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phylogenetic analysis of a spontaneous cocoa bean fermentation metagenome reveals new insights into its bacterial and fungal community diversity.this is the first report on the phylogenetic analysis of the community diversity of a single spontaneous cocoa bean box fermentation sample through a metagenomic approach involving 454 pyrosequencing. several sequence-based and composition-based taxonomic profiling tools were used and evaluated to avoid software-dependent results and their outcome was validated by comparison with previously obtained culture-dependent and culture-independent data. overall, this approach revealed a wider bacterial ...201222666442
characterization of quorum sensing and quorum quenching soil bacteria isolated from malaysian tropical montane forest.we report the production and degradation of quorum sensing n-acyl-homoserine lactones by bacteria isolated from malaysian montane forest soil. phylogenetic analysis indicated that these isolates clustered closely to the genera of arthrobacter, bacillus and pseudomonas. quorum quenching activity was detected in six isolates of these three genera by using a series of bioassays and rapid resolution liquid chromatography analysis. biosensor screening and high resolution liquid chromatography-mass sp ...201222666062
quorum quenching revisited--from signal decays to signalling confusion.in a polymicrobial community, while some bacteria are communicating with neighboring cells (quorum sensing), others are interrupting the communication (quorum quenching), thus creating a constant arms race between intercellular communication. in the past decade, numerous quorum quenching enzymes have been found and initially thought to inactivate the signalling molecules. though this is widely accepted, the actual roles of these quorum quenching enzymes are now being uncovered. recent evidence e ...201222666051
a variant quorum sensing system in aeromonas veronii mtcc 3249.we have investigated the quorum sensing control in aeromonas veronii mtcc 3249, originally isolated as a. culicicola from the midgut of culex quinquefasciatus. based on biosensor assays, the bacterium showed constant production of multiple acyl-homoserine lactones (ahls) with increasing cell-density. the luxri gene homologs, acur (a. culicicola transcriptional regulator) and acui (a. culicicola autoinducer) were successfully amplified by inverse-pcr. sequence analysis indicated acuri were diverg ...201222666003
crystal structure of the mobile metallo-β-lactamase aim-1 from pseudomonas aeruginosa: insights into antibiotic binding and the role of gln157.metallo-β-lactamase (mbl) genes confer resistance to virtually all β-lactam antibiotics and are rapidly disseminated by mobile genetic elements in gram-negative bacteria. mbls belong to three different subgroups, b1, b2, and b3, with the mobile mbls largely confined to subgroup b1. the b3 mbls are a divergent subgroup of predominantly chromosomally encoded enzymes. aim-1 (adelaide imipenmase 1) from pseudomonas aeruginosa was the first b3 mbl to be identified on a readily mobile genetic element. ...201222664968
evolutionary and experimental assessment of novel markers for detection of xanthomonas euvesicatoria in plant samples.bacterial spot-causing xanthomonads (bsx) are quarantine phytopathogenic bacteria responsible for heavy losses in tomato and pepper production. despite the research on improved plant spraying methods and resistant cultivars, the use of healthy plant material is still considered as the most effective bacterial spot control measure. therefore, rapid and efficient detection methods are crucial for an early detection of these phytopathogens.201222655073
chemical characterization, crossfeeding and uptake studies on hydroxamate siderophore of alcaligenes faecalis.we report the production of two types of siderophores namely catecholate and hydroxamate in modified succinic acid medium (sm) from alcaligenes faecalis. two fractions of siderophores were purified on amberlite xad, major fraction was hydroxamate type having a λ(max) at 224 nm and minor fraction appeared as catecholate with a λ(max) of 264 nm. the recovery yield obtained from major and minor fractions was 297 and 50 mg ml(-1) respectively. the ief pattern of xad-4 purified siderophore suggested ...201122654161
new trends in nucleoside biotechnology.this review focuses on new trends in nucleoside biotechnology, which have emerged during the last decade. continuously growing interest in the study of this class of compounds is fueled by a number of factors: ( i ) a growing need for large-scale production of natural 2 ' -deoxy- β -d-ribonucleosides as well as their analogs with modifications in the carbohydrate and base fragments, which can then be used for the synthesis and study of oligonucleotides, including short-interfering rna (sirna), m ...201022649640
isolation, characterization, and identification of biological control agent for potato soft rot in bangladesh.a total of 91 isolates of probable antagonistic bacteria of potato soft rot bacterium erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (ecc) were extracted from rhizospheres and endophytes of various crop plants, different soil varieties, and atmospheres in the potato farming areas of bangladesh. antibacterial activity of the isolated probable antagonistic bacteria was tested in vitro against the previously identified most common and most virulent soft rot causing bacterial strain ecc p-138. only two isolat ...201222645446
transcriptional plant responses critical for resistance towards necrotrophic pathogens.plant defenses aimed at necrotrophic pathogens appear to be genetically complex. despite the apparent lack of a specific recognition of such necrotrophs by products of major r genes, biochemical, molecular, and genetic studies, in particular using the model plant arabidopsis, have uncovered numerous host components critical for the outcome of such interactions. although the ja signaling pathway plays a central role in plant defense toward necrotrophs additional signaling pathways contribute to t ...201122639610
enhanced accumulation of secondary metabolites in hairy root cultures of scutellaria lateriflora following elicitation.hairy root cultures of scutellaria lateriflora were established using agrobacterium rhizogenes a4 and produced acteoside (18.5 mg g(-1) dry wt), baicalin (14.5 mg g(-1) dry wt) and wogonoside (12 mg g(-1) dry wt). yeast extract (50 μg ml(-1)) increased acteoside production 1.4-fold and flavone production 1.7-fold after 7 and 14 days of elicitation. addition of pectobacterium carotovorum lysate in the stationary phase of the hairy root culture stimulated only the accumulation of wogonin to 30 mg ...201222639092
stereochemical insignificance discovered in acinetobacter baumannii quorum sensing.stereochemistry is a key aspect of molecular recognition for biological systems. as such, receptors and enzymes are often highly stereospecific, only recognizing one stereoisomer of a ligand. recently, the quorum sensing signaling molecules used by the nosocomial opportunistic pathogen, acinetobacter baumannii, were identified, and the primary signaling molecule isolated from this species was n-(3-hydroxydodecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone. a plethora of bacterial species have been demonstrated to ...201222629354
a study on l-asparaginase of nocardia levis mk-vl_113.an enzyme-based drug, l-asparaginase, was produced by nocardia levis mk-vl_113 isolated from laterite soils of guntur region. cultural parameters affecting the production of l-asparaginase by the strain were optimized. maximal yields of l-asparaginase were recorded from 3-day-old culture grown in modified asparagine-glycerol salts broth with initial ph 7.0 at temperature 30°c. glycerol (2%) and yeast extract (1.5%) served as good carbon and nitrogen sources for l-asparaginase production, respect ...201222619604
evolution of burkholderia pseudomallei in recurrent melioidosis.burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiologic agent of human melioidosis, is capable of causing severe acute infection with overwhelming septicemia leading to death. a high rate of recurrent disease occurs in adult patients, most often due to recrudescence of the initial infecting strain. pathogen persistence and evolution during such relapsing infections are not well understood. bacterial cells present in the primary inoculum and in late infections may differ greatly, as has been observed in chronic ...201222615773
different biosynthetic pathways to fosfomycin in pseudomonas syringae and streptomyces species.fosfomycin is a wide-spectrum antibiotic that is used clinically to treat acute cystitis in the united states. the compound is produced by several strains of streptomycetes and pseudomonads. we sequenced the biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for fosfomycin production in pseudomonas syringae pb-5123. surprisingly, the biosynthetic pathway in this organism is very different from that in streptomyces fradiae and streptomyces wedmorensis. the pathways share the first and last steps, involving co ...201222615277
gut-associated microbes of drosophila melanogaster.there is growing interest in using drosophila melanogaster to elucidate mechanisms that underlie the complex relationships between a host and its microbiota. in addition to the many genetic resources and tools drosophila provides, its associated microbiota is relatively simple (1-30 taxa), in contrast to the complex diversity associated with vertebrates (> 500 taxa). these attributes highlight the potential of this system to dissect the complex cellular and molecular interactions that occur betw ...201222572876
sequence diversity in the dickeya flic gene: phylogeny of the dickeya genus and taqman® pcr for 'd. solani', new biovar 3 variant on potato in europe.worldwide, dickeya (formerly erwinia chrysanthemi) is causing soft rot diseases on a large diversity of crops and ornamental plants. strains affecting potato are mainly found in d. dadantii, d. dianthicola and d. zeae, which appear to have a marked geographical distribution. furthermore, a few dickeya isolates from potato are attributed to d. chrysanthemi and d. dieffenbachiae. in europe, isolates of erwinia chrysanthemi biovar 1 and biovar 7 from potato are now classified in d. dianthicola. how ...201222570692
when ribonucleases come into play in pathogens: a survey of gram-positive bacteria.it is widely acknowledged that rna stability plays critical roles in bacterial adaptation and survival in different environments like those encountered when bacteria infect a host. bacterial ribonucleases acting alone or in concert with regulatory rnas or rna binding proteins are the mediators of the regulatory outcome on rna stability. we will give a current update of what is known about ribonucleases in the model gram-positive organism bacillus subtilis and will describe their established role ...201222550495
ubiquitylation of the initiator caspase dredd is required for innate immune signalling.caspases have been extensively studied as critical initiators and executioners of cell death pathways. however, caspases also take part in non-apoptotic signalling events such as the regulation of innate immunity and activation of nuclear factor-κb (nf-κb). how caspases are activated under these conditions and process a selective set of substrates to allow nf-κb signalling without killing the cell remains largely unknown. here, we show that stimulation of the drosophila pattern recognition prote ...201222549468
[dissociation of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorumrelated to the changes in the cell wall lipopolysaccharide].it is shown for the first time that population heterogeneity of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum is applicable to a wide range of strains and therefore is a universal characteristic. using the method of specific selection with the help of carotovoricins which are identical to the phage tails a set of population dissociants of different types was obtained, due to the fact that s-lps is the part of the cell wall which contains their attachment sites. it was determined that changes in ...201222545443
characteristics of defective phage particles of pectobacterium carotovorum zm1.it is shown for the first time that the expression products of defective prophages are typical of defective lysogenic systems of phytopathogenic pectobacterium carotovorum. it is established that virus-like particles (lp) such as phage capsids are packing bacterial dna which size is determined by pulse field gel electrophoresis separation. based on data about capsid structures which are formed by the virulent mutant zf40/421, there is made a suggestion about the forming mechanism of defective vi ...201222545442
the entner-doudoroff pathway is obligatory for gluconate utilization and contributes to the pathogenicity of vibrio cholerae.the entner-doudoroff (ed) pathway has recently been shown to play an important role in sugar catabolism for many organisms although very little information is available on the functionality of this pathway in vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera. in this study, activation of the genes edd and eda, encoding 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase, was used as a marker of a functional ed pathway in v. cholerae. transcriptional activation analyses an ...201222544275
quorum sensing signaling molecules produced by reference and emerging soft-rot bacteria (dickeya and pectobacterium spp.).several small diffusible molecules are involved in bacterial quorum sensing and virulence. the production of autoinducers-1 and -2, quinolone, indole and γ-amino butyrate signaling molecules was investigated in a set of soft-rot bacteria belonging to six dickeya or pectobacterium species including recent or emerging potato isolates.201222539957
brewhouse-resident microbiota are responsible for multi-stage fermentation of american coolship ale.american coolship ale (aca) is a type of spontaneously fermented beer that employs production methods similar to traditional belgian lambic. in spite of its growing popularity in the american craft-brewing sector, the fermentation microbiology of aca has not been previously described, and thus the interface between production methodology and microbial community structure is unexplored. using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (trflp), barcoded amplicon sequencing (bas), quantitati ...201222530036
increase in furfural tolerance in ethanologenic escherichia coli ly180 by plasmid-based expression of thya.furfural is an inhibitory side product formed during the depolymerization of hemicellulose by mineral acids. genomic libraries from three different bacteria (bacillus subtilis yb886, escherichia coli nc3, and zymomonas mobilis cp4) were screened for genes that conferred furfural resistance on plates. beneficial plasmids containing the thya gene (coding for thymidylate synthase) were recovered from all three organisms. expression of this key gene in the de novo pathway for dtmp biosynthesis impro ...201222504824
systematic analysis of tissue-restricted miriscs reveals a broad role for micrornas in suppressing basal activity of the c. elegans pathogen response.gene regulation by micrornas (mirnas) under specific physiological conditions often involves complex interactions between multiple mirnas and a large number of their targets, as well as coordination with other regulatory mechanisms, limiting the effectiveness of classical genetic methods to identify mirna functions. we took a systematic approach to analyze the mirna-induced silencing complex (mirisc) in individual tissues of c. elegans and found that mrnas encoded by pathogen-responsive genes we ...201222503424
cloning and biochemical analysis of β-glucoside utilization (bgl) operon without phosphotransferase system in pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum ly34.β-glucosidases are widespread in bacteria and involved in the metabolism of various carbohydrate substrates. studying of β-glucoside utilization (bgl) operons on operon of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum ly34 (pcc ly34) will help us understanding how β-glucoside utilization (bgl) operon can cooperate with other systems in bacterium caused soft-rot disease. pcc ly34 causes soft-rot disease in plants and expresses multiple enzymatic forms of β-glucosidases. to fully explore the β-glu ...201222502871
evaluation of plant and fungal extracts for their potential antigingivitis and anticaries activity.the link between diet and health has lead to the promotion of functional foods which can enhance health. in this study, the oral health benefits of a number of food homogenates and high molecular mass and low molecular mass fractions were investigated. a comprehensive range of assays were performed to assess the action of these foods on the development of gingivitis and caries using bacterial species associated with these diseases. both antigingivitis and anticaries effects were investigated by ...201222500094
unusual spectroscopic and ligand binding properties of the cytochrome p450-flavodoxin fusion enzyme xpla.the rhodococcus rhodochrous strain 11y xpla enzyme is an unusual cytochrome p450-flavodoxin fusion enzyme that catalyzes reductive denitration of the explosive hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazene (rdx). we show by light scattering that xpla is a monomeric enzyme. xpla has high affinity for imidazole (k(d) = 1.6 μm), explaining previous reports of a red-shifted xpla soret band in pure enzyme. the true soret maximum of xpla is at 417 nm. similarly, unusually weak xpla flavodoxin fmn binding (k ...201222500029
complete chloroplast genome sequence of an orchid model plant candidate: erycina pusilla apply in tropical oncidium breeding.oncidium is an important ornamental plant but the study of its functional genomics is difficult. erycina pusilla is a fast-growing oncidiinae species. several characteristics including low chromosome number, small genome size, short growth period, and its ability to complete its life cycle in vitro make e. pusilla a good model candidate and parent for hybridization for orchids. although genetic information remains limited, systematic molecular analysis of its chloroplast genome might provide use ...201222496851
xylella fastidiosa comparative genomic database is an information resource to explore the annotation, genomic features, and biology of different strains.the xylella fastidiosa comparative genomic database is a scientific resource with the aim to provide a user-friendly interface for accessing high-quality manually curated genomic annotation and comparative sequence analysis, as well as for identifying and mapping prophage-like elements, a marked feature of xylella genomes. here we describe a database and tools for exploring the biology of this important plant pathogen. the hallmarks of this database are the high quality genomic annotation, the f ...201222481888
fitness of escherichia coli strains carrying expressed and partially silent incn and incp1 plasmids.understanding the survival of resistance plasmids in the absence of selective pressure for the antibiotic resistance genes they carry is important for assessing the value of interventions to combat resistant bacteria. here, several poorly explored questions regarding the fitness impact of incp1 and incn broad host range plasmids on their bacterial hosts are examined; namely, whether related plasmids have similar fitness impacts, whether this varies according to host genetic background, and what ...201222475035
the type ii secretion system: biogenesis, molecular architecture and mechanism.many gram-negative bacteria use the sophisticated type ii secretion system (t2ss) to translocate a wide range of proteins from the periplasm across the outer membrane. the inner-membrane platform of the t2ss is the nexus of the system and orchestrates the secretion process through its interactions with the periplasmic filamentous pseudopilus, the dodecameric outer-membrane complex and a cytoplasmic secretion atpase. here, recent structural and biochemical information is reviewed to describe our ...201222466878
study of antibacterial activity by capillary electrophoresis using multiple uv detection points.a new methodology for an antibacterial assay based on capillary electrophoresis with multiple uv detection points has been proposed. the possible antibacterial activity of cationic molecules on bacteria (gram-positive and gram-negative) is studied by detecting the bacteria before, during, and after their meeting with the cationic antibacterial compound. for that, a uv area imaging detector having two loops and three detection windows was used with a 95 cm ×100 μm i.d. capillary. in the antibacte ...201222448657
diversity and distribution of n-acylhomoserine lactone (ahl)-degrading activity and ahl-lactonase (aiim) in genus microbacterium.n-acylhomoserine lactone (ahl)-degrading enzyme, aiim, was identified from the potato leaf-associated microbacterium testaceum stlb037. in this study, we cloned eight aiim gene homologues from other ahl-degrading microbacterium strains. the similarity of the chromosomal locus of the aiim gene is associated with the phylogenetic classification based on 16s rrna. degenerate pcr revealed that the aiim gene was only conserved in ahl-degrading microbacterium strains, but not in fifteen microbacterium ...201222446311
cotton ghmkk5 affects disease resistance, induces hr-like cell death, and reduces the tolerance to salt and drought stress in transgenic nicotiana benthamiana.mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades are involved in various processes from plant growth and development to biotic and abiotic stress responses. mapk kinases (mapkks), which link mapks and mapkk kinases (mapkkks), play crucial roles in mapk cascades to mediate a variety of stress responses in plants. however, few mapkks have been functionally characterized in cotton (gossypium hirsutum). in this study, a novel gene, ghmkk5, from cotton belonging to the group c mapkks was isolated and ...201222442420
characterization of oxyr as a negative transcriptional regulator that represses catalase production in corynebacterium diphtheriae.corynebacterium diphtheriae and corynebacterium glutamicum each have one gene (cat) encoding catalase. in-frame δcat mutants of c. diphtheriae and c. glutamicum were hyper-sensitive to growth inhibition and killing by h(2)o(2). in c. diphtheriae c7(β), both catalase activity and cat transcription decreased ~2-fold during transition from exponential growth to early stationary phase. prototypic oxyr in escherichia coli senses oxidative stress and it activates katg transcription and catalase produc ...201222438866
the promoter architectural landscape of the salmonella phop regulon.the dna-binding protein phop controls virulence and mg²⁺ homeostasis in the gram-negative pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. phop regulates expression of a large number of genes that differ both in their ancestry and in the biochemical functions and physiological roles of the encoded products. this suggests that phop-regulated genes are differentially expressed. to understand how a bacterial activator might generate varied gene expression behaviour, we investigated the cis-acting ...201222435712
a high-throughput screen for the engineered production of β-lactam antibiotics.high-throughput screens and selections have had profound impact on our ability to engineer proteins possessing new, desired properties. these methods are especially useful when applied to the modification of existing enzymes to create natural and unnatural products. in an advance upon existing methods we developed a high-throughput, genetically regulated screen for the in vivo production of β-lactam antibiotics using a green fluorescent protein (gfp) reporter. this assay proved reliable and sens ...201222428872
ferredoxin containing bacteriocins suggest a novel mechanism of iron uptake in pectobacterium spp.in order to kill competing strains of the same or closely related bacterial species, many bacteria produce potent narrow-spectrum protein antibiotics known as bacteriocins. two sequenced strains of the phytopathogenic bacterium pectobacterium carotovorum carry genes encoding putative bacteriocins which have seemingly evolved through a recombination event to encode proteins containing an n-terminal domain with extensive similarity to a [2fe-2s] plant ferredoxin and a c-terminal colicin m-like cat ...201222427936
development of an engineered bioluminescent reporter phage for detection of bacterial blight of crucifers.bacterial blight, caused by the phytopathogen pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis, is an emerging disease afflicting important members of the brassicaceae family. the disease is often misdiagnosed as pepper spot, a much less severe disease caused by the related pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola. we have developed a phage-based diagnostic that can both identify and detect the causative agent of bacterial blight and differentiate the two pathogens. a recombinant "light"-tagged reporte ...201222427491
the lectin receptor kinase-vi.2 is required for priming and positively regulates arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity.plant cells can be sensitized toward a subsequent pathogen attack by avirulent pathogens or by chemicals such as β-aminobutyric acid (baba). this process is called priming. using a reverse genetic approach in arabidopsis thaliana, we demonstrate that the baba-responsive l-type lectin receptor kinase-vi.2 (lecrk-vi.2) contributes to disease resistance against the hemibiotrophic pseudomonas syringae and the necrotrophic pectobacterium carotovorum bacteria. accordingly, lecrk-vi.2 mrna levels incre ...201222427336
t4-related bacteriophage limestone isolates for the control of soft rot on potato caused by 'dickeya solani'.the bacterium 'dickeya solani', an aggressive biovar 3 variant of dickeya dianthicola, causes rotting and blackleg in potato. to control this pathogen using bacteriophage therapy, we isolated and characterized two closely related and specific bacteriophages, vb_dsom_limestone1 and vb_dsom_limestone2. the limestone phages have a t4-related genome organization and share dna similarity with salmonella phage vii. microbiological and molecular characterization of the phages deemed them suitable and p ...201222413005
molecular characterization of spoilage bacteria as a means to observe the microbiological quality of carrot.this study characterized the bacteria causing decay of carrots during storage and marketing. spoilage strains were identified by 16s-amplified rdna restriction analysis and intergenic transcribed spacer-pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (its-pcr-rflp). genotypic fingerprinting by rflp-pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to assess the genetic diversity of the isolates. a total of 252 pseudomonas isolates from carrots were identified and classified into eight separate groups. most ...201222410227
who is who in litter decomposition? metaproteomics reveals major microbial players and their biogeochemical functions.leaf-litter decomposition is a central process in carbon cycling; however, our knowledge about the microbial regulation of this process is still scarce. metaproteomics allows us to link the abundance and activity of enzymes during nutrient cycling to their phylogenetic origin based on proteins, the 'active building blocks' in the system. moreover, we employed metaproteomics to investigate the influence of environmental factors and nutrients on the decomposer structure and function during beech l ...201222402400
robust translation of the nucleoid protein fis requires a remote upstream au element and is enhanced by rna secondary structure.synthesis of the fis nucleoid protein rapidly increases in response to nutrient upshifts, and fis is one of the most abundant dna binding proteins in escherichia coli under nutrient-rich growth conditions. previous work has shown that control of fis synthesis occurs at transcription initiation of the dusb-fis operon. we show here that while translation of the dihydrouridine synthase gene dusb is low, unusual mechanisms operate to enable robust translation of fis. at least two rna sequence elemen ...201222389479
the ancestral sgrs rna discriminates horizontally acquired salmonella mrnas through a single g-u wobble pair.sgrs rna is a model for the large class of hfq-associated small rnas that act to posttranscriptionally regulate bacterial mrnas. the function of sgrs is well-characterized in nonpathogenic escherichia coli, where it was originally shown to counteract glucose-phosphate stress by acting as a repressor of the ptsg mrna, which encodes the major glucose transporter. we have discovered additional sgrs targets in salmonella typhimurium, a pathogen related to e. coli that recently acquired one-quarter o ...201222383560
asparaginase-associated pancreatitis in a dog.a dog with lymphosarcoma was evaluated for vomiting, lethargy, and abdominal pain 48 h after treatment with l-asparaginase. based on drug administration, clinical signs, bloodwork, and elevated canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity, l-asparaginase-associated pancreatitis was diagnosed. this is an acknowledged toxicity; however, its pathophysiology and incidence rate in veterinary patients are unknown and sparsely documented.201122379203
seaweed polysaccharides and derived oligosaccharides stimulate defense responses and protection against pathogens in plants.plants interact with the environment by sensing "non-self" molecules called elicitors derived from pathogens or other sources. these molecules bind to specific receptors located in the plasma membrane and trigger defense responses leading to protection against pathogens. in particular, it has been shown that cell wall and storage polysaccharides from green, brown and red seaweeds (marine macroalgae) corresponding to ulvans, alginates, fucans, laminarin and carrageenans can trigger defense respon ...201122363237
effect of biocontrol agent pseudomonas fluorescens 2p24 on soil fungal community in cucumber rhizosphere using t-rflp and dgge.fungi and fungal community play important roles in the soil ecosystem, and the diversity of fungal community could act as natural antagonists of various plant pathogens. biological control is a promising method to protect plants as chemical pesticides may cause environment pollution. pseudomonas fluorescens 2p24 had strong inhibitory on rastonia solanacearum, fusarium oxysporum and rhizoctonia solani, etc., and was isolated from the wheat rhizosphere take-all decline soils in shandong province, ...201222359632
structural and functional insights into the pilotin-secretin complex of the type ii secretion system.gram-negative bacteria secrete virulence factors and assemble fibre structures on their cell surface using specialized secretion systems. three of these, t2ss, t3ss and t4ps, are characterized by large outer membrane channels formed by proteins called secretins. usually, a cognate lipoprotein pilot is essential for the assembly of the secretin in the outer membrane. the structures of the pilotins of the t3ss and t4ps have been described. however in the t2ss, the molecular mechanism of this proce ...201222346756
isolation, purification, and characterization of phenylpyruvate transaminating enzymes of erwinia carotovora.enzymes of erwinia carotovora that transaminate phenylpyruvate were isolated, purified, and characterized. two aromatic aminotransferases (pat1 and pat2) and an aspartic aminotransferase (pat3) were found. according to gel filtration, these enzymes have molecular weights of 76, 75, and 78 kda. the enzymes consist of two identical subunits of molecular weights of 31.4, 31, and 36.5 kda, respectively. the isoelectric points of pat1, pat2, and pat3 were determined as 3.6, 3.9, and 4.7, respectively ...201222339639
expression and extracellular release of a functional anti-trypanosome nanobody® in sodalis glossinidius, a bacterial symbiont of the tsetse fly.sodalis glossinidius, a gram-negative bacterial endosymbiont of the tsetse fly, has been proposed as a potential in vivo drug delivery vehicle to control trypanosome parasite development in the fly, an approach known as paratransgenesis. despite this interest of s. glossinidius as a paratransgenic platform organism in tsetse flies, few potential effector molecules have been identified so far and to date none of these molecules have been successfully expressed in this bacterium.201222335892
[detection of bacteriophages of siphoviridae family in erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora].it was established that the polylysogenic phage system of culture erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora 91p includes: a) defective bacteriophages of myoviridae family, which are displayed as macromolecular carotovoricins b) valuable highly unstable temperate phage, which can be attributed to the family myoviridae, and which, perhaps, is an analogue of phage zf40 [6], and c) resistant to osmotic shock temperate phage of family siphoviridae. this phage, called tiri, consists of isometric head 50 nm ...201122308753
enhanced resistance to bacterial and fungal pathogens by overexpression of a human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (hcap18/ll-37) in chinese cabbage.the human cathelicidin antimicrobial protein hcap18, which includes the c-terminal peptide ll-37, is a multifunctional protein. as a possible approach to enhancing the resistance to plant disease, a dna fragment coding for hcap18/ll-37 was fused at the c-terminal end of the leader sequence of endopolygalacturonase-inhibiting protein under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter region. the construct was then introduced into brassica rapa. ll-37 expression was confirmed in transg ...201122308171
enhanced resistance to bacterial and fungal pathogens by overexpression of a human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (hcap18/ll-37) in chinese cabbage.the human cathelicidin antimicrobial protein hcap18, which includes the c-terminal peptide ll-37, is a multifunctional protein. as a possible approach to enhancing the resistance to plant disease, a dna fragment coding for hcap18/ll-37 was fused at the c-terminal end of the leader sequence of endopolygalacturonase-inhibiting protein under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter region. the construct was then introduced into brassica rapa. ll-37 expression was confirmed in transg ...201122308171
diversity of symbiotic organs and bacterial endosymbionts of lygaeoid bugs of the families blissidae and lygaeidae (hemiptera: heteroptera: lygaeoidea).here we present comparative data on the localization and identity of intracellular symbionts among the superfamily lygaeoidea (insecta: hemiptera: heteroptera: pentatomomorpha). five different lygaeoid species from the families blissidae and lygaeidae (sensu stricto; including the subfamilies lygaeinae and orsillinae) were analyzed. fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) revealed that all the bugs studied possess paired bacteriomes that are differently shaped in the abdomen and harbor specifi ...201222307293
tetrapyrrole metabolism in arabidopsis thaliana.higher plants produce four classes of tetrapyrroles, namely, chlorophyll (chl), heme, siroheme, and phytochromobilin. in plants, tetrapyrroles play essential roles in a wide range of biological activities including photosynthesis, respiration and the assimilation of nitrogen/sulfur. all four classes of tetrapyrroles are derived from a common biosynthetic pathway that resides in the plastid. in this article, we present an overview of tetrapyrrole metabolism in arabidopsis and other higher plants, ...201122303270
cytochromes p450.there are 244 cytochrome p450 genes (and 28 pseudogenes) in the arabidopsis genome. p450s thus form one of the largest gene families in plants. contrary to what was initially thought, this family diversification results in very limited functional redundancy and seems to mirror the complexity of plant metabolism. p450s sometimes share less than 20% identity and catalyze extremely diverse reactions leading to the precursors of structural macromolecules such as lignin, cutin, suberin and sporopolle ...201122303269
necrotroph attacks on plants: wanton destruction or covert extortion?necrotrophic pathogens cause major pre- and post-harvest diseases in numerous agronomic and horticultural crops inflicting significant economic losses. in contrast to biotrophs, obligate plant parasites that infect and feed on living cells, necrotrophs promote the destruction of host cells to feed on their contents. this difference underpins the divergent pathogenesis strategies and plant immune responses to biotrophic and necrotrophic infections. this chapter focuses on arabidopsis immunity to ...201022303261
calcium- and ros-mediated defence responses in by2 tobacco cells by nonpathogenic streptomyces sp.the early molecular events underlying the elicitation of plant defence reactions by gram-positive bacteria are relatively unknown. in plants, calcium and reactive oxygen species are commonly involved as cellular messengers of a wide range of biotic stimuli from pathogenic to symbiotic bacteria. in the present work, we checked whether nonpathogenic streptomyces sp. strains could induce early signalling events leading to defence responses in by2 tobacco cell suspensions.201222292528
essential oils in food preservation: mode of action, synergies, and interactions with food matrix components.essential oils are aromatic and volatile liquids extracted from plants. the chemicals in essential oils are secondary metabolites, which play an important role in plant defense as they often possess antimicrobial properties. the interest in essential oils and their application in food preservation has been amplified in recent years by an increasingly negative consumer perception of synthetic preservatives. furthermore, food-borne diseases are a growing public health problem worldwide, calling fo ...201222291693
identification and characterization of stress resistance related genes of brassica rapa.two biotic stress resistance related genes from the full-length cdna library of brassica rapa cv. osome were identified from est analysis and determined to be pathogenesis-related (pr) 12 brassica defensin-like family protein (brdlfp) and pr-10 brassica betv1 allergen family protein (brbetv1afp) after sequence analysis and homology study with other stress resistance related same family genes. in the expression analysis, both genes expressed in different organs and during all developmental growth ...201222286206
environmental factors affecting the expression of pilab as well as the proteome and transcriptome of the grass endophyte azoarcus sp. strain bh72.bacterial communication is involved in regulation of cellular mechanisms such as metabolic processes, microbe-host interactions or biofilm formation. in the nitrogen-fixing model endophyte of grasses azoarcus sp. strain bh72, known cell-cell signaling systems have not been identified; however, the pila gene encoding the structural protein of type iv pili that are essential for plant colonization appears to be regulated in a population density-dependent manner.201222276194
slya regulates t3ss genes in parallel with the t3ss master regulator hrpl in dickeya dadantii 3937.the hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) genes of dickeya dadantii 3937 encode a type iii secretion system (t3ss) which is essential for its full virulence. previous studies of the t3ss regulation in d. dadantii 3937 revealed that the expression of the hrp genes is regulated by a master regulator hrpl through the hrpx-hrpy-hrps-hrpl and gacs-gaca-rsmb-rsma pathways. in this work, we identified a novel regulator of the slya/marr family, slya, which regulates hrp genes of the hrpl regul ...201222267675
structure, diversity, and mobility of the salmonella pathogenicity island 7 family of integrative and conjugative elements within enterobacteriaceae.integrative and conjugative elements (ices) are self-mobile genetic elements found in the genomes of some bacteria. these elements may confer a fitness advantage upon their host bacteria through the cargo genes that they carry. salmonella pathogenicity island 7 (spi-7), found within some pathogenic strains of salmonella enterica, possesses features indicative of an ice and carries genes implicated in virulence. we aimed to identify and fully analyze ices related to spi-7 within the genus salmone ...201222247511
orally administered thermostable n-acyl homoserine lactonase from bacillus sp. strain ai96 attenuates aeromonas hydrophila infection in zebrafish.n-acylated homoserine lactone (ahl) lactonases are capable of degrading signal molecules involved in bacterial quorum sensing and therefore represent a new approach to control bacterial infection. here a gene responsible for the ahl lactonase activity of bacillus sp. strain ai96, 753 bp in length, was cloned and then expressed in escherichia coli. the deduced amino acid sequence of bacillus sp. ai96 aiia (aiia(ai96)) is most similar to those of other bacillus sp. ahl lactonases (~80% sequence id ...201222247159
phenotypic switching in pseudomonas brassicacearum involves gacs- and gaca-dependent rsm small rnas.the plant-beneficial bacterium pseudomonas brassicacearum forms phenotypic variants in vitro as well as in planta during root colonization under natural conditions. transcriptome analysis of typical phenotypic variants using microarrays containing coding as well as noncoding dna fragments showed differential expression of several genes relevant to secondary metabolism and of the small rna (srna) genes rsmx, rsmy, and rsmz. naturally occurring mutations in the gacs-gaca system accounted for pheno ...201222247157
molecular identification of hydroxylysine kinase and of the ammoniophospholyases acting on 5-phosphohydroxy-l-lysine and phosphoethanolamine.the purpose of the present work was to identify the catalytic activity of agxt2l1 and agxt2l2, two closely related, putative pyridoxal-phosphate dependent enzymes encoded by vertebrate genomes. the existence of bacterial homologues (40-50 % identity with agxt2l1 and agxt2l2) forming bi- or tri-functional proteins with a putative kinase belonging to the family of aminoglycoside phosphotransferases suggested that agxt2l1 and agxt2l2 acted on phosphorylated and aminated compounds. vertebrate genome ...201222241472
stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an emerging global opportunistic pathogen.summary: stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging multidrug-resistant global opportunistic pathogen. the increasing incidence of nosocomial and community-acquired s. maltophilia infections is of particular concern for immunocompromised individuals, as this bacterial pathogen is associated with a significant fatality/case ratio. s. maltophilia is an environmental bacterium found in aqueous habitats, including plant rhizospheres, animals, foods, and water sources. infections of s. maltophilia c ...201222232370
genetic evidence of a redox-dependent systemic wound response via hayan protease-phenoloxidase system in drosophila.systemic wound response (swr) through intertissue communication in response to local wounds is an essential biological phenomenon that occurs in all multicellular organisms from plants to animals. however, our understanding of swr has been greatly hampered by the complexity of wound signalling communication operating within the context of an entire organism. here, we show genetic evidence of a redox-dependent swr from the wound site to remote tissues by identifying critical genetic determinants ...201222227521
the gtar protein negatively regulates transcription of the gtari operon and modulates gene transfer agent (rcgta) expression in rhodobacter capsulatus.the gtai gene of rhodobacter capsulatus encodes an n-acyl-homoserine lactone (acyl-hsl) synthase. immediately 5' of the gtai gene is orf rcc00328 that encodes a potential acyl-hsl receptor protein. a combination of genetic and biochemical approaches showed that rcc00328 (renamed gtar) modulates the production of a genetic exchange element called the gene transfer agent (rcgta), and regulates the transcription of gtai. although gtai mutants exhibited decreased levels of rcgta production, mutagene ...201222211723
suppressing erwinia carotovora pathogenicity by projecting n-acyl homoserine lactonase onto the surface of pseudomonas putida cells.n-acyl homoserine lactones (ahls) serve as the vital quorum-sensing signals that regulate the virulence of the pathogenic bacterium erwinia carotovora. in the present study, an approach to efficiently restrain the pathogenicity of e. carotovora-induced soft rot disease is described. bacillus thuringiensis-derived n-acyl homoserine lactonase (aiia) was projected onto the surface of pseudomonas putida cells, and inoculation with both strains was challenged. the previously identified n-terminal moi ...201122210621
calcium increases surface attachment, biofilm formation, and twitching motility in xylella fastidiosa.xylella fastidiosa is a plant pathogenic bacterium that forms biofilms inside xylem vessels; a process thought to be influenced by the chemical composition of xylem sap. in this work the effect of calcium on the production of x. fastidiosa biofilm and movement was analyzed under in vitro conditions. after a dose-response study in microtiter plates using eight metals, the strongest increase on biofilm formation was observed when supplementing media with at least 1.0 mm cacl(2).removal of ca by ex ...201122194297
identification of an enzyme system for daidzein-to-equol conversion in slackia sp. strain natts.an escherichia coli library comprising 8424 strains incorporating gene fragments of the equol-producing bacterium slackia sp. strain natts was constructed and screened for e. coli strains having daidzein- and dihydrodaidzein (dhd)- metabolizing activity. we obtained 3 clones that functioned to convert daidzein to dhd and 2 clones that converted dhd to equol. we then sequenced the gene fragments inserted into plasmids contained by these 5 clones. all of the gene fragments were contiguous, encodin ...201122179235
cloning and characterization of a pectin lyase gene from colletotrichum lindemuthianum and comparative phylogenetic/structural analyses with genes from phytopathogenic and saprophytic/opportunistic microorganisms.abstract: background: microorganisms produce cell-wall-degrading enzymes as part of their strategies for plant invasion/nutrition. among these, pectin lyases (pnls) catalyze the depolymerization of esterified pectin by a beta-elimination mechanism. pnls are grouped together with pectate lyases (pl) in family 1 of the polysaccharide lyases, as they share a conserved structure in a parallel beta-helix. the best-characterized fungal pectin lyases are obtained from saprophytic/opportunistic fungi i ...201122151976
bacterial-fungal interactions: hyphens between agricultural, clinical, environmental, and food microbiologists.bacteria and fungi can form a range of physical associations that depend on various modes of molecular communication for their development and functioning. these bacterial-fungal interactions often result in changes to the pathogenicity or the nutritional influence of one or both partners toward plants or animals (including humans). they can also result in unique contributions to biogeochemical cycles and biotechnological processes. thus, the interactions between bacteria and fungi are of centra ...201122126995
stacking of antimicrobial genes in potato transgenic plants confers increased resistance to bacterial and fungal pathogens.solanum tuberosum plants were transformed with three genetic constructions expressing the nicotiana tabacum ap24 osmotine, phyllomedusa sauvagii dermaseptin and gallus gallus lysozyme, and with a double-transgene construction expressing the ap24 and lysozyme sequences. re-transformation of dermaseptin-transformed plants with the ap24/lysozyme construction allowed selection of plants simultaneously expressing the three transgenes. potato lines expressing individual transgenes or double- and tripl ...201122115953
Functional characterization of the quorum sensing regulator RsaL in the plant-beneficial strain Pseudomonas putida WCS358.In many bacteria quorum sensing systems rely on a signal receptor and a synthase producing N-acyl-homoserine lactone(s) as signal molecule(s). In some species, the rsaL gene, located between the signal receptor and synthase genes, encodes for a repressor limiting signal synthase expression and hence signal molecule production.Here we investigate the molecular mechanism of action of the RsaL protein (RsaL(WCS)) in the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas putida WCS358.In P. putida WC ...201122113916
early responsive to dehydration 15, a new transcription factor that integrates stress signaling pathways.the early responsive to dehydration (erd) genes are defined as those genes that are rapidly activated during drought stress. the encoded proteins show a great structural and functional diversity, with a particular class of proteins acting as connectors of stress response pathways. recent studies have shown that erd15 proteins from different species of plants operate in cross-talk among different response pathways. in this mini-review, we show the recent progress on the functional role of this di ...201122105026
the enzymes of bacterial census and censorship.n-acyl-l-homoserine lactones (ahls) are a major class of quorum-sensing signals used by gram-negative bacteria to regulate gene expression in a population-dependent manner, thereby enabling group behavior. enzymes capable of generating and catabolizing ahl signals are of significant interest for the study of microbial ecology and quorum-sensing pathways, for understanding the systems that bacteria have evolved to interact with small-molecule signals, and for their possible use in therapeutic and ...201122099187
the enzymes of bacterial census and censorship.n-acyl-l-homoserine lactones (ahls) are a major class of quorum-sensing signals used by gram-negative bacteria to regulate gene expression in a population-dependent manner, thereby enabling group behavior. enzymes capable of generating and catabolizing ahl signals are of significant interest for the study of microbial ecology and quorum-sensing pathways, for understanding the systems that bacteria have evolved to interact with small-molecule signals, and for their possible use in therapeutic and ...201122099187
the culturable intestinal microbiota of triploid and diploid juvenile atlantic salmon (salmo salar) - a comparison of composition and drug resistance.with the increased use of ploidy manipulation in aquaculture and fisheries management this investigation aimed to determine whether triploidy influences culturable intestinal microbiota composition and bacterial drug resistance in atlantic salmon (salmo salar). the results could provide answers to some of the physiological differences observed between triploid and diploid fish, especially in terms of fish health.201122094054
novel roles of caenorhabditis elegans heterochromatin protein hp1 and linker histone in the regulation of innate immune gene expression.linker histone (h1) and heterochromatin protein 1 (hp1) are essential components of heterochromatin which contribute to the transcriptional repression of genes. it has been shown that the methylation mark of vertebrate histone h1 is specifically recognized by the chromodomain of hp1. however, the exact biological role of linker histone binding to hp1 has not been determined. here, we investigate the function of the caenorhabditis elegans h1 variant his-24 and the hp1-like proteins hpl-1 and hpl- ...201222083954
mutational biosynthesis of neomycin analogs by a mutant of neomycin-producing streptomyces fradiae.neomycin, produced by streptomyces fradiae, has been widely used for the treatment of bacterial infections in clinical and agricultural applications. in this study, a neomycin nonproducing mutant of s. fradiae was obtained by gene disruption technique for mutational biosynthesis. a crucial gene neoc (neo7) which encodes 2-deoxystreptamine (2-dos) synthases was disrupted. the mutant could resume producing neomycin in the presence of 2-dos. salen derivatives of 2-dos were synthesized and individua ...201122083789
efficient biostimulation of native and introduced quorum-quenching rhodococcus erythropolis populations is revealed by a combination of analytical chemistry, microbiology, and pyrosequencing.degradation of the quorum-sensing (qs) signals known as n-acylhomoserine lactones (ahl) by soil bacteria may be useful as a beneficial trait for protecting crops, such as potato plants, against the worldwide pathogen pectobacterium. in this work, analytical chemistry and microbial and molecular approaches were combined to explore and compare biostimulation of native and introduced ahl-degrading rhodococcus erythropolis populations in the rhizosphere of potato plants cultivated in farm greenhouse ...201222081576
Interactions among Glomus irregulare, arbuscular mycorrhizal spore-associated bacteria, and plant pathogens under in vitro conditions.Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi interact with bacteria (AM fungi-associated bacteria, AMB) in the mycorrhizosphere. We previously identified a set of AMB that enhance AM fungal colonization, plant growth, and inhibit pathogens. Here, we used transformed carrot root cultures in a two-compartment plate system for further in vitro studies on interactions taking place among Glomus irregulare (syn.Glomus intraradices), AMB, and plant pathogens. We found that exudates of G. irregulare stimulated gro ...201122081167
potato snakin-1 gene silencing affects cell division, primary metabolism, and cell wall composition.snakin-1 (sn1) is an antimicrobial cysteine-rich peptide isolated from potato (solanum tuberosum) that was classified as a member of the snakin/gibberellic acid stimulated in arabidopsis protein family. in this work, a transgenic approach was used to study the role of sn1 in planta. even when overexpressing sn1, potato lines did not show remarkable morphological differences from the wild type; sn1 silencing resulted in reduced height, which was accompanied by an overall reduction in leaf size an ...201122080603
potato snakin-1 gene silencing affects cell division, primary metabolism, and cell wall composition.snakin-1 (sn1) is an antimicrobial cysteine-rich peptide isolated from potato (solanum tuberosum) that was classified as a member of the snakin/gibberellic acid stimulated in arabidopsis protein family. in this work, a transgenic approach was used to study the role of sn1 in planta. even when overexpressing sn1, potato lines did not show remarkable morphological differences from the wild type; sn1 silencing resulted in reduced height, which was accompanied by an overall reduction in leaf size an ...201122080603
Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas identifies sRNAs with putative virulence functions.The Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) is an important model to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the interaction with the host. To gain insight into the transcriptome of the Xcv strain 85-10, we took a differential RNA sequencing (dRNA-seq) approach. Using a novel method to automatically generate comprehensive transcription start site (TSS) maps we report 1421 putative TSSs in the Xcv genome. Genes in Xcv exhibit a poorly conserved -10 promo ...201122080557
Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas identifies sRNAs with putative virulence functions.The Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) is an important model to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the interaction with the host. To gain insight into the transcriptome of the Xcv strain 85-10, we took a differential RNA sequencing (dRNA-seq) approach. Using a novel method to automatically generate comprehensive transcription start site (TSS) maps we report 1421 putative TSSs in the Xcv genome. Genes in Xcv exhibit a poorly conserved -10 promo ...201122080557
pinellia ternata agglutinin expression in chloroplasts confers broad spectrum resistance against aphid, whitefly, lepidopteran insects, bacterial and viral pathogens.broad spectrum protection against different insects and pathogens requires multigene engineering. however, such broad spectrum protection against biotic stress is provided by a single protein in some medicinal plants. therefore, tobacco chloroplasts were transformed with the agglutinin gene from pinellia ternata (pta), a widely cultivated chinese medicinal herb. pinellia ternata agglutinin (pta) was expressed up to 9.2% of total soluble protein in mature leaves. purified pta showed similar hemag ...201122077160
pinellia ternata agglutinin expression in chloroplasts confers broad spectrum resistance against aphid, whitefly, lepidopteran insects, bacterial and viral pathogens.broad spectrum protection against different insects and pathogens requires multigene engineering. however, such broad spectrum protection against biotic stress is provided by a single protein in some medicinal plants. therefore, tobacco chloroplasts were transformed with the agglutinin gene from pinellia ternata (pta), a widely cultivated chinese medicinal herb. pinellia ternata agglutinin (pta) was expressed up to 9.2% of total soluble protein in mature leaves. purified pta showed similar hemag ...201122077160
draft genome sequence of the biocontrol bacterium pseudomonas putida b001, an oligotrophic bacterium that induces systemic resistance to plant diseases.pseudomonas putida b001 is a rhizobacterium that was isolated on the basis of its abilities to grow under low-nutrient conditions and induce systemic resistance against bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases of plants. here we report the draft genome sequence and automatic annotation of strain b001. comparison of this sequence to the sequenced genome of p. putida kt2440 points to a subset of gene functions that may be related to the defense-inducing functions of b001.201122072649
The Iturin-like Lipopeptides Are Essential Components in the Biological Control Arsenal of Bacillus subtilis Against Bacterial Diseases of Cucurbits.The antibacterial potential of four strains of Bacillus subtilis, UMAF6614, UMAF6619, UMAF6639, and UMAF8561, previously selected on the basis of their antifungal activity and efficacy against cucurbit powdery mildew, was examined. Among these strains, UMAF6614 and UMAF6639 showed the highest antibacterial activity in vitro, especially against Xanthomonas campestris pv. cucurbitae and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. These strains produced the three families of lipopeptide antibiot ...201122066902
conversion of an egfr targeting murine monoclonal antibody a13 to a human monoclonal antibody by guided selection.epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) is an attractive target for tumor therapy because it is overexpressed in the majority of solid tumors and the increase in receptor expression levels has been linked with a poor clinical prognosis. also it is well established that blocking the interaction of egfr and the growth factors could lead to the arrest of tumor growth and possibly result in tumor cell death. mab a13 is a murine monoclonal antibody (mab) that specifically binds to various sets of eg ...201122064379
conversion of an egfr targeting murine monoclonal antibody a13 to a human monoclonal antibody by guided selection.epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) is an attractive target for tumor therapy because it is overexpressed in the majority of solid tumors and the increase in receptor expression levels has been linked with a poor clinical prognosis. also it is well established that blocking the interaction of egfr and the growth factors could lead to the arrest of tumor growth and possibly result in tumor cell death. mab a13 is a murine monoclonal antibody (mab) that specifically binds to various sets of eg ...201122064379
Selection of a New Whole Cell Biocatalyst for the Synthesis of 2-Deoxyribose 5-Phosphate.2-Deoxyribose 5-phosphate (DR5P) is a key intermediate in the biocatalyzed preparation of deoxyribonucleosides. Therefore, DR5P production by means of simpler, cleaner, and economic pathways becomes highly interesting. One strategy involves the use of bacterial whole cells containing DR5P aldolase as biocatalyst for the aldol addition between acetaldehyde and D: -glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or glycolytic intermediates that in situ generate the acceptor substrate. In this work, diverse microorgani ...201122057938
Aeromonas salmonicida-secreted protein AopP is a potent inducer of apoptosis in a mammalian and a Drosophila model.Some pathogens are able to establish themselves within the host because they have evolved mechanisms to disrupt host innate immunity. For example, a number of pathogens secrete preformed effector proteins via type III secretion apparatuses that influence innate immune or apoptotic signalling pathways. One group of effector proteins that usurp innate immune signalling is the YopJ-like family of bacterial effector proteins, which includes AopP from Aeromonas salmonicida. Aeromonas species are know ...201122040305
Aeromonas salmonicida-secreted protein AopP is a potent inducer of apoptosis in a mammalian and a Drosophila model.Some pathogens are able to establish themselves within the host because they have evolved mechanisms to disrupt host innate immunity. For example, a number of pathogens secrete preformed effector proteins via type III secretion apparatuses that influence innate immune or apoptotic signalling pathways. One group of effector proteins that usurp innate immune signalling is the YopJ-like family of bacterial effector proteins, which includes AopP from Aeromonas salmonicida. Aeromonas species are know ...201122040305
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