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establishment of the ocular hypertension model using the common marmoset.the purpose of this study was to establish an experimental glaucoma model in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). chronic intraocular pressure (iop) elevation was induced by laser trabeculoplasty twice at 2-week intervals in the left eyes of 4 common marmosets. iop was measured before and at 4, 7, 8, 11, 13 weeks after first laser treatment, and ophthalmoscopic examinations were also performed. at 13 weeks after laser treatment, each eye was enucleated, and retinal cross-sections and optic ...201323528536
a new non-human primate model of photochemically induced cerebral infarction.rat models of photochemically induced cerebral infarction have been readily studied, but to date there are no reports of transcranial photochemically induced infarctions in the marmoset. in this report, we used this non-human primate as a model of cerebral thrombosis and observed the recovery process.201323527298
comparative analysis of protocadherin-11 x-linked expression among postnatal rodents, non-human primates, and songbirds suggests its possible involvement in brain evolution.protocadherin-11 is a cell adhesion molecule of the cadherin superfamily. since, only in humans, its paralog is found on the y chromosome, it is expected that protocadherin-11x/y plays some role in human brain evolution or sex differences. recently, a genetic mutation of protocadherin-11x/y was reported to be associated with a language development disorder. here, we compared the expression of protocadherin-11 x-linked in developing postnatal brains of mouse (rodent) and common marmoset (non-huma ...201323527036
metabolic consequences of the early onset of obesity in common marmoset monkeys.the common marmoset as a model of early obesity was assessed. the hypotheses that juvenile marmosets with excess adipose tissue will display higher fasting glucose, decreased insulin sensitivity, and decreased ability to clear glucose from the blood stream were tested.201323512966
relation of food intake behaviors and obesity development in young common marmoset monkeys.increasing prevalence of childhood obesity and associated risks of adult type disease have led to worldwide concern. it remains unclear how genetic predisposition, environmental exposure to obesogenic food, and developmental programming interact to lead to overweight and obese children. the development of a nonhuman primate model of obesity, and particularly juvenile obesity, is an important step to elucidating the factors associated with obesity and evaluating intervention strategies.201323512878
the different clinical effects of anti-blys, anti-april and anti-cd20 antibodies point at a critical pathogenic role of γ-herpesvirus infected b cells in the marmoset eae model.the robust and rapid clinical effect of depleting anti-cd20 monoclonal antibodies (mab) in multiple sclerosis (ms) demonstrates a critical pathogenic contribution of b cells. the clinical effect of anti-cd20 mab has been replicated in a relevant preclinical ms model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) in marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus). by contrast, treatment with mabs against two essential cytokines in b cell activation growth and survival, i.e. blys/baff and april, was only ...201323508625
postnatal development of layer iii pyramidal cells in the primary visual, inferior temporal, and prefrontal cortices of the marmoset.abnormalities in the processes of the generation and/or pruning of dendritic spines have been implicated in several mental disorders including autism and schizophrenia. we have chosen to examine the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) as a primate model to explore the processes. as a first step, we studied the postnatal development of basal dendritic trees and spines of layer-iii pyramidal cells in the primary visual sensory cortex (v1), a visual association cortex (inferior temporal area, te), ...201323483808
structural and quantitative neuroimaging of the common marmoset monkey using a clinical mri system.purpose was to adapt structural and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (mri) from humans to common marmoset monkeys on a clinical 3t scanner and to demonstrate the value for translational research. three-dimensional t1- and t2-weighted mri and gradient echo-based multi-parameter mapping was performed on nine adult animals using a wrist coil. structural mri was applied in a model of targeted experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae). magnetization transfer (mt) and t1 parameter maps we ...201323473795
distribution and morphology of clara cells in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).the objective of this investigation was to define the phenotype and spatial distribution of clara cells within the respiratory tract of common marmosets and to distinguish them from other non-ciliated cells (goblet cells, mixed type secretory cells).201323473106
effects of lurasidone on executive function in common marmosets.cognitive impairment is one of the major symptoms of schizophrenia, and is considered largely due to dysfunctions in the prefrontal cortex (pfc). lurasidone, a novel atypical antipsychotic agent with high binding affinity for dopamine d2, serotonin 5-ht7, 5-ht2a and 5-ht1a receptors has been reported to have superior efficacy in rodents' models of cognitive impairment. however, the beneficial effect of lurasidone on cognitive impairment has not been evaluated in non-human primates. in this study ...201323454675
immune-related gene expression profile in laboratory common marmosets assessed by an accurate quantitative real-time pcr using selected reference genes.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is considered a novel experimental animal model of non-human primates. however, due to antibody unavailability, immunological and pathological studies have not been adequately conducted in various disease models of common marmoset. quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) is a powerful tool to examine gene expression levels. recent reports have shown that selection of internal reference housekeeping genes are required for accurate normalization of gene expressio ...201323451040
development of metabolic function biomarkers in the common marmoset, callithrix jacchus.metabolic assessment of a non-human primate model of metabolic syndrome and obesity requires the necessary biomarkers specific to the species. while the rhesus monkey has a number of specific assays for assessing metabolic syndrome, the marmoset does not. furthermore, the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) has a small blood volume that necessitates using a single blood volume for multiple analyses. the common marmoset holds a great potential as an alternative primate model for the study of hum ...201323447060
morphological study of progressive glomerulonephropathy in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).spontaneous progressive glomerulonephropathy often occurs in common marmosets. however, there are few detailed reports concerning the age-related progressive process of glomerular changes. we discuss the glomerular changes in the early stage and the progressive changes in the advanced stage of nephropathy. we investigated the kidneys of common marmosets (2-11 years old; 9 males and 12 females) using hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-schiff, periodic acid-methenamine-silver, and masson's trich ...201323446006
experimental respiratory marburg virus haemorrhagic fever infection in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).marburg virus causes a highly infectious and lethal haemorrhagic fever in primates and may be exploited as a potential biothreat pathogen. to combat the infection and threat of marburg haemorrhagic fever, there is a need to develop and license appropriate medical countermeasures. to determine whether the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) would be an appropriate model to assess therapies against marburg haemorrhagic fever, initial susceptibility, lethality and pathogenesis studies were perform ...201323441639
medical treatment improves social behavior in a primate endometriosis model (callithrix jacchus).as endometriosis is known to be very painful in humans, therapeutic studies should consider pain-related aspects in experimental animals too. in a previous study, we found that common marmosets suffering from endometriosis show remarkable deviations in social behavior and cognitive tasks.201323432639
experimental endocrine manipulation by contraceptive regimen in the male marmoset (callithrix jacchus).marmosets are used as preclinical model in reproductive research. in contrast to other primates, they display short gestation times rendering this species valid for exploration of effects on fertility. however, their peculiar endocrine regulation differs from a those of macaques and humans. we subjected male marmosets to previously clinically tested hormonal regimens that are known to effectively suppress spermatogenesis. beside a control group, seven groups (each n=6) were investigated for diff ...201323431271
embryonic stem cells of the non-human primate callithrix jacchus can be differentiated into definitive endoderm by activin-a but not ide-1/2.pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for regenerative medicine, due to their unlimited self-renewal potential and the ability to differentiate into all somatic cell types. differences between the rodent disease models and the situation in humans can be narrowed down with non-human primate models. the common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus) is an interesting model for biomedical research because these animals are easy to breed, get relatively old (≤ 13 years), are small in size, are rela ...201523418163
facial expressions in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) and their use by conspecifics.facial expressions have been studied mainly in chimpanzees and have been shown to be important social signals. in platyrrhine and strepsirrhine primates, it has been doubted that facial expressions are differentiated enough, or the species socially capable enough, for facial expressions to be part of their communication system. however, in a series of experiments presenting olfactory, auditory and visual stimuli, we found that common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) displayed an unexpected variety ...201323412667
complete genome sequence of a francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica strain from germany causing lethal infection in common marmosets.here, we describe the genome sequence of the francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica strain f92, belonging to the franco-iberian subgroup. this strain represents the first-time isolate of this subgroup in germany and was obtained from naturally infected marmosets.201323405342
an assessment of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) γ9(+) t cells and their response to phosphoantigen in vitro.γ9δ2 t cells are a primate-specific γδ t cell subtype that expand and become activated during infection, responding directly to phosphoantigens which are by-products of essential metabolic pathways in both bacteria and mammals. analogues of natural phosphoantigens have been developed as potential immunotherapeutics for treatment of tumours and infectious diseases. several non-human primate models have been used in preclinical studies, however, little is known about marmoset γ9δ2 t cell responses ...201223399838
characterization of marmoset cyp2b6: cdna cloning, protein expression and enzymatic functions.the common marmoset is a promising species for evaluating the safety of drug candidates. to further understand the capacity for drug metabolism in marmosets, a cdna encoding a cyp2b enzyme was cloned from the total rna fraction of marmoset liver by 3'- and 5'-race methods. nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences showed 90.8 and 86.2% identity, respectively, with human cyp2b6. the marmoset cyp2b6 (marcyp2b6) protein was expressed in insect cells, and its enzymatic properties were compared wit ...201323395694
novel marmoset (callithrix jacchus) model of human herpesvirus 6a and 6b infections: immunologic, virologic and radiologic characterization.human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) is a ubiquitous virus with an estimated seroprevalence of 95% in the adult population. hhv-6 is associated with several neurologic disorders, including multiple sclerosis, an inflammatory demyelinating disease affecting the cns. animal models of hhv-6 infection would help clarify its role in human disease but have been slow to develop because rodents lack cd46, the receptor for cellular entry. therefore, we investigated the effects of hhv-6 infections in a non-human p ...201323382677
[restorative therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis].amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als) is an adult onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the death of upper and lower motor neurons. about 10% of all als cases are familial; approximately 20% of familial als cases are caused by mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 (sod1) gene. we developed rats that express a human sod1 transgene with als-associated mutations, developing striking motor neuron degeneration and paralysis. the larger size of this rat model as compared with the als mice, ...201223373317
involvement of the autonomic nervous system in diurnal variation of corrected qt intervals in common marmosets.our previous study has shown that the corrected qt (qtc) interval of the electrocardiogram is longer during the dark period than during the light period in telemetered common marmosets. in the present study, we investigated the involvement of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activities in the changes of qtc interval associated with the light-dark cycle.telemetry transmitters were implanted in six common marmosets to continuously record the electrocardiogram. the qt intervals obtained were ...201323363785
diversity of retinal ganglion cells identified by transient gfp transfection in organotypic tissue culture of adult marmoset monkey retina.the mammalian retina has more diversity of neurons than scientists had once believed in order to establish complicated vision processing. in the monkey retina, morphological diversity of retinal ganglion cells (rgcs) besides dominant midget and parasol cells has been suggested. however, characteristic subtypes of rgcs in other species such as bistratified direction-selective ganglion cells (dsgc) have not yet been identified. increasing interest has been shown in the common marmoset (callithrix ...201323336011
perinatal germ cell development and differentiation in the male marmoset (callithrix jacchus): similarities with the human and differences from the rat.is perinatal germ cell (gc) differentiation in the marmoset similar to that in the human?201323321215
organisation of koniocellular-projecting ganglion cells and diffuse bipolar cells in the primate fovea.the roles of the midget and parasol pathways as the anatomical foundation for high-acuity vision at the fovea are well established. there is also evidence for the presence of other (non-midget, non-parasol) ganglion cell types in the foveal retina, but it is not established whether these cells receive input from cone photoreceptors in the central few degrees of the visual field, i.e. the region most important for conscious visual perception. to address this question, we targeted injections of re ...201323311464
pre-evaluated safe human ipsc-derived neural stem cells promote functional recovery after spinal cord injury in common marmoset without tumorigenicity.murine and human ipsc-ns/pcs (induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem/progenitor cells) promote functional recovery following transplantation into the injured spinal cord in rodents. however, for clinical applicability, it is critical to obtain proof of the concept regarding the efficacy of grafted human ipsc-ns/pcs (hipsc-ns/pcs) for the repair of spinal cord injury (sci) in a non-human primate model. this study used a pre-evaluated "safe" hipsc-ns/pc clone and an adult common marmose ...201223300777
body mass growth in common marmosets: toward a model of pediatric obesity.while much is known about adult obesity in nonhuman primates, very little is known regarding development of childhood adiposity. as small monkeys that are easy to handle and have a relatively fast life history, common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) offer interesting opportunities to examine the question of fat versus lean mass growth in a nonhuman primate. this article provides an overview of our understanding of early life growth in mass in marmoset monkeys, based primarily upon our past ...201323283661
use of alternative plant resources by common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) in the semi-arid caatinga scrub forests of northeastern brazil.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is amply distributed in the brazilian northeast, but little is known of its ecology in the semi-arid caatinga scrublands. the present study provides the first detailed data on the composition of the diet of c. jacchus in caatinga ecosystems, derived from observations at four sites in the state of sergipe. while exudate sources were gouged at all four sites in a manner typical of the species, fruit was the principal component of the diet at the main study ...201323238956
induced pluripotent stem cells generated from adult bone marrow-derived cells of the nonhuman primate (callithrix jacchus) using a novel quad-cistronic and excisable lentiviral vector.regenerative medicine is in need of solid, large animal models as a link between rodents and humans to evaluate the functionality, immunogenicity, and clinical safety of stem cell-derived cell types. the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is an excellent large animal model, genetically close to humans and readily used worldwide in clinical research. until now, only two groups showed the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (ipscs) from the common marmoset using integrating retroviral v ...201223194452
tracking blue cone signals in the primate brain.in this paper, we review the path taken by signals originating from the short wavelength sensitive cones (s-cones) in old world and new world primates. two types of retinal ganglion cells (rgcs) carrying s-cone signals (blue-on and blue-off cells) project to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dlgn) in the thalamus. in all primates, these s-cone signals are relayed through the 'dust-like' (konis in classical greek) dlgn cells. in new world primates such as common marmoset, these very small ce ...201323186138
digestive efficiency mediated by serum calcium predicts bone mineral density in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).two health problems have plagued captive common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) colonies for nearly as long as those colonies have existed: marmoset wasting syndrome and metabolic bone disease. while marmoset wasting syndrome is explicitly linked to nutrient malabsorption, we propose metabolic bone disease is also linked to nutrient malabsorption, although indirectly. if animals experience negative nutrient balance chronically, critical nutrients may be taken from mineral stores such as the skelet ...201323169342
efficient derivation of multipotent neural stem/progenitor cells from non-human primate embryonic stem cells.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a small new world primate that has been used as a non-human primate model for various biomedical studies. we previously demonstrated that transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (ns/pcs) derived from mouse and human embryonic stem cells (escs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (ipscs) promote functional locomotor recovery of mouse spinal cord injury models. however, for the clinical application of such a therapeutic approach, we need to evalua ...201223166679
alloparental responsiveness to newborns by nonreproductive, adult male, common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).parental care in mammals is influenced by sensory stimuli from infants, and by changes in the hormone levels of caretakers. to determine the responsiveness to infant cues in nonreproductive adult male common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) with and without previous experience in caretaking, we exposed 12 males to newborn marmosets and assessed their cortisol plasma levels and behavioral response. newborn marmosets housed in transparent enclosures were placed inside the cages of the adult male sub ...201323161510
dual-pitch processing mechanisms in primate auditory cortex.pitch, our perception of how high or low a sound is on a musical scale, is a fundamental perceptual attribute of sounds and is important for both music and speech. after more than a century of research, the exact mechanisms used by the auditory system to extract pitch are still being debated. theoretically, pitch can be computed using either spectral or temporal acoustic features of a sound. we have investigated how cues derived from the temporal envelope and spectrum of an acoustic signal are u ...201223152599
meeting report: spontaneous lesions and diseases in wild, captive-bred, and zoo-housed nonhuman primates and in nonhuman primate species used in drug safety studies.the combination of loss of habitat, human population encroachment, and increased demand of select nonhuman primates for biomedical research has significantly affected populations. there remains a need for knowledge and expertise in understanding background findings as related to the age, source, strain, and disease status of nonhuman primates. in particular, for safety/biomedical studies, a broader understanding and documentation of lesions would help clarify background from drug-related finding ...201223135296
an operant conditioning method for studying auditory behaviors in marmoset monkeys.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a small new world primate that has increasingly been used as a non-human model in the fields of sensory, motor, and cognitive neuroscience. however, little knowledge exists regarding behavioral methods in this species. developing an understanding of the neural basis of perception and cognition in an animal model requires measurement of both brain activity and behavior. here we describe an operant conditioning behavioral training method developed to all ...201223110123
the resurgence and genetic implications of new world primates in biomedical research.there has been a recent resurgence of interest in new world monkeys within the biomedical research community, driven by both the sequencing of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) genome and a growing demand for alternatives to old world primates. new world monkeys offer attractive advantages over old world species, including cheaper and simpler husbandry, while still maintaining a greater evolutionary proximity to humans compared with other animal models. although numerous commonalities acr ...201223099234
molecular cloning and expression of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 gene in hu sheep.17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17β-hsd2) catalyzes the nadp+-dependent oxidation of the most potent estrogen 17β-estradiol into the weak estrogen estrone, and the conversion of testosterone to androstenedione. it has been reported that 17β-hsd2 was expressed in many tissues in human, rats, however, the full-length sequence of 17β-hsd2 gene and its expression in ewe were still unknown. in this study, we cloned the full-length cdna sequence and investigated mrna differential expression i ...201323096084
pet analysis of dopaminergic neurodegeneration in relation to immobility in the mptp-treated common marmoset, a model for parkinson's disease.positron emission tomography (pet) measurement was applied to the brain of the common marmoset, a small primate species, treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (mptp). the marmoset shows prominent parkinson's disease (pd) signs due to dopaminergic neural degeneration. recently, the transgenic marmoset (tg) carrying human pd genes is developing. for phenotypic evaluations of tg, non-invasive pet measurement is considered to be substantially significant. as a reference control f ...201223056291
strength of hand preference and dual task performance by common marmosets.study of avian and piscine species has shown that animals with stronger lateralization of the brain are able to perform two tasks presented simultaneously better than can animals with weaker lateralization. we investigated whether this might apply also to primates by testing common marmosets to see whether there is a relationship between the strength of hand preference, as an indicator of strength of brain lateralization, and the ability to carry out two tasks simultaneously. a model predator wa ...201323053795
atlas of the developing brain of the marmoset monkey constructed using magnetic resonance histology.the developmental anatomy of the brain is largely directed by neural-based cues. despite this knowledge, the developmental trajectory of the primate brain has not yet been fully characterized. to realize this goal, the advance in noninvasive imaging methods and new brain atlases are essential. the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus), a small new world primate, is widely used in neuroscience research. the recent introduction of transgenic techniques has enabled the marmoset to be used as a genet ...201323047019
the monoamine re-uptake inhibitor uwa-101 improves motor fluctuations in the mptp-lesioned common marmoset.the wearing-off phenomenon is a common motor complication of chronic l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa) therapy for parkinson's disease. we recently described the discovery of uwa-101, a dual serotonin (sert) and dopamine (dat) transporter inhibitor, which increases the duration of "good quality" on-time provided by l-dopa in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (mptp)-lesioned primate. here, we further characterise the effects of uwa-101 on this extension of on-time in terms of l ...201223029119
[development and neural basis of social behavior].we have developed a multi variate analysis of social communication behavior which allows for discriminating the emotional state of an agent interacting with other agents (bouquet method). domestic chick or common marmoset was reared under socially isolated conditions, later tested for its development of communication behavior with peers by bouquet, and compared with that of animals reared under grouping conditions. we found the existence of high sensitive period for social interaction, given les ...201223012854
molecular evolution of the neurohypophysial hormone precursors in mammals: comparative genomics reveals novel mammalian oxytocin and vasopressin analogues.among vertebrates the neurohypophysial hormones show considerable variation. however, in eutherian mammals they have been considered rather conserved, with arginine vasopressin (avp) and oxytocin (ot) in all species except pig and some relatives, where lysine vasopressin replaces avp. the availability of genomic data for a wide range of mammals makes it possible to assess whether these peptides and their precursors may be more variable in eutheria than previously suspected. a survey of these dat ...201222995712
differential renal glomerular changes induced by 5/6 nephrectomization between common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) and rats.we have been investigating the relevance and availability of 5/6 nephrectomized (nx) common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) as a chronic renal failure model. as a part of this investigation, renal glomerular changes in the nx marmosets were histopathologically and immunohistochemically evaluated, and then compared with those in 5/6 nx sd rats. in the nx marmosets, the blood and urine parameters were elevated, excluding urine protein; histopathologically, enlargement of bowman's capsule and ...201322986225
in vitro cell subtype-specific transduction of adeno-associated virus in mouse and marmoset retinal explant culture.adeno-associated virus (aav) is a non-pathogenic human parvovirus that can infect both non-proliferating and proliferating cells. owing to its favorable safety profile, aav is regarded as suitable for clinical purposes such as gene therapy. the target cell types of aav depend largely on the serotype. in the retina, aav has been used to introduce exogenous genes into photoreceptors, and photoreceptor-specific enhancers/promoters are used in most cases. therefore, serotype specificity of aav in re ...201222971462
adult-like action potential properties and abundant gabaergic synaptic responses in amygdala neurons from newborn marmosets.the amygdala plays an important role in the processing of emotional events. this information processing is altered by development, but little is known about the development of electrophysiological properties of neurons in the amygdala. we studied the postnatal development of electrophysiological properties of neurons in the basolateral amygdala (bla) of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were obtained from bla pyramidal neurons in brain slices prepared fr ...201222966158
lps-induced lung inflammation in marmoset monkeys - an acute model for anti-inflammatory drug testing.increasing incidence and substantial morbidity and mortality of respiratory diseases requires the development of new human-specific anti-inflammatory and disease-modifying therapeutics. therefore, new predictive animal models that closely reflect human lung pathology are needed. in the current study, a tiered acute lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced inflammation model was established in marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) to reflect crucial features of inflammatory lung diseases. firstly, in an ...201222952743
false-positive antibody signals for the pluripotency factor oct4a (pou5f1) in testis-derived cells may lead to erroneous data and misinterpretations.octamer-binding protein 4 (oct4) is a key player in pluripotent embryonic stem (es) cells and is essential for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. recently, several reports indicated the spontaneous recovery of pluripotency in cultured adult human testis-derived cells. this was evidenced also by the detection of oct4 using antibodies. however, the soundness of some data was recently put into question. during our attempts to derive pluripotent cells from the common marmoset monkey ( ...201222933709
birth of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) offspring derived from in vitro-matured oocytes in chemically defined medium.optimization of oocyte culture conditions is a crucial aspect of reproductive biology and technology. in the present study, maturation of germinal vesicle-stage marmoset oocytes were evaluated in the following media: waymouth medium, waymouth medium containing porcine follicular fluid (pff) (waymouth-pff medium), and porcine oocyte medium (pom). oocytes cultured in waymouth-pff medium had higher maturation rates to the metaphase ii stage than those cultured in waymouth medium (36.1% vs. 24.8%, r ...201222925648
conditions for quantitative evaluation of injured spinal cord by in vivo diffusion tensor imaging and tractography: preclinical longitudinal study in common marmosets.conventional magnetic resonance imaging (mri) can detect hemorrhage, edema, syrinx, and spinal cord atrophy, but not axonal disruption after spinal cord injury (sci). we previously demonstrated that diffusion tensor tractography (dtt) could depict axonal disruption after hemisection sci in common marmosets. in the present study, to determine the relationship between dtt results and functional recovery after contusive sci, we performed longitudinal dtt, behavioral, and histological analyses befor ...201222922169
the effect of simultaneous negative and positive defocus on eye growth and development of refractive state in marmosets.we evaluated the effect of imposing negative and positive defocus simultaneously on the eye growth and refractive state of the common marmoset, a new world primate that compensates for either negative and positive defocus when they are imposed individually.201222918633
representation of the visual field in the primary visual area of the marmoset monkey: magnification factors, point-image size, and proportionality to retinal ganglion cell density.the primary visual area (v1) forms a systematic map of the visual field, in which adjacent cell clusters represent adjacent points of visual space. a precise quantification of this map is key to understanding the anatomical relationships between neurons located in different stations of the visual pathway, as well as the neural bases of visual performance in different regions of the visual field. we used computational methods to quantify the visual topography of v1 in the marmoset (callithrix jac ...201322911425
derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells by retroviral gene transduction in mammalian species.pluripotent stem cells can provide us with an enormous cell source for in vitro model systems for development. in 2006, new methodology was designed to generate pluripotent stem cells directly from somatic cells, and these cells were named induced pluripotent stem cells (ipscs). this method consists of technically simple procedures: donor cell preparation, gene transduction, and isolation of embryonic stem cell-like colonies. the ipsc technology enables cell biologists not only to obtain pluripo ...201222907488
rgfp109, a histone deacetylase inhibitor attenuates l-dopa-induced dyskinesia in the mptp-lesioned marmoset: a proof-of-concept study.l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa)-induced dyskinesia (lid) are a complication of chronic dopamine replacement therapy in parkinson's disease (pd). recent studies have suggested that the mechanisms underlying development and expression of lid in pd may involve epigenetic changes that include deacetylation of striatal histone proteins. we hypothesised that inhibition of histone deacetylase, the enzyme responsible of histone deacetylation, would alleviate lid.201322901956
contrast imaging ultrasound detects abnormalities in the marmoset ovary.the development of a functional vascular tree within the primate ovary is critical for reproductive health. to determine the efficacy of contrast agents to image the microvascular environment within the primate ovary, contrast ultrasonography was performed in six reproductive-aged female common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) during the late luteal phase of the cycle, following injection of sonovue™. regions of interest (rois), representing the corpus luteum (cl) and noncorpus luteum ovarian tiss ...201222890799
social effects via olfactory sensory stimuli on reproductive function and dysfunction in cooperative breeding marmosets and tamarins.most primates are social species whose reproduction is influenced by their social relationships. the cotton-top tamarin, saguinus oedipus, and the common marmoset, callithrix jacchus, are cooperative breeding species where the family structure alters reproductive function in many ways. while primates receive social effects on reproduction via all sensory stimuli, the marmosets and tamarins are particularly influenced by olfactory/chemosensory stimuli. the olfactory sensory processing is the "soc ...201322890774
the common marmoset as a novel animal model system for biomedical and neuroscience research applications.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus), a small new world primate, has been attracting much attention in the research field of biomedical science and neuroscience, based on its (i) cross-reactivity with human cytokines or hormones, (ii) comparative ease in handling due to its small size, (iii) high reproductive efficiency, (iv) establishment of basic research tools, and (v) advantages of its unique behavioral and cognitive characters. various neurological disease models have been developed in ...201222871417
antibodies against human blys and april attenuate eae development in marmoset monkeys.b lymphocyte stimulator (blys, also indicated as baff (b-cell activating factor) and cd257), and a proliferation inducing ligand (april, cd256) are two members of the tnf superfamily with a central role in b cell survival. antibodies against these factors have potential therapeutic relevance in autoimmune inflammatory disorders with a proven pathogenic contribution of b cells, such as multiple sclerosis (ms). in the current study we performed a multi-parameter efficacy comparison of monoclonal a ...201222870852
evaluation of dopamine d₂/d₃ and serotonin 5-ht₂a receptor occupancy for a novel antipsychotic, lurasidone, in conscious common marmosets using small-animal positron emission tomography.lurasidone is a novel antipsychotic drug with potent binding affinity for dopamine d(2) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-ht)(2a), 5-ht(7), and 5-ht(1a) receptors. previous pharmacological studies have revealed that lurasidone exhibits a preferable profile (potent antipsychotic activity and lower incidence of catalepsy) to other antipsychotic drugs, although the contribution of receptor subtypes to this profile remains unclear.201322868411
diffusion tensor imaging and tractography of the spinal cord: from experimental studies to clinical application.diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging provides detailed information about biological structures. in particular, diffusion tensor imaging and diffusion tensor tractography (dtt) are powerful tools for evaluating white matter fibers in the central nervous system. we previously established a reproducible spinal cord injury model in adult common marmosets and showed that dtt could be used to trace the neural tracts in the intact and injured spinal cord of these animals in vivo. recently, man ...201322868199
describing ovarian cycles, pregnancy characteristics, and the use of contraception in female white-faced marmosets, callithrix geoffroyi.endocrine data and characteristics of nonconceptive ovarian cycling and pregnancy are limited within the genus callithrix to the common marmoset (c. jacchus) and wied's black tufted-ear marmoset (c. kuhlii). this article presents patterns of urinary pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (pdg) excretion, as determined by enzyme immunoassay, throughout the course of ovarian cycling and pregnancy in white-faced marmosets (c. geoffroyi). furthermore, characteristics of reproductive parameters including litter ...201222865351
increased expression of aquaporin-4 with methylmercury exposure in the brain of the common marmoset.the relationship between methylmercury (mehg) exposure and aquaporin (aqp) expression in the brain is currently unknown. to investigate this, we used a common marmoset model of acute mehg exposure to examine aqp1, aqp4 and aqp11 gene expression. mehg (1.5 mg hg/kg/day p.o.) was given to three marmosets for 14 days, followed by 14 days without. all treated marmosets showed slight akinesia before sacrifice. in the frontal lobe, occipital lobe and cerebellum, total mercury concentrations following ...201222863855
experimental techniques for neuroscience research using common marmosets.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a species of new world monkeys. because of its ease of maintenance and breeding in laboratories, use of the marmoset is growing rapidly in biomedical research. in neuroscience, the marmosets are attracting more attention, since they have the developed cerebral cortex which plays a key role in higher brain functions. in this review on neuroscience research using the marmoset, experimental techniques developed in our laboratory are summarized. we introdu ...201222850638
remote long-term registrations of sleep-wake rhythms, core body temperature and activity in marmoset monkeys.initial studies in the day active marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus) indicate that the sleep-wake cycle of these non-human primates resembles that of humans and therefore conceivably represent an appropriate model for human sleep. the methods currently employed for sleep studies in marmosets are limited. the objective of this study was to employ and validate the use of specific remote monitoring system technologies that enable accurate long-term recordings of sleep-wake rhythms and the closely ...201222850608
can we measure brain efficiency? an empirical test with common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).various measures of brain size correlate with cognitive performance; however, the fit is not perfect, which bears the question of whether brains also vary in efficiency. such variation could be expected if a species faces constraints on brain enlargement, for example due to the impossibility of slowing down life history as a consequence of predator pressure, while simultaneously experiencing selective benefits from enhanced cognitive ability related to particular ecological or social conditions. ...201222846401
a new method for quantitative analysis of the t cell receptor v region repertoires in healthy common marmosets by microplate hybridization assay.the common marmoset, callithrix jacchus, is one of the smallest primates and is increasingly used for an experimental nonhuman primate model in many research fields. analysis of t cell receptor (tcr) repertoires is a powerful tool to investigate t cell immunity in terms of antigen specificity and variability of tcr expression. however, monoclonal antibodies specific for many tcr vα or vβ chains have not been created. we have recently identified a large number of tcrα chain variable (trav) and tc ...201222841578
double expression of cd34 and cd117 on bone marrow progenitors is a hallmark of the development of functional mast cell of callithrix jacchus (common marmoset).mast cells (mcs) are developed from hematopoietic progenitor cells and play an important role in inflammation. study of the kinetics of development and accumulation of primate mc in vivo is crucial for the control of human inflammatory diseases, as evolution of the immune system is quite rapid and inflammation including mc response is considered to be different between mouse and human. in the present study, we examined the development of mc from hematopoietic progenitors of callithrix jacchus (c ...201222836021
monomorphic region of the serotonin transporter promoter gene in new world monkeys.genetic variation in the human serotonin system has long been studied because of its functional consequences and links to various neuropsychiatric and behavior-related disorders. among non-human primates, the common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) and tufted capuchins monkeys (cebus apella) are becoming increasingly used as models to study the effects of genes, environments, and their interaction on physiology and complex behavior. in order to investigate the independent functions of and potentia ...201222833283
visualizing dopamine transporter integrity with iodine-123-fp-cit spect in combination with high resolution mri in the brain of the common marmoset monkey.considerable progress has been made in small animal single photon emission computed tomography (spect) imaging in the field of parkinson's disease. in preclinical research, there is an increasing demand for in vivo imaging techniques to apply to animal models. here, we report the first protocol for dopamine transporter (dat) spect in common marmosets using the radioligand ¹²³i-n-ω-fluoropropyl-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-{4-iodophenyl}nortropane (¹²³i-fp-cit). serial spect images were obtained on an upgr ...201222827895
evolution of hla-drb genes.the hla region shows diversity concerning the number and content of drb genes present per haplotype. similar observations are made for the equivalent regions in other primate species. to elucidate the evolutionary history of the various hla-drb genes, a large panel of intron sequences obtained from humans, chimpanzees, rhesus macaques, and common marmosets has been subjected to phylogenetic analyses. special attention was paid to the presence and absence of particular transposable elements and/o ...201222826457
b-cell depletion abrogates t cell-mediated demyelination in an antibody-nondependent common marmoset experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model.cd20-positive b-cell depletion is a highly promising treatment for multiple sclerosis (ms), but the mechanisms underlying therapeutic effects are poorly understood. b cells are thought to contribute to ms pathogenesis by producing autoantibodies that amplify demyelination via opsonization of myelin. to analyze autoantibody-nondependent functions of b cells in an animal model of ms, we used a novel t cell-driven experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) model in marmoset monkeys (callithrix ...201222805775
linkage between the midline cortical serotonergic system and social behavior traits: positron emission tomography studies of common marmosets.serotonin is known to play an important role not only in regulating emotional behaviors, but also in the formation of social behavior traits. to determine the location and serotonin function of brain areas involved in social behavior traits, we tested serotonin transporter (sert) binding and neural activity linked with the social behaviors of common marmosets with positron emission tomography using [(11)c]-3-amino-4-(2-dimetylaminomethyl-phenylsulfanyl)-benzonitrile and [(18)f]fluorodeoxyglucose ...201322791806
inflammatory fibroid polyp in the duodenum of a common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).a 32-month-old male common marmoset had a firm and white-colored mass in the duodenal wall. the cut surface was smooth and grayish white in color. histologically, the mass consisted of a proliferation of spindle cells with an oval to spindle-shaped nucleus and scant eosinophilic cytoplasm in a loose myxoid or fibrotic background. most of the lesion displayed no specific growth pattern whereas some of the cells concentrated around the vessels and created an onion-bulb structure. additionally, mar ...201322786945
toward a nonhuman primate model of fetal programming: phenotypic plasticity of the common marmoset fetoplacental complex.nonhuman primates offer unique opportunities as animal models in the study of developmental programming and the role of the placenta in developmental processes. all primates share fundamental similarities in life history and reproductive biology. thus, insights gleaned from studies of nonhuman primates have a higher degree of biological salience to human biology than do studies of rodents or agricultural animals. the common marmoset monkey is a small-bodied primate from south america that produc ...201222776637
changes in hematological and serum biochemical parameters in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) after inoculation with dengue virus.marmosets are susceptible to dengue virus (denv) infection. however, blood parameter data and clinical signs of denv-infected marmosets are limited.201222775469
parameters of haematology, clinical chemistry and lipid metabolism in the common marmoset and alterations under stress conditions.common marmosets are suitable non-human primate models for many human diseases. standard values for blood parameters are required to evaluate physiological and pathological situations. two studies were conducted: study i to determine standard values and study ii to examine these under changed housing conditions. in study i, all parameters for clinical chemistry were similar in range for both genders with these specifics: male marmosets had significantly higher total and ldl cholesterol levels th ...201222765494
sperm head morphometry in ejaculates of adult marmosets (callithrix jacchus): a model for studying sperm subpopulations and among-donor variations.in humans and other mammals, sperm morphology has been considered one of the most important predictive parameters of fertility. the objective was to determine the presence and distribution of sperm head morphometric subpopulations in a nonhuman primate model (callithrix jacchus), using an objective computer analysis system and principal component analysis (pca) methods to establish the relationship between the subpopulation distribution observed and among-donor variation. the pca method revealed ...201222763070
life span of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) at clea japan breeding colony.the life span and survival parameters of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) in a breeding colony at clea japan, inc. were investigated. the average life span of male marmosets was 148.5 ± 6.1 (mean ± se) months of age (m), which was significantly longer (p < 0.01) than that of females (111.7 ± 6.0 m). additionally, the male population reached 25-, 50-, 75- and 90 %-mortality at an older age than the female population. however, the maximum life span in males (259.9 m) was shorter than in fe ...201222752736
prenatal stress programs lipid metabolism enhancing cardiovascular risk in the female f1, f2, and f3 generation in the primate model common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).many human diseases are modulated by intrauterine environment, which is called prenatal programming. this study investigated effects of prenatal glucocorticoids on the lipid metabolism of three filial generations of common marmosets.201222748020
the marmoset monkey: a multi-purpose preclinical and translational model of human biology and disease.the development of biologic molecules (monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, soluble receptors) as specific therapeutics for human disease creates a need for animal models in which safety and efficacy can be tested. models in lower animal species are precluded when the reagents fail to recognize their targets, which is often the case in rats and mice. in this feature article we will highlight the common marmoset, a small-bodied nonhuman primate (nhp), as a useful model in biomedical and preclinical ...201222728226
mediodorsal thalamic nucleus receives a direct retinal input in marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus): a subunit b cholera toxin study.the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus is a prominent nucleus in the thalamus, positioned lateral to the midline nuclei and medial to the intralaminar thalamic complex in the dorsal thalamus. several studies identify the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus as a key structure in learning and memory, as well as in emotional mechanisms and alertness due to reciprocal connections with the limbic system and prefrontal cortex. fibers from the retina to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus have recently been described ...201322726524
development and annotation of shotgun sequence libraries from new world monkeys.the draft genome sequences of several primates are available, providing insights into evolutionary and anthropological research. however, genomic resources from new world monkeys are conspicuously lacking. to date, the genomes of only two platyrrhine species, the common marmoset and the bolivian squirrel monkey, have been fully sequenced. this is especially limiting for comparative genomics research, considering that new world monkeys are the most speciose primate group, and platyrrhine genetic ...201222715851
an animal model that reflects human disease: the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).the common marmoset is a new world primate belonging to the callitrichidae family weighing between 350 and 400 g. the marmoset has been shown to be an outstanding model for studying aging, reproduction, neuroscience, toxicology, and infectious disease. with regard to their susceptibility to infectious agents, they are exquisite nhp models for viral, protozoan and bacterial agents, as well as prions. the marmoset provides the advantages of a small animal model in high containment coupled with the ...201222709521
establishing meal patterns by lickometry in the marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus): translational applications from the bench to the field and the clinic.the ability to measure and interpret variables associated with feeding behavior and food intake is essential to a variety of nonhuman primate study modalities. the development of a technique to accurately and efficiently measure food intake and meal patterning in captivity will enhance both the interpretation of foraging behavior in the wild as well as our ability to model clinically relevant human feeding pathologies. in this study, we successfully developed the use of a rodent lickometer syste ...201222707067
the pluripotency factor lin28 in monkey and human testes: a marker for spermatogonial stem cells?mammalian spermatogenesis is maintained by spermatogonial stem cells (sscs). however, since evidentiary assays and unequivocal markers are still missing in non-human primates (nhps) and man, the identity of primate sscs is unknown. in contrast, in mice, germ cell transplantation studies have functionally demonstrated the presence of sscs. lin28 is an rna-binding pluripotent stem cell factor, which is also strongly expressed in undifferentiated mouse spermatogonia. by contrast, two recent reports ...201222689537
color blobs in cortical areas v1 and v2 of the new world monkey callithrix jacchus, revealed by non-differential optical imaging.color vision is reserved to only few mammals, such as old world monkeys and humans. most old world monkeys are trichromats. among them, macaques were shown to exhibit functional domains of color-selectivity, in areas v1 and v2 of the visual cortex. such color domains have not yet been shown in new world monkeys. in marmosets a sex-linked dichotomy results in dichromatic and trichromatic genotypes, rendering most male marmosets color-blind. here we used trichromatic female marmosets to examine th ...201222674264
the effects of group size and reproductive status on vigilance in captive callithrix jacchus.previous work on mammals and birds has often demonstrated a negative relationship between group size and individual vigilance. however, this relationship has received only weak support in nonhuman primates. this result may be due to the failure to distinguish different forms of vigilance such as antipredatory vigilance and social monitoring. here, we tested the effects of group size, reproductive status (breeding vs. nonbreeding), and sex on antipredatory vigilance and social monitoring in capti ...201222644577
islet microarchitecture and glucose transporter expression of the pancreas of the marmoset monkey display similarities to the human.the common marmoset new world monkey (callithrix jacchus), is a primate model with great potential for scientific research, including research on diabetes. however, in opposite to rhesus and java monkeys (macaca mulatta and macaca fascicularis) little is known about the marmosets islet microarchitecture, glucose transporter and pancreatic marker gene expression. in this work we analyze differences and similarities in size, shape, cellular composition and intra-islet topography between the common ...201422627676
temporal bone characterization and cochlear implant feasibility in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).the marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a valuable non-human primate model for studying behavioral and neural mechanisms related to vocal communication. it is also well suited for investigating neural mechanisms related to cochlear implants. the purpose of this study was to characterize marmoset temporal bone anatomy and investigate the feasibility of implanting a multi-channel intracochlear electrode into the marmoset scala tympani. micro computed tomography (microct) was used to create high-resol ...201222583919
minimally invasive transabdominal collection of preimplantation embryos from the common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus).a novel, minimally invasive, transabdominal embryo collection method (transabdominal method) was developed as an alternative to a standard abdominal incision for embryo collection in the common marmoset. the abdominal incision method was used for 304 flushes using 36 female animals, whereas the transabdominal method was used for 488 flushes using 48 females; successful embryo collection rates were 48.0% and 48.4% (p > 0.05), respectively. these techniques were successfully duplicated at another ...201222578624
performance on patterned string problems by common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).this experiment examined the performance of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) on a series of patterned string problems to assess the marmosets' understanding of means-ends relationships. one marmoset, jet, was exposed to a series of problems that were ordered in terms of perceived difficulty during two testings that were separated by 1 year. in the second testing, jet received problems that had been used during the first testing along with three new problems. each of the new problems was des ...201222576582
developmental expression of the pluripotency factor sal-like protein 4 in the monkey, human and mouse testis: restriction to premeiotic germ cells.sall4 (sal-like protein 4) is a pluripotency transcription factor, which is highly expressed in embryonic stem (es) cells and which is essential for mouse preimplantation development. in adult mouse organs, sall4 mrna is highly expressed in the testis and ovary, while there is only little or no expression in other organs. there is also a high expression of sall4 in human testicular germ cell tumors. however, there is as yet no detailed analysis of sall4 expression during mammalian testicular dev ...201222572102
amacrine and bipolar inputs to midget and parasol ganglion cells in marmoset retina.retinal ganglion cells receive excitatory synapses from bipolar cells and inhibitory synapses from amacrine cells. previous studies in primate suggest that the strength of inhibitory amacrine input is greater to cells in peripheral retina than to foveal (central) cells. a comprehensive study of a large number of ganglion cells at different eccentricities, however, is still lacking. here, we compared the amacrine and bipolar input to midget and parasol ganglion cells in central and peripheral ret ...201222564345
derivation of neural progenitors and retinal pigment epithelium from common marmoset and human pluripotent stem cells.embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (ipscs) derived from mammalian species are valuable tools for modeling human disease, including retinal degenerative eye diseases that result in visual loss. restoration of vision has focused on transplantation of neural progenitor cells (npcs) and retinal pigmented epithelium (rpe) to the retina. here we used transgenic common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) and human pluripotent stem cells carrying the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) reporte ...201222550507
the influence of sex and relatedness on stress response in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).research in stress physiology has demonstrated the benefits of receiving social support during stressful conditions. however, recent data have shown that the efficacy of social support in buffering physiological and behavioral responses to stressor agents depends on species, sex, and relatedness among animals. this study investigated whether different kinds of social support (presence of same sex related or nonrelated conspecifics) have the same effect on hormonal (fecal cortisol levels) and beh ...201222549557
retinal projections and neurochemical characterization of the pregeniculate nucleus of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).in mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (scn) and the intergeniculate leaflet (igl) are the main components of the circadian timing system. the scn is the site of the endogenous biological clock that generates rhythms and synchronizes them to environmental cues. the igl is a key structure that modulates scn activity and is responsible for the transmission of non-photic information to the scn, thus participating in the integration between photic and non-photic stimuli. both the scn and igl receiv ...201222531294
anatomical description and morphometry of the skeleton of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).callithrix jacchus (common marmoset) is regularly used in biomedical research, including for studies involving the skeleton. to support these studies, skeletons of healthy animals that had been euthanized for reasons not interfering with skeletal anatomy were prepared. the marmoset dental formula 2i-1c-3p-2m of each oral quadrant is atypical for new world monkeys which commonly possess a third molar. seven cervical, 12-13 thoracic, 7-6 lumbar, 2-3 sacral and 26-29 caudal vertebrae are present, t ...201222517992
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