Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| modeling the impact of climate change on the dynamics of rift valley fever. | a deterministic seir model of rift valley fever (rvf) with climate change parameters was considered to compute the basic reproduction number ℛ 0 and investigate the impact of temperature and precipitation on ℛ 0. to study the effect of model parameters to ℛ 0, sensitivity and elasticity analysis of ℛ 0 were performed. when temperature and precipitation effects are not considered, ℛ 0 is more sensitive to the expected number of infected aedes spp. due to one infected livestock and more elastic to ... | 2014 | 24795775 |
| point mutations associated with organophosphate and carbamate resistance in chinese strains of culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae). | acetylcholinesterase resistance has been well documented in many insects, including several mosquito species. we tested the resistance of five wild, chinese strains of the mosquito culex pipiens quinquefasciatus to two kinds of pesticides, dichlorvos and propoxur. an acetylcholinesterase gene (ace1) was cloned and sequenced from a pooled sample of mosquitoes from these five strains and the amino acids of five positions were found to vary (v185m, g247s, a328s, a391t, and t682a). analysis of the c ... | 2014 | 24788312 |
| west nile virus surveillance in mosquitoes, april to october 2013, vojvodina province, serbia: implications for the 2014 season. | after the west nile virus (wnv) outbreak in 2012, we collected mosquito samples from vojvodina province, serbia, in 2013. we found high wnv infection rate in two species, culex pipiens and anopheles maculipennis. phylogenetic analysis showed that serbian wnv strains from 2013 were most closely related to italian and greek strains isolated in 2012 and 2010, respectively. public health authorities should be aware of a potentially increased risk of wnv activity during the 2014 season. | 2014 | 24786260 |
| draft genome sequences of two bacillus thuringiensis strains and characterization of a putative 41.9-kda insecticidal toxin. | in this work, we report the genome sequencing of two bacillus thuringiensis strains using illumina next-generation sequencing technology (ngs). strain hu4-2, toxic to many lepidopteran pest species and to some mosquitoes, encoded genes for two insecticidal crystal (cry) proteins, cry1ia and cry9ea, and a vegetative insecticidal protein (vip) gene, vip3ca2. strain leapi01 contained genes coding for seven cry proteins (cry1aa, cry1ca, cry1da, cry2ab, cry9ea and two cry1ia gene variants) and a vip3 ... | 2014 | 24784323 |
| dose-dependent behavioral response of the mosquito aedes albopictus to floral odorous compounds. | the value of using plant volatiles as attractants for trapping and spatial repellents to protect hosts against mosquitoes has been widely recognized. the current study characterized behavioral responses of aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) to different concentrations, ranging from 6 to 96%, of several common floral odorous compounds, including linalool, geraniol, citronellal, eugenol, anisaldehyde, and citral, using a wind tunnel olfactometer system. the results indicated that female ... | 0 | 24779928 |
| effect of aerial insecticide spraying on west nile virus disease--north-central texas, 2012. | during 2012, four north-central texas counties experienced high west nile virus (wnv) disease incidence. aerial insecticide spraying was conducted in two counties. to evaluate the effect of spraying on wnv disease, we calculated incidence rate ratios (irrs) in treated and untreated areas by comparing incidence before and after spraying; for unsprayed areas, before and after periods were defined by using dates from a corresponding sprayed area. in treated areas, wnv neuroinvasive disease incidenc ... | 2014 | 24778196 |
| presence of extensive wolbachia symbiont insertions discovered in the genome of its host glossina morsitans morsitans. | tsetse flies (glossina spp.) are the cyclical vectors of trypanosoma spp., which are unicellular parasites responsible for multiple diseases, including nagana in livestock and sleeping sickness in humans in africa. glossina species, including glossina morsitans morsitans (gmm), for which the whole genome sequence (wgs) is now available, have established symbiotic associations with three endosymbionts: wigglesworthia glossinidia, sodalis glossinidius and wolbachia pipientis (wolbachia). the prese ... | 2014 | 24763283 |
| weather factors influencing the population dynamics of culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) in the po plain valley, italy (1997-2011). | the impact of weather variables on culex pipiens l. (diptera: culicidae) population dynamics in the po valley, northern italy, a densely populated region containing the largest industrial and agricultural areas in italy, was investigated. monitoring of mosquitoes was carried out by using co(2)-baited traps without light, collecting data weekly from 1700 to 0900 hours during the period may-september, from 1997 to 2011. daily minimum, average, and maximum relative humidity; daily minimum, maximum, ... | 2014 | 24763101 |
| dicer-2-dependent activation of culex vago occurs via the traf-rel2 signaling pathway. | despite their importance as vectors of human and livestock diseases, relatively little is known about innate antiviral immune pathways in mosquitoes and other insects. previous work has shown that culex vago (cxvago), which is induced and secreted from west nile virus (wnv)-infected mosquito cells, acts as a functional homolog of interferon, by activating jak-stat pathway and limiting virus replication in neighbouring cells. here we describe the dicer-2-dependent pathway leading to wnv-induced c ... | 2014 | 24762775 |
| british container breeding mosquitoes: the impact of urbanisation and climate change on community composition and phenology. | the proliferation of artificial container habitats in urban areas has benefitted urban adaptable mosquito species globally. in areas where mosquitoes transmit viruses and parasites, it can promote vector population productivity and fuel mosquito-borne disease outbreaks. in britain, storage of water in garden water butts is increasing, potentially expanding mosquito larval habitats and influencing population dynamics and mosquito-human contact. here we show that the community composition, abundan ... | 2014 | 24759617 |
| a review of the epidemiological and clinical aspects of west nile virus. | the resurgence of west nile virus (wnv) in north america and europe in recent years has raised the concerns of local authorities and highlighted that mosquito-borne disease is not restricted to tropical regions of the world. wnv is maintained in enzootic cycles involving, primarily, culex spp. mosquitoes and avian hosts, with epizootic spread to mammals, including horses and humans. human infection results in symptomatic illness in approximately one-fifth of cases and neuroinvasive disease in le ... | 2014 | 24748813 |
| phylogenetic analysis of the endoribonuclease dicer family. | dicers are proteins of the ribonuclease iii family with the ability to process dsrna, involved in regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. dicers are conserved from basal metazoans to higher metazoans and contain a number of functional domains that interact with dsrna. the completed genome sequences of over 34 invertebrate species allowed us to systematically investigate dicer genes over a diverse range of phyla. the majority of invertebrate dicers clearly fell into the d ... | 2014 | 24748168 |
| comparison of complete genome sequences of usutu virus strains detected in spain, central europe, and africa. | the complete genomic sequence of usutu virus (usuv, genus flavivirus, family flaviviridae) strain mb119/06, detected in a pool of culex pipiens mosquitoes in northeastern spain (viladecans, catalonia) in 2006, was determined and analyzed. the phylogenetic relationship with all other available complete usuv genome sequences was established. the spanish sequence investigated showed the closest relationship to the usuv prototype strain sa ar 1776 isolated in south africa in 1959 (96.9% nucleotide a ... | 2014 | 24746182 |
| land use patterns and the risk of west nile virus transmission in central illinois. | understanding how human land use patterns influence mosquito ecology and the risk of mosquito-borne pathogens is critical for the development of disease management strategies. we examined how different environments influenced mosquito species composition, abundance, and west nile virus (wnv) infection rates in central illinois. using a combination of gravid traps and cdc light traps, adult mosquitoes were collected every other week from june 24 to september 16, 2012, in four major land use categ ... | 2014 | 24746038 |
| diverse host feeding on nesting birds may limit early-season west nile virus amplification. | arboviral activity tracks vector availability, which in temperate regions means that transmission ceases during the winter and must be restarted each spring. in the northeastern united states, culex restuans theobald resumes its activity earlier than culex pipiens l. and is thought to be important in restarting west nile virus (wnv) transmission. its role in wnv amplification, however, is unclear, because viral levels commonly remain low until the rise of cx. pipiens later in the season. because ... | 2014 | 24745370 |
| the role of viral persistence in flavivirus biology. | in nature, vector-borne flaviviruses are persistently cycled between either the tick or mosquito vector and small mammals such as rodents, skunks, and swine. these viruses account for considerable human morbidity and mortality worldwide. increasing and substantial evidence of viral persistence in humans, which includes the isolation of rna by rt-pcr and infectious virus by culture, continues to be reported. viral persistence can also be established in vitro in various human, animal, arachnid, an ... | 2014 | 24737600 |
| ribosomal protein s29 regulates metabolic insecticide resistance through binding and degradation of cyp6n3. | many diseases are transmitted by mosquitoes, including malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, filariasis, and west nile fever. chemical control plays a major role in managing mosquito-borne diseases. however, excessive and continuous application of insecticides has caused the development of insecticide resistance in many species including mosquito, and this has become the major obstacle to controlling mosquito-borne diseases. insecticide resistance is the result of complex polygenic inheritance, a ... | 2014 | 24728095 |
| distribution and mosquito hosts of chaoyang virus, a newly reported flavivirus from the republic of korea, 2008-2011. | in total, 183,602 female culicine mosquitoes were captured by mosquito magnet, black light, and new jersey light traps, and manual aspiration of resting blood-fed mosquitoes, in the republic of korea from 2008 to 2011. culicine mosquitoes were identified to species, placed in pools of up to 30 mosquitoes each, and screened for flavivirus rna by using an sybr green i-based reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. thirty-two of the 8,199 pools assayed were positive by quantitative po ... | 2014 | 24724298 |
| behavioral differences among four co-occurring species of container mosquito larvae: effects of depth and resource environments. | mosquito larvae often exhibit different behaviors depending on the aspects of the aquatic environment, including the presence of different physical factors and detrital food sources. regardless of these physical differences, different genera also devote different amounts of time to different behaviors. to determine if differences existed among four focal mosquito species (aedes albopictus (singh), aedes triseriatus (say), culex quinquefasciatus (say), culex coronator dyar & knab), we recorded be ... | 0 | 24724286 |
| can horton hear the whos? the importance of scale in mosquito-borne disease. | the epidemiology of vector-borne pathogens is determined by mechanisms and interactions at different scales of biological organization, from individual-level cellular processes to community interactions between species and with the environment. most research, however, focuses on one scale or level with little integration between scales or levels within scales. understanding the interactions between levels and how they influence our perception of vector-borne pathogens is critical. here two examp ... | 0 | 24724278 |
| complement-related proteins control the flavivirus infection of aedes aegypti by inducing antimicrobial peptides. | the complement system functions during the early phase of infection and directly mediates pathogen elimination. the recent identification of complement-like factors in arthropods indicates that this system shares common ancestry in vertebrates and invertebrates as an immune defense mechanism. thioester (te)-containing proteins (teps), which show high similarity to mammalian complement c3, are thought to play a key role in innate immunity in arthropods. herein, we report that a viral recognition ... | 2014 | 24722701 |
| molecular and functional characterization of cdnas putatively encoding carboxylesterases from the migratory locust, locusta migratoria. | carboxylesterases (cares) belong to a superfamily of metabolic enzymes encoded by a number of genes and are widely distributed in microbes, plants and animals including insects. these enzymes play important roles in detoxification of insecticides and other xenobiotics, degradation of pheromones, regulation of neurodevelopment, and control of animal development. in this study, we characterized a total of 39 full-length cdnas putatively encoding different cares from the migratory locust, locusta m ... | 2014 | 24722667 |
| annotation of protein domains reveals remarkable conservation in the functional make up of proteomes across superkingdoms. | the functional repertoire of a cell is largely embodied in its proteome, the collection of proteins encoded in the genome of an organism. the molecular functions of proteins are the direct consequence of their structure and structure can be inferred from sequence using hidden markov models of structural recognition. here we analyze the functional annotation of protein domain structures in almost a thousand sequenced genomes, exploring the functional and structural diversity of proteomes. we find ... | 2011 | 24710297 |
| limited efficacy of west nile virus vaccines in large falcons (falco spp.). | west nile virus (wnv) can lead to fatal diseases in raptor species. unfortunately, there is no vaccine which has been designed specifically for use in breeding stocks of falcons. therefore the immunogenicity and protective capacity of two commercially available wnv vaccines, both approved for use in horses, were evaluated in large falcons. one vaccine contained adjuvanted inactivated wnv lineage 1 immunogens, while the second represented a canarypox recombinant live virus vector vaccine. the eff ... | 2014 | 24708385 |
| integrated proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of the aedes aegypti eggshell. | mosquito eggshells show remarkable diversity in physical properties and structure consistent with adaptations to the wide variety of environments exploited by these insects. we applied proteomic, transcriptomic, and hybridization in situ techniques to identify gene products and pathways that participate in the assembly of the aedes aegypti eggshell. aedes aegypti population density is low during cold and dry seasons and increases immediately after rainfall. the survival of embryos through unfavo ... | 2014 | 24707823 |
| rnai in arthropods: insight into the machinery and applications for understanding the pathogen-vector interface. | the availability of genome sequencing data in combination with knowledge of expressed genes via transcriptome and proteome data has greatly advanced our understanding of arthropod vectors of disease. not only have we gained insight into vector biology, but also into their respective vector-pathogen interactions. by combining the strengths of postgenomic databases and reverse genetic approaches such as rnai, the numbers of available drug and vaccine targets, as well as number of transgenes for su ... | 2012 | 24705082 |
| factors behind junk dna in bacteria. | although bacterial genomes have been traditionally viewed as being very compact, with relatively low amounts of repetitive and non-coding dna, this view has dramatically changed in recent years. the increase of available complete bacterial genomes has revealed that many species present abundant repetitive dna (i.e., insertion sequences, prophages or paralogous genes) and that many of these sequences are not functional but can have evolutionary consequences as concerns the adaptation to specializ ... | 2012 | 24705080 |
| molecular biology of insect sodium channels and pyrethroid resistance. | voltage-gated sodium channels are essential for the initiation and propagation of the action potential in neurons and other excitable cells. because of their critical roles in electrical signaling, sodium channels are targets of a variety of naturally occurring and synthetic neurotoxins, including several classes of insecticides. this review is intended to provide an update on the molecular biology of insect sodium channels and the molecular mechanism of pyrethroid resistance. although mammalian ... | 2014 | 24704279 |
| the emergence of schmallenberg virus across culicoides communities and ecosystems in europe. | schmallenberg virus (sbv), a novel arboviral pathogen, has emerged and spread across europe since 2011 inflicting congenital deformities in the offspring of infected adult ruminants. several species of culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) have been implicated in the transmission of sbv through studies conducted in northern europe. in this study culicoides from sbv outbreak areas of mainland france and italy (sardinia) were screened for viral rna. the role of both c. obsoletus and ... | 2014 | 24698329 |
| invasive process and repeated cross-sectional surveys of the mosquito aedes japonicus japonicus establishment in belgium. | when accidentally introduced in a new location, a species does not necessarily readily become invasive, but it usually needs several years to adapt to its new environment. in 2009, a national mosquito survey (modirisk) reported the introduction and possible establishment of an invasive mosquito species, aedes j. japonicus, in belgium. first collected in 2002 in the village of natoye from a second-hand tire company, then sampled in 2003 and 2004, the presence of adults and larvae was confirmed in ... | 2014 | 24694576 |
| habitat discrimination by gravid anopheles gambiae sensu lato--a push-pull system. | the non-random distribution of anopheline larvae in natural habitats suggests that gravid females discriminate between habitats of different quality. whilst physical and chemical cues used by culex and aedes vector mosquitoes for selecting an oviposition site have been extensively studied, those for anopheles remain poorly explored. here the habitat selection by anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.), the principal african malaria vector, was investigated when presented with a choice of two infusio ... | 2014 | 24693951 |
| novel genetic and molecular tools for the investigation and control of dengue virus transmission by mosquitoes. | aedes aegypti is the principal vector of dengue virus (denv) throughout the tropical world. this anthropophilic mosquito species needs to be persistently infected with denv before it can transmit the virus through its saliva to a new vertebrate host. in the mosquito, denv is confronted with several innate immune pathways, among which rna interference is considered the most important. the ae. aegypti genome project opened the doors for advanced molecular studies on pathogen-vector interactions in ... | 0 | 24693489 |
| investigations on california serogroup orthobunyaviruses in the tyrols: first description of tahyna virus in the alps. | seroprevalence rates for immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies to tahyna virus (tahv) and inkoo virus (inkv) were determined in sera of 1630 blood donors from north, east, and south tyrol by immunofluorescence assays (ifas) and confirmatory serum neutralization tests (snts). ten sera (0.6%) reacted positive by tahv ifa, five of which (0.3%) were confirmed by snt. eleven sera (0.7%) reacted positive in the inkv ifa; only one thereof (0.06%) was verified by subsequent snt. to identify the source of in ... | 2014 | 24689784 |
| bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and its dipteran-specific toxins. | bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) is the first bacillus thuringiensis to be found and used as an effective biological control agent against larvae of many mosquito and black fly species around the world. its larvicidal activity resides in four major (of 134, 128, 72 and 27 kda) and at least two minor (of 78 and 29 kda) polypeptides encoded respectively by cry4aa, cry4ba, cry11aa, cyt1aa, cry10aa and cyt2ba, all mapped on the 128 kb plasmid known as pbtoxis. these six δ-endotoxins f ... | 2014 | 24686769 |
| response of primary vectors and related diseases to impoundment by the three gorges dam. | to investigate the impact of the three gorges dam on the local ecological environment. we conducted a 3-year cross-sectional survey of natural focus infectious diseases in the area before and after the water level rose to 156 m to evaluate the dam's health impacts. | 2014 | 24684420 |
| a major facilitator superfamily protein encoded by tcmuck gene is not required for cuticle pigmentation, growth and development in tribolium castaneum. | insect cuticle pigmentation and sclerotization (tanning) are vital physiological processes for insect growth, development and survival. we have previously identified several colorless precursor molecules as well as enzymes involved in their biosynthesis and processing to yield the mature intensely colored body cuticle pigments. a recent study indicated that the bombyx mori (silkmoth) gene, bmmuck, which encodes a protein orthologous to a culex pipiens quiquefasciatus (southern house mosquito) ci ... | 2014 | 24681434 |
| dispersal of adult culex mosquitoes in an urban west nile virus hotspot: a mark-capture study incorporating stable isotope enrichment of natural larval habitats. | dispersal is a critical life history behavior for mosquitoes and is important for the spread of mosquito-borne disease. we implemented the first stable isotope mark-capture study to measure mosquito dispersal, focusing on culex pipiens in southwest suburban chicago, illinois, a hotspot of west nile virus (wnv) transmission. we enriched nine catch basins in 2010 and 2011 with 15n-potassium nitrate and detected dispersal of enriched adult females emerging from these catch basins using cdc light an ... | 2014 | 24676212 |
| susceptibility of european jackdaws (corvus monedula) to experimental infection with lineage 1 and 2 west nile viruses. | mass bird mortality has been observed in north america after the introduction of west nile virus (wnv), most notably massive die-offs of american crows (corvus brachyrhynchos). in contrast, wnv epidemic activity in europe has been characterized by very low incidences of bird mortality. as the general susceptibility of european corvids to strains of wnv remains in question, european jackdaws (corvus monedula) were inoculated with wnv strains circulating currently in greece (greece-10), italy (fin ... | 2014 | 24671752 |
| mating changes the female dietary preference in the two-spotted cricket, gryllus bimaculatus. | most insect species exhibit characteristic behavioral changes after mating. typical post-mating behaviors in female insects include noticeable increases in food intake, elevated oviposition rates, lowered receptivity to courting males, and enhanced immune response. although it has been reported that mated females of several insect species including the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster increase the amount of food intake and change their dietary preferences, the limited number of comparative stu ... | 2014 | 24659970 |
| usutu virus. | 2013 | 24659950 | |
| recent weather extremes and impacts on agricultural production and vector-borne disease outbreak patterns. | we document significant worldwide weather anomalies that affected agriculture and vector-borne disease outbreaks during the 2010-2012 period. we utilized 2000-2012 vegetation index and land surface temperature data from nasa's satellite-based moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (modis) to map the magnitude and extent of these anomalies for diverse regions including the continental united states, russia, east africa, southern africa, and australia. we demonstrate that shifts in temperat ... | 2014 | 24658301 |
| suppression of allatotropin simulates reproductive diapause in the mosquito culex pipiens. | the cessation of juvenile hormone (jh) production is a key endocrine event that halts ovarian development and hence initiates diapause in females of the mosquito, culex pipiens. the shutdown in endocrine activity of the corpora allata (ca), the source of jh, was manifested in the smaller size of ca in females reared under short daylengths (diapause) compared to those reared under long daylengths (nondiapause), as well as in low expression of the mrna encoding allatotropin, the neuropeptide that ... | 2014 | 24657669 |
| immune response to live-attenuated japanese encephalitis vaccine (je-cv) neutralizes japanese encephalitis virus isolates from south-east asia and india. | during clinical development of the licensed japanese encephalitis chimeric virus vaccine (je-cv), the neutralization capacity of vaccine-induced antibodies was assessed against the vaccine virus and against well characterized wild-type (wt) viruses isolated between 1949-1991. we assessed whether je-cv-induced antibodies can also neutralize more recent wt japanese encephalitis virus (jev) isolates including a genotype 1 isolate. | 2014 | 24656175 |
| identification of carboxylesterase genes implicated in temephos resistance in the dengue vector aedes aegypti. | thailand is currently experiencing one of its worst dengue outbreaks in decades. as in most countries where this disease is endemic, dengue control in thailand is largely reliant on the use of insecticides targeting both immature and adult stages of the aedes mosquito, with the organophosphate insecticide, temephos, being the insecticide of choice for attacking the mosquito larvae. resistance to temephos was first detected in aedes aegypti larvae in thailand approximately 25 years ago but the me ... | 2014 | 24651719 |
| a tale of two city blocks: differences in immature and adult mosquito abundances between socioeconomically different urban blocks in baltimore (maryland, usa). | infrastructure degradation in many post-industrial cities has increased the availability of potential mosquito habitats, including container habitats that support infestations of invasive disease-vectors. this study is unique in examining both immature and adult mosquito abundance across the fine-scale variability in socio-economic condition that occurs block-to-block in many cities. we hypothesized that abundant garbage associated with infrastructure degradation would support greater mosquito p ... | 2014 | 24651396 |
| cyp6 p450 enzymes and ace-1 duplication produce extreme and multiple insecticide resistance in the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | malaria control relies heavily on pyrethroid insecticides, to which susceptibility is declining in anopheles mosquitoes. to combat pyrethroid resistance, application of alternative insecticides is advocated for indoor residual spraying (irs), and carbamates are increasingly important. emergence of a very strong carbamate resistance phenotype in anopheles gambiae from tiassalé, côte d'ivoire, west africa, is therefore a potentially major operational challenge, particularly because these malaria v ... | 2014 | 24651294 |
| fecundity reduction in the second gonotrophic cycle of culex pipiens infected with the apicomplexan blood parasite, hepatozoon sipedon. | fecundity reduction is a well-recognized phenomenon of parasite infection in insects. reduced production of eggs might increase longevity of a host and release nutrients to both host and parasite that would otherwise be used for oogenesis. the objective of this study was to assess effects on fecundity caused by hepatozoon sipedon, an apicomplexan blood parasite of snakes, in its invertebrate host, the mosquito culex pipiens. in the first gonotrophic cycle, the mean number of eggs laid by mosquit ... | 2014 | 24650105 |
| molecular archaeology of flaviviridae untranslated regions: duplicated rna structures in the replication enhancer of flaviviruses and pestiviruses emerged via convergent evolution. | rna secondary structures in the 3'untranslated regions (3'utr) of the viruses of the family flaviviridae, previously identified as essential (promoters) or beneficial (enhancers) for replication, have been analysed. duplicated enhancer elements are revealed as a global feature in the evolution of the 3'utr of distantly related viruses within the genera flavivirus and pestivirus. for the flaviviruses, duplicated structures occur in the 3'utr of all four distantly related ecological virus subgroup ... | 2014 | 24647143 |
| consequences of in vitro host shift for st. louis encephalitis virus. | understanding the potential for host range shifts and expansions of rna viruses is critical to predicting the evolutionary and epidemiological paths of these pathogens. as arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) experience frequent spillover from their amplification cycles and are generalists by nature, they are likely to experience a relatively high frequency of success in a range of host environments. despite this, the potential for host expansion, the genetic correlates of adaptation to novel e ... | 2014 | 24643879 |
| experimental infection of house sparrows (passer domesticus) with west nile virus isolates of euro-mediterranean and north american origins. | west nile virus (wnv) is a zoonotic arboviral pathogen transmitted by mosquitoes in a cycle involving wild birds as reservoir hosts. the virus has recently emerged in north america and re-emerged in europe. north american wnv outbreaks are often accompanied by high mortality in wild birds, a feature that is uncommon in europe. the reason for this difference is unknown, but the intrinsic virulence of the viruses circulating in each continent and/or the susceptibility to the disease of palearctic ... | 2014 | 24641615 |
| histological and pcr xenomonitoring of culicine mosquitoes for filarial infestation in sohag governorate, upper egypt. | the nematodes wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi; the principal etiologic agents of lymphatic filariasis are mosquito dependant in the biological transmission. dirofilariasis is essentially a disease of canines which can also be transmitted to humans by culicine mosquitoes. the present work studied the histological and pcr xenomonitoring filarial infestation in culicine mosquitoes in sohag governorate. one hundred female mosquitoes of the 5 culicine spesies present in the selected localities ... | 2013 | 24640859 |
| spatial and temporal habitat segregation of mosquitoes in urban florida. | understanding mechanisms fostering coexistence between invasive and resident species is important in predicting ecological, economic, or health impacts of invasive species. the non-native mosquitoes aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus have been resident in the southeastern united states for over a century. they coexist at some urban sites with the more recent invasive aedes albopictus, which is usually superior in interspecific competition. we tested predictions of temporal and spatial habi ... | 2014 | 24621592 |
| study of culex tritaeniorhynchus and species composition of mosquitoes in a rice field in greece. | mosquito species composition and seasonal abundance were studied in a rice field in western greece over a three-year period (2009-2011). a total of 11,716 larvae and pupae of mosquitoes were recorded, representing seven species, namely aedes caspius (pallas), anopheles hyrcanus (pallas), anopheles sacharovi favre, culex theileri theobald, culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, culex pipiens linnaeus, uranotaenia unguiculata edwards and belonging to four genera. cx. tritaeniorhynchus constituted the most ... | 2014 | 24613156 |
| identification of pheromone components and their binding affinity to the odorant binding protein ccapobp83a-2 of the mediterranean fruit fly, ceratitis capitata. | the mediterranean fruit fly (or medfly), ceratitis capitata (wiedemann; diptera: tephritidae), is a serious pest of agriculture worldwide, displaying a very wide larval host range with more than 250 different species of fruit and vegetables. olfaction plays a key role in the invasive potential of this species. unfortunately, the pheromone communication system of the medfly is complex and still not well established. in this study, we report the isolation of chemicals emitted by sexually mature in ... | 2014 | 24607850 |
| peripheral coding of taste. | five canonical tastes, bitter, sweet, umami (amino acid), salty, and sour (acid), are detected by animals as diverse as fruit flies and humans, consistent with a near-universal drive to consume fundamental nutrients and to avoid toxins or other harmful compounds. surprisingly, despite this strong conservation of basic taste qualities between vertebrates and invertebrates, the receptors and signaling mechanisms that mediate taste in each are highly divergent. the identification over the last two ... | 0 | 24607224 |
| evaluation of seasonal feeding patterns of west nile virus vectors in bernalillo county, new mexico, united states: implications for disease transmission. | many mosquito species take bloodmeals predominantly from either birds or mammals. other mosquito species are less host-specific and feed readily on both. furthermore, some species tend to alter their feeding patterns over the course of the year; early in the mosquito season such species may feed primarily on a particular host type, and subsequently take an increasingly larger proportion of their bloodmeals from an alternative host type as the season progresses. we have examined the feeding patte ... | 0 | 24605477 |
| design and testing of a novel, protective human-baited tent trap for the collection of anthropophilic disease vectors. | currently, there exists a deficit of safe, active trapping methods for the collection of host-seeking anopheles and other disease-causing arthropod vectors. the gold-standard approach for mosquito collection is that of human landing catch (hlc), in which an individual exposes bare skin to possibly infected vectors. here, we present the development of a new method for mosquito collection, the infoscitex tent, which uses modern tent materials coupled with a novel trap design. this provides an effi ... | 0 | 24605476 |
| somatic wolbachia (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae) levels in culex quinquefasciatus and culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) and resistance to west nile virus infection. | the endosymbiotic bacteria wolbachia pipientis hertig infects a wide variety of insect species and can increase viral resistance in its host. wolbachia naturally infects culex quinquefasciatus say and culex pipiens l. mosquitoes, both vectors of west nile virus (wnv). we recently demonstrated that wolbachia infection of cx. quinquefasciatus laboratory strain ben95 increases host resistance to wnv infection, reducing vector competence. this observation raised the possibility that wolbachia could ... | 2014 | 24605469 |
| the effect of temperature on life history traits of culex mosquitoes. | climatic changes forecasted in the coming years are likely to result in substantial alterations to the distributions and populations of vectors of arthropod-borne pathogens. characterization of the effect of temperature shifts on the life history traits of specific vectors is needed to more accurately define how such changes could impact the epidemiological patterns of vector-borne disease. here, we determined the effect of temperatures including 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 degreec on development tim ... | 0 | 24605453 |
| identification of salivary gland proteins depleted after blood feeding in the malaria vector anopheles campestris-like mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae). | malaria sporozoites must invade the salivary glands of mosquitoes for maturation before transmission to vertebrate hosts. the duration of the sporogonic cycle within the mosquitoes ranges from 10 to 21 days depending on the parasite species and temperature. during blood feeding salivary gland proteins are injected into the vertebrate host, along with malaria sporozoites in the case of an infected mosquito. to identify salivary gland proteins depleted after blood feeding of female anopheles campe ... | 2014 | 24599352 |
| knowledge extraction and semantic annotation of text from the encyclopedia of life. | numerous digitization and ontological initiatives have focused on translating biological knowledge from narrative text to machine-readable formats. in this paper, we describe two workflows for knowledge extraction and semantic annotation of text data objects featured in an online biodiversity aggregator, the encyclopedia of life. one workflow tags text with dbpedia uris based on keywords. another workflow finds taxon names in text using gnrd for the purpose of building a species association netw ... | 2014 | 24594988 |
| trypsin-catalyzed deltamethrin degradation. | to explore if trypsin could catalyze the degradation of non-protein molecule deltamethrin, we compared in vitro hydrolytic reactions of deltamethrin in the presence and absence of trypsin with ultraviolet-visible (uv/vis) spectrophotometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc/ms). in addition, acute oral toxicity of the degradation products was determined in wistar rats. the results show that the absorption peak of deltamethrin is around 264 nm, while the absorption peaks of deltamethrin ... | 2014 | 24594869 |
| identification of avian malaria (plasmodium sp.) and canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) in the mosquitoes of tennessee. | plasmodium reticulum, the causative agent for avian malaria (a protozoan), and dirofilaria immitis, the causative agent for canine heartworm (a filarial nematode), are 2 obligate parasites transmitted by mosquitoes. the objective of this project was to identify whether either parasite was present in tennessee mosquitoes and to illustrate the need for collecting spatial and temporal vector-parasite data. during 2012, mosquitoes were collected from the east tennessee research and education center ... | 2014 | 24588536 |
| crustacean biodiversity as an important factor for mosquito larval control. | newly established ponds, which are highly dynamic systems with changing levels of biological interactions among species, are common larval mosquito habitats. we investigated the impact of crustacean abundance and taxa diversity on mosquito oviposition and larval development. the effects of the biological larvicide bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) on mosquito larvae were monitored according to fluctuations in crustacean communities. populations of the mosquito culex pipiens colonized arti ... | 2013 | 24581370 |
| a statistical model of rift valley fever activity in egypt. | rift valley fever (rvf) is a viral disease of animals and humans and a global public health concern due to its ecological plasticity, adaptivity, and potential for spread to countries with a temperate climate. in many places, outbreaks are episodic and linked to climatic, hydrologic, and socioeconomic factors. although outbreaks of rvf have occurred in egypt since 1977, attempts to identify risk factors have been limited. using a statistical learning approach (lasso-regularized generalized linea ... | 0 | 24581353 |
| effect of habitat complexity on the predation of buenoa fuscipennis (heteroptera: notonectidae) on mosquito immature stages and alternative prey. | notonectids are well-known predators in aquatic habitats, where mosquito larvae, chironomids, and cladocerans constitute their main diet. our purpose was to assess the effect of structural complexity on the predatory ability of buenoa fuscipennis, a common predator in aquatic habitats of buenos aires city (argentina). buenoa fuscipennis showed type 2 functional responses in both the presence and absence of prey refuge and no differences in attack rate or handling time between refuge treatments. ... | 2013 | 24581348 |
| vector competence of culex neavei and culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) from senegal for lineages 1, 2, koutango and a putative new lineage of west nile virus. | west nile virus (wn virus) is one of the most widespread arbovirus and exhibits a great genetic diversity with 8 lineages, at least 4 (1, 2, koutango, and putative new) are present in africa. in west africa, culex neavei and culex quinquefasciatus are considered as potential vectors for wn virus transmission in sylvatic or urban context. we analyzed the vector competence of these culex species from senegal for african lineages and envelope proteins sequences of viral strains used. we showed that ... | 2014 | 24567319 |
| a single mutation in the gste2 gene allows tracking of metabolically based insecticide resistance in a major malaria vector. | metabolic resistance to insecticides is the biggest threat to the continued effectiveness of malaria vector control. however, its underlying molecular basis, crucial for successful resistance management, remains poorly characterized. | 2014 | 24565444 |
| deletion of the nsm virulence gene of rift valley fever virus inhibits virus replication in and dissemination from the midgut of aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | previously, we investigated the role of the rift valley fever virus (rvfv) virulence genes nss and nsm in mosquitoes and demonstrated that deletion of nsm significantly reduced the infection, dissemination, and transmission rates of rvfv in aedes aegypti mosquitoes. the specific aim of this study was to further characterize midgut infection and escape barriers of rvfv in ae. aegypti infected with reverse genetics-generated wild type rvfv (rrvf-wt) or rvfv lacking the nsm virulence gene (rrvf-δns ... | 2014 | 24551252 |
| [genetic study of two characters of pigmentation of culex autogenicus roubaud]. | 1950 | 24539234 | |
| prevalence of canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) disease in dogs of central portugal. | the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors concerning dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs from figueira da foz, located in the central region of portugal. in the period between november 2009 and january 2011, 304 blood samples were obtained from dogs over 1 year of age, with no previous history of heartworm prevention or diagnosis. every blood sample was analyzed using varied laboratory techniques (direct microscopic evaluation of a fresh blood sample, the mo ... | 2014 | 24534524 |
| spatial, temporal, molecular, and intraspecific differences of haemoparasite infection and relevant selected physiological parameters of wild birds in georgia, usa. | the prevalence of five avian haemoparasite groups was examined for effects on health and associations with extrinsic factors. overall, 786 samples were examined from six sites in two georgia (usa) watersheds, during breeding and non-breeding periods in 2010 and 2011. among the four most commonly infected species, haemoproteus prevalence was significantly higher in northern cardinals (cardinalis cardinalis) compared to indigo buntings (passerina cyanea) and tufted titmice (baeolophus bicolor) whi ... | 2013 | 24533333 |
| influence of hepatozoon parasites on host-seeking and host-choice behaviour of the mosquitoes culex territans and culex pipiens. | hepatozoon species are heteroxenous parasites that commonly infect the blood of vertebrates and various organs of arthropods. despite their ubiquity, little is known about how these parasites affect host phenotype, including whether or not these parasites induce changes in hosts to increase transmission success. the objectives of this research were to investigate influences of the frog blood parasite hepatozoon clamatae and the snake blood parasite hepatozoon sipedon on host-seeking and host-cho ... | 2012 | 24533317 |
| prevalence of filarioid nematodes and trypanosomes in american robins and house sparrows, chicago usa. | hosts are commonly infected with a suite of parasites, and interactions among these parasites can affect the size, structure, and behavior of host-parasite communities. as an important step to understanding the significance of co-circulating parasites, we describe prevalence of co-circulating hemoparasites in two important avian amplification hosts for west nile virus (wnv), the american robin (turdus migratorius) and house sparrow (passer domesticus), during the 2010-2011 in chicago, illinois, ... | 2012 | 24533314 |
| experimental infections of wild birds with west nile virus. | avian models of west nile virus (wnv) disease have become pivotal in the study of infection pathogenesis and transmission, despite the intrinsic constraints that represents this type of experimental research that needs to be conducted in biosecurity level 3 (bsl3) facilities. this review summarizes the main achievements of wnv experimental research carried out in wild birds, highlighting advantages and limitations of this model. viral and host factors that determine the infection outcome are ana ... | 2014 | 24531334 |
| rapid detection and identification of wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, b. pahangi, and dirofilaria immitis in mosquito vectors and blood samples by high resolution melting real-time pcr. | a simple, rapid, and high-throughput method for detection and identification of wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, brugia pahangi, and dirofilaria immitis in mosquito vectors and blood samples was developed using a real-time pcr combined with high-resolution melting (hrm) analysis. amplicons of the 4 filarial species were generated from 5s rrna and spliced leader sequences by the real-time pcr and their melting temperatures were determined by the hrm method. melting of amplicons from w. bancro ... | 2013 | 24516268 |
| an insight into the sialome of the frog biting fly, corethrella appendiculata. | the nematocera infraorder culicomorpha is believed to have descended from bloodfeeding ancestors over 200 million years ago, generating bloodfeeding and non-bloodfeeding flies in two superfamilies, the culicoidea-containing the mosquitoes, the frog-feeding midges, the chaoboridae, and the dixidae-and the chironomoidea-containing the black flies, the ceratopogonids, the chironomidae, and the thaumaleidae. blood feeding requires many adaptations, including development of a sophisticated salivary p ... | 2013 | 24514880 |
| potency of insect-specific scorpion toxins on mosquito control using bacillus thuringiensis cry4aa. | two insect-specific scorpion toxins, bjαit and aahit were produced as alkali-soluble protein inclusions in escherichia coli. the inclusion bodies themselves exhibited no toxicity against culex pipiens larvae. however, coadministration with cry4aa toxin enhanced the mosquitocidal activity by 2-3 fold. insect-specific scorpion toxins can be good supplements for cry toxin-based bioinsecticides. | 2014 | 24508022 |
| dynamics of the emergence and establishment of a newly dominant genotype of japanese encephalitis virus throughout asia. | in recent years, genotype i (gi) of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) has displaced genotype iii (giii) as the dominant virus genotype throughout asia. in this study, the largest collection of giii and gi envelope gene-derived viral sequences assembled to date was used to reconstruct the spatiotemporal chronology of genotype displacement throughout asia and to determine the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics underlying this significant event. gi consists of two clades, gi-a and gi-b, with ... | 2014 | 24501419 |
| wolbachia increases susceptibility to plasmodium infection in a natural system. | current views about the impact of wolbachia on plasmodium infections are almost entirely based on data regarding artificially transfected mosquitoes. this work has shown that wolbachia reduces the intensity of plasmodium infections in mosquitoes, raising the exciting possibility of using wolbachia to control or limit the spread of malaria. whether natural wolbachia infections have the same parasite-inhibiting properties is not yet clear. wolbachia-mosquito combinations with a long evolutionary h ... | 2014 | 24500167 |
| patterns of phenoloxidase activity in insecticide resistant and susceptible mosquitoes differ between laboratory-selected and wild-caught individuals. | insecticide resistance has the potential to alter vector immune competence and consequently affect the transmission of diseases. | 2013 | 24499651 |
| temporal changes in mosquito abundance (culex pipiens), avian malaria prevalence and lineage composition. | knowledge on the temporal dynamics of host/vector/parasite interactions is a pre-requisite to further address relevant questions in the fields of epidemiology and evolutionary ecology of infectious diseases. in studies of avian malaria, the natural history of plasmodium parasites with their natural mosquito vectors, however, is mostly unknown. | 2013 | 24499594 |
| the effect of hybridization of culex pipiens complex mosquitoes on transmission of west nile virus. | culex pipiens l. complex mosquitoes have a global distribution and are primary vectors of pathogens of public health significance. in the u.s., cx. pipiens bioformes, cx. pipiens form pipiens and cx. pipiens form molestus, as well as cx. quinquefasciatus, are primary vectors of west nile virus (wnv; flaviviridae, flavivirus). these mosquitoes reside in distinct but overlapping ecological niches and readily hybridize in areas where they coexist. although species and population-specific difference ... | 2013 | 24499581 |
| the susceptibility of aedes aegypti populations displaying temephos resistance to bacillus thuringiensis israelensis: a basis for management. | aedes aegypti is the vector of dengue virus, and its control is essential to prevent disease transmission. among the agents available to control this species, biolarvicides based on bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis (bti) are an effective alternative to replace the organophosphate temephos for controlling populations that display resistance to this insecticide. the major goal of this study was to determine the baseline susceptibility of brazilian ae. aegypti populations to bti, taking i ... | 2013 | 24499507 |
| human and entomological surveillance of west nile fever, dengue and chikungunya in veneto region, italy, 2010-2012. | since 2010 veneto region (north-eastern italy) planned a special integrated surveillance of summer fevers to promptly identify cases of west nile fever (wnf), dengue (denv) and chikungunya (chikv). the objectives of this study were (i) to increase the detection rate of imported chikv and denv cases in travellers from endemic areas and promptly identify potential autochthonous cases.(ii) to detect autochthonous cases of wnf, besides those of west nile neuroinvasive disease (wnnd) that were alread ... | 2014 | 24499011 |
| mario coluzzi (1938-2012). | 2014 | 24498979 | |
| shared gene structures and clusters of mutually exclusive spliced exons within the metazoan muscle myosin heavy chain genes. | multicellular animals possess two to three different types of muscle tissues. striated muscles have considerable ultrastructural similarity and contain a core set of proteins including the muscle myosin heavy chain (mhc) protein. the atpase activity of this myosin motor protein largely dictates muscle performance at the molecular level. two different solutions to adjusting myosin properties to different muscle subtypes have been identified so far: vertebrates and nematodes contain many independe ... | 2014 | 24498429 |
| wolbachia divergence and the evolution of cytoplasmic incompatibility in culex pipiens. | many insect species harbor wolbachia bacteria that induce cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci), i.e. embryonic lethality in crosses between infected males and uninfected females, or between males and females carrying incompatible wolbachia strains. the molecular mechanism of ci remains unknown, but the available data are best interpreted under a modification-rescue model, where a mod function disables the reproductive success of infected males' sperm, unless the eggs are infected and express a compa ... | 2014 | 24498078 |
| out of the bush: the asian bush mosquito aedes japonicus japonicus (theobald, 1901) (diptera, culicidae) becomes invasive. | the asian bush or rock pool mosquito aedes japonicus japonicus is one of the most expansive culicid species of the world. being native to east asia, this species was detected out of its original distribution range for the first time in the early 1990s in new zealand where it could not establish, though. in 1998, established populations were reported from the eastern us, most likely as a result of introductions several years earlier. after a massive spread the mosquito is now widely distributed i ... | 2014 | 24495418 |
| gene-dosage effects on fitness in recent adaptive duplications: ace-1 in the mosquito culex pipiens. | gene duplications have long been advocated to contribute to the evolution of new functions. the role of selection in their early spread is more controversial. unless duplications are favored for a direct benefit of increased expression, they are likely detrimental. in this article, we investigated the case of duplications favored because they combine already functionally divergent alleles. their gene-dosage/fitness relations are poorly known because selection may operate on both overall expressi ... | 2014 | 24494966 |
| wolbachia versus dengue: evolutionary forecasts. | a novel form of biological control is being applied to the dengue virus. the agent is the maternally transmitted bacterium wolbachia, naturally absent from the main dengue vector, the mosquito aedes aegypti. three wolbachia-based control strategies have been proposed. one is suppression of mosquito populations by large-scale releases of males incompatible with native females; this intervention requires ongoing releases. the other interventions transform wild mosquito populations with wolbachia t ... | 2013 | 24481199 |
| evidence for gene duplication in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of aedes aegypti. | mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (nav), known as kdr mutations, are associated with pyrethroid and ddt insecticide resistance in a number of species. in the mosquito dengue vector aedes aegypti, besides kdr, other polymorphisms allowed grouping aanav sequences as type 'a' or 'b'. here, we point a series of evidences that these polymorphisms are actually involved in a gene duplication event. | 2013 | 24481195 |
| efficacy and non-target impact of spinosad, bti and temephos larvicides for control of anopheles spp. in an endemic malaria region of southern mexico. | the larvicidal efficacy of the naturally derived insecticide spinosad, for control of immature stages of anopheles albimanus and associated culicids, was compared to that of synthetic and biological larvicides. effects on non-target insects were also determined. | 2014 | 24479683 |
| the natural insect peptide neb-colloostatin induces ovarian atresia and apoptosis in the mealworm tenebrio molitor. | the injection of neb-colloostatin into t. molitor females causes gonadoinhibitory effects on ovarian development. this peptide inhibits intercellular space formation (patency) in follicular epithelium and results in slowed vitellogenesis, delayed ovulation, reduced number of eggs laid and presumably cell death in the terminal follicles. however, as does the form of cell death in the terminal follicle, the mode of action of neb-colloostatin remains unknown. | 2014 | 24479487 |
| aphid polyphenisms: trans-generational developmental regulation through viviparity. | polyphenism, in which multiple discrete phenotypes develop from a single genotype, is considered to have contributed to the evolutionary success of aphids. of the various polyphenisms observed in the complex life cycle of aphids, the reproductive and wing polyphenisms seen in most aphid species are conspicuous. in reproductive polyphenism, the reproductive modes can change between viviparous parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction in response to the photoperiod. under short-day conditions in aut ... | 2014 | 24478714 |
| full-genome characterisation of orungo, lebombo and changuinola viruses provides evidence for co-evolution of orbiviruses with their arthropod vectors. | the complete genomes of orungo virus (oruv), lebombo virus (lebv) and changuinola virus (cglv) were sequenced, confirming that they each encode 11 distinct proteins (vp1-vp7 and ns1-ns4). phylogenetic analyses of cell-attachment protein 'outer-capsid protein 1' (oc1), show that orbiviruses fall into three large groups, identified as: vp2(oc1), in which oc1 is the 2nd largest protein, including the culicoides transmitted orbiviruses; vp3(oc1), which includes the mosquito transmitted orbiviruses; ... | 2014 | 24475112 |
| male accessory gland substances from aedes albopictus affect the locomotor activity of aedes aegypti females. | dengue is one of the world's most important mosquito-borne diseases and is usually transmitted by one of two vector species: aedes aegypti or aedes albopictus . these two diurnal mosquitoes are frequently found coexisting in similar habitats, enabling interactions between adults, such as cross-mating. the objective of this study was to assess cross-mating between ae. aegypti females and ae. albopictus males under artificial conditions and evaluate the locomotor activity of ae. aegypti virgin fem ... | 0 | 24473799 |
| history of domestication and spread of aedes aegypti--a review. | the adaptation of insect vectors of human diseases to breed in human habitats (domestication) is one of the most important phenomena in medical entomology. considerable data are available on the vector mosquito aedes aegypti in this regard and here we integrate the available information including genetics, behaviour, morphology, ecology and biogeography of the mosquito, with human history. we emphasise the tremendous amount of variation possessed by ae. aegypti for virtually all traits considere ... | 0 | 24473798 |
| sequencing, de novo assembly and annotation of the colorado potato beetle, leptinotarsa decemlineata, transcriptome. | the colorado potato beetle (leptinotarsa decemlineata) is a major pest and a serious threat to potato cultivation throughout the northern hemisphere. despite its high importance for invasion biology, phenology and pest management, little is known about l. decemlineata from a genomic perspective. we subjected european l. decemlineata adult and larval transcriptome samples to 454-flx massively-parallel dna sequencing to characterize a basal set of genes from this species. we created a combined ass ... | 2014 | 24465841 |
| the incidence of west nile disease in russia in relation to climatic and environmental factors. | since 1999, human cases of west nile fever/neuroinvasive disease (wnd) have been reported annually in russia. the highest incidence has been recorded in three provinces of southern european russia (volgograd, astrakhan and rostov provinces), yet in 2010-2012 the distribution of human cases expanded northwards considerably. from year to year, the number of wnd cases varied widely, with major wnd outbreaks in 1999, 2007, 2010, and 2012. the present study was aimed at identifying the most important ... | 2014 | 24464233 |