Publications

sensitive detection of trypanosomes in tsetse flies by dna amplification.	african trypanosome species were identified using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) by targeting repetitive dna for amplification. using oligonucleotide primers designed to anneal specifically to the satellite dna monomer of each species/subgroup, we were able to accurately identify trypanosoma simiae, three subgroups of t. congolense, t. brucei and t. vivax. the assay was sensitive and specific, detecting one trypanosome unequivocally and showing no reaction with non-target trypanosome dna or ...	1992	1459784
inhibitory effect of trypanosoma brucei brucei on glossina morsitans midgut trypsin in vitro.	the ability of trypanosoma brucei brucei to inhibit trypsin or trypsin-like enzymes in crude midgut homogenates of glossina morsitans morsitans was studied in vitro. the isolated parasites caused a concentration-dependent decrease in midgut trypsin activity. furthermore, trypanosomes lysed by repeated freeze-thawing had a similar effect on trypsin activity. in both cases, the inhibition by either intact or lysed parasites was partial as revealed by dixon plots. similarly, trypanosome membrane pr ...	1992	1409526
molecular biology of african trypanosomes: development of new strategies to combat an old disease.	african trypanosomes are protozoan parasites that cause a number of diseases of man and domesticated animals in large regions of sub-saharan africa. the diseases have proven to be particularly difficult to prevent or to effectively treat due to features of both the trypanosome and the insect vector, the tsetse fly. the habitat of the tsetse and its resistance to insecticides have rendered vector control efforts ineffective. attempts to develop a vaccine against the african trypanosomes has been ...	1992	1373267
development of multiple drug resistance of trypanosoma congolense in zebu cattle under high natural tsetse fly challenge in the pastoral zone of samorogouan, burkina faso.	preliminary data from an ongoing epidemiological survey in the pastoral zone of samorogouan (kénédougou) indicate the occurrence of multiple-drug-resistant trypanosoma congolense. despite frequent trypanocidal drug treatments with diminazene aceturate (berenil, hoechst) at 7 mg/kg body weight (bw) at intervals of 2 to 4 weeks, no significant drop in the prevalence of african animal trypanosomosis (aat) was observed. to examine a suspected drug resistance, 20 zebu cattle, naturally infected with ...	1992	1359750
suppression of t-cell responsiveness during tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis in cattle.	in the present study, we demonstrate that lymph node cells from cattle infected with t. congolense through tsetse fly challenge were unable to proliferate in vitro following activation with the t-cell mitogen concanavalin a. this was associated with a simultaneous suppression of interleukin 2 (il-2) production and interleukin 2 receptor (il-2r) expression. however, the capacity of the cells to secrete interferon gamma following the mitogenic activation was not affected by the infection.	1992	1355308
glossina fuscipes fuscipes and glossina palpalis palpalis as joint vectors of sleeping sickness in the focus of nola-bilolo in the central african republic.		1992	1354934
a light and electron microscopic study of changes in blood and bone marrow in acute hemorrhagic trypanosoma vivax infection in calves.	eleven 6-month-old calves were tsetse fly challenged with a stock of trypanosoma vivax (il 2337) that causes hemorrhagic infection. the calves were randomly euthanatized every 4 to 6 days; two other calves served as controls. peripheral blood changes included anemia, thrombocytopenia, and an initial leukopenia. later in the course of infection, leukocytosis associated with lymphocytosis and neutropenia developed. moderate reticulocytosis (highest mean count 3.6 +/- 3.7%, maximum count 9.4%) acco ...	1992	1348380
genetic variability in the social bee lasioglossum marginatum and a cryptic undescribed sibling species, as detected by dna fingerprinting and allozyme electrophoresis.	dna fingerprints (dnafp) were obtained for three widely separated samples of bee related to lasioglossum marginatum using the m13 sequence as a probe. bee samples were obtained from france (three localities separated by at most 20 km), greece and india. all european populations exhibited almost identical profiles with similarity indices (s) of over 98% within a french sample, 94% among greek bees and 90% between greek and french bees. the dnafp profiles of indian bees showed more polymorphism (i ...	1992	1343781
modelling trypanosomiasis prevalence and periodic epidemics and epizootics.	existing mathematical models of trypanosomiasis epidemiology and epizootiology are extended by including some relevant biology of the disease vector, the tsetse fly. rickettsia-like organisms, or rlo, are a vertically transmitted symbiont of tsetse, which confer an increased susceptibility to trypanosomiasis infection. tsetse populations are also limited by density-dependent starvation. modelling leads to the prediction of a stable dimorphism with a fraction of tsetse possessing rlo. the equilib ...	1992	1302761
atp reception by the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans west.		1976	1269607
the control of diuresis in the tsetse fly glossina austeni: a preliminary investigation of the diuretic hormone.	the rate of secretion of the malpighian tubules of glossina austeni is controlled by a diuretic hormone. this hormone is present in the nervous tissue of the fly together with a degradative enzyme that can be activated by boiling. it is demonstrated that the malpighian tubules are able to destroy the diuretic hormone; they may therefore participate in the control of diuresis. the diuretic hormone appears to be a heat-stable, non-dialysable, alcohol-soluble molecule, containing amino acid, glucos ...	1975	1202131
diuresis in the tsetse fly glossina austeni.	after taking a blood meal, the tsetse fly glossina austeni excretes the excess water and salts of the meal in approximately 30 min. during this period a volume of fluid equivalent to 80% of the unfed weight of the fly passes through the haemolymph, whose composition nevertheless remains almost constant. the fluid excreted has a higher sodium and lower potassium concentration than the haemolymph, indicating that sodium may be the prime mover in urine formation in glossina.	1975	1202130
the use of "fast" neutrons and gamma radiation to sterilize the tsetse fly glossina tachinoides westw.		1975	1184212
inhibition of diuresis in the tsetse fly (glossina morsitans) by ouabain and acetazolamide.	acetazolamide and ouabain, metabolic inhibitors which interfere with certain membrane transport systems, reduce the rate of water elimination by male glossina morsitans morsitans. the results suggest that water is transported across membranes during diuresis and that a ouabain sensitive na+k+atpase and an acetazolamide-sensitive carbonic anhydrase are involved in diuresis.	1975	1157860
structural modulations in the tsetse fly milk gland during a pregnancy cycle.	gross ultrastructural and histochemical details of the integumental milk glands of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans have been examined during the pregnancy cycle. structural evidence for protein secretion is found between days 3-8 of the nine-day cycle: termination of activity is completed on the day of parturition. onset of lactation is synchronized with the eclosion of the first instar larva. the changes in cell volume (notably in the extracellular reservoir) occurring throughout the pregnanc ...	1975	1145609
temperature receptors on tarsi of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans west.		1975	1143318
tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans produces ultrasound related to behavior.	the spectrum of the sounds produced by the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans extends to above 80 khz and the energy distribution between 20 and 70 khz is related to behavior.	1975	1140314
sound production in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans.		1975	1133267
'hunger' in the tsetse fly: the nutritional correlates of behaviour.		1975	1127248
sex recognition pheromone in tsetse fly glossina morsitans.		1975	1113875
[preliminary attempt at the release of male sterile glossina palpalis gambiensis (upper volta)].		1976	1035431
micro-organisms in the midgut of tsetse fly larvae.	two types of micro-organisms were found in the midgut of glossina morsitans larvae, a large gram-negative bacterial rod and a small gram-negative rickettsia-like micro-organism, although the occurrence of the rickettsial type is restricted. the location of these micro-organisms in a small area of the proventriculus of all three larval instars is discussed. the large micro-organisms resemble milk-gland bacteria, and further evidence is presented in support of a milk transmission hypothesis for th ...	1976	1031837
[ecology of glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank, 1949].		1976	1013476
fluid secretion by the malpighian tubules of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans: the effects of ouabain, ethacrynic acid and amiloride.	the effects of three inhibitors of sodium transport on the secretion of fluid by the malpighian tubules of glossina morsitans have been observed. the cardiac glycoside, ouabain, affects neither the rate of secretion nor the sodium concentration of the fluid secreted when isolated tubules are bathed by solutions containing a range of sodium and potassium concentrations. secretion is inhibited, however, by ethacrynic acid and amiloride. the results confirm that fluid secretion by the malpighian tu ...	1976	1003084
digestive processes of haematophagous insects. xi. partial purification and some properties of six proteolytic enzymes from the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae).		1976	991018
[rearing of glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank, 1949 (diptera-muscidae) at maisons-alfort].		1976	959623
hormonal growth stimulation and inhibition of pupal cells of the tsetse fly, glossina m. morsitans, in vitro.		1977	865642
the role of laboratory testing of insecticides for tsetse-fly control.		1977	860315
the effects of dietary sodium and potassium on rapid diuresis in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans.		1977	858930
sumbionts in the female tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans.	a rickettsia-like symbiont, located in the ovaries of g. m. morsitans is maternally transmitted to the offspring via the egg. it is suggested that they may be essential for normal ovarian development.	1975	806465
maternal nutritive secretions as possible channels for vertical transmission of microorganisms in insects: the tsetse fly example.		1975	801109
[effect of limited temperature variations and relative humidity on the duration of the pupal stage of glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank, 1949 bred at the bobo-dioulasso laboratory (upper volta)].		1978	757713
effect of gamma radiation on the tsetse fly, glossina palpalis palpalis (rob.-desv.) (diptera, glossinidae) with observations on the reproductive biology.		1978	753787
in vitro feeding in the rearing of tsetse flies (glossina m. morsitans and g.p. palpalis, diptera: glossinidae).	the increasing demand for laboratory reared tsetse flies for research and biological control makes it necessary to develop effective and standardized tsetse fly feeding methods without using live animals for the daily blood uptake. the in vitro feeding technique, described in this paper, has been used for rearing g. m. morsitans by feeding them defibrinated equine blood through a silicone membrane. the results obtained for female longevity and productivity and mean weight of puparia are satisfac ...	1978	675846
investigations on the prevalence of trypanosome carriers and the antibody response in wildlife in northern botswana.	605 buffalo, 60 lechwe, 23 kudu, 23 impala, 15 tsessebe, 22 sable and two reedbuck from northern botswana were examined for trypanosome infections by serological and/or parasitological means. the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat), the haematocrit centrifugation technique (hct) and rodent subinoculation were used. the overall prevalence of patent infection with trypanosomes in buffalo, lechwe and reedbuck was 15,7%. in the case of buffalo and lechwe it was possible to classify their origi ...	1978	675844
sex pheromone of the tsetse fly: isolation, identification, and synthesis of contact aphrodisiacs.	sex pheromones isolated from the cuticle of the female tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, release mating behavior in the male fly at ultrashort range or upon contact with baited decoys. three active components were identified as 15,19-dimethylheptatriacontane, 17,21-dimethylheptatriacontane, and 15,19,23-trimethylheptatriacontane. chemical and biological comparisons show that the natural and synthetic compounds are identical.	1978	675256
antigenic variation in trypanosomes.	in its mammalian host, trypanosoma brucei is able to change the antigenic character of its glycoprotein surface coat and so evade the host's immune response. this phenotypic change seems to occur spontaneously in 1 in 10,000 individuals but is not due to genetic mutation: host antibody is not necessary for its induction but plays a selective part in bringing about the gross changes in parasite numbers and antigenic character observed in the bloodstream by destroying the main component of what is ...	1978	661969
a microscopical study of the innervation of flight muscles in the tsetse fly.	the gross morphology of the nervous system supplying the dorsal longitudinal flight muscles of tsetse flies is described. electron microscopical investigation of the nerves reveals that the dorsal longitudinal muscles are innervated by branches from four main axons. a detailed description of the neuromuscular junctions in the flight muscle is presented.	1978	619162
first tsetse fly transmission of the "antat" serodeme of trypanosoma brucei.		1977	610616
[the impact of releasing sterilized males on the ratio of 2 wild fly populations of glossina palpalis gambiensis in upper volta (black volta sources)].		1978	575569
[field trial of genetic control by sterile male release: longevity and dispersion of irradiated males of glossina palpalis gambiensis (upper volta)].		1979	575474
tsetse fly reactions to light and humidity gradients.	tsetse flies are positively phototactic below about 30 degree c and negatively phototactic above it. the flies show a preference for the wet end of a humidity gradient and the bright end of a dorsal light intensity gradient. studies of activity levels indicate that tsetse flies should aggregate in damp situations where the activity levels is minimal, whereas in practice the flies are distributed throughout the whole of gradient. analyses of the water and fat content of experimental flies indicat ...	1979	570508
[attempted determination of the optimal radiation dosage for male glossina palpalis gambiensis (vanderplank, 1949) from the aspect of biological control by release of sterile males in the region of bobo-dioulasso (upper volta)].		1977	565070
[breeding of glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank, 1949 (diptera, muscidae) at bobo-dioulasso (upper volta)].		1977	560713
[report on the 4 years' maintenance of a colony of glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank 1949 (diptera, muscidae) reared on rabbit and guinea pig hosts].		1979	555005
[effect of drugs given to the feeding host (rabbit) on glossina palpalis gambiensis. part two].		1979	554283
infectivity of trypanosoma brucei cultivated at 28 c with tsetse fly salivary glands.	when transformed procyclic noninfective trypanosomes of several unrelated stocks of trypanosoma brucei were cultivated in t-30 falcon flasks at 28 c in a liquid medium containing head-salivary gland explants of glossina morsitans morsitans some of the organisms developed into forms infective for mice. infective trypanosomes were detected 7 to 14 days after the cultures were prepared and they persisted for varying periods of up to 88 days when the cultures were terminated. a few of the salivary g ...	1979	536931
[effects of drugs given to the rabbit feeding host on glossina palpalis gambiensis. 1].		1979	523727
trypanosoma brucei: in vitro propagation of metacyclic forms derived from the salivary glands of glossina morsitans.	1 metacyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei obtained from the salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans have been cultured for the first time in their infective forms for more than 200 days in continuous culture. the parasites were grown at 25 c and 30 c on a bovine embryonic spleen (besp) feeder layer in buffered rpmi 1640 medium supplemented with 20% heat-inactivated bovine fetal serum (bfs) and 5% lactalbumin hydrolysate. initial growth rate was enhanced when normal, noninfected, sal ...	1979	512767
phospholipases of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans.		1978	299642
pathogen transmission in relation to feeding and digestion by haematophagous arthropods.	the blood feeding habit, especially among opportunist feeders such as tabanids and stomoxys is known to result in transmission of diseases for which the vectors are not the obligate or alternate hosts. thus, mechanical transmission of trypanosomes such as t. vivax can occur in cattle herds outside tsetse fly areas where tabanids are actively feeding. in the case of yaws, mechanical transmission of the spirochaetes by eye flies (hippelates pallipes) in the west indies is thought to be most likely ...	1975	240257
[tsetse fly distribution in the north of the ivory coast].		1978	232290
cyclic amp is a likely mediator of ovulation in the tsetse fly.	ovulation in tsetse flies is normally induced by mating, but virgins can be stimulated to ovulate with an injection of dibutyryl cyclic amp, cholera toxin (a cyclic amp generator), or aminophylline (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor). thus, elevation of cyclic amp is a likely link in the events leading to ovulation.	1978	216570
active transport of sodium by the malpighian tubules of the tsetse fly glossian morsitans.	isolated malpighian tubules of glossina morsitans are able to transport sodium against its concentration gradient. their rate of secretion is dependent on the sodium concentration of the bathing medium. potassium must be present in the bathing solution for rapid secretion to be maintained, but it does not play an active role in fluid secretion. lithium and ammonium ions are able to substitute partially for sodium, other monovalent cations cannot. ouabain does not affect rapid secretion by glossi ...	1976	180227
trypanosoma theileri: in vitro cultivation in tsetse fly and vertebrate cell culture systems.		1979	120349
antigenic analysis by agglutination of trypanosoma brucei brucei parasitemias initiated in mice with in vitro-produced metacyclics.	trypanosomes from 14 first-peak parasitemias initiated in mice by injection of in vitro-produced metacyclics were stabilated. strains derived from these stabilates were analyzed for their antigenic composition by cross-agglutination with immune sera produced in rabbits against 12 of the stabilates. the antigenic composition of the 14 stabilates was compared also with two first-peak parasitemias from mice inoculated with fly-derived metacyclics, the variant-specific antigen of the strain used to ...	1979	86245
[effect of bacterial infections and antibiotics on tsetse flies (diptera, glossinidae) (author's transl)].	the membrane feeding technique (in vitro feeding) used for the rearing of tsetse flies has advantages over the conventional method of feeding the flies on host animals. however, as long as blood remains the sole source of tsetse fly nutrition, the risk remains of blood being contaminated during collection, storage or feeding with bacteria pathogenic to the flies. the resulting high mortality of the tsetse flies endangers the success of this rearing. the experiments described here have shown that ...	1979	44947
the endosymbionts of glossina morsitans and g. palpalis: cultivation experiments and some physiological properties.	pyruvate, malate, and succinate are the main substrates for bacteroid respiration; oxygen uptake can be inhibited by rotenone and antimycin a, but not by cyanide. the symbionts displayed limited growth and survival for over 80 days in a medium with succinate and pyruvate as main substrates, and supplemented with nucleotides. it was not possible to cultivate the endosymbionts of g. morsitans and g. palpalis intracellularly in cell cultures of the tsetse fly or of vertebrates. a high attraction be ...	1979	43084
the feeding habits and ecology of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead in relation to nagana transmission in the gambia.	the source of blood meals from 174 fed glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead, captured in malaise traps in savanna woodland in the gambia, were identified by the precipitin test. warthog accounted for 90% of the meals and single bushbuck and ox feeds were identified. nagana is a major problem in the area, but contact between tsetse and livestock is reduced by restricted grazing. in this situation, warthog, with a ubiquitous distribution, appear to be major maintenance hosts for g. m. submorsi ...	1979	35933
studies on trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense ii. observations on the cyclical transmission of three field isolates by glossina morsitans morsitans.	teneral flies of glossina morsitans morsitans were fed on mice infected with cloned and uncloned derivatives of three recent field isolates of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense. flies with mature infections were identified by the warm-slide probe method and phase-contrast microscopy. high infection rates were achieved when such flies were fed on mice at peak parasitaemia. the infection rates were low when flies were fed on mice prior to or late after peak parasitaemia. the duration of the deve ...	1978	32753
fluctuations in numbers and eventual collapse of a glossina palpalis (r.-d.) population in anara forest reserve of nigeria.		1978	31779
maintenance of glossina palpalis fed through bat's wing membrane on defibrinated blood.	teneral laboratory-bred glossina palpalis flies were successfully fed through bat's wing membrane on defibrinated blood by means of a technique developed in this laboratory. using this technique almost 100% of the flies engorged blood through the membrane. ten to fifteen flies were kept in standard 'geigy 10' or 'geigy 15' cages and records were kept of mortality and the weights of the pupae produced; over 78% of the flies were still after 60 days of the experiment. over 75% of the membrane-fed ...	1977	23654
salivary secretion in wild glossina pallidipes austen. (diptera, glossinidae).	the salivation behaviour of wild g. pallidipes obtained from lambwe valley and kbwezi was studied. salivation was measured by counting the number of salivary drops secreted per minute and measuring the sizes of the stained saliva after drawing them with a camera lucida. the results confirmed observations obtained from laboratory bred flies. the quantity of saliva secreted by tsetse flies was significantly increased as the flies became hungrier. the proportion of flies salivating also increased w ...	1976	14492
human sleeping sickness in the gboko endemic area of nigeria.	human infection with trypanosoma gambiense in the gboko endemic area was first reported in may, 1974 although t. gambiense sleeping sickness had been present there since the turn of the century. the disease is associated with the presence of the tsetse glossina tachinoides and glossina palpalis which is plentiful and widespread throughout the division as well as in thickets along the streams in the area. no successful attempt has been made to control the tsetse vector in the division. the incide ...	1976	13637
physiology of an atp receptor in labellar sensilla of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westw. (diptera: glossinidae).	electrophysiological recordings have been made from cells in the eight large, labellar sensilla of g. morsitans. one of these cells in each sensillum was shown to respond to atp over a concentration range of 10(-6)-10(-3) m. it was also sensitive to several other adenosine phophates, but much less sensitive to ctp, gtp and itp. the activity of the receptor was depressed below ph 7, and sometimes considerably increased above ph 9. these aspects the receptor's physiology support the results of beh ...	1976	11268
development of trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei in glossina morsitans inoculated into the tsetse haemocoel.	classically, infective development of trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei in tsetse flies is thought to take the route crop-midgut-hindgut proventriculus-hypopharynx-salivary gland, where the parasites reach their infective phase. it has been shown experimentally that t. (t.) brucei is capable of developing up to the infective stage in g. morsitans following inoculation of bloodstream form trypanosomes into the haemocoel. the rabbit on which flies were maintained became infected 18 days after expos ...	1976	8974
the micro-organisms of tsetse flies.	micro-organisms from tsetse fly mycetomes were maintained in culture, where they were more pleomorphic than in the mycetomes, but were in some cases very similar to those observed in ovaries by other authors. agglutination tests on the cultured forms indicated in affinity to rickettsia. they were sensitive to antibiotics introduced by feeding flies on hosts treated with ampicillin; this reduced the longevity and fecundity of the tsetse flies and appeared to disturb normal digestion of bloodmeals ...	1975	1986