Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| first detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in quill mites (acari: syringophilidae) parasitizing passerine birds. | forest passerine birds and their ectoparasites: ixodes ricinus ticks and syringophilidae quill mites were surveyed for infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum in west-central poland. of 126 birds captured from may to june of 2002, 71 (56.3%) comprising eight species, hosted immature i. ricinus ticks. a total of 383 ticks and 71 blood samples collected from tick-infested birds were investigated by pcr. the pathogen was not detected in either bird-derived ticks or in blood samples. among the capt ... | 2006 | 16293433 |
| prevalence of bartonella species, haemoplasma species, ehrlichia species, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and neorickettsia risticii dna in the blood of cats and their fleas in the united states. | ctenocephalides felis were killed and collected from 92 cats in alabama, maryland, and texas. the fleas and blood from the corresponding cat were digested and assessed in polymerase chain reaction assays that amplify dna of ehrlichia species, anaplasma phagocytophilum, neorickettsia risticii, mycoplasma haemofelis, 'candidatus m haemominutum' and bartonella species. dna consistent with b henselae, b clarridgeiae, m haemofelis, or 'candidatus m haemominutum' was commonly amplified from cats (60.9 ... | 2006 | 16290092 |
| 16s rrna gene-based identification of midgut bacteria from field-caught anopheles gambiae sensu lato and a. funestus mosquitoes reveals new species related to known insect symbionts. | field-collected mosquitoes of the two main malaria vectors in africa, anopheles gambiae sensu lato and anopheles funestus, were screened for their midgut bacterial contents. the midgut from each blood-fed mosquito was screened with two different detection pathways, one culture independent and one culture dependent. bacterial species determination was achieved by sequence analysis of 16s rrna genes. altogether, 16 species from 14 genera were identified, 8 by each method. interestingly, several of ... | 2005 | 16269761 |
| a real-time combined polymerase chain reaction assay for the rapid detection and differentiation of anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia chaffeensis, and ehrlichia ewingii. | a rapid real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay capable of the simultaneous detection and differentiation of anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia chaffeensis, and ehrlichia ewingii was developed using the lightcyclertrade mark instrument (roche applied sciences, indianapolis, in). the assay targets the operon groel of the heat shock protein. base pair mismatches in amplified dna in regions of detection probe hybridization allowed organism differentiation by melting curve analysis. the an ... | 2005 | 16263231 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in north norway. the first laboratory confirmed case. | 2005 | 16261930 | |
| comparing the sensitivity of anaplasma phagocytophilum dna detection in ixodes ricinus ticks by amplifying a fragment of the epank-1 and the 16s rdna genes. | the study compared the sensitivity of two genetic markers (epank1, 16s rdna) in identifying anaplasma dna by using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique. material for anaplasma dna studies was isolated from i. ricinus. amplification of the 16s rdna gene resulted in 5.77% positive samples, the value for the epank-1 gene equaled 11.54%. the results suggest that the sensitivity of the reaction for the epank-1 gene is greater than that of 16s rdna for the identification of anaplasma dna from ... | 2004 | 16261882 |
| detection of babesia caballi in amblyomma variegatum ticks (acari: ixodidae) collected from cattle in the republic of guinea. | a reverse line blot hybridisation (rlb) assay was applied to screen amblyomma variegatum adult ticks (n = 504) collected from n'dama cattle in the republic of guinea. in a pcr, the v1 hypervariable region of the 16s ribosomal rna (rrna) gene was amplified with a set of primers unique for species of the genera anaplasma and ehrlichia, and the v4 hypervariable region of the 18s rrna gene was amplified with primers specific for members of the genera theileria and babesia. amplified pcr products fro ... | 2005 | 16252481 |
| comparative study of anaplasma parasites in tick carrying buffaloes and cattle. | a comparative study on the prevalence of anaplasma parasite was conducted on ticks carrying buffaloes and cattle. five hundred blood samples of both animals (250 of each) were collected during february, march and april. thin blood smears on glass slides were made, fixed in 100% methyl alcohol and examined. microscopic examination revealed that 205 (41%) animals had anaplasma parasites, out of which 89, 44 and 72 animals had anaplasma marginale, anaplasma centrale and mixed infection respectively ... | 2005 | 16252338 |
| detection of ehrlichial dna in small rodents captured in a woodland area of hokkaido, the northernmost island of japan, where lyme disease is endemic. | the ehrlichial gene was detected in small rodents trapped in a lyme disease-endemic area in hokkaido, the northernmost island of japan. primer pairs of 16s rdna targeting the genus ehrlichia and other regions of the 16s rdna specific for e. chaffeensis and e. muris were used for identification. the dna fragment specific for 16s rdna of ehrlichia spp. was detected in 4 of 94 apodemus speciosus mice (positive rate: 4.3%) and 5 of 73 clethrionomys rufocanus bedfordiae mice (positive rate: 6.8%). th ... | 2005 | 16249629 |
| effects of anaplasma phagocytophilum on host cell ferritin mrna and protein levels. | ferritin is a major intracellular iron storage protein and also functions as a cytoprotectant by sequestering iron to minimize the formation of reactive oxygen species. anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, is an obligate intracellular bacterium that colonizes neutrophils. we have previously reported that human promyelocytic hl-60 cells infected with a. phagocytophilum demonstrate increased transcription of ferritin heavy chain and also that the bacte ... | 2005 | 16239567 |
| detection of medically important ehrlichia by quantitative multicolor taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction of the dsb gene. | ehrlichia species are the etiological agents of emerging and life-threatening tick-borne human zoonoses, in addition to causing serious and fatal infections in companion animals and livestock. we developed the first tricolor taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction assay capable of simultaneously detecting and discriminating medically important ehrlichiae in a single reaction. analytical sensitivity of 50 copies per reaction was attained with templates from ehrlichia chaffeensis, ehrlichia ewi ... | 2005 | 16237220 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum infection (granulocytic anaplasmosis) in a dog from vancouver island. | a 7-year-old labrador retriever had nonspecific clinical signs that included lethargy, malaise, and difficult ambulation. the dog was native to vancouver island, british columbia, and had never left this area. morulae were identified in polymorphonuclear cells. serologic studies and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) testing confirmed canine anaplasmosis caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum. the dog recovered after treatment with tetracycline. | 2005 | 16231653 |
| intrahaplotype and interhaplotype pairing of bovine leukocyte antigen dqa and dqb molecules generate functional dq molecules important for priming cd4(+) t-lymphocyte responses. | antigen-specific cd4(+) t-lymphocyte responses are restricted by major histocompatibility complex class ii molecules, which influence t-cell priming during infection. human leukocyte antigen (hla) and bovine leukocyte antigen (bola) drb3 and dq genes are polymorphic, but unlike hla, many bola haplotypes have duplicated dq genes, and antibody-blocking studies indicated that bola-dq molecules present various pathogen epitopes. limited experimentation also suggested that bola-dq molecules formed by ... | 2005 | 16220347 |
| serologic cross-reactivity between anaplasma marginale and anaplasma phagocytophilum. | in the context of a serosurvey conducted on the anaplasma marginale prevalence in swiss cattle, we suspected that a serological cross-reactivity between a. marginale and a. phagocytophilum might exist. in the present study we demonstrate that cattle, sheep and horses experimentally infected with a. phagocytophilum not only develop antibodies to a. phagocytophilum (detected by immunofluorescent-antibody assay) but also to a. marginale (detected by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). ... | 2005 | 16210480 |
| [evaluation of diagnostic tests in the absence of a gold standard using an anaplasma marginale field data set]. | the evaluation of newly developed diagnostic tests (tests) commonly involves the comparison of the test outcomes (pos/neg.) of a sample of animals to those of a reference test (gold standard) in order to derive sensitivity and specificity estimates. often, however, new tests have to be evaluated against an imperfect reference test since a true gold standard test is either too expensive or too costly to apply. this results in bias in the test characteristic estimates. to solve this problem, laten ... | 2005 | 16206931 |
| equine and canine anaplasma phagocytophilum strains isolated on the island of sardinia (italy) are phylogenetically related to pathogenic strains from the united states. | the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum, a tick-transmitted zoonotic pathogen, was investigated in sardinia using a molecular approach. phylogenetic analysis revealed that sardinian strains are genetically distinct from the two lineages previously described in europe and are closely related to strains isolated in different areas of the united states. | 2005 | 16204571 |
| distinctly different msp2 pseudogene repertoires in anaplasma marginale strains that are capable of superinfection. | lifelong persistent infection of cattle is a hallmark of the tick transmitted pathogen anaplasma marginale. antigenic variation of major surface protein 2 (msp2) plays an important role in evasion of the host immune response to allow persistence. antigenic variation of msp2 is achieved by gene conversion of pseudogenes into the single operon linked expression site and the diversity of variants is defined by the pseudogene repertoire. once an animal is persistently infected with one strain of a. ... | 2005 | 16202540 |
| infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum in a seronegative patient in sicily, italy: case report. | anaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) in humans, which has been recognized as an emerging tick-borne disease in the united states and europe. although about 65 cases of hga have been reported in europe, some of them do not fulfill the criteria for confirmed hga. confirmation of hga requires a. phagocytophilum isolation from blood, and/or identification of morulae in granulocytes and/or positive pcr results with subsequent sequencing of the amplicons to demonstrat ... | 2005 | 16202127 |
| tick species and tick-borne infections identified in population from a rural area of spain. | to determine the tick species that bite humans in the province of soria (spain) and ascertain the tick-borne pathogens that threaten people's health in that province, 185 tick specimens were collected from 179 patients who sought medical advice at health-care centres. the ticks were identified, and their dna examined by pcr for pathogens. most ticks were collected in autumn and spring (59 and 57 respectively). nine species of ticks were identified, the most frequent being dermacentor marginatus ... | 2005 | 16181517 |
| 70-year-old man with fever, shaking chills, and weakness. | 2005 | 16178501 | |
| serological evidence of infection of anaplasma and ehrlichia in domestic animals in xinjiang uygur autonomous region area, china. | serological methods were utilized to detect anaplasma and ehrlichia infection in domestic animals in xinjiang uygur autonomous region, china. by using an indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa), antibodies that reacted with anaplasmaphagocytophilum and ehrlichiachaffeensis were detected mainly in ruminants kept on pastureland in altai, ili and kashgar area. antibody titers up to 1:320 were recorded. these results indicate that ruminants kept in these areas may be infected with some species of an ... | 2005 | 16169663 |
| genetic diversity of anaplasma species major surface proteins and implications for anaplasmosis serodiagnosis and vaccine development. | the genus anaplasma (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) includes several pathogens of veterinary and human medical importance. an understanding of the diversity of anaplasma major surface proteins (msps), including those msps that modulate infection, development of persistent infections, and transmission of pathogens by ticks, is derived in part, by characterization and phylogenetic analyses of geographic strains. information concerning the genetic diversity of anaplasma spp. msps will likely influ ... | 2005 | 16164010 |
| relative efficiency of biological transmission of anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) by dermacentor andersoni (acari: ixodidae) compared with mechanical transmission by stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae). | anaplasma marginale theiler is a tick-borne intraerythrocytic rickettsial pathogen of cattle that also can be mechanically transmitted by biting flies. rickettsemia during the acute phase of infection may reach as high as 10(9) infected erythrocytes (ies) per milliliter of blood. animals that survive acute infection develop a life-long persistent infection that cycles between 10(2.5) and 10(7) ie/ ml of blood. we compared stable fly stomoxys calcitrans (l.) -borne mechanical transmission during ... | 2005 | 16119558 |
| genetic diversity of anaplasma marginale strains from cattle farms in the province of palermo, sicily. | bovine anaplasmosis, caused by the tick-borne rickettsia anaplasma marginale, is endemic in sicily and results in economic loss to the cattle industry. this study was designed to characterize strains of a. marginale at the molecular level from cattle in the province of palermo, sicily. seropositivity of cattle >or=1 year old for a. marginale in the study area ranged from 62% to 100%. the observed prevalence of a. marginale infections in cattle herds ranged from 25% to 100%. two predominant a. ma ... | 2005 | 16115096 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum, sardinia, italy. | 2005 | 16110587 | |
| experimental infection of white-tailed deer with anaplasma phagocytophilum, etiologic agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. | serologic and molecular evidence of anaplasma phagocytophilum has been demonstrated in white-tailed deer (wtd; odocoileus virginianus), and deer are an important host for the tick vector ixodes scapularis. in this study, we describe experimental infection of wtd with a. phagocytophilum. we inoculated four wtd with a human isolate of a. phagocytophilum propagated in tick cells. two additional deer served as negative controls. all inoculated deer developed antibodies (titers, > or =64) to a. phago ... | 2005 | 16081884 |
| [tick-borne pathogens in central europe]. | 2005 | 16053190 | |
| serologic and molecular characterization of anaplasma species infection in farm animals and ticks from sicily. | although anaplasma marginale was known to be endemic in italy, the diversity of anaplasma spp. from this area have not been characterized. in this study, the prevalence of anaplasma spp. antibodies in randomly selected farm animals collected on the island of sicily was determined by use of a msp5 celisa for anaplasma spp. and an immunofluorescence test specific for anaplasma phagocytophilum. genetic variation among strains of anaplasma spp. from animals and ticks was characterized using the a. m ... | 2005 | 16043300 |
| establishment of cloned anaplasma phagocytophilum and analysis of p44 gene conversion within an infected horse and infected scid mice. | diverse p44 alleles at the p44 expression locus (p44es) encoding surface-exposed major membrane proteins, p44s, of anaplasma phagocytophilum were hypothesized to be garnered by recombination to enact antigenic variation. however, this hypothesis has not been proven so far, due to inability to clone this obligate intragranulocytic rickettsia. to define the p44e recombination, we developed a novel method to clone a. phagocytophilum. this isogenic cloned population containing a defined p44e was use ... | 2005 | 16041027 |
| prevalence of infection with francisella tularensis, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasma phagocytophilum in rodents from an endemic focus of tularemia in bulgaria. | the prevalence of francisella tularensis, borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum in rodents is a determinant for their role in maintaining pathogens in the environment. a total of 169 rodents, trapped in an endemic focus of tularemia, were examined by pcr to asses the frequency of infection with the etiological agents of tularemia, lyme borreliosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis. the overall prevalence of f. tularensis was 22 %. in 6 % of the black rats, f. tularensis was identi ... | 2005 | 16028881 |
| risk of tick-borne bacterial diseases among workers of roztocze national park (south-eastern poland). | the objective of the present study was to assess the risk of borreliosis and anaplasmosis (ehrlichiosis) among the forestry workers of the roztocze national park (south-eastern poland) by examination of ixodes ricinus ticks living in park area with pcr method, and by the serological and clinical examination of the workers. in 406 examined ticks, the prevalence of infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was 11.5 %. the nested pcr reaction for determining the genospecies showed that the mos ... | 2005 | 16028877 |
| a case of sweet syndrome associated with human granulocytic anaplasmosis. | acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, or sweet syndrome (ss), is a condition that is presumed to be triggered by infectious disease agents. we report a case of ss associated with human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga), which is of interest because anaplasma phagocytophilum infects, multiplies in, and disrupts the function of neutrophils, the key infiltrating cell in ss. | 2005 | 16027306 |
| spatial and management factors associated with exposure of smallholder dairy cattle in tanzania to tick-borne pathogens. | a cross-sectional study of serum antibody responses of cattle to tick-borne pathogens (theileria parva, theileria mutans,anaplasma marginale, babesia bigemina and babesia bovis) was conducted on smallholder dairy farms in tanga and iringa regions of tanzania. seroprevalence was highest for t. parva (48% in iringa and 23% in tanga) and b. bigemina (43% in iringa and 27% in tanga) and lowest for b. bovis (12% in iringa and 6% in tanga). we use spatial and non-spatial models, fitted using classical ... | 2005 | 16023121 |
| survey of tickborne infections in denmark. | we conducted a study of the distribution and prevalence of tickborne infections in denmark by using roe deer as sentinels. blood samples from 237 roe deer were collected during the 2002-2003 hunting season. overall, 36.6% of deer were borrelia seropositive, while 95.6% were anaplasma phagocytophilum positive; all animals were negative for bartonella quintana and b. henselae by indirect immunofluorescence assay. when a hemagglutination-inhibition test was used, 8.7% of deer were found positive fo ... | 2005 | 16022780 |
| detection of ehrlichia spp. in raccoons (procyon lotor) from georgia. | raccoons (procyonis lotor) and opossums (didelphis virginianus) acquired from six contiguous counties in the piedmont physiographic region of georgia were investigated for their potential role in the epidemiology of ehrlichial and anaplasmal species. serum was tested by indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) assay for the presence of antibodies reactive to ehrlichia chaffeensis, e. canis, and anaplasma phagocytophilum (hga agent). nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was used to test whole ... | 2005 | 16011433 |
| environmental factors associated with bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii seropositivity in free-ranging coyotes from northern california. | bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii is a newly recognized pathogen of domestic dogs and humans. coyotes (canis latrans) are considered an important reservoir of this bacterium in the western united states, but its vectors are still unknown. our objective was to identify environmental factors associated with bartonella antibody prevalence in 239 coyotes from northern california, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. in addition, associations were evaluated between b. v. berkhoffii and two ... | 2005 | 16011426 |
| clinical, epidemiologic, and environmental surveillance for ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in an endemic area of northern california. | two forms of tick-borne leukocytotropic rickettsioses have been recognized in california since the mid-1990s: human monocytic ehrlichiosis (hme) caused by ehrlichia chaffeensis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum. between 1997 and 1999, two cases of hme and four cases of hga were diagnosed in residents of southern humboldt county, california. environmental followup at case-patients' residences revealed dense populations of ixodes pacificus ticks, particu ... | 2005 | 16007950 |
| modulation of nb4 promyelocytic leukemic cell machinery by anaplasma phagocytophilum. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is a gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium that persists within neutrophils. we assessed the impact of a. phagocytophilum infection in nb4 promyelocytic leukemic cells using high-density oligoarray, two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. our affymetrix data revealed that a. phagocytophilum altered the expression of transcription factors, cell adhesion molecules, signal transduction genes, and proinflammator ... | 2005 | 16005178 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in a dog: identifying the causative agent using pcr. | a diagnosis of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection was confirmed in a two-year-old male golden retriever displaying few clinical and haematological abnormalities. this was achieved by demonstrating ehrlichial organisms in circulating neutrophils, by indirect immunofluorescence assay using a phagocytophilum as an antigen, and by detecting dna specific for the 16s rrna gene of granulocytic anaplasma by pcr. after treatment with doxycycline for 10 days the dog showed improvement and the laboratory ... | 2005 | 15971902 |
| molecular detection of anaplasma platys in lice collected from dogs in australia. | 2005 | 15971830 | |
| [ehrlichiosis and human anaplasmosis]. | human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are acute febrile tick-borne diseases caused by various species of the genera ehrlichia and anaplasma (anaplasmataceae). to date, only cases of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly human granulocytic ehrlichia, ehrlichia phagocytophila, and e. equi) have been diagnosed in europe. hga and lyme borreliosis are closely related diseases that share vector and reservoirs. in addition to hga, human monocytic ehrlichiosis ... | 2005 | 15970171 |
| detection of rickettsia, borrelia, and bartonella in carios kelleyi (acari: argasidae). | carios kelleyi (colley & kohls 1941), a tick associated with bats and bat habitats, has been reported to feed on humans, but there is little published data regarding the presence of vector-borne pathogens in these ticks. c. kelleyi nymphs and adults were collected from residential and community buildings in jackson county, iowa, and tested by polymerase chain reaction for rickettsia, borrelia, bartonella, coxiella, and anaplasma. rickettsia dna was detected in 28 of 31 live ticks. sequences of t ... | 2005 | 15962801 |
| presence of borrelia burgdorferi (spirochaetales: spirochaetaceae) in southern kettle moraine state forest, wisconsin, and characterization of strain w97f51. | lyme disease, caused by borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmidt, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner; babesiosis, caused by babesia microti franca; and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum bakken & dumler have been reported in wisconsin, mainly in the endemic areas of the northwestern part of the state. people exposed to blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis say, from this region can potentially contract one or all of these diseases concurrently. within the past several year ... | 2005 | 15962800 |
| relative encounter frequencies and prevalence of selected borrelia, ehrlichia, and anaplasma infections in amblyomma americanum and ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) ticks from central new jersey. | to evaluate their relative importance in tick-borne disease transmission in new jersey, host-seeking amblyomma americanum (l.) and ixodes scapularis say adults and nymphs were collected during spring activity periods in 2003 and 2004 to determine relative frequencies at which these ticks were encountered from an area known to be hyperendemic for lyme disease. although similar numbers of the two species were encountered during early spring of both years, a. americanum were encountered more often ... | 2005 | 15962799 |
| western gray squirrel (rodentia: sciuridae): a primary reservoir host of borrelia burgdorferi in californian oak woodlands? | in california, dense woodlands have been recognized as important biotopes where humans are exposed to the nymphal stage of the western blacklegged tick, ixodes pacificus cooley & kohls, the primary vector of the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), in the far-western united states. to identify the principal reservoir host(s) of this spirochete, and of closely related spirochetes in the b. burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) complex, in dense woodlands in mendocino county, ... | 2005 | 15962792 |
| molecular detection of a new anaplasma species closely related to anaplasma phagocytophilum in canine blood from south africa. | canine dna samples from south africa were found to contain 16s rrna gene nucleotide and citrate synthase gene nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences that were most similar to anaplasma phagocytophilum: 98%, 66%, and 69% similarity, respectively. this suggests that a new anaplasma species closely related to a. phagocytophilum occurs in africa. | 2005 | 15956424 |
| microscopic and clinical evidence for anaplasma (ehrlichia) phagocytophilum infection in italian cats. | fifteen cats from italy with ehrlichia-like inclusion bodies in their neutrophils were studied. they were diagnosed with anaplasma (ehrlichia) phagocytophilum infection on the basis of cytological observation of morulae within 1 to 21 per cent of their neutrophils, clinical signs characteristic of ehrlichiosis and their response to doxycycline. the predominant signs of disease were anorexia, lethargy, hyperaesthesia, muscle and joint pain, lameness, neck rigidity, lymphadenomegaly, gingivitis/pe ... | 2005 | 15951500 |
| evaluation of the recombinant lipl32 in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of bovine leptospirosis. | the recombinant leptospiral protein lipl32 was evaluated for use in the diagnosis of bovine leptospirosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (rlipl32 igg elisa). the microscopic agglutination test (mat) of 150 serum samples from cattle suspected of leptospirosis showed that 125 (83.3%) samples had positive reciprocal agglutination titres, which ranged from 100 to 1600. the highest titres were observed for the serovars hardjoprajitno and bratislava. in the rlipl32 igg elisa, 83.3% of the sample ... | 2005 | 15950404 |
| structural basis for segmental gene conversion in generation of anaplasma marginale outer membrane protein variants. | bacterial pathogens in the genus anaplasma generate surface coat variants by gene conversion of chromosomal pseudogenes into single-expression sites. these pseudogenes encode unique surface-exposed hypervariable regions flanked by conserved domains, which are identical to the expression site flanking domains. in addition, anaplasma marginale generates variants by recombination of oligonucleotide segments derived from the pseudogenes into the existing expression site copy, resulting in a combinat ... | 2005 | 15948961 |
| anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae): recent advances in defining host-pathogen adaptations of a tick-borne rickettsia. | the tick-borne intracellular pathogen anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) develops persistent infections in cattle and tick hosts. while erythrocytes appear to be the only site of infection in cattle, a. marginale undergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks and transmission occurs via salivary glands during feeding. many geographic isolates occur that vary in genotype, antigenic composition, morphology and infectivity for ticks. in this chapter we review recent research on ... | 2004 | 15938516 |
| a longitudinal study of sero-conversion to tick-borne pathogens in smallholder dairy youngstock in tanzania. | a longitudinal study of sero-conversion of youngstock to the tick-borne pathogens theileria parva, t. mutans, anaplasma marginale, babesia bigemina and b. bovis was conducted over two years on smallholder dairy farms in tanga region, tanzania. there was evidence of maternal antibodies to all tick-borne pathogens in animals less than 18 weeks of age. seroprevalence increased as expected with age in animals older than this but seroprevalence profiles underestimated the force of infection due to wa ... | 2005 | 15936149 |
| ticks and tick-borne disease in guatemalan cattle and horses. | blood samples and ticks were collected from 48 cattle and 74 horses from seven sites in the peten region of guatemala. data on body condition, mucous membrane capillary refill time and tick infestation levels were recorded for each animal in the study. horses had significantly higher levels of tick infestation than cattle, as well as poorer body condition scores. seroprevalence of babesia spp. was 95.8% for b. bovis in cattle, 89.6% for b. bigemina in cattle, and 92.7% for b. equi in horses. ser ... | 2005 | 15936147 |
| identification of functional promoters in the msp2 expression loci of anaplasma marginale and anaplasma phagocytophilum. | organisms in the family anaplasmataceae are important tick-borne pathogens of livestock worldwide and cause recently emergent infections in humans. despite their medical importance, very little is known about how these organisms regulate gene expression in the mammalian host, the tick vector, or during transition between the host and vector. however, it is clear that gene regulation, in addition to recombinatorial mechanisms, is essential for these small genome pathogens to adapt to distinctly d ... | 2005 | 15935572 |
| identification and prevalence of ehrlichia chaffeensis infection in haemaphysalis longicornis ticks from korea by pcr, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis based on 16s rrna gene. | genomic dnas extracted from 1,288 haemaphysalis longicornis ticks collected from grass vegetation and various animals from nine provinces of korea were subjected to screening by genus-specific (ehrlichia spp. or anaplasma spp.) real-time taqman pcr and speciesspecific (e. chaffeensis) nested-pcr based on amplification of 16s rrna gene fragments. in all, 611 (47.4%) ticks tested positive for genus-specific amplification of 116 bp fragment of 16s rrna of ehrlichia spp. or anaplasma spp. subsequent ... | 2005 | 15933436 |
| lyme disease: point/counterpoint. | lyme disease represents a growing public health threat. the controversial science and politics of lyme disease have created barriers to reliable diagnosis and effective treatment of this protean illness. two major clinical hurdles are the absence of a therapeutic end point in treating borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochetal agent of lyme disease, and the presence of tickborne coinfections with organisms such as babesia, anaplasma, ehrlichia and bartonella that may complicate the course of the dise ... | 2005 | 15918774 |
| coinfection with anaplasma phagocytophilum alters borrelia burgdorferi population distribution in c3h/hen mice. | borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of lyme disease, and anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human anaplasmosis, are both transmitted by ixodes sp. ticks and may occasionally coinfect a host. the population distributions of tick-transmitted b. burgdorferi infection were assessed using quantitative pcr targeting the flab gene of b. burgdorferi in the ear, heart base, quadriceps muscle, skin, and tibiotarsal joint tissue of c3h mice previously infected with a. phagocytophilum. population distribut ... | 2005 | 15908372 |
| rapid and long-term disappearance of cd4+ t lymphocyte responses specific for anaplasma marginale major surface protein-2 (msp2) in msp2 vaccinates following challenge with live a. marginale. | in humans and ruminants infected with anaplasma, the major surface protein 2 (msp2) is immunodominant. numerous cd4(+) t cell epitopes in the hypervariable and conserved regions of msp2 contribute to this immunodominance. antigenic variation in msp2 occurs throughout acute and persistent infection, and sequentially emerging variants are thought to be controlled by variant-specific ab. this study tested the hypothesis that challenge of cattle with anaplasma marginale expressing msp2 variants to w ... | 2005 | 15905510 |
| antigenicity of ovine strains of anaplasma phagocytophilum grown in tick cells and ovine granulocytes. | antigens prepared from ovine granulocytes and tick cells infected with ovine strains of anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of tick-borne fever, were tested in respect of their suitability for the assay of antibodies in ovine sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (ifat). antigens prepared from tick cells were as sensitive and specific as those expressed in ovine granulocytes for the detection of specific antibodies by elisa, ... | 2005 | 15893990 |
| insights into pathogen immune evasion mechanisms: anaplasma phagocytophilum fails to induce an apoptosis differentiation program in human neutrophils. | polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmns or neutrophils) are essential to human innate host defense. however, some bacterial pathogens circumvent destruction by pmns and thereby cause disease. anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, survives within pmns in part by altering normal host cell processes, such as production of reactive oxygen species (ros) and apoptosis. to investigate the molecular basis of a. phagocytophilum survival within neutrophils, we used affymetrix ... | 2005 | 15879137 |
| immunity to the ehrlichiae: new tools and recent developments. | discusses recent developments in the study of immunity and host defense against the monocytic ehrlichiae in 2003 and 2004. the review does not address anaplasmoses, as the anaplasmae were recently re-classified into the genus anaplasma, and are distinct in cell tropism from the ehrlichiae. | 2005 | 15864098 |
| the prevalence of serum antibodies to tick-borne infections in mbale district, uganda: the effect of agro-ecological zone, grazing management and age of cattle. | between august and october 2000, a cross-sectional study was conducted in smallholder dairy farms in mbale district, uganda to assess the prevalence of ticks and tick-borne diseases under different grazing systems and agro-ecological zones and understand the circumstances under which farmers operated. a questionnaire was administered to obtain information on dairy farm circumstances and practices. a total of 102 farms were visited and sera and ticks were collected from 478 animals. sero-prevalen ... | 2004 | 15861224 |
| multiplex detection of ehrlichia and anaplasma species pathogens in peripheral blood by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. | tick-borne infections are responsible for many emerging diseases in humans and several vertebrates. these include human infections with anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia chaffeensis, and ehrlichia ewingii. because single or co-infections can result from tick bites, the availability of a rapid, multiplex molecular test will be valuable for timely diagnosis and treatment. here, we describe a multiplex molecular test that can detect single or co-infections with up to five ehrlichia and anaplasma ... | 2005 | 15858156 |
| enhancement of antigen acquisition by dendritic cells and mhc class ii-restricted epitope presentation to cd4+ t cells using vp22 dna vaccine vectors that promote intercellular spreading following initial transfection. | induction of immune responses against microbial antigens using dna is an attractive strategy to mimic the immunity induced by live vaccines. although dna vaccines are efficacious in murine models, the requirement for multiple immunizations using high doses in outbred animals and humans has hindered deployment. this requirement is, in part, a result of poor vaccine spreading and suboptimal dc transfection efficiency. incorporation of a signal that directs intercellular spreading of a dna-encoded ... | 2005 | 15857936 |
| gis-facilitated spatial epidemiology of tick-borne diseases in coyotes (canis latrans) in northern and coastal california. | ixodes pacificus is the main tick vector for transmission of anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi to large vertebrates in california. the present study was undertaken in i. pacificus-infested counties in california to examine spatial and temporal relationships among a. phagocytophilum and b. burgdorferi-exposed coyotes with vegetation type and climate. the overall a. phagocytophilum and b. burgdorferi seroprevalences were 39.5% (n=215) and 18.9% (n=148), respectively, with no assoc ... | 2005 | 15857659 |
| [babesia microti and anaplasma phagocytophilum: two emerging zoonotic pathogens in europe and hungary]. | babesia microti and anaplasma phagocytophilum was recently reported with a minimum prevalence of 0.9 and 1.3% in hungary based on the pcr-sequencing analysis of 452 european sheep ticks (ixodes ricinus). these results and the epidemiological data of the neighbouring countries indicate that human cases caused by these pathogens may occur in the country. the aim of the present paper is to summarise the current knowledge on the morphology, life cycle and distribution of b. microti and a. phagocytop ... | 2005 | 15856623 |
| tick- and flea-borne rickettsial emerging zoonoses. | between 1984 and 2004, nine more species or subspecies of spotted fever rickettsiae were identified as emerging agents of tick-borne rickettsioses throughout the world. six of these species had first been isolated from ticks and later found to be pathogenic to humans. the most recent example is rickettsia parkeri, recognized as a human pathogen more than 60 years after its initial isolation from ticks. a new spotted fever rickettsia, r. felis was also found to be associated with fleas and to be ... | 2005 | 15845235 |
| possible exclusion of genotypes in anaplasma phagocytophilum-infected lambs. | 2005 | 15833971 | |
| epizootiologic investigations of selected infectious disease agents in free-ranging eurasian lynx from sweden. | serum samples from 106 eurasian lynx (lynx lynx) from across sweden, found dead or shot by hunters in 1993-99, were investigated for presence of antibodies to feline parvovirus (fpv), feline coronavirus, feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus, feline immunodeficiency virus, francisella tularensis, and anaplasma phagocytophila, and for feline leukemia virus antigen. in addition, tissue samples from 22 lynx submitted in 1999 were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to detect nucl ... | 2005 | 15827211 |
| acute clinical, hematologic, serologic, and polymerase chain reaction findings in horses experimentally infected with a european strain of anaplasma phagocytophilum. | six horses were experimentally infected by administration of horse blood containing a swedish strain of anaplasma phagocytophilum. the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) signal was consistently detected 2-3 days before appearance of clinical signs and persisted 4-9 days beyond abatement of clinical signs, whereas diagnostic inclusion bodies were 1st noted on average 2.6 +/- 1.5 (sd) days after onset of fever. clinical signs and hematologic changes were largely indistinguishable from those previousl ... | 2005 | 15822569 |
| livelihood hazards. | 2005 | 15818892 | |
| seroepidemiology of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasma phagocytophilum in wild mice captured in northern turkey. | an expedition across the asian part of the black sea coast and national parks of northern turkey was organized in the summer of 2001 to investigate the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.), lyme borreliosis agent, and anaplasma phagocytophilum, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, agent, in wild mice. a total of 65 apodemus flavicollis, apodemus sylvaticus, microtus epiroticus, crocidura suaveolens and mus macedonicus, were captured. two out of 22 apodemus sylvaticus specimens were ser ... | 2005 | 15816159 |
| case records of the massachusetts general hospital. case 10-2005. a 73-year-old man with weakness and pain in the legs. | 2005 | 15800232 | |
| variation among geographically separated populations of dermacentor andersoni (acari: ixodidae) in midgut susceptibility to anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae). | anaplasma marginale is a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen of cattle that is endemic throughout large areas of the united states. cattle that survive acute infection become life-long persistently infected carriers. in the intermountain west the rocky mountain wood tick, dermacentor andersoni stiles, is the most common vector of a. marginale. male d. andersoni acquire a. marginale when feeding on persistently infected cattle and biologically transmit it when they transfer from infected to susceptib ... | 2005 | 15799524 |
| amplification of 16s rrna genes of anaplasma species in china for phylogenetic analysis. | in this study, a phylogenetic tree was inferred through comparing five 16s rrna gene sequences of four isolates of anaplasma ovis and one of anaplasma marginale in china with all nineteen 16s rrna gene sequences deposited in genbank (12 a. marginale, 3 a. ovis and 4 anaplasma centrale derived from america, uruguay, south africa, zimbabwe, australia, isreal and japan). the analysis showed that all a. ovis isolated in china were separated into an a. ovis cluster, while the a. marginale in china wa ... | 2005 | 15795086 |
| seroprevalence of anaplasmosis among cattle in switzerland in 1998 and 2003: no evidence of an emerging disease. | anaplasma marginale infection in europe has been limited to the mediterranean and eastern countries, to austria and to very sporadic cases in switzerland. there are no reports of its occurrence in the countries north of switzerland. a severe outbreak of anaplasmosis in august 2002 in a cattle farm in the canton grisons, switzerland, north of the alps, with more than 300 cattle that had to be culled, came unexpected and gave reason to hypothesize presence of an increased yet undetected prevalence ... | 2005 | 15795079 |
| detection of antibodies against anaplasma marginale in milk using a recombinant msp5 indirect elisa. | an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ielisa) for diagnosis of anaplasmosis using undiluted individual milk samples from dairy cows was developed. the recombinant 19 kda major surface protein 5 (rmsp5) of anaplasma marginale was used as antigen. a monoclonal antibody against bovine igg1 conjugated with peroxidase and the chromogen 3,5,3',5'-tetramethylbenzidine were used in the test. strong and weak, positive and negative milk samples were set up as reference controls. results were expr ... | 2005 | 15778035 |
| [ehrlichiosis--a disease rarely recognized in poland]. | ehrlichioses constitute a group of acute zoonoses caused by the infection with the microorganisms belonging to the genera ehrlichia, anaplasma and neorickettsia (rickettsiaceae). presence of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) caused by infection with anaplasma phagocytophila (a. phagocytophila) and transmitted by ixodes ricinus tick has been confirmed in poland. all the cases described so far were noted in the area of endemic prevalence of lyme borreliosis (north-east of poland). lack of char ... | 2004 | 15765762 |
| comparison of patients fulfilling criteria for confirmed and probable human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. | in order to assess the validity of definitions for human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge), epidemiological, clinical and laboratory findings for 13 patients with confirmed hge and 21 patients fulfilling criteria for probable hge were compared. the patients were identified during a prospective study on the aetiology of febrile illness occurring after a tick bite, performed in slovenia from 1995 to 2002. significant differences between the 2 groups were found for age of patients, duration of fever ... | 2004 | 15764167 |
| gene expression profiling of human promyelocytic cells in response to infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum. | anaplasma phagocytophilum (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) causes human, equine and canine granulocytic anaplasmosis and tick-borne fever of ruminants. the rickettsia parasitizes granulocytes and bone marrow progenitor cells, and can be propagated in human promyelocytic and tick cell lines. in this study, microarrays of synthetic polynucleotides of 21,329 human genes were used to identify genes that are differentially expressed in hl-60 human promyelocytic cells in response to infection with a. ... | 2005 | 15760455 |
| genome update: base skews in 200+ bacterial chromosomes. | 2005 | 15758208 | |
| concomitant tickborne encephalitis and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. | we report a patient with febrile illness and epidemiologic and clinical findings consistent with human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and tickborne encephalitis, in whom infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum was demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction and seroconversion. tickborne encephalitis virus infection was established by serum immunoglobulin (ig) m and igg antibodies. | 2005 | 15757574 |
| sequence analysis of the msp4 gene of anaplasma phagocytophilum strains. | the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis was recently reclassified as anaplasma phagocytophilum, unifying previously described bacteria that cause disease in humans, horses, dogs, and ruminants. for the characterization of genetic heterogeneity in this species, the homologue of anaplasma marginale major surface protein 4 gene (msp4) was identified, and the coding region was pcr amplified and sequenced from a variety of sources, including 50 samples from the united states, germany, ... | 2005 | 15750101 |
| detection and identification of ehrlichia spp. in ticks collected in tunisia and morocco. | a broad-range 16s rrna gene pcr assay followed by partial sequencing of the 16s rrna gene was used for the detection of members of the family anaplasmataceae in ticks in north africa. a total of 418 questing ixodes ricinus ticks collected in tunisia and morocco, as well as 188 rhipicephalus ticks from dogs and 52 hyalomma ticks from bovines in tunisia, were included in this study. of 324 adult i. ricinus ticks, 16.3% were positive for ehrlichia spp., whereas only 3.4 and 2.8% of nymphs and larva ... | 2005 | 15750072 |
| [ticks (acarina: ixodidae) as vectors and reservoirs of pathogen microorganisms in spain]. | hard and soft-ticks are obligate haematophagous arachnids of medical and veterinary significance mainly because of the animal disease agents transmitted by them, which include an array of different pathogens (virus, bacteria, protozoa and nematodes). ticks transmit microbes by several routes including salivary secretions, coxal fluids, regurgitation and faeces. among the biological factors that contribute to the high vector potential of ticks are their living habits and characteristic properties ... | 2005 | 15743581 |
| serological survey of babesia bovis and anaplasma marginale in cattle in tete province, mozambique. | a serological survey of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in communal cattle was conducted in the northwestern province of tete, mozambique. blood was collected from cattle ranging from 4 to 15 months old from randomly selected farms from six districts. thirty-nine per cent of all 478 calves tested in tete province were seropositive to the elisa for babesia bovis antibodies and 63% of all calves were seropositive in the card agglutination test for anaplasma marginale. seroprevalence of b. bovis ... | 2005 | 15742867 |
| lack of infectivity of a brazilian anaplasma marginale isolate for boophilus microplus ticks. | previous studies have shown that one brazilian anaplasma marginale isolate presents an inclusion appendage (tail), while other isolates do not present such inclusion. studies on tick transmission have been carried out with tailless isolates but little is known about transmission of tailed isolates by boophilus microplus. two splenectomized calves were experimentally inoculated with the tailed a. marginale isolate. during ascending rickettsemia, b. microplus larvae, free from hemoparasites, were ... | 2004 | 15740870 |
| molecular and serologic evidence of tick-borne ehrlichiae in three species of lemurs from st. catherines island, georgia, usa. | in recent years, several species of ehrlichiae have been recognized as tick-borne disease agents of veterinary and medical importance. clinically normal free-ranging or previously free-ranging lemurs, including 46 ring-tailed lemurs (lemur catta), six blue-eyed black lemurs (eulemur macaco flavifrons), and four black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata) from st. catherines island, georgia, were tested for evidence of exposure to tick-borne ehrlichiae. all 52 adult lemurs were se ... | 2004 | 15732591 |
| prevalence of ehrlichia canis infection in thrombocytopenic dogs from rio de janeiro, brazil. | infection with ehrlichia canis causes a highly variable, multisystemic disease in dogs. nevertheless, many clinicians in rio de janeiro, brazil, use the presence of only thrombocytopenia to make a presumptive diagnosis of e canis infection. | 2005 | 15732017 |
| anaplasma platys: an improved pcr for its detection in dogs. | this study compares two pcr assays for the detection of anaplasma platys in dog blood using primers based on the a. platys 16s rrna gene. the first approach utilized a "standard" pcr protocol composed of a "single-step" direct amplification using an ehrlichia genus-specific primer set. the second assay being a "nested" pcr screen that first involved a universal bacterial primer set that amplified the majority of the 16s rrna gene, followed by the nested round of pcr using an a. platys-specific p ... | 2005 | 15713449 |
| serological diagnosis of human babesiosis by igg enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of igg antibodies to babesia microti antigen was developed. b. microti antigens were harvested from experimentally infected hamster blood and used as a coating antigen. the sensitivity and specificity of the igg elisa relative to immunofluorescent antibody assay (ifa) testing was 95.5% and 94.1%, respectively. according to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the area under the curve was 0.987. no cross-reactivity of ... | 2004 | 15696612 |
| genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum infecting dogs in western washington state. | eight dogs from western washington state suspected of being infected with anaplasma phagocytophilum because of the finding of morulae in peripheral blood neutrophils were studied for determination of the etiologic agent of disease. all cases were diagnosed between april 2003 and april 2004. six of the eight dogs had no travel history during the 6 months prior to presentation. two dogs had traveled within the northwest united states and canada. fever, lethargy, and anorexia were the most common c ... | 2005 | 15695682 |
| oligo-chip based detection of tick-borne bacteria. | we have developed an oligonucleotide-chip based assay for detection of 16s ribosomal pcr products from tick-borne bacteria. this chip contains 14 specific probes, which target variable regions of 16s rdna of tick-borne bacteria including borrellia spp., rickettsia spp., anaplasma spp., coxiella burnetii and francisella tularensis. the specificity of these probes was tested by hybridization of the chip with fluorescently labeled pcr products amplified from the genomic dna of selected tick-borne b ... | 2005 | 15686852 |
| transmission route efficacy and kinetics of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in white-footed mouse, peromyscus leucopus. | anaplasma phagocytophilum was used to infect peromyscus leucopus mice by three routes of inoculation: infected tick infestation and intraperitoneal (ip) and subcutaneous (sq) injection of infected tissue culture cells. a set of 12 mice were infected (four tick, four ip, and four sq), and blood was drawn at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 21, 28, 35, and 60 days post-infection and analyzed by use of a quantitative pcr assay to assess the level of infection. an additional set of 108 mice were infected (36 tic ... | 2004 | 15682514 |
| comparison of three oxytetracycline regimes for the treatment of persistent anaplasma marginale infections in beef cattle. | anaplasmosis, caused by the tick-borne rickettsia, anaplasma marginale, is an economically important disease of cattle in the united states and worldwide. cattle that recover from acute infection become carriers in which low or microscopically undetectable a. marginale rickettsemia persists. tetracycline antimicrobials are currently the only drug used in the us for treatment of acute anaplasmosis. there are currently no drugs specifically licensed for elimination of persistent infections. this s ... | 2005 | 15675047 |
| defective phagocytosis in anaplasma phagocytophilum-infected neutrophils. | anaplasma phagocytophilum infection induces functional neutrophil changes. using both candida albicans and fluorescent-aggregate phagocytosis assays, we examined whether neutrophil and dimethyl sulfoxide-differentiated hl-60 cell infection impairs internalization. a. phagocytophilum infection significantly decreased phagocytosis compared to that of controls (p < 0.05). this further impairment of neutrophil function may promote opportunistic infections and exacerbate disease. | 2005 | 15664962 |
| human cyclic thrombocytopenia and anaplasma spp. infection. | 2005 | 15654914 | |
| neuropathological changes in ovine fetuse caused by tickborne fever. | 2004 | 15651549 | |
| an annotated checklist of pathogenic microorganisms associated with migratory birds. | the potential for transport and dissemination of certain pathogenic microorganisms by migratory birds is of concern. migratory birds might be involved in dispersal of microorganisms as their biological carriers, mechanical carriers, or as carriers of infected hematophagous ecto-parasites (e.g., ixodid ticks). many species of microorganisms pathogenic to homeothermic vertebrates including humans have been associated with free-living migratory birds. migratory birds of diverse species can play sig ... | 2004 | 15650082 |
| detecting dnas of anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia in the blood of patients suspected of lyme disease. | co-occurrence of granulocytic anaplasmosis, borreliosis and babesiosis in humans is a result of common vectors for the respective pathogens of these diseases, most commonly ticks from the genus ixodes. studies on ticks in europe and also in poland have shown that several pathogens may co-occur in individuals of i. ricnus. a total of 96 hospitalised patients infected or suspected of being infected with borreliosis were screened for a. phagocytophilum and babesia sp. dna. positive results of pcrs ... | 2004 | 15627349 |
| the risk of exposure to anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in mid-eastern poland. | both the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks and the seroprevalence of human granulocytic anaplasmosis have been reported in different parts of europe. there are few reports concerning this problem in poland. the aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks, and to detect antibodies against the hge agent in serum of forest workers in the region of mid-eastern poland. in our opinion, this should reflect the real probability of infection of people ... | 2004 | 15627334 |