeders but can be induced to extend the timing of their mating and births under captive conditions. the following analyses evaluated the potential impact of extending their pregnancies and deliveries year-round. birth records from a large breeding colony housed in an indoor facility with a constant 14-hr light/10-hr dark cycle were analyzed across 25 years to examine seasonal trends in monkeys that mated in one of two ways: spontaneous in social groups or ...	2020	31875991
male morphological traits are heritable but do not predict reproductive success in a sexually-dimorphic primate.	sexual selection favours traits that increase reproductive success via increased competitive ability, attractiveness, or both. male rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) morphological traits are likely to reflect the effects of multiple sexual selection pressures. here, we use a quantitative genetic approach to investigate the production and maintenance of variation in male rhesus macaque morphometric traits which may be subject to sexual selection. we collected measurements of body size, canine lengt ...	2019	31874959
[investigation of metabolism of hn-1 isolated from millettia pachyloba in vivo and in vitro].	ultra-fast performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry( uflc-ms/ms) was used to study the anti-inflammatory active ingredient of millettia pachyloba,6-methoxy-8,8-dimethyl-3-( 2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-4 h,8 h-pyrano[2,3-f]chromen-4-one( hn-1),in liver microsomes of rats,mice,rhesus monkeys,beagle dogs and humans metabolic stability,and compare the metabolic differences between different species. the metabolic phenotype in human liver microsomes was determined by chemical inhibitor method. ...	2019	31872642
dosing and re-administration of lentiviral vector for in vivo gene therapy in rhesus monkeys and ada-deficient mice.	adenosine deaminase (ada)-deficient mice and healthy rhesus monkeys were studied to determine the impact of age at treatment, vector dosage, dosing schedule, repeat administration, biodistribution, and immunogenicity after systemic delivery of lentiviral vectors (lvs). in ada-/- mice, neonatal treatment resulted in broad vector marking across all tissues analyzed, whereas adult treatment resulted in marking restricted to the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. intravenous administration to infant rh ...	2020	31871959
neuronal activity in the primate amygdala during economic choice.	multiple lines of evidence link economic choices to the orbitofrontal cortex (ofc), but other brain regions may contribute to the computation and comparison of economic values. a particularly strong candidate is the basolateral amygdala (bla). amygdala lesions impair performance in reinforcer devaluation tasks, suggesting that the bla contributes to value computation. furthermore, previous studies of the bla have found neuronal activity consistent with a value representation. here, we recorded f ...	2020	31871277
alzheimer's-like pathology in aging rhesus macaques: unique opportunity to study the etiology and treatment of alzheimer's disease.	although mouse models of alzheimer's disease (ad) have provided tremendous breakthroughs, the etiology of later onset ad remains unknown. in particular, tau pathology in the association cortex is poorly replicated in mouse models. aging rhesus monkeys naturally develop cognitive deficits, amyloid plaques, and the same qualitative pattern and sequence of tau pathology as humans, with tangles in the oldest animals. thus, aging rhesus monkeys can play a key role in ad research. for example, aging m ...	2019	31871209
oligomeric aβ in the monkey brain impacts synaptic integrity and induces accelerated cortical aging.	as the average age of the population continues to rise, the number of individuals affected with age-related cognitive decline and alzheimer's disease (ad) has increased and is projected to cost more than $290 billion in the united states in 2019. despite significant investment in research over the last decades, there is no effective treatment to prevent or delay ad progression. there is a translational gap in ad research, with promising drugs based on work in rodent models failing in clinical tr ...	2019	31871145
a subcutaneous implant of tenofovir alafenamide fumarate causes local inflammation and tissue necrosis in rabbits and macaques.	we describe the in vitro and in vivo evaluation of a subcutaneous reservoir implant delivering tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate (taf) for the prevention of hiv infection. these long-acting reservoir implants were able to deliver antiretroviral drug for over 90 days in vitro and in vivo we evaluated the implants for implantation site histopathology and pharmacokinetics in plasma and tissues for up to 12 weeks in new zealand white rabbit and rhesus macaque models. a dose-ranging study in rabbits ...	2020	31871073
isolation of single hiv-1 envelope specific b cells and antibody cloning from immunized rhesus macaques.	antibody cloning from single b cells is an essential tool for characterizing humoral immune responses and obtaining valuable therapeutic and analytical reagents. antibody cloning from individuals with high serologic titers to hiv-1, influenza, malaria and zikv has led to new insights that inform vaccine design efforts. in contrast to humans and mice, less is known about antibody cloning from single b cells in macaques. here, we describe a protocol to identify and purify single antigen-specific m ...	2020	31866284
dissociation of nicotinic α7 and α4/β2 sub-receptor agonists for enhancing learning and attentional filtering in nonhuman primates.	nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) modulate attention, memory, and higher executive functioning, but it is unclear how nach sub-receptors mediate different mechanisms supporting these functions.	2020	31865424
methamphetamine-induced alterations in intestinal mucosal barrier function occur via the microrna-181c/ tnf-α/tight junction axis.	an enterogenic infection occurs when intestinal mucosal disruption is followed by the invasion of intestinal bacteria into the blood and distant organs, which can result in severe diseases or even death. our previous study using rhesus monkeys as an in vivo model revealed that methamphetamine (ma) induced intestinal mucosal barrier damage, which poses a high risk of enterogenic infection. however, how methamphetamine causes intestinal mucosal barrier damage remains largely unknown. in this study ...	2020	31862507
living near the limits: effects of interannual variation in food availability on diet and reproduction in a temperate primate, the taihangshan macaque (macaca mulatta tcheliensis).	nutrient intake of animals is influenced by an interplay of external and internal factors, such as food availability and reproductive state, respectively. we used the nutritional geometry framework to analyze individual-based data on energy and nutrient intake in relation to reproductive state in a population of rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta tcheliensis), which live in a harsh high-latitude habitat, the taihangshan mountains of china, and exhibit strong reproductive seasonality. we combined da ...	2020	31858636
effects of chronic ephedrine toxicity on functional connections, cell apoptosis, and creb-related proteins in the prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkeys.	ephedrine abuse has spread in many parts of the world, severely threatening human health. the mechanism of ephedrine toxicity is still unclear. to explore the possible neural mechanisms of ephedrine toxicity, this study established a non-human primate model of ephedrine exposure, analyzed the functional connectivity changes in its prefrontal cortex through resting state bold-fmri, and then inspected the pathophysiological changes as well as the expression of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate re ...	2020	31858422
infant rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) personality and subjective well-being.	infant temperament is theorized to lay the foundation for adult personality; however, many questions remain regarding personality in infancy, including the number of dimensions, extent to which they are adult-like, and their relation to other outcomes, such as mental and physical health. here we tested whether adult-like personality dimensions are already present in infancy in a nonhuman primate species. we measured personality and subjective well-being in 7-month-old rhesus macaques (n = 55) us ...	2019	31856210
dna vaccination before conception protects zika virus-exposed pregnant macaques against prolonged viremia and improves fetal outcomes.	zika virus (zikv) infection of pregnant women is associated with congenital zika syndrome (czs) and no vaccine is available, although several are being tested in clinical trials. we tested the efficacy of zikv dna vaccine vrc5283 in a rhesus macaque model of congenital zikv infection. most animal vaccine experiments have a set pathogen exposure several weeks or months after vaccination. in the real world, people encounter pathogens years or decades after vaccination, or may be repeatedly exposed ...	2019	31852797
inferring synaptic inputs from spikes with a conductance-based neural encoding model.	descriptive statistical models of neural responses generally aim to characterize the mapping from stimuli to spike responses while ignoring biophysical details of the encoding process. here, we introduce an alternative approach, the conductance-based encoding model (cbem), which describes a mapping from stimuli to excitatory and inhibitory synaptic conductances governing the dynamics of sub-threshold membrane potential. remarkably, we show that the cbem can be fit to extracellular spike train da ...	2019	31850846
characterization of a live-attenuated hcmv-based vaccine platform.	vaccines based on cytomegalovirus (cmv) demonstrate protection in animal models of infectious disease and cancer. vaccine efficacy is associated with the ability of cmv to elicit and indefinitely maintain high frequencies of circulating effector memory t cells (tem) providing continuous, life-long anti-pathogen immune activity. to allow for the clinical testing of human cmv (hcmv)-based vaccines we constructed and characterized as a vector backbone the recombinant molecular clone tr3 representin ...	2019	31848362
effects of social subordination and oestradiol on resting-state amygdala functional connectivity in adult female rhesus monkeys.	preclinical studies demonstrate that chronic stress modulates the effects of oestradiol (e2) on behaviour through the modification of the amygdala and the medial prefrontal cortex (mpfc) neuronal structure. clinical studies suggest that alterations in amygdala functional connectivity (fc) with the mpfc may be associated with stress-related phenotypes, including mood and anxiety disorders. thus, identifying the effects of stress and e2 on amygdala-mpfc circuits is critical for understanding the n ...	2020	31846515
a novel picornavirus identified in wild macaca mulatta in china.	the discovery of novel viruses in wild animals allows the prediction of their potential threat to the health of humans and other animals. we report a highly divergent picornavirus (tentatively named "mobovirus a"), identified in a fecal sample from macaca mulatta in yunnan province, china, using viral metagenomic analysis, with viral loads of 2 × 107 copies/g. the complete genomic sequence of mobovirus a is 8,325 nucleotides in length. phylogenetic analysis showed that it clustered with guangxi ...	2020	31845155
previously unreported population of rhesus macaques macaca mulatta in chiang rai province, thailand: preliminary observations.	efforts to document the distribution of macaques in thailand have been gradually improving over the past several years. here we add to the growing database with a summary of a previously unreported population of rhesus macaque macaca mulatta located at wat phrabuddhabat pa reau in chiang rai province. this work is part of an on-going study addressing human-primate conflict and coexistence in thailand. the wat covers an area of about 53 ha consisting of forest and ponds surrounded by an agricultu ...	2018	31844847
genetically barcoded siv reveals the emergence of escape mutations in multiple viral lineages during immune escape.	the rapidity of replication coupled with a high mutation rate enables hiv to evade selective pressures imposed by host immune responses. investigating the ability of hiv to escape different selection forces has generally relied on population-level measures, such as the time to detectable escape mutations in plasma and the rate these mutations subsequently take over the virus population. here we employed a barcoded synthetic swarm of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) in rhesus macaques to inves ...	2020	31843933
perivascular macrophages in the neonatal macaque brain undergo massive necroptosis after simian immunodeficiency virus infection.	we previously showed that rhesus macaques neonatally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) do not develop siv encephalitis (sive) and maintain low brain viral loads despite having similar plasma viral loads compared to siv-infected adults. we hypothesize that differences in myeloid cell populations that are the known target of siv and hiv in the brain contribute to the lack of neonatal susceptibility to lentivirus-induced encephalitis. using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescenc ...	2020	31834964
changes in ipsilesional hand motor function differ after unilateral injury to frontal versus frontoparietal cortices in macaca mulatta.	we tested the hypothesis that injury to frontoparietal sensorimotor areas causes greater initial impairments in performance and poorer recovery of ipsilesional dexterous hand/finger movements than lesions limited to frontal motor areas in rhesus monkeys. reaching and grasping/manipulation of small targets with the ipsilesional hand were assessed for 6-12 months post-injury using two motor tests. initial post-lesion motor skill and long-term recovery of motor skill were compared in two groups of ...	2020	31834452
a primate model of severe malarial anaemia: a comparative pathogenesis study.	severe malarial anaemia (sma) is the most common life-threatening complication of plasmodium falciparum infection in african children. sma is characterised by haemolysis and inadequate erythropoiesis, and is associated with dysregulated inflammatory responses and reduced complement regulatory protein levels (including cd35). however, a deeper mechanistic understanding of the pathogenesis requires improved animal models. in this comparative study of two closely related macaque species, we interro ...	2019	31831787
mrsa strains in nepalese rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) and their environment.	this study looked at 227 saliva samples from rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) and 218 samples from the surrounding environments. from these samples, mrsa isolates were collected from rhesus saliva samples (n = 13) and environmental samples (n = 19) near temple areas in kathmandu, nepal. for comparison, selected mrsa isolates (n = 5) were obtained from patients with wound infections from a kathmandu hospital. all isolates were characterized using abbott staphytype® dna microarrays. eighteen isola ...	2019	31827462
bioinformatic analysis of peripheral blood rna-sequencing sensitively detects the cause of late graft loss following overt hyperglycemia in pig-to-nonhuman primate islet xenotransplantation.	clinical islet transplantation has recently been a promising treatment option for intractable type 1 diabetes patients. although early graft loss has been well studied and controlled, the mechanisms of late graft loss largely remains obscure. since long-term islet graft survival had not been achieved in islet xenotransplantation, it has been impossible to explore the mechanism of late islet graft loss. fortunately, recent advances where consistent long-term survival (≥6 months) of adult porcine ...	2019	31827198
impact of th1 cd4 follicular helper t cell skewing on antibody responses to an hiv-1 vaccine in rhesus macaques.	generating durable humoral immunity through vaccination depends upon effective interactions of follicular helper t (tfh) cells with germinal center (gc) b cells. th1 polarization of tfh cells is an important process shaping the success of tfh-gc b cell interactions by influencing costimulatory and cytokine-dependent tfh help to b cells. however, the question remains as to whether adjuvant-dependent modulation of tfh cells enhances hiv-1 vaccine-induced antienvelope (anti-env) antibody responses. ...	2020	31827000
rectal microbiome composition correlates with humoral immunity to hiv-1 in vaccinated rhesus macaques.	the microbiome is an integral and dynamic component of the host and is emerging as a critical determinant of immune responses; however, its influence on vaccine immunogenicity is largely not well understood. here, we examined the pivotal relationship between the mucosal microbiome and vaccine-induced immune responses by assessing longitudinal changes in vaginal and rectal microbiome profiles after intradermal immunization with a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) dna vaccine in adult rh ...	2019	31826975
gaze direction as equilibrium: more evidence from spatial and temporal aspects of small-saccade triggering in the rhesus macaque monkey.	rigorous behavioral studies made in human subjects have shown that small-eccentricity target displacements are associated with increased saccadic reaction times, but the reasons for this remain unclear. before characterizing the neurophysiological foundations underlying this relationship between the spatial and temporal aspects of saccades, we tested the triggering of small saccades in the male rhesus macaque monkey. we also compared our results to those obtained in human subjects, both from the ...	2020	31825698
deconstructing sociality: the types of social connections that predict longevity in a group-living primate.	many species use social interactions to cope with challenges in their environment and a growing number of studies show that individuals which are well-connected to their group have higher fitness than socially isolated individuals. however, there are many ways to be 'well-connected' and it is unclear which aspects of sociality drive fitness benefits. being well-connected can be conceptualized in four main ways: individuals can be socially integrated by engaging in a high rate of social behaviour ...	2019	31822256
emergence of an invariant representation of texture in primate somatosensory cortex.	a major function of sensory processing is to achieve neural representations of objects that are stable across changes in context and perspective. small changes in exploratory behavior can lead to large changes in signals at the sensory periphery, thus resulting in ambiguous neural representations of objects. overcoming this ambiguity is a hallmark of human object recognition across sensory modalities. here, we investigate how the perception of tactile texture remains stable across exploratory mo ...	2020	31813989
peptides of neuron specific enolase as potential asd biomarkers: from discovery to epitope mapping.	autism spectrum disorder (asd) is an important health issue and affects 1 in 59 children in the us. prior studies determined that maternal autoantibody related (mar) autism is thought to be associated with ~23% of asd cases. we previously identified seven mar-specific autoantigens including crmp1, crmp2, gda, ldha, ldhb, stip1, and ybx1. we subsequently described the epitope peptide sequences recognized by maternal autoantibodies for each of the seven asd-specific autoantigens. the aim of the cu ...	2020	31812776
antibody responses to immunization with hcv envelope glycoproteins as a baseline for b-cell-based vaccine development.	we investigated antibody responses to hepatitis c virus (hcv) antigens e1 and e2 and the relevance of animal models for vaccine development. we compared antibody responses to vaccination with recombinant e1e2 complex in healthy volunteers, non-human primates (nhps), and mice.	2020	31809725
comparing the efficacy of an anti-human vegf-a neutralizing antibody versus bevacizumab on a laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (cnv) rhesus monkey model.	to evaluate the efficacy of a therapy on improving characteristics of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (cnv) via single intravitreal injection of a humanized anti-human vegf monoclonal antibody (pro-169) versus bevacizumab in a rhesus monkey model.	2019	31806932
whole body irradiation induces diabetes and adipose insulin resistance in nonhuman primates.	diabetes mellitus is a delayed effect of radiation exposure in human and nonhuman primates. diabetes mellitus is characterized by peripheral tissue insulin resistance, and as a result, irradiation exposure may cause important changes in insulin-sensitive tissues such as muscle and adipose.	2020	31805366
igg fc-binding motif-conjugated hiv-1 fusion inhibitor exhibits improved potency and in vivo half-life: potential application in combination with broad neutralizing antibodies.	the clinical application of conventional peptide drugs, such as the hiv-1 fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide, is limited by their short half-life in vivo. to overcome this limitation, we developed a new strategy to extend the in vivo half-life of a short hiv-1 fusion inhibitory peptide, cp24, by fusing it with the human igg fc-binding peptide (ibp). the newly engineered peptide ibp-cp24 exhibited potent and broad anti-hiv-1 activity with ic50 values ranging from 0.2 to 173.7 nm for inhibiting a broad ...	2019	31805154
long-term protection of rhesus macaques from zika virus reinfection.	by the end of the 2016 zika virus (zikv) outbreak, it is estimated that there were up to 100 million infections in the americas. in approximately one in seven infants born to mothers infected during pregnancy, zikv has been linked to microcephaly, developmental delays, or other congenital disorders collectively known as congenital zika syndrome (czs) as well as guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) in zikv infected adults. it is a global health priority to develop a vaccine against zikv that elicits lon ...	2019	31801867
functional perturbation of mucosal group 3 innate lymphoid and natural killer cells in simian-human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus-infected infant rhesus macaques.	mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) via breastfeeding is responsible for nearly half of new infections of children with hiv. although innate lymphoid cells (ilc) and natural killer (nk) cells are found throughout the oral mucosae, the effects of hiv/simian-human immunodeficiency virus (shiv) in these tissues are largely unknown. to better understand the mechanics of postnatal transmission, we performed a comprehensive study of simian immunodeficiency virus ...	2020	31801861
irisin is expressed by undifferentiated spermatogonia and modulates gene expression in organotypic primate testis cultures.	the molecular mechanisms regulating undifferentiated spermatogonial cell proliferation and differentiation are still not fully understood. irisin is an exercise-induced hormone, which is a cleaved and secreted fragment of the fibronectin type iii repeat containing 5 (fndc5) transmembrane protein. recent studies have demonstrated the role of irisin in cell proliferation and differentiation in various tissues. however, testicular irisin expression and its potential action have not been analyzed. h ...	2020	31801682
trio deep-sequencing does not reveal unexpected off-target and on-target mutations in cas9-edited rhesus monkeys.	crispr-cas9 is a widely-used genome editing tool, but its off-target effect and on-target complex mutations remain a concern, especially in view of future clinical applications. non-human primates (nhps) share close genetic and physiological similarities with humans, making them an ideal preclinical model for developing cas9-based therapies. however, to our knowledge no comprehensive in vivo off-target and on-target assessment has been conducted in nhps. here, we perform whole genome trio sequen ...	2019	31797925
antibiotic-induced microbiome perturbations are associated with significant alterations to colonic mucosal immunity in rhesus macaques.	the diverse bacterial communities that colonize the gastrointestinal tract play an essential role in maintaining immune homeostasis through the production of critical metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (scfas) and this can be disrupted by antibiotic use. however, few studies have addressed the effects of specific antibiotics longitudinally on the microbiome and immunity. we evaluated the effects of four specific antibiotics: enrofloxacin, cephalexin, paromomycin, and clindamycin, in hea ...	2020	31797911
alveolar bone repair of rhesus monkeys by using bmp-2 gene and mesenchymal stem cells loaded three-dimensional printed bioglass scaffold.	over the past years, the study about bone tissue engineering in the field of regenerative medicine has been a main research topic. using three-dimensional (3d) porous degradable scaffold complexed with mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) and growth factor gene to improve bone tissue repair and regeneration has raised much interest. this study mainly evaluated the osteogenesis of alveolar bone defects of animal in the following experimental groups: sham-operated (so), 3d printed bioglass (3d-bg), 3d-bg ...	2019	31796797
simian immunodeficiency virus infection of rhesus macaques results in delayed zika virus clearance.	flaviviruses are controlled by adaptive immune responses but are exquisitely sensitive to interferon-stimulated genes (isgs). how coinfections, particularly simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs), that induce robust isg signatures influence flavivirus clearance and pathogenesis is unclear. here, we studied how zika virus (zikv) infection is modulated in siv-infected nonhuman primates. we measured zikv replication, cellular zikv rna levels, and immune responses in non-siv-infected and siv-infecte ...	2019	31796542
impact of q-griffithsin anti-hiv microbicide gel in non-human primates: in situ analyses of epithelial and immune cell markers in rectal mucosa.	natural-product derived lectins can function as potent viral inhibitors with minimal toxicity as shown in vitro and in small animal models. we here assessed the effect of rectal application of an anti-hiv lectin-based microbicide q-griffithsin (q-grft) in rectal tissue samples from rhesus macaques. e-cadherin+ cells, cd4+ cells and total mucosal cells were assessed using in situ staining combined with a novel customized digital image analysis platform. variations in cell numbers between baseline ...	2019	31792342
timing determines tuning: a rapid spatial transformation in superior colliculus neurons during reactive gaze shifts.	gaze saccades, rapid shifts of the eyes and head toward a goal, have provided fundamental insights into the neural control of movement. for example, it has been shown that the superior colliculus (sc) transforms a visual target (t) code to future gaze (g) location commands after a memory delay. however, this transformation has not been observed in "reactive" saccades made directly to a stimulus, so its contribution to normal gaze behavior is unclear. here, we tested this using a quantitative mea ...	2020	31792117
intervention for early diabetic nephropathy by mesenchymal stem cells in a preclinical nonhuman primate model.	diabetic nephropathy (dn) is one of the most severe chronic diabetic complications and the main cause of end-stage renal disease. chronic inflammation plays a key role in the development of dn. however, few treatment strategies are available; therefore, new and effective strategies to ameliorate dn at the early stage must be identified.	2019	31791397