Publications

protective effects of passively transferred merozoite-specific antibodies against theileria equi in horses with severe combined immunodeficiency.	theileria equi immune plasma was infused into young horses (foals) with severe combined immunodeficiency. although all foals became infected following intravenous challenge with homologous t. equi merozoite stabilate, delayed time to peak parasitemia occurred. protective effects were associated with a predominance of passively transferred merozoite-specific igg3.	2012	22038847
abc transporter efflux pumps: a defense mechanism against ivermectin in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.	atp-binding cassette (abc) transporters are efflux transporters found in all organisms. these proteins are responsible for pumping xenobiotic and endogenous metabolites through extra- and intracellular membranes, thereby reducing cellular concentrations of toxic compounds. abc transporters have been associated with drug resistance in several nematodes and parasitic arthropods. here, the ability of abc transporter inhibitors to enhance ivermectin (ivm) sensitivity was tested in larvae and adult f ...	2011	22036897
acaricidal effect of an isolate from hoslundia opposita vahl against amblyomma variegatum (acari: ixodidae).	hoslundia opposita vahl. (lamiaceae), a common local shrub in ghana, is traditionally known not only for its pharmacological benefits but also for its insecticidal properties. its acaricidal property, however, has not been investigated.	2011	22022167
bartonellae in animals and vectors in new caledonia.	bartonellae are gram-negative facultative intracellular alpha-proteobacteria from the family bartonellaceae. the natural history of bartonellae consists of a reservoir/host, which is a vertebrate with chronic intravascular infection with sustained bacteremia, and a vector (usually an arthropod) that transfers the bacteria from the reservoir to a susceptible yet uninfected host. in order to reveal the sources and reservoirs of bartonella infection in animals and vectors in new caledonia, we colle ...	2011	22018646
natural occurrence of lethal aspergillosis in the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari:ixodidae).	summarythe purpose of this study was to describe an unreported entomopathogenic fungus that naturally infects the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae). engorged female ticks, showed symptoms of fungal infection after controlled tick infestation of cattle. infected ticks developed a distinctive dark colour, a pale mould grew over the cuticle and the ticks eventually died covered with fungal conidiophores. the responsible fungus was isolated and cultured on mycological ...	2011	22018391
larvicidal activity of isolated compound 5-(2,4-dimethylbenzyl) pyrrolidin-2-one from marine streptomyces vitsvk5 sp. against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, anopheles stephensi, and culex tritaeniorhynchus.	the aim of the present study was to assess the larvicidal property of marine actinobacterial compound 5-(2,4-dimethylbenzyl) pyrrolidin-2-one (dmbpo) extracted and isolated from streptomyces vitsvk5 sp. tested against the larvae of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus canestrini (acari: ixodidae), anopheles stephensi liston, and culex tritaeniorhynchus giles (diptera: culicidae). the isolate bacteria was taxonomically characterized, identified, and designated as streptomyces vitsvk5 sp. the crude ...	2011	22009268
Acaricidal, insecticidal, and larvicidal efficacy of fruit peel aqueous extract of Annona squamosa and its compounds against blood-feeding parasites.	Plant products may be alternative sources of parasitic control agents, since they constitute a rich source of bioactive compounds that are eco-friendly and nontoxic products. The plant extracts are good and safe alternatives due to their low toxicity to mammals and easy biodegradability. In the present study, fruit peel aqueous extract of Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) extracted by immersion method exhibited adulticidal activity against Haemaphysalis bispinosa (Acarina: Ixodidae) and the hematopha ...	2011	22006187
partial characterization of an atypical family i inorganic pyrophosphatase from cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.	the present paper presents the partial characterization of a family i inorganic pyrophosphatase from the hard tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (bmppase). the bmppase gene was cloned from the tick embryo and sequenced. the deduced amino acid sequence shared high similarity with other eukaryotic ppases, on the other hand, bmppase presented some cysteine residues non-conserved in other groups. this pyrophosphatase is inhibited by ca(2+), and the inhibition is antagonized by mg(2+), suggesti ...	2011	22001703
equine piroplasmosis associated with amblyomma cajennense ticks, texas, usa.	we report an outbreak of equine piroplasmosis in southern texas, usa, in 2009. infection prevalence reached 100% in some areas (292 infected horses). amblyomma cajennense was the predominant tick and experimentally transmitted theileria equi to an uninfected horse. we suggest that transmission by this tick species played a role in this outbreak.	2011	22000367
recent advances in single-cell maldi mass spectrometry imaging and potential clinical impact.	single-cell analysis is gaining popularity in the field of mass spectrometry as a method for analyzing protein and peptide content in cells. the spatial resolution of maldi mass spectrometry (ms) imaging is by a large extent limited by the laser focal diameter and the displacement of analytes during matrix deposition. owing to recent advancements in both laser optics and matrix deposition methods, spatial resolution on the order of a single eukaryotic cell is now achievable by maldi ms imaging. ...	0	21999830
characterizing the host and symbiont proteomes in the association between the bobtail squid, euprymna scolopes, and the bacterium, vibrio fischeri.	the beneficial symbiosis between the hawaiian bobtail squid, euprymna scolopes, and the bioluminescent bacterium, vibrio fischeri, provides a unique opportunity to study host/microbe interactions within a natural microenvironment. colonization of the squid light organ by v. fischeri begins a lifelong association with a regulated daily rhythm. each morning the host expels an exudate from the light organ consisting of 95% of the symbiont population in addition to host hemocytes and shed epithelial ...	2011	21998678
Scabies mite peritrophins are potential targets of human host innate immunity.	Pruritic scabies lesions caused by Sarcoptes scabiei burrowing in the stratum corneum of human skin facilitate opportunistic bacterial infections. Emerging resistance to current therapeutics emphasizes the need to identify novel targets for protective intervention. We have characterized several protein families located in the mite gut as crucial factors for host-parasite interactions. Among these multiple proteins inhibit human complement, presumably to avoid complement-mediated damage of gut ep ...	2011	21980545
applicability of in vitro bioassays for the diagnosis of ivermectin resistance in rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae).	the applicability of laboratory bioassays to diagnose ivermectin (ivm) resistance in rhipicephalus microplus was evaluated. adult immersion tests (aits), larval immersion tests (lits) and larval packet tests (lpts) were performed to characterise the effects of ivermectin toxicity on adults and larvae of a susceptible reference strain. the ait was determined to be a reasonable assay but requires a large number of individuals to attain interpretable results. the lit and lpt were validated with an ...	2011	21978742
the prevalence of pyrethroid resistance phenotype and genotype in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus in yucatan, mexico.	a field survey was conducted to evaluate susceptibility of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus to cypermethrin on 49 farms in three areas of yucatan, mexico. the modified larval packet test was used to evaluate larval mortality at different cypermethrin concentrations. dose-mortality regressions, lethal concentrations (lc(50)-lc(99)), confidence intervals and slope were estimated by probit analysis. phenotype was defined as susceptible, tolerant or resistant when the resistance factor (rf) deriv ...	2011	21978740
Perceptions and attitudes among milk producers in Minas Gerais regarding cattle tick biology and control.	This study evaluates milk producers' knowledge regarding cattle ticks and practices for controlling them. Ninety-three dairymen in Minas Gerais were interviewed. These producers had no information regarding acaricide efficiency tests. To analyze the information, open responses were categorized through "content analysis", and descriptive analysis consisting of extracting the profile highlighted by the highest frequencies. The association between schooling level and knowledge was tested by means o ...	2011	21961747
tick cell lines for study of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus and other arboviruses.	abstract continuous cell lines derived from many of the vectors of tick-borne arboviruses of medical and veterinary importance are now available. their role as tools in arbovirus research to date is reviewed and their potential application in studies of tick cell responses to virus infection is explored, by comparison with recent progress in understanding mosquito immunity to arbovirus infection. a preliminary study of propagation of the human pathogen crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cc ...	2011	21955214
Targeting the tick protective antigen subolesin reduces vector infestations and pathogen infection by Anaplasma marginale and Babesia bigemina.	The ultimate goal of vector vaccines is the control of vector infestations while reducing pathogen infection and transmission to protect against the many diseases caused by vector-borne pathogens. Previously (Vaccine 2011;29:2248-2254), we demonstrated that subolesin vaccination and release of tick larvae after subolesin knockdown by RNA interference (RNAi) were effective for the control of cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus infestations in cattle. In this study, we used the fact t ...	2011	21951878
First transcriptome of the testis-vas deferens-male accessory gland and proteome of the spermatophore from Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae).	Ticks are important vectors of numerous human diseases and animal diseases. Feeding stimulates spermatogenesis, mating and insemination of male factors that trigger female reproduction. The physiology of male reproduction and its regulation of female development are essentially a black box. Several transcriptomes have catalogued expression of tick genes in the salivary glands, synganglion and midgut but no comprehensive investigation has addressed male reproduction and mating. Consequently, a ne ...	2011	21949745
Cutaneous hypersensitivity test to evaluate phage display anti-tick borne vaccine antigen candidates.	Early experiments performed by our group with the phage display technique revealed the potential for using epitope-displaying phages (mimotopes) as a tool for tick antigen discovery. Thus, as a preliminary study, inflammatory reactions induced by phage display tick-borne candidates were investigated by using the cutaneous hypersensitivity test. The profile of selected Rhipicephalus microplus mimotopes was assessed on tick field-exposed cattle and our data indicated a pattern similar to immediate ...	2011	21945847
Acaricidal activity of aqueous extract and synthesized silver nanoparticles from Manilkara zapota against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus.	Traditional parasite control is primarily based on the use of chemical acaricides, which unfortunately have many negative side effects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of plant synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Manilkara zapota to control Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-vis spectrum, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction. The UV-vis spect ...	2011	21906765
relationships between tick counts and coat characteristics in nguni and bonsmara cattle reared on semiarid rangelands in south africa.	indigenous nguni cattle are adapted to the semiarid rangeland and appear to be resistant to ticks; however, the mechanism for tick resistance is yet to be established. to understand tick resistance in cattle, relationships among skin thickness, hair length, coat score, and tick counts were estimated in nguni (n=12) and bonsmara (n=12) heifers on semiarid rangelands of south africa. the tick species observed to infest the heifers were rhipicephalus (boophilus) decoloratus (frequency: 76%), rhipic ...	2011	21890073
p2x receptor homologs in basal fungi.		2011	21887491
evolution of the max and mlx networks in animals.	transcription factors (tfs) are essential for the regulation of gene expression and often form emergent complexes to perform vital roles in cellular processes. in this paper, we focus on the parallel max and mlx networks of tfs because of their critical involvement in cell cycle regulation, proliferation, growth, metabolism, and apoptosis. a basic-helix-loop-helix-zipper (bhlhz) domain mediates the competitive protein dimerization and dna binding among max and mlx network members to form a compl ...	2011	21859806
An insight into the sialotranscriptome and proteome of the coarse bontlegged tick, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes.	Ticks are mites specialized in acquiring blood from vertebrates as their sole source of food and are important disease vectors to humans and animals. Among the specializations required for this peculiar diet, ticks evolved a sophisticated salivary potion that can disarm their host's hemostasis, inflammation, and immune reactions. Previous transcriptome analysis of tick salivary proteins has revealed many new protein families indicative of fast evolution, possibly due to host immune pressure. The ...	2011	21851864
Acaricidal effect of essential oils from Lippia graveolens (Lamiales: Verbenaceae), Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), and Allium sativum (Liliales: Liliaceae) against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae).	Acaricidal effects of three essential oils extracted from Mexican oregano leaves (Lippia graveolens Kunth), rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), and garlic bulbs (Allium sativum L.) on 10-d-old Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini) tick larvae were evaluated by using the larval packet test bioassay. Serial dilutions of the three essential oils were tested from a starting concentration of 20 to 1.25%. Results showed that both Mexican oregano and garlic essential oils had very s ...	2011	21845941
Distribution of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (Acari: Ixodidae) infestations detected in the United States along the Texas/Mexico border.	Species identification and global positioning system coordinates of infestations of cattle fever ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (Say) and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini), were determined for 790 specimens submitted to the National Veterinary Services Laboratory between 1 October 1999 and 30 September 2010. Cattle fever tick specimens obtained by personnel of the United States Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service-Cattle Fever Tick Eradi ...	2011	21845935
antigen fingerprinting of polyclonal antibodies raised in immunized chickens with tick total proteins: a reservoir for the discovery of novel antigens.	identification of tick-protective antigens remains the limiting step in vaccine development. the authors have generated several b cell epitope candidates by fingerprinting rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus proteins that were characterized through bioselection of random peptide phage display libraries against polyclonal antibodies antitick proteins. from 280 clones selected and sequenced, 107 distinct reactive clones were validated by dot-blot assays. eight consensus motifs were generated, and ...	2011	21844329
attenuation of virulence in an apicomplexan hemoparasite results in reduced genome diversity at the population level.	abstract:	2011	21838895
first report of a rhipicephalus microplus tick population multi-resistant to acaricides and ivermectin in the mexican tropics.	we document the presence of a rhipicephalus microplus tick population resistant to acaricides (organophosphates (op), synthetic pyrethroids (sp), amitraz) and macrocyclic lactones (ml) (ivermectin). engorged females of r. microplus were collected from a cattle farm in veracruz, mexico, to evaluate acaricide and ivermectin resistance. the modified larval packet test (lpt) was used to detect op (chlorpiriphos and diazinon) and sp (flumethrin, deltamethrin and cypermethrin) resistance and the larva ...	2011	21824728
genomic identification of a putative circadian system in the cladoceran crustacean daphnia pulex.	essentially nothing is known about the molecular underpinnings of crustacean circadian clocks. the genome of daphnia pulex, the only crustacean genome available for public use, provides a unique resource for identifying putative circadian proteins in this species. here, the daphnia genome was mined for putative circadian protein genes using drosophila melanogaster queries. the sequences of core clock (e.g. clock, cycle, period, timeless and cryptochrome 2), clock input (cryptochrome 1) and clock ...	2011	21798832
[identification of haemaphysalis longicornis and rhipicephalus microplus].	to establish a method combined morphology and molecular marker for identifying haemaphysalis longicornis and rhipicephalus microplus.	2011	21781482
generation, analysis and functional annotation of expressed sequence tags from the ectoparasitic mite psoroptes ovis.	abstract: background: sheep scab is caused by psoroptes ovis and is arguably the most important ectoparasitic disease affecting sheep in the uk. the disease is highly contagious and causes and considerable pruritis and irritation and is therefore a major welfare concern. current methods of treatment are unsustainable and in order to elucidate novel methods of disease control a more comprehensive understanding of the parasite is required. to date, no full genomic dna sequence or large scale trans ...	2011	21781297
enhancing the acaricide effect of thymol on larvae of the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) by solubilization in ethanol.	the aim of the present work was to propose a new method of solubilizing thymol for use as an acaricide and to evaluate the resulting product's efficacy on rhipicephalus microplus larvae. two experiments were performed, both employing the larval packet test to evaluate the potential of the solutions formulated. in the first experiment, r. microplus larvae were exposed to three new formulations: formulation 1-distilled water (70%) + ethanol (30%) + thymol (10.0 mg/ml); formulation 2-distilled wate ...	2011	21779863
the complexity of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus genome characterised through detailed analysis of two bac clones.	abstract: background: rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (rmi) a major cattle ectoparasite and tick borne disease vector, impacts on animal welfare and industry productivity. in arthropod research there is an absence of a complete chelicerate genome, which includes ticks, mites, spiders, scorpions and crustaceans. model arthropod genomes such as drosophila and anopheles are too taxonomically distant for a reference in tick genomic sequence analysis. this study focuses on the de-novo assembly of ...	2011	21777481
a campaign to eradicate bovine babesiosis from new caledonia.	in december 2007, babesia bovis was introduced to new caledonia through the importation of cattle that had been vaccinated with a live tick fever (babesiosis and anaplasmosis) vaccine. although the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is common in new caledonia, the territory had previously been free of tick-borne diseases of cattle. this paper describes the initial extent of the outbreak, the measures and rationale for disease control, and the progress to date of the eradication campaign. i ...	2011	21771538
acaricidal activity of the essential oil from tetradenia riparia (lamiaceae) on the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari; ixodidae).	tetradenia riparia (lamiaceae) is a well-known herbal medicine with a variety of useful properties, including its acaricidal effect. this experiment was carried out to study the bioacaricidal activity of t. riparia essential oil (eo) against engorged females of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari; ixodidae). for this purpose, nine serial concentrations (12.50%, 6.25%, 3.75%, 1.80%, 0.90%, 0.45%, 0.22%, 0.11%, and 0.056% w/v) of t. riparia were used for the adult immersion test (ait). for ...	2011	21762693
detection of bacteria related to candidatus midichloria mitochondrii in tick cell lines.	many ticks have been shown to be infected with intracellular bacteria. one of these bacteria is candidatus midichloria mitochondrii which is the only characterized bacterium that has the ability to invade the mitochondria within ovarian cells and consume them without any effect on the female tick's reproduction. in the present study, eight cell lines derived from the ticks ixodes ricinus, ixodes scapularis, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, and rhipicephalus (boophilus) decoloratus were exami ...	2011	21748354
a mitochondrial membrane exopolyphosphatase is modulated by, and plays a role in, the energy metabolism of hard tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus embryos.	the physiological roles of polyphosphates (polyp) recently found in arthropod mitochondria remain obscure. here, the relationship between the mitochondrial membrane exopolyphosphatase (ppx) and the energy metabolism of hard tick rhipicephalus microplus embryos are investigated. mitochondrial respiration was activated by adenosine diphosphate using polyp as the only source of inorganic phosphate (p(i)) and this activation was much greater using polyp(3) than polyp(15). after mitochondrial subfrac ...	2011	21747692
a new in vitro test to evaluate the resistance level against acaricides of the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.	in this article we present a new bioassay to assess the resistance status of ticks to acaricides. the larval tarsal test (ltt) is a sensitive, highly time-effective in vitro test. it allows the investigation of a large number of compounds and doses on the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus in a short period of time. the ability of the ltt to assess the lethal concentration at 50% mortality (lc(50)) and resistance ratios (rrs) of a susceptible and a resistant r. microplus strain was ...	2011	21741175
strategic control of cattle ticks: milk producers' perceptions.	in order to evaluate milk producers' knowledge about tests on tick sensitivity to acaricides, efficiency tests and strategic control, questionnaires were delivered to 670 producers. from these, 163 responses were received. these producers had sent ingurgitated female ticks to be subjected to tests on tick sensitivity to acaricides at embrapa between 2001 and 2005. most of the completed questionnaires came from the state of minas gerais, brazil. after descriptive analysis and correlation of varia ...	2011	21722490
acaricide resistance of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus in state of mato grosso do sul, brazil.	this study was conducted to obtain an epidemiological view of acaricide resistance in populations of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus in the state of mato grosso do sul. twenty-four tick samples were collected from municipalities in the state where farmers had reported concerns about resistance to or failure of tick control. these ticks were subjected to in vitro resistance detection assays using the adult immersion test (ait). the efficacy of alpha-cypermethrin, cypermethrin and amitraz trea ...	2011	21722487
rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus: expression and characterization of bm86-cg in pichia pastoris.	the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is responsible for great economic losses. it is mainly controlled chemically, with limitations regarding development of resistance to the chemicals. vaccines may help control this parasite, thereby reducing tick pesticide use. in this light, we performed subcloning of the gene of the protein bm86-gc, the homologue protein that currently forms the basis of vaccines (gavac(tm) and tickgard(plus)) that have been developed against cattle ticks. the ...	2011	21722483
perspectives for the use of plant extracts to control the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.	the evolution of resistance of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus to synthetic acaricides has given rise to the need for new scientific investigations on alternative ways to control this tick. in this regard, various studies on plants have been developed in an attempt to find extracts with acaricidal properties. evaluations on plant extracts for controlling r. (b.) microplus have grown intensely over the last decade. there are many advantages from using plant extracts: for example, they can be ...	2011	21722481
gene expression evidence for off-target effects caused by rna interference-mediated gene silencing of ubiquitin-63e in the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus.	knowledge of cattle tick (rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus; acari: ixodidae) molecular and cellular pathways has been hampered by the lack of an annotated genome. in addition, most of the tick expressed sequence tags (ests) available to date consist of ôê+50% unassigned sequences without predicted functions. the most common approach to address this has been the application of rna interference (rnai) methods to investigate genes and their pathways. this approach has been widely adopted in tick ...	2011	21712043
molecular characterization of novel sulfotransferases from the tick, ixodes scapularis.	ixodes scapularis, commonly known as the blacklegged or deer tick, is the main vector of lyme disease in the united states. recent progress in transcriptome research has uncovered hundreds of different proteins expressed in the salivary glands of hard ticks, the majority of which have no known function, and include many novel protein families. we recently identified transcripts coding for two putative cytosolic sulfotransferases in these ticks which recognized phenolic monoamines as their substr ...	2011	21708020
An intensive search for promising fungal biological control agents of ticks, particularly Rhipicephalus microplus.	Entomopathogenic fungi have been investigated worldwide as promising biological control agents of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. The current study evaluates the virulence of several fungal isolates to R. microplus larva in the laboratory as part of an effort to identify isolates with promise for effective biocontrol of R. microplus in the field. Sixty fungal isolates, encompassing 5 Beauveria spp. and 1 Engyodontium albus (=Beauveria alba), were included in this study. In addition to b ...	2011	21705145
evolutionary conserved micrornas are ubiquitously expressed compared to tick-specific mirnas in the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.	micrornas (mirnas) are small non-coding rnas that act as regulators of gene expression in eukaryotes modulating a large diversity of biological processes. the discovery of mirnas has provided new opportunities to understand the biology of a number of species. the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, causes significant economic losses in cattle production worldwide and this drives us to further understand their biology so that effective control measures can be developed. to be able t ...	2011	21699734
isolation and characterisation of acaricidal and larvicidal novel compound (2s,5r,6r)-2-hydroxy-3,5,6-trimethyloctan-4-one from streptomyces sp. against blood-sucking parasites.	the aim of the present study was to assess the acaricidal and larvicidal property of marine actinobacterial compound (2s,5r,6r)-2-hydroxy-3,5,6-trimethyloctan-4-one extracted and isolated from streptomyces sp. vitddk3 tested against the larvae of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus canestrini (acari: ixodidae), anopheles subpictus grassi and culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae). the isolate was taxonomically characterised, identified and designated as streptomyces sp. vitddk3. the cru ...	2011	21698506
in vitro efficacy of plant extracts and synthesized substances on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae).	herbal drugs have been widely evaluated as an alternative method of parasite control, aiming to slow development of resistance and obtain low-cost biodegradable parasiticides. this study evaluated the in vitro efficacy on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus of extracts from carapa guianensis seed oil, cymbopogon martinii and cymbopogon schoenanthus leaf essential oil, and piper tuberculatum leaf crude extract and similar synthesized substances. in the immersion test, engorged females were evalua ...	2011	21695568
an elisa to detect serum antibodies to the salivary gland toxin of ixodes holocyclus neumann in dogs and rodents.	the ixodes holocyclus tick causes paralysis in up to 10,000 companion and domestic animals each year in australia. treatment requires the removal of the parasite and the administration of a commercial tick antiserum that is prepared from hyperimmune dogs. each batch of this serum is initially tested for toxin-neutralising potency in a mouse bioassay that is expensive, time consuming, and subjective. with the aim of developing a rapid in vitro assay to replace the bioassay, we used a partially pu ...	2011	21687655
cysteine proteases from bloodfeeding arthropod ectoparasites.	cysteine proteases have been discovered in various bloodfeeding ectoparasites. here, we assemble the available information about the function of these peptidases and reveal their role in hematophagy and parasite development. while most of the data shed light on key proteolytic events that play a role in arthropod physiology, we also report on the association of cysteine proteases with arthropod vectorial capacity. with emphasis on ticks, specifically ixodes ricinus, we finally propose a model ab ...	2011	21660665
evaluation of reference genes for real-time pcr studies of brazilian somalis sheep infected by gastrointestinal nematodes.	precise normalization with reference genes is necessary, in order to obtain reliable relative expression data in response to gastrointestinal nematode infection. by using sheep from temperate regions as models, three reference genes, viz., ribosomal protein lo (rplo), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) and succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit a (sdha), were investigated in the abomasum, abomasal lymph nodes and small intestine of brazilian somalis sheep, either resistant or susc ...	2010	21637421
rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus embryo proteins as target for tick vaccine.	rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is one of the most widely distributed tick in the world. the control of the parasite is based mainly on the use of chemical acaricides, which are produced from a limited set of molecules. these drugs induce selection of acaricide-resistant ticks, and are an important source of environmental pollution. an approach based on anti-tick vaccines may circumvent these obstacles. characterization of the physiological function of tick molecules may be useful to develop ...	2011	21620488
tick-borne bacteria in free-living jaguars (panthera onca) in pantanal, brazil.	abstract tick-borne bacteria were investigated in 10 free-living jaguars and their ticks in the pantanal biome, brazil. jaguar sera were tested by indirect fluorescent antibody assays using rickettsia rickettsii, rickettsia parkeri, rickettsia amblyommii, rickettsia rhipicephali, rickettsia felis, rickettsia bellii, ehrlichia canis, and coxiella burnetii as crude antigens. all 10 jaguar sera reacted (titer ≥64) to at least one rickettsia species; 4 and 3 sera reacted with e. canis and c. burneti ...	2011	21612532
diazinon resistant status in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from different agro-climatic regions of india.	the resistance status of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus to "diazinon" was evaluated in 20 locations situated at various agro-climatic regions of india. adult immersion test (ait) was optimized using laboratory reared acaricide susceptible ivri-i strain of r. (b.) microplus and minimum effective concentration of diazinon was determined as 635.2ppm. the discriminating dose (dd) was worked out as 1270.4ppm and was tested on female ticks collected from organized and unorganized farms located at ...	2011	21600695
a snapshot of the ixodes scapularis degradome.	parasitic encoded proteases are essential to regulating interactions between parasites and their hosts and thus they represent attractive anti-parasitic druggable and/or vaccine target. we have utilized annotations of ixodes scapularis proteases in gene bank and version 9.3 merops database to compile an index of at least 233 putatively active and 150 putatively inactive protease enzymes that are encoded by the i. scapularis genome. the 233 putatively active protease homologs hereafter referred t ...	2011	21596113
effect of water flooding on the oviposition capacity of engorged adult females and hatchability of eggs of dog ticks: rhipicephalus sanguineus and haemaphysalis leachi leachi.	effects of water flooding on the oviposition capacity of engorged adult females and hatchability of eggs of rhipicephalus sanguineus and haemaphysalis leachi leachi under laboratory conditions were investigated. the durations of time of water flooding were 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. engorged females of r. sanguineus and h. leachi leachi did not oviposit after being flooded for more than 48 and 6 hours, respectively. the preoviposition periods of both species were longer than ...	2011	21584237
enhancing the stress tolerance and virulence of an entomopathogen by metabolic engineering dhn-melanin biosynthesis genes.	entomopathogenic fungi have been used for biocontrol of insect pests for many decades. however, the efficacy of such fungi in field trials is often inconsistent, mainly due to environmental stresses, such as ultraviolet radiation, temperature extremes, and desiccation. to circumvent these hurdles, metabolic engineering of dhn-melanin biosynthetic genes (polyketide synthase, scytalone dehydratase, and 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene reductase) cloned from alternaria alternata were transformed into th ...	2011	21571888
effect of metarhizium anisopliae fungus on off-host rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus from tick-infested pasture under cattle grazing in brazil.	this work aimed to assess the effect of the fungus metarhizium anisopliae on off-host rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus from tick-infested brachiaria decumbens pasture undergoing cattle grazing. for this purpose a naturally tick-infested brachiaria decumbens pasture of 60m×100m with twelve grazing holstein friesian-nelore (bos indicus) cross breed bovines was sprayed 12 times, 21 days apart with an aqueous conidial suspension of the e9 isolate of m. anisopliae fungus. control pasture was treat ...	2011	21571437
evolution of acaricide resistance: phenotypic and genotypic changes in field populations of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus in response to pyrethroid selection pressure.	there have been few, if any, studies of arthropod field populations quantifying the kinetics of evolution of phenotypic and genotypic resistance to chemicals in response to the presence or absence of selection pressure. a prospective intervention study was undertaken over 2years in mexico to measure changes in resistance phenotype and genotype in the presence or absence of pyrethroid selection pressure on field populations of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks on 11 farms with varying deg ...	2011	21570981
coendangered hard-ticks: threatened or threatening?	the overwhelming majority of animal conservation projects are focused on vertebrates, despite most of the species on earth being invertebrates. estimates state that about half of all named species of invertebrates are parasitic in at least one stage of their development. the dilemma of viewing parasites as biodiversity or pest has been discussed by several authors. however, ticks were omitted. the latest taxonomic synopses of non-fossil ixodidae consider valid 700 species. though, how many of th ...	2011	21554736
evaluation of the efficacy of acaricides used to control the cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus, in dairy herds raised in the brazilian southwestern amazon.	the adult immersion test (ait) was used to evaluate the efficacy of acaricide molecules used for control of rhipicephalus microplus on 106 populations collected in five municipalities in the state of rondônia in the brazilian south occidental amazon region. the analysis of the data showed that the acaricide formulations had different efficacies on the tick populations surveyed. the synthetic pyrethroids (sps) acaricides were the least effective (48.35-76.84%), followed by sp + organophosphate (o ...	2011	21547224
a calcium bioluminescence assay for functional analysis of mosquito (<em>aedes aegypti</em>) and tick (<em>rhipicephalus microplus</em>) g protein-coupled receptors.	arthropod hormone receptors are potential targets for novel pesticides as they regulate many essential physiological and behavioral processes. the majority of them belong to the superfamily of g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs). we have focused on characterizing arthropod kinin receptors from the tick and mosquito. arthropod kinins are multifunctional neuropeptides with myotropic, diuretic, and neurotransmitter function. here, a method for systematic analyses of structure-activity relationships ...	2011	21540818
in vitro acaricidal activity of neem (azadirachta indica) seed extracts with known azadirachtin concentrations against rhipicephalus microplus.	the effect of four extracts from neem seeds (azadirachta indica) containing 2000, 5000, 9000 and 10,000ppm of azadirachtin a (aza), quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and diluted to 1.25%; 2.5%; 5.0%; 10.0% and 12.8% was verified by in vitro tests with engorged females and larvae of the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus. the results from the bioassays with the engorged females showed that the main toxic effect of the extracts was reduction of the reproductive parameter ...	2011	21536387
boophilus microplus cathepsin l-like (bmcl1) cysteine protease: specificity study using a peptide phage display library.	the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is one of the most important bovine ectoparasites, a disease vector responsible for losses in meat and milk productions. a cysteine protease similar to cathepsin l, named bmcl1, was previously identified in r. microplus gut, suggesting a role of the enzyme in meal digestion. in this work, bmcl1 was successfully expressed in pichia pastoris system, yielding 54.8mg/l of culture and its activity was analyzed by synthetic substrates and against a r. micro ...	2011	21536386
detection and differentiation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks collected from sheep and cattle in china.	abstract:	2011	21529349
copper nanoparticles synthesized by polyol process used to control hematophagous parasites.	the present study was based on assessments of the anti-parasitic activities of the hematophagous (blood feeding) larvae of malaria vector, anopheles subpictus grassi, filariasis vector, culex quinquefasciatus, say (diptera: culicidae), and the larvae of cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, canestrini (acari: ixodidae). the metallic copper nanoparticles (cu nps) synthesized by polyol process from copper acetate as precursor and tween 80 were used as both the medium and the stabilizing ...	2011	21526405
temporal characterisation of the organ-specific rhipicephalusmicroplus transcriptional response to anaplasma marginale infection.	arthropods transmit important infectious diseases of humans and animals. importantly, replication and the development of pathogen infectivity are tightly linked to vector feeding on the mammalian host; thus analysis of the transcriptomes of both vector and pathogen during feeding is fundamental to understanding transmission. using anaplasma marginale infection of rhipicephalusmicroplus as the experimental model, we tested three hypotheses exploring the temporal and organ-specific nature of the t ...	2011	21514300
functional characterization of two defensin isoforms of the hard tick ixodes ricinus.	abstract:	2011	21504572
efficacy of spinosad against acaricide-resistant and -susceptible rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and acaricide-susceptible amblyomma americanum and dermacentor variabilis.	various acaricide-resistant strains of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, representative of the major resistance mechanisms found in mexico and brazil, were exposed to spinosad using the food and agriculture organization of the united nations larval packet test and adult immersion test (ait). larvae of all strains tested were found to be susceptible to spinosad. conversely, spinosad did not show toxic activity toward engorged females used in the ait. in vitro tests against larvae, nymphs, and ...	2011	21485374
efficacy and blood sera analysis of a long-acting formulation of moxidectin against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) on treated cattle.	the therapeutic and persistent efficacy of a single subcutaneous injection of a long-acting formulation of moxidectin at a concentration of 1 mg/kg body weight was determined against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini), along with the concentration-time blood sera profile in treated cattle. the therapeutic efficacy against ticks of all parasitic stages on cattle at the time of treatment was >99.9%, and the mean tick number, index of fecundity, engorgement weight, and egg mass weight ...	2011	21485367
bacillus sp. cdb3 isolated from cattle dip-sites possesses two ars gene clusters.	contamination of soil and water by arsenic is a global problem. in australia, the dipping of cattle in arsenic-containing solution to control cattle ticks in last centenary has left many sites heavily contaminated with arsenic and other toxicants. we had previously isolated five soil bacterial strains (cdb1-5) highly resistant to arsenic. to understand the resistance mechanism, molecular studies have been carried out. two chromosome-encoded arsenic resistance (ars) gene clusters have been cloned ...	2011	21476346
retraction. detection and identification of ehrlichia species in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks in cattle from xiamen, china.		2011	21443413
in vitro activity of artemisia annua l (asteraceae) extracts against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.	the activity of plant extracts on parasites may indicate groups of substances that are potentially useful for controlling rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. the aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro action of artemisia annua extracts on this tick. the concentrations of the sesquiterpene lactones artemisinin and deoxyartemisinin present in plant extracts were quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography. four extracts produced from the concentrated crude extract (cce ...	2011	21439229
selective control of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus in fipronil-treated cattle raised on natural pastures in lages, state of santa catarina, brazil.	an examination of a selective control of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and consequent cost reduction was carried out in two areas of native pasture in the municipality of lages, state of santa catarina, southern brazil, from may 2007 to april 2009. forty cattle were divided into two groups of 20 animals each (conventional and selective control groups). at 14-day intervals female ticks larger than 4.5 mm found on the right flank of cattle bodies were counted, and these results multiplied by ...	2011	21439225
phenotype changes inherited by crossing pyrethroid susceptible and resistant genotypes from the cattle tick riphicephalus (boophilus) microplus.	dialelic crosses and backcrosses of pyrethroid resistant (rr) and susceptible (ss) rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus tick strains were carried out and the substitution (phe-ile) within the sodium channel gene was monitored in order to analyze the effects of the genotype on the pyrethroid resistance phenotype as measured by the larval packet test (lpt). parental strains: susceptible (ss) and resistant (rr); dialelic crosses: rs (?rr × ?ss), and sr (?ss × ?rr); and backcrosses: rs × ss, rs × rr, ...	2011	21431928
an important role of a pyrethroid-sensing residue f1519 in the action of the n-alkylamide insecticide btg 502 on the cockroach sodium channel.	deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, and btg 502, an alkylamide insecticide, target voltage-gated sodium channels. deltamethrin binds to a unique receptor site and causes prolonged opening of sodium channels by inhibiting deactivation and inactivation. previous (22)na(+) influx and receptor binding assays using mouse brain synaptoneurosomes showed that btg 502 antagonized the binding and action of batrachotoxin (btx), a site 2 sodium channel neurotoxin. however, the effect of btg 502 has not ...	2011	21426938
colonization of grande comore island by a lineage of rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks.	union of the comoros suffered a severe east coast fever epidemic in 2004. rhipicephalus appendiculatus was probably involved in pathogen transmission as this competent tick species, although previously absent from comoros, was sampled on 4 animals on one geographical site during the epidemic. we carried out an entomological survey on all three islands of union of the comoros to establish cattle tick species distribution with a special emphasis on r. appendiculatus. we investigated r. appendicula ...	2011	21414194
acaricidal activity of palicourea marcgravii, a species from the amazon forest, on cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.	leaves of palicourea marcgravii were extracted successively with hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol in order to evaluate their acaricidal activity on larvae and adult stages of the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. the ethyl acetate extract showed the highest bioactivity of the tested extracts, which contained 0.12% monofluoroacetic acid. on engorged female, the ethyl acetate extract showed a lethal concentration 50% - lc(50)=30.08 mg ml(-1), inhibitory concentration 50% - ic(50)=5 ...	2011	21411227
acaricidal properties of the essential oil and precocene ii obtained from calea serrata (asteraceae) on the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae).	calea serrata less. (asteraceae), an endemic species of south brazil known as "quebra-tudo", is used in afro-brazilian religious rituals and in folk medicine for treating liver disorders. phytochemical studies of the n-hexane extract of this plant demonstrated the presence of precocene ii, a benzopyran derivative known for its insecticidal activity. the aim of this work was to isolate this benzopyran and determine the chemical composition of the essential oil of c. serrata and further to evaluat ...	2011	21402447
structural and biochemical characterization of a recombinant triosephosphate isomerase from rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.	triosephosphate isomerase (tim) is an enzyme with a role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by catalyzing the interconversion between glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. this enzyme has been used as a target in endoparasite drug development. in this work we cloned, expressed, purified and studied kinetic and structural characteristics of tim from tick embryos, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (bmtim). the km and vmax of the recombinant bmtim with glyceraldehyde 3-phospha ...	2011	21396445
a further insight into the sialome of the tropical bont tick, amblyomma variegatum.	ticks--vectors of medical and veterinary importance--are themselves also significant pests. tick salivary proteins are the result of adaptation to blood feeding and contain inhibitors of blood clotting, platelet aggregation, and angiogenesis, as well as vasodilators and immunomodulators. a previous analysis of the sialotranscriptome (from the greek sialo, saliva) of amblyomma variegatum is revisited in light of recent advances in tick sialomes and provides a database to perform a proteomic study ...	2011	21362191
detection of theileria and babesia in brown brocket deer (mazama gouazoubira) and marsh deer (blastocerus dichotomus) in the state of minas gerais, brazil.	intraerythrocytic protozoan species of the genera theileria and babesia are known to infect both wild and domestic animals, and both are transmitted by hard-ticks of the family ixodidae. the prevalences of hemoprotozoa and ectoparasites in 15 free-living mazama gouazoubira, two captive m. gouazoubira and four captive blastocerus dichotomus from the state of minas gerais, brazil, have been determined through the examination of blood smears and the use of nested polymerase chain reaction (npcr). t ...	2010	21354704
acaricidal, pediculocidal and larvicidal activity of synthesized zno nanoparticles using wet chemical route against blood feeding parasites.	the present study was based on assessments of the anti-parasitic activities to determine the efficacies of synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (zno nps) prepared by wet chemical method using zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent against the larvae of cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, canestrini (acari: ixodidae); head louse pediculus humanus capitis, de geer (phthiraptera: pediculidae); larvae of malaria vector, anopheles subpictu ...	2011	21340566
oocysts of hepatozoon canis in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from a naturally infected dog.	canine hepatozoonosis is a tick-borne disease caused by protozoans of the genus hepatozoon. several tick species have been implicated as potential vectors. therefore, extensive studies are needed to determine the 'natural' endemic cycle of this parasite. this paper presents the first report of the presence of hepatozoon canis oocysts in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from an infected dog.	2011	21324597
resistance to cypermethrin, deltamethrin and chlorpyriphos in populations of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) from small farms of the state of são paulo, brazil.	a field survey of resistance was conducted based on the larval packet test technique with synthetic pyrethroids (cypermethrin and deltamethrin) and organophosphates (chlorpyriphos) in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus field populations from six different regions of the state of são paulo (brazil). 82.6% of the populations showed resistance to cypermethrin, 86.36% to deltamethrin and 65.25% to chlorpyriphos, with 50% presenting resistance to both sp and op acaricide. according to the questionna ...	2011	21306827
rna interference in ticks.	ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of wild and domestic animals and humans, and are considered to be second worldwide to mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases(1) and the most important vectors affecting cattle industry worldwide(2). ticks are classified in the subclass acari, order parasitiformes, suborder ixodida and are distributed worldwide from arctic to tropical regions(3). despite efforts to control tick infestations, these ectoparasites remain a serious problem for human and ...	2011	21304465
haplotypes of the bovine igg2 heavy gamma chain in tick-resistant and tick-susceptible breeds of cattle.	bovines present contrasting, heritable phenotypes of infestations with the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. tick salivary glands produce igg-binding proteins (igbps) as a mechanism for escaping from host antibodies that these ectoparasites ingest during blood meals. allotypes that occur in the constant region of igg may differ in their capacity to bind with tick igbps; this may be reflected by the distribution of distinct allotypes according to phenotypes of tick infestations. i ...	2011	21301827
control of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus infestations by the combination of subolesin vaccination and tick autocidal control after subolesin gene knockdown in ticks fed on cattle.	tick subolesin was shown in immunization trials using the recombinant protein to protect hosts against tick infestations. in this study, we demonstrated that subolesin vaccination and release of ticks after subolesin knockdown by rna interference (rnai) could be used for the control of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus tick infestations in cattle and suggested that the combination of these methods could increase the efficacy of cattle tick control under some circumstances. the greatest tick co ...	2011	21288805
gender-associated genes in filarial nematodes are important for reproduction and potential intervention targets.	a better understanding of reproductive processes in parasitic nematodes may lead to development of new anthelmintics and control strategies for combating disabling and disfiguring neglected tropical diseases such as lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. transcriptomatic analysis has provided important new insights into mechanisms of reproduction and development in other invertebrates. we have performed the first genome-wide analysis of gender-associated (ga) gene expression in a filarial nema ...	2011	21283610
determination of the susceptibility of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) to ivermectin and fipronil by larval immersion test (lit) in uruguay.	rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is an important cattle pest in uruguay, and the law regulates its control. it is resistant to organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids and, as recently discovered, to fipronil. resistance to macrocyclic lactones (mls) and amitraz have not been documented; however, veterinarians and farmers have reported treatment failures. the objective of the present work was to study the susceptibility of cattle tick strains from different uruguayan counties to ivermectin (iv ...	2011	21277092
hemelipoglycoprotein from the ornate sheep tick, dermacentor marginatus: structural and functional characterization.	tick carrier proteins are able to bind, transport, and store host-blood heme, and thus they function also as antioxidants. nevertheless, the role of carrier proteins in ticks is not fully understood. some of them are found also in tick males which do not feed on hosts to such an extent such as females (there are differences in male feeding in different tick species) and thus they are not dealing with such an excess of heme; some of the carrier proteins were found in salivary glands where the pro ...	2011	21214898
the penultimate arginine of the carboxyl terminus determines slow desensitization in a p2x receptor from the cattle tick boophilus microplus.	p2x ion channels have been functionally characterized from a range of eukaryotes. although these receptors can be broadly classified into fast and slow desensitizing, the molecular mechanisms underlying current desensitization are not fully understood. here, we describe the characterization of a p2x receptor from the cattle tick boophilus microplus (bmp2x) displaying extremely slow current kinetics, little desensitization during atp application, and marked rundown in current amplitude between se ...	2011	21212138
assessment of bacterial diversity in the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus through tag-encoded pyrosequencing.	ticks are regarded as the most relevant vectors of disease-causing pathogens in domestic and wild animals. the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, hinders livestock production in tropical and subtropical parts of the world where it is endemic. tick microbiomes remain largely unexplored. the objective of this study was to explore the r. microplus microbiome by applying the bacterial 16s tag-encoded flx-titanium amplicon pyrosequencing (btefap) technique to characterize its bacterial ...	2011	21211038
vaccines to combat the neglected tropical diseases.	the neglected tropical diseases (ntds) represent a group of parasitic and related infectious diseases such as amebiasis, chagas disease, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, hookworm, leishmaniasis, and schistosomiasis. together, these conditions are considered the most common infections in low- and middle-income countries, where they produce a level of global disability and human suffering equivalent to better known conditions such as human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome an ...	2011	21198676
bartonella and babesia infections in cattle and their ticks in taiwan.	bartonella and babesia infections and the association with cattle breed and age as well as tick species infesting selected cattle herds in taiwan were investigated. blood samples were collected from 518 dairy cows and 59 beef cattle on 14 farms and 415 ticks were collected from these animals or in a field. bartonella and babesia species were isolated and/or detected in the cattle blood samples and from a selected subset (n=254) of the ticks either by culture or dna extraction, pcr testing and dn ...	2010	21194750
ticks on birds in a forest fragment of brazilian cerrado (savanna) in the municipality of uberlândia, state of minas gerais, brazil.	this is a report of tick species, parasite prevalence and infestation intensity of birds in a forest fragment (18° 56' 57'' s and 48° 12' 14'' w) within the brazilian cerrado (savanna), in the municipality of uberlândia, state of minas gerais, brazil. a total of 162 birds from 26 species were captured. one adult tick, 296 larvae and 67 nymphs were found on passerine birds. of these, it was identified 31 larvae and 27 nymphs of amblyomma longirostre, 17 nymphs of a. nodosum, one a. cajennense lar ...	2010	21184702
evaluation of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against parasites.	green nanoparticle synthesis has been achieved using environmentally acceptable plant extract and eco-friendly reducing and capping agents. the present study was based on assessments of the antiparasitic activities to determine the efficacies of synthesized silver nanoparticles (agnps) using aqueous leaf extract of mimosa pudica gaertn (mimosaceae) against the larvae of malaria vector, anopheles subpictus grassi, filariasis vector culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae), and rhipicephalu ...	2010	21181192
expression patterns of neural genes in euperipatoides kanangrensis suggest divergent evolution of onychophoran and euarthropod neurogenesis.	one of the controversial debates on euarthropod relationships centers on the question as to whether insects, crustaceans, and myriapods (mandibulata) share a common ancestor or whether myriapods group with the chelicerates (myriochelata). the debate was stimulated recently by studies in chelicerates and myriapods that show that neural precursor groups (npgs) segregate from the neuroectoderm generating the nervous system, whereas in insects and crustaceans the nervous tissue is produced by stem c ...	2010	21149708
megaselia scalaris reared on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus laboratory cultures.	different laboratory cultures of the acarine tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini, 1888) (ixodida: ixodidae) were infested by small megaselia scalaris (loew, 1866) (diptera: phoridae) flies. larvae of this species exhibited opportunistic parasitism predominantly on engorged female ticks, causing severe damage to their cuticle through which the flies were able to reach r. microplus internal organs, on which they fed until developing into pupae in the tick's remains. the flies were ...	2010	21143490