Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| comparison of real-time pcr assays for detection of pathogenic leptospira spp. in blood and identification of variations in target sequences. | leptospirosis is considered an underdiagnosed disease. although several pcr-based methods are currently in use, there is little information on their comparability. in this study, four quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) assays (sybr green and taqman chemistries) targeting the secy, lfb1, and lipl32 genes were evaluated as diagnostic assays. in our hands, these assays can detect between 10(2) and 10(3) bacteria/ml of pure culture, whole-blood, plasma, and serum samples. in three independent experim ... | 2011 | 21471336 |
| surface-associated hsp60 chaperonin of leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis n2 strain as an immunoreactive protein. | the present study has been formulated in order to detect an immunoreactive protein whose identification can play a major role in the early diagnosis of disease. the identified protein will be produced by recombinant methods and used for the recombinant protein based elisa. a comparison was made between the developed method and the gold standard mat test to evaluate the serodiagnosis potential of the protein. the protein profile, immunoblot and maldi-tof analysis was carried out to identify the i ... | 2011 | 21468684 |
| exposure to infectious agents in dogs in remote coastal british columbia: possible sentinels of diseases in wildlife and humans. | ranked among the top threats to conservation worldwide, infectious disease is of particular concern for wild canids because domestic dogs (canis familiaris) may serve as sources and reservoirs of infection. on british columbia's largely undeveloped but rapidly changing central and north coasts, little is known about diseases in wolves (canis lupus) or other wildlife. however, several threats exist for transfer of diseases among unvaccinated dogs and wolves. to gain baseline data on infectious ag ... | 2011 | 21461190 |
| accuracy of loop-mediated isothermal amplification for diagnosis of human leptospirosis in thailand. | there is a lack of diagnostic tests for leptospirosis in technology-restricted settings. we developed loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) specific for the 16s ribosomal rna gene (rrs) of pathogenic and intermediate group leptospira species. the lower limit of detection was 10 genomic equivalents/reaction, and analytical specificity was high; we observed positive reactions for pathogenic/intermediate groups and negative reactions for non-pathogenic leptospira species and other bacterial ... | 2011 | 21460019 |
| a unique genotype of leptospira interrogans serovar pomona type kennewicki is associated with equine abortion. | although serologic data indicate horses in n. america are exposed to a variety of leptospiral serovars, abortion is almost always associated with leptospira interrogans serovar pomona type kennewicki. a variety of wildlife including raccoons, white tailed deer, striped skunks, opossums, and red and grey foxes have been shown to host serovar pomona and have therefore been suspect as sources of infection for pregnant mares. the aim of the present study was to examine genetic diversity in serovar p ... | 2011 | 21450416 |
| development of transcriptional fusions to assess leptospira interrogans promoter activity. | leptospirosis is a zoonotic infectious disease that affects both humans and animals. the existing genetic tools for leptospira spp. have improved our understanding of the biology of this spirochete as well as the interaction of pathogenic leptospires with the mammalian host. however, new tools are necessary to provide novel and useful information to the field. | 2011 | 21445252 |
| pathogenesis of leptospirosis: the influence of genomics. | leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonosis worldwide and is caused by serovars of pathogenic leptospira species. the understanding of leptospiral pathogenesis lags far behind that of many other bacterial pathogens. current research is thus directed at identification of leptospiral virulence factors. saprophytic leptospira species are environmental organisms that never cause disease. comparative genomics of pathogens and saprophytes has allowed the identification of more than 900 genes unique ... | 2011 | 21440384 |
| [biological risk prevention in agriculture and animal breeding: immunization strategies]. | vaccine preventable diseases are, so far, a main focus of public health programmes all over the world since people still die in consequence of dyphteria or tetanus. biological risk is widely represented in agriculture and animal breeding, due to environmental characteristics and to injury typology. moreover, aged people and migrants represent a significant part of the workforce. these two groups are, for instance, more exposed to clostridium tetani infection because not fully immunized. among in ... | 2010 | 21438285 |
| comparative proteogenomic analysis of the leptospira interrogans virulence-attenuated strain ipav against the pathogenic strain 56601. | the virulence-attenuated leptospira interrogans serovar lai strain ipav was derived by prolonged laboratory passage from a highly virulent ancestral strain isolated in china. we studied the genetic variations of ipav that render it avirulent via comparative analysis against the pathogenic l. interrogans serovar lai strain 56601. the complete genome sequence of the ipav strain was determined and used to compare with, and then rectify and reannotate the genome sequence of strain 56601. aside from ... | 2011 | 21423275 |
| ataqs: a computational software tool for high throughput transition optimization and validation for selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. | since its inception, proteomics has essentially operated in a discovery mode with the goal of identifying and quantifying the maximal number of proteins in a sample. increasingly, proteomic measurements are also supporting hypothesis-driven studies, in which a predetermined set of proteins is consistently detected and quantified in multiple samples. selected reaction monitoring (srm) is a targeted mass spectrometric technique that supports the detection and quantification of specific proteins in ... | 2011 | 21414234 |
| evaluation of envelope domain iii-based single chimeric tetravalent antigen and monovalent antigen mixtures for the detection of anti-dengue antibodies in human sera. | flavivirus cross-reactive antibodies in human sera interfere with the definitive identification of dengue virus (denv) infections especially in areas with multiple co-circulating flaviviruses. use of denv envelope domain-iii (ediii) can partially resolve the problem. this study has examined the effect of (i) incorporating the ediiis of four denv serotypes into a single chimeric antigen, and (ii) immobilizing the antigen through specific interaction on the sensitivity and specificity of anti-denv ... | 2011 | 21401963 |
| recombinant lipl32 and liga from leptospira are unable to stimulate protective immunity against leptospirosis in the hamster model. | the major antigenic component of pathogenic leptospira spp. is lipopolysaccharide (lps). however, due to the specificity of the immune response generated towards lps and the diversity in leptospiral lps carbohydrate structure, current commercial vaccines stimulate protection only against homologous or closely related serovars. vaccines that confer heterologous protection would enhance protection in vaccinated animals and reduce transmission to humans. several studies have investigated the potent ... | 2011 | 21396409 |
| maximizing the chances of detecting pathogenic leptospires in mammals: the evaluation of field samples and a multi-sample-per-mammal, multi-test approach. | identification of wild animals that harbour the causative leptospires, and the identification of the most important of these 'wild reservoirs' (in terms of threat to human health), are key factors in the epidemiology of human leptospirosis. in an epidemiological investigation in the australian state of queensland, in 2007-2008, samples were collected from fruit bats (pteropus conspicillatus) and rodents (to investigate the potential role of fruit bats in the maintenance and transmission of lepto ... | 2011 | 21396251 |
| the minimal proteome in the reduced mitochondrion of the parasitic protist giardia intestinalis. | the mitosomes of giardia intestinalis are thought to be mitochondria highly-reduced in response to the oxygen-poor niche. we performed a quantitative proteomic assessment of giardia mitosomes to increase understanding of the function and evolutionary origin of these enigmatic organelles. mitosome-enriched fractions were obtained from cell homogenate using optiprep gradient centrifugation. to distinguish mitosomal proteins from contamination, we used a quantitative shot-gun strategy based on isob ... | 2011 | 21390322 |
| community structures of fecal bacteria in cattle from different animal feeding operations. | the fecal microbiome of cattle plays a critical role not only in animal health and productivity but also in food safety, pathogen shedding, and the performance of fecal pollution detection methods. unfortunately, most published molecular surveys fail to provide adequate detail about variability in the community structures of fecal bacteria within and across cattle populations. using massively parallel pyrosequencing of a hypervariable region of the rrna coding region, we profiled the fecal micro ... | 2011 | 21378055 |
| in vitro evaluation of eclipta alba against serogroups of leptospira interrogans. | leptospirosis is now acknowledged as the most widespread zoonoses in the world. hundreds of cases occur in india every year accounting for considerable morbidity and sizable mortality. several studies have delineated the epidemiology, pathology and variable clinical features of this condition. the present study comprises the importance and utilization of traditional based medicines to overcome the adverse reaction by conventional drugs and standardize the technology. the antileptospiral activity ... | 2008 | 21369443 |
| host-pathogen interactions made transparent with the zebrafish model. | the zebrafish holds much promise as a high-throughput drug screening model for immune-related diseases, including inflammatory and infectious diseases and cancer. this is due to the excellent possibilities for in vivo imaging in combination with advanced tools for genomic and large scale mutant analysis. the context of the embryo's developing immune system makes it possible to study the contribution of different immune cell types to disease progression. furthermore, due to the temporal separatio ... | 2011 | 21366518 |
| leptospirosis serodiagnosis by elisa based on recombinant outer membrane protein. | the outer membrane protein lipl21, lipl32, lipl41 and loa22 of leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni were previously revealed by immunoproteomic analysis, using sera from acute phase infection in a guinea pig. the full-length dna of each protein was then cloned from the same serovar and expressed in prset vector. the obtained molecular weight (mw) of recombinant proteins rlipl21, rlipl32 and rloa22 were slightly higher than the mw predicted from nucleotide sequences of each inserted gene, w ... | 2011 | 21353274 |
| the multifunctional ligb adhesin binds homeostatic proteins with potential roles in cutaneous infection by pathogenic leptospira interrogans. | leptospirosis is a potentially fatal zoonotic disease in humans and animals caused by pathogenic spirochetes, such as leptospira interrogans. the mode of transmission is commonly limited to the exposure of mucous membrane or damaged skin to water contaminated by leptospires shed in the urine of carriers, such as rats. infection occurs during seasonal flooding of impoverished tropical urban habitats with large rat populations, but also during recreational activity in open water, suggesting it is ... | 2011 | 21347378 |
| validation of assays to monitor immune responses in the syrian golden hamster (mesocricetus auratus). | the syrian golden hamster (mesocricetus auratus) is a valuable but under-utilized animal model for studies of human viral pathogens such as bunyaviruses, arenaviruses, flaviviruses, henipaviruses, and sars-coronavirus. a lack of suitable reagents and specific assays for monitoring host responses has limited the use of this animal model to clinical observations, pathology and humoral immune responses. the objective of this study was to establish and validate assays to monitor host immune response ... | 2011 | 21334343 |
| adenosine deaminase activity in serum, erythrocytes and lymphocytes of rats infected with leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. | leptospirosis is a systemic disease of humans and domestic animals, mainly dogs, cattle and swine. the course of human leptospirosis varies from mild to severe fatal forms and the most severe form of human leptospirosis is principally caused by leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae (l. icterohaemorrhagiae). the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ada) plays an important role in the production and differentiation of blood cells. the aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of ada in se ... | 2011 | 21320715 |
| serum tnf-a, stnfr1, il-6, il-8 and il-10 levels in weil's syndrome. | studies on cytokine levels in weil's syndrome are lacking. in this study, tnf-a, stnfr1, il-6, il-8 and il-10 levels were measured in 44 serum samples of patients diagnosed with leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae infection. tnf-a levels linked with pulmonary hemorrhagic implications, while elevated stnfr1 and il-10 levels linked with fatal cases. il-6 and il-8 did not seem to affect the outcome of the disease. immune response pattern in weil's syndrome bears resemblance to other ... | 2011 | 21316985 |
| the role of fruit bats in the transmission of pathogenic leptospires in australia. | although antileptospiral antibodies and leptospiral dna have been detected in australian fruit bats, the role of such bats as infectious hosts for the leptospires found in rodents and humans remains unconfirmed. a cohort-design, replicated survey was recently conducted in far north queensland, australia, to determine if the abundance and leptospiral status of rodents were affected by association with colonies of fruit bats (pteropus conspicillatus spp.) via rodent contact with potentially infect ... | 2011 | 21294951 |
| prevalence and carrier status of leptospirosis in smallholder dairy cattle and peridomestic rodents in kandy, sri lanka. | leptospirosis is an important bacterial zoonotic disease globally and one of the notifiable diseases in sri lanka. other than human leptospirosis, little information is available on leptospirosis in domestic and feral animals in sri lanka. thus, this study attempted to determine the prevalence and carrier status of leptospirosis in smallholder dairy cattle and peridomestic rodents to understand the impact of the disease on public health in kandy, sri lanka. cattle and rodent samples were collect ... | 2011 | 21284522 |
| development of a dna microarray for detection and identification of legionella pneumophila and ten other pathogens in drinking water. | the safety and accessibility of drinking water are major concerns throughout the world. consumption of water contaminated with infectious agents, toxic chemicals or radiological hazards represents a significant health risk and is strongly associated with mortality. therefore, we have developed an oligonucleotide-based microarray using the sequences of 16s-23s rdna internal transcribed spacer regions (its) and the gyrase subunit b gene (gyrb) found in the most prevalent and devastating waterborne ... | 2011 | 21276629 |
| an emerging pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome in dogs: similar to the human leptospiral pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome? | severe pulmonary haemorrhage is a rare necropsy finding in dogs but the leptospiral pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome (lphs) is a well recognized disease in humans. here we report a pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome in dogs that closely resembles the human disease. all 15 dogs had massive, pulmonary haemorrhage affecting all lung lobes while haemorrhage in other organs was minimal. histologically, pulmonary lesions were characterized by acute, alveolar haemorrhage without identifiable vascular lesio ... | 2010 | 21274452 |
| functional analysis of borrelia burgdorferi uvra in dna damage protection. | bacterial pathogens face constant challenges from dna-damaging agents generated by host phagocytes. although borrelia burgdorferi appears to have much fewer dna repair enzymes than pathogens with larger genomes, it does contain homologues of uvra and uvrb (subunits a and b of excinuclease abc). as a first step to exploring the physiologic function of uvra(bbu) and its possible role in survival in the host in the face of dna-damaging agents, a partially deleted uvra mutant was isolated by targete ... | 2011 | 21272060 |
| directed networks reveal genomic barriers and dna repair bypasses to lateral gene transfer among prokaryotes. | lateral gene transfer (lgt) plays a major role in prokaryote evolution with only a few genes that are resistant to it; yet the nature and magnitude of barriers to lateral transfer are still debated. here, we implement directed networks to investigate donor-recipient events of recent lateral gene transfer among 657 sequenced prokaryote genomes. for 2,129,548 genes investigated, we detected 446,854 recent lateral gene transfer events through nucleotide pattern analysis. among these, donor-recipien ... | 2011 | 21270172 |
| characterization of conserved combined t and b cell epitopes in leptospira interrogans major outer membrane proteins ompl1 and lipl41. | leptospira interrogans are bacterial pathogens of animal that cause zoonotic infections in human. outer membrane proteins of leptospire are among the most effective antigens which can stimulate remarkable immune responses during the infection processes, and thus are currently considered leading candidate vaccine antigens. the objective of the present study is to predict and confirm major combined b and t cell epitopes of leptospiral outer membrane proteins ompl1 and lipl41, as well as to evaluat ... | 2011 | 21269437 |
| patterns and regulation of ribosomal rna transcription in borrelia burgdorferi. | borrelia burgdorferi contains one 16s and two tandem sets of 23s-5s ribosomal (r) rna genes whose patterns of transcription and regulation are unknown but are likely to be critical for survival and persistence in its hosts. | 2011 | 21251259 |
| fulminant leptospirosis (weil's disease) in an urban setting as an overlooked cause of multiorgan failure: a case report. | 2011 | 21235739 | |
| characterization of the immunogenic and antigenic potential of putative lipoproteins from leptospira interrogans. | the search for a vaccine capable of conferring heterologous protection, through the identification of conserved and cross-protective antigens, remains an ongoing priority in leptospirosis research. in the present study, an in silico analysis was used to identify potentially protective lipoproteins from leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni. eight putative lipoproteins were selected (lic10009, lic10054, lic10091, lic11058, lic11567, lic13059, lic13305, and lic20172), cloned and expressed in ... | 2011 | 21221970 |
| cross-protective immunity against leptospirosis elicited by a live, attenuated lipopolysaccharide mutant. | leptospira species cause leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease found worldwide. current vaccines against leptospirosis provide protection only against closely related serovars. | 2011 | 21220775 |
| plasmids with a chromosome-like role in rhizobia. | replicon architecture in bacteria is commonly comprised of one indispensable chromosome and several dispensable plasmids. this view has been enriched by the discovery of additional chromosomes, identified mainly by localization of rrna and/or trna genes, and also by experimental demonstration of their requirement for cell growth. the genome of rhizobium etli cfn42 is constituted by one chromosome and six large plasmids, ranging in size from 184 to 642 kb. five of the six plasmids are dispensable ... | 2011 | 21217003 |
| big domains are novel ca²+-binding modules: evidences from big domains of leptospira immunoglobulin-like (lig) proteins. | many bacterial surface exposed proteins mediate the host-pathogen interaction more effectively in the presence of ca²+. leptospiral immunoglobulin-like (lig) proteins, liga and ligb, are surface exposed proteins containing bacterial immunoglobulin like (big) domains. the function of proteins which contain big fold is not known. based on the possible similarities of immunoglobulin and βγ-crystallin folds, we here explore the important question whether ca²+ binds to a big domains, which would prov ... | 2010 | 21206924 |
| self-mating in the definitive host potentiates clonal outbreaks of the apicomplexan parasites sarcocystis neurona and toxoplasma gondii. | tissue-encysting coccidia, including toxoplasma gondii and sarcocystis neurona, are heterogamous parasites with sexual and asexual life stages in definitive and intermediate hosts, respectively. during its sexual life stage, t. gondii reproduces either by genetic out-crossing or via clonal amplification of a single strain through self-mating. out-crossing has been experimentally verified as a potent mechanism capable of producing offspring possessing a range of adaptive and virulence potentials. ... | 2010 | 21203443 |
| leptospirosis: a toll road from b lymphocytes. | leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by leptospira interrogans, a pathogen transmitted by asymptomatic infected rodents. leptospiral lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharide (lps) have been shown to stimulate murine cells via toll-like receptors (tlrs) 2 and 4. host defense mechanisms remain obscure, although tlr4 has been associated with clearing leptospira. in a recent study, we showed that in response to leptospira infection, double (tlr2 and tlr4) knock-out (dko) mice unexpectedly develo ... | 2010 | 21199604 |
| responses of human endothelial cells to pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospira species. | leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic infection that primarily affects residents of tropical regions, but causes infections in animals and humans in temperate regions as well. the agents of leptospirosis comprise several members of the genus leptospira, which also includes non-pathogenic, saprophytic species. leptospirosis can vary in severity from a mild, non-specific illness to severe disease that includes multi-organ failure and widespread endothelial damage and hemorrhage. to begin to inves ... | 2010 | 21179504 |
| methylthioadenosine/s-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase, a critical enzyme for bacterial metabolism. | the importance of methylthioadenosine/s-adenosylhomocysteine (mta/sah) nucleosidase in bacteria has started to be appreciated only in the past decade. a comprehensive analysis of its various roles here demonstrates that it is an integral component of the activated methyl cycle, which recycles adenine and methionine through s-adenosylmethionine (sam)-mediated methylation reactions, and also produces the universal quorum-sensing signal, autoinducer-2 (ai-2). sam is also essential for synthesis of ... | 2010 | 21166890 |
| methylthioadenosine/s-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase, a critical enzyme for bacterial metabolism. | the importance of methylthioadenosine/s-adenosylhomocysteine (mta/sah) nucleosidase in bacteria has started to be appreciated only in the past decade. a comprehensive analysis of its various roles here demonstrates that it is an integral component of the activated methyl cycle, which recycles adenine and methionine through s-adenosylmethionine (sam)-mediated methylation reactions, and also produces the universal quorum-sensing signal, autoinducer-2 (ai-2). sam is also essential for synthesis of ... | 2010 | 21166890 |
| stable expression of leptospira interrogans antigens in auxotrophic mycobacterium bovis bcg. | mycobacterium bovis bcg has been proposed as an effective live vector for multivalent vaccines. the development of mycobacterial genetic systems to express foreign antigens and the adjuvanticity of bcg are the basis for the potential use of this attenuated mycobacterium as a recombinant vaccine vector. stable plasmid vectors without antibiotic resistance markers are needed for heterologous antigen expression in bcg. our group recently described the construction of a bcg expression system using a ... | 2010 | 21157628 |
| 2010 acvim small animal consensus statement on leptospirosis: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention. | this report offers a consensus opinion on the diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of leptospirosis in dogs, an important zoonosis. clinical signs of leptospirosis in dogs relate to development of renal disease, hepatic disease, uveitis, and pulmonary hemorrhage. disease may follow periods of high rainfall, and can occur in dogs roaming in proximity to water sources, farm animals, or wildlife, or dogs residing in suburban environments. diagnosis is based on acute and convalescent p ... | 2010 | 21155890 |
| leptospira interrogans associated with hydrallantois in 2 pluriparous thoroughbred mares. | 2010 | 21155889 | |
| structures of domains i and iv from ybbr are representative of a widely distributed protein family. | ybbr domains are widespread throughout eubacteria and are expressed as monomeric units, linked in tandem repeats or cotranslated with other domains. although the precise role of these domains remains undefined, the location of the multiple ybbr domain-encoding ybbr gene in the bacillus subtilis glmm operon and its previous identification as a substrate for a surfactin-type phosphopantetheinyl transferase suggests a role in cell growth, division, and virulence. to further characterize the ybbr do ... | 2011 | 21154411 |
| structures of domains i and iv from ybbr are representative of a widely distributed protein family. | ybbr domains are widespread throughout eubacteria and are expressed as monomeric units, linked in tandem repeats or cotranslated with other domains. although the precise role of these domains remains undefined, the location of the multiple ybbr domain-encoding ybbr gene in the bacillus subtilis glmm operon and its previous identification as a substrate for a surfactin-type phosphopantetheinyl transferase suggests a role in cell growth, division, and virulence. to further characterize the ybbr do ... | 2011 | 21154411 |
| investigation of localisation of leptospira spp. in uterine and fetal tissues of non-pregnant and pregnant farmed deer. | to find evidence for localisation in the uterus, and fetal infection, of leptospira spp. in farmed deer in the lower north island of new zealand during and shortly after the breeding season. | 2010 | 21151213 |
| high yield expression of leptospirosis vaccine candidates liga and lipl32 in the methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris. | leptospirosis, a zoonosis caused by leptospira spp., is recognized as an emergent infectious disease. due to the lack of adequate diagnostic tools, vaccines are an attractive intervention strategy. recombinant proteins produced in escherichia coli have demonstrated promising results, albeit with variable efficacy. pichia pastoris is an alternative host with several advantages for the production of recombinant proteins. | 2010 | 21134266 |
| first isolation and direct evidence for the existence of large small-mammal reservoirs of leptospira sp. in madagascar. | leptospirosis has long been a major public health concern in the southwestern indian ocean. however, in madagascar, only a few, old studies have provided indirect serological evidence of the disease in humans or animals. | 2010 | 21124843 |
| unifying themes in microbial associations with animal and plant hosts described using the gene ontology. | microbes form intimate relationships with hosts (symbioses) that range from mutualism to parasitism. common microbial mechanisms involved in a successful host association include adhesion, entry of the microbe or its effector proteins into the host cell, mitigation of host defenses, and nutrient acquisition. genes associated with these microbial mechanisms are known for a broad range of symbioses, revealing both divergent and convergent strategies. effective comparisons among these symbioses, ho ... | 2010 | 21119014 |
| acute parvovirus b19 infection causes nonspecificity frequently in borrelia and less often in salmonella and campylobacter serology, posing a problem in diagnosis of infectious arthropathy. | several infectious agents may cause arthritis or arthropathy. for example, infection with borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme disease, may in the late phase manifest as arthropathy. infections with campylobacter, salmonella, or yersinia may result in a postinfectious reactive arthritis. acute infection with parvovirus b19 (b19v) may likewise initiate transient or chronic arthropathy. all these conditions may be clinically indistinguishable from rheumatoid arthritis. here, we presen ... | 2010 | 21106777 |
| acute parvovirus b19 infection causes nonspecificity frequently in borrelia and less often in salmonella and campylobacter serology, posing a problem in diagnosis of infectious arthropathy. | several infectious agents may cause arthritis or arthropathy. for example, infection with borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme disease, may in the late phase manifest as arthropathy. infections with campylobacter, salmonella, or yersinia may result in a postinfectious reactive arthritis. acute infection with parvovirus b19 (b19v) may likewise initiate transient or chronic arthropathy. all these conditions may be clinically indistinguishable from rheumatoid arthritis. here, we presen ... | 2010 | 21106777 |
| exploring the spatial and temporal organization of a cell's proteome. | to increase our current understanding of cellular processes, such as cell signaling and division, knowledge is needed about the spatial and temporal organization of the proteome at different organizational levels. these levels cover a wide range of length and time scales: from the atomic structures of macromolecules for inferring their molecular function, to the quantitative description of their abundance, and spatial distribution in the cell. emerging new experimental technologies are greatly i ... | 2010 | 21094684 |
| exploring the spatial and temporal organization of a cell's proteome. | to increase our current understanding of cellular processes, such as cell signaling and division, knowledge is needed about the spatial and temporal organization of the proteome at different organizational levels. these levels cover a wide range of length and time scales: from the atomic structures of macromolecules for inferring their molecular function, to the quantitative description of their abundance, and spatial distribution in the cell. emerging new experimental technologies are greatly i ... | 2010 | 21094684 |
| comparison of conventional, nested, and real-time quantitative pcr for diagnosis of scrub typhus. | orientia tsutsugamushi is the causative agent of scrub typhus. for the diagnosis of scrub typhus, we investigated the performances of conventional pcr (c-pcr), nested pcr (n-pcr), and real-time quantitative pcr (q-pcr) targeting the o. tsutsugamushi-specific 47-kda gene. to compare the detection sensitivities of the three techniques, we used two template systems that used plasmid dna (plasmid detection sensitivity), including a partial region of the 47-kda gene, and genomic dna (genomic detectio ... | 2010 | 21068287 |
| manganese binds to clostridium difficile fbp68 and is essential for fibronectin binding. | clostridium difficile is an etiological agent of pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. adhesion is the crucial first step in bacterial infection. thus, in addition to toxins, the importance of colonization factors in c. difficile-associated disease is recognized. in this study, we identified fbp68, one of the colonization factors that bind to fibronectin (fn), as a manganese-binding protein (k(d) = 52.70 ± 1.97 nm). furthermore, the conformation of fbp68 changed dramatical ... | 2010 | 21062746 |
| manganese binds to clostridium difficile fbp68 and is essential for fibronectin binding. | clostridium difficile is an etiological agent of pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. adhesion is the crucial first step in bacterial infection. thus, in addition to toxins, the importance of colonization factors in c. difficile-associated disease is recognized. in this study, we identified fbp68, one of the colonization factors that bind to fibronectin (fn), as a manganese-binding protein (k(d) = 52.70 ± 1.97 nm). furthermore, the conformation of fbp68 changed dramatical ... | 2010 | 21062746 |
| the photosensor protein ppr of rhodocista centenaria is linked to the chemotaxis signalling pathway. | rhodocista centenaria is a phototrophic α-proteobacterium exhibiting a phototactic behaviour visible as colony movement on agar plates directed to red light. as many phototrophic purple bacteria r. centenaria possesses a soluble photoactive yellow protein (pyp). it exists as a long fusion protein, designated ppr, consisting of three domains, the pyp domain, a putative bilin binding domain (bbd) and a histidine kinase domain (pph). the ppr protein is involved in the regulation of polyketide synth ... | 2010 | 21062468 |
| characterization of novel bovine gastrointestinal tract treponema isolates and comparison with bovine digital dermatitis treponemes. | this study aimed to isolate and characterize treponemes present in the bovine gastrointestinal (gi) tract and compare them with bovine digital dermatitis (bdd) treponemes. seven spirochete isolates were obtained from the bovine gi tract, which, on the basis of 16s rrna gene comparisons, clustered within the genus treponema as four novel phylotypes. one phylotype was isolated from several different gi tract regions, including the omasum, colon, rumen, and rectum. these four phylotypes could be di ... | 2010 | 21057019 |
| characterization of novel bovine gastrointestinal tract treponema isolates and comparison with bovine digital dermatitis treponemes. | this study aimed to isolate and characterize treponemes present in the bovine gastrointestinal (gi) tract and compare them with bovine digital dermatitis (bdd) treponemes. seven spirochete isolates were obtained from the bovine gi tract, which, on the basis of 16s rrna gene comparisons, clustered within the genus treponema as four novel phylotypes. one phylotype was isolated from several different gi tract regions, including the omasum, colon, rumen, and rectum. these four phylotypes could be di ... | 2010 | 21057019 |
| transcriptional responses of leptospira interrogans to host innate immunity: significant changes in metabolism, oxygen tolerance, and outer membrane. | leptospira interrogans is the major causative agent of leptospirosis. phagocytosis plays important roles in the innate immune responses to l. interrogans infection, and l. interrogans can evade the killing of phagocytes. however, little is known about the adaptation of l. interrogans during this process. | 2010 | 21049008 |
| expanding the genetic toolbox for leptospira species by generation of fluorescent bacteria. | our knowledge of the genetics and molecular basis of the pathogenesis associated with leptospira, in comparison to those of other bacterial species, is very limited. an improved understanding of pathogenic mechanisms requires reliable genetic tools for functional genetic analysis. here, we report the expression of gfp and mrfp1 genes under the control of constitutive spirochetal promoters in both saprophytic and pathogenic leptospira strains. we were able to reliably measure the fluorescence of ... | 2010 | 21037299 |
| leptospirosis: an unusual cause of ards. | severe leptospirosis usually associates shock, jaundice, renal failure, and thrombocytopenia. massive hemoptysis due to diffuse alveolar haemorrhage may rarely occur leading to an acute respiratory failure and multiple organ failure. we present the case of an acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by a severe leptospirosis. the severity of the respiratory failure contrasted with the absence of significant liver or renal dysfunction. bedside open lung biopsy was only consistent with a postinf ... | 2010 | 20981324 |
| the crystal structure of the leptospiral hypothetical protein lic12922 reveals homology with the periplasmic chaperone sura. | leptospirosis is a world spread zoonosis caused by members of the genus leptospira. although leptospires were identified as the causal agent of leptospirosis almost 100 years ago, little is known about their biology, which hinders the development of new treatment and prevention strategies. one of the several aspects of the leptospiral biology not yet elucidated is the process by which outer membrane proteins (omps) traverse the periplasm and are inserted into the outer membrane. the crystal stru ... | 2010 | 20970503 |
| serologic evaluation of new zealand sea lions for exposure to brucella and leptospira spp. | a serologic survey of anti-brucella and antileptospiral antibodies was conducted on 147 adult, female new zealand sea lions (phocarctos hookeri). most sea lions (n=138) were sampled at sandy bay, enderby island, auckland islands (50°30's, 166°17'e), january 2000-march 2005. nine were sampled at otago, new zealand (46°0's, 170°40'e); four in april 2008 and five in march 2009. serum from one of the enderby island females was weakly positive for antibodies to brucella abortus using the competitive ... | 2010 | 20966283 |
| leptospirosis in free-ranging endangered european mink (mustela lutreola) and other small carnivores (mustelidae, viverridae) from southwestern france. | to study the possible role of disease in the decline of endangered european mink (mustela lutreola), we conducted a survey of antibody prevalence and renal carriage of pathogenic leptospira (leptospira interrogans sensu lato) using serum and kidney samples collected from 1990 to 2007 from several free-ranging small carnivores and farmed american mink (mustela vison) in southwestern france. an indirect microscopic agglutination test using a panel of 16 serovars belonging to 6 serogroups (australi ... | 2010 | 20966265 |
| a low molecular weight lipopolysaccharide antigen preparation reactive to acute leptospirosis heterologous sera. | there is a need for identification of new infection markers against common leptospira isolates in malaysia. to achieve this goal, seven-day-old cultures of leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohemorrhagiae (l44) and leptospira interrogans serogroup javanica (l55) were used for antigen preparation by sequential extraction method using 40 mm tris, 8m urea and 2m thiourea. immunoblot analysis of the antigens were performed using serum samples from 46 local patients with confirmed acute leptospiro ... | 2010 | 20962722 |
| visual proteomics. | visual proteomics attempts to generate molecular atlases by providing the position and angular orientation of protein complexes inside of cells. this is accomplished by template matching (pattern recognition), a cross-correlation-based process that matches the structure of a specific protein complex to the densities of the whole volume or subvolume of a cell, that is typically acquired by cryoelectron tomography. thereby, a search is performed that scans the entire volume for structural template ... | 2010 | 20888477 |
| a phenomenological model for predicting melting temperatures of dna sequences. | we report here a novel method for predicting melting temperatures of dna sequences based on a molecular-level hypothesis on the phenomena underlying the thermal denaturation of dna. the model presented here attempts to quantify the energetic components stabilizing the structure of dna such as base pairing, stacking, and ionic environment which are partially disrupted during the process of thermal denaturation. the model gives a pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r) of approximately ... | 2010 | 20865157 |
| leptospira as an emerging pathogen: a review of its biology, pathogenesis and host immune responses. | leptospirosis, the most widespread zoonosis in the world, is an emerging public health problem, particularly in large urban centers of developing countries. several pathogenic species of the genus leptospira can cause a wide range of clinical manifestations, from a mild, flu-like illness to a severe disease form characterized by multiorgan system complications leading to death. however, the mechanisms of pathogenesis of leptospira are largely unknown. this article will address the animal models ... | 2010 | 20860485 |
| in vitro sensitivity and resistance of 46 leptospira strains isolated from rats in the philippines to 14 antimicrobial agents. | the in vitro susceptibilities of 46 leptospira isolates from rats to 14 antimicrobial agents were tested. all of the strains were found to be sensitive to ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, doxycycline, erythromycin, and streptomycin. in contrast, the tested isolates showed resistance to amphotericin b, 5-fluorouracil, fosfomycin, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, neomycin, and vancomycin. these findings will help in selecting effective and ineffective antimicrobials for treatment ... | 2010 | 20855741 |
| cellular architecture of treponema pallidum: novel flagellum, periplasmic cone, and cell envelope as revealed by cryo electron tomography. | high-resolution cryo electron tomography (cryo-et) was utilized to visualize treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, at the molecular level. three-dimensional (3d) reconstructions from 304 infectious organisms revealed unprecedented cellular structures of this unusual member of the spirochetal family. high-resolution cryo-et reconstructions provided detailed structures of the cell envelope, which is significantly different from that of gram-negative bacteria. the 4-nm lipid bilayer ... | 2010 | 20850455 |
| serum lipoproteins attenuate macrophage activation and toll-like receptor stimulation by bacterial lipoproteins. | chlamydia trachomatis was previously shown to express a lipoprotein, the macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip), exposed at the bacterial surface, and able to stimulate human primary monocytes/macrophages through toll like receptor (tlr)2/tlr1/tlr6, and cd14. in pma-differentiated thp-1 cells the proinflammatory activity of mip was significantly higher in the absence than in the presence of serum. the present study aims to investigate the ability of different serum factors to attenuate mip pro ... | 2010 | 20846396 |
| evidence for a novel marine harmful algal bloom: cyanotoxin (microcystin) transfer from land to sea otters. | "super-blooms" of cyanobacteria that produce potent and environmentally persistent biotoxins (microcystins) are an emerging global health issue in freshwater habitats. monitoring of the marine environment for secondary impacts has been minimal, although microcystin-contaminated freshwater is known to be entering marine ecosystems. here we confirm deaths of marine mammals from microcystin intoxication and provide evidence implicating land-sea flow with trophic transfer through marine invertebrate ... | 2010 | 20844747 |
| the ompl37 surface-exposed protein is expressed by pathogenic leptospira during infection and binds skin and vascular elastin. | pathogenic leptospira spp. shed in the urine of reservoir hosts into freshwater can be transmitted to a susceptible host through skin abrasions or mucous membranes causing leptospirosis. the infection process involves the ability of leptospires to adhere to cell surface and extracellular matrix components, a crucial step for dissemination and colonization of host tissues. therefore, the elucidation of novel mediators of host-pathogen interaction is important in the discovery of virulence factors ... | 2010 | 20844573 |
| plasmodium immunomics. | the plasmodium parasite, the causative agent of malaria, is an excellent model for immunomic-based approaches to vaccine development. the plasmodium parasite has a complex life cycle with multiple stages and stage-specific expression of ∼5300 putative proteins. no malaria vaccine has yet been licensed. many believe that an effective vaccine will need to target several antigens and multiple stages, and will require the generation of both antibody and cellular immune responses. vaccine efforts to ... | 2011 | 20816843 |
| plasmodium immunomics. | the plasmodium parasite, the causative agent of malaria, is an excellent model for immunomic-based approaches to vaccine development. the plasmodium parasite has a complex life cycle with multiple stages and stage-specific expression of ∼5300 putative proteins. no malaria vaccine has yet been licensed. many believe that an effective vaccine will need to target several antigens and multiple stages, and will require the generation of both antibody and cellular immune responses. vaccine efforts to ... | 2011 | 20816843 |
| enhanced determination of streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes associated with invasive disease in laos by using a real-time polymerase chain reaction serotyping assay with cerebrospinal fluid. | a prospective hospital-based study was undertaken to define the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (ipd) and circulating serotypes in laos. of 10,799 patients with hemocultures and 353 patients with cerebrospinal fluid samples, 0.21% and 5.4%, respectively, were positive for streptococcus pneumoniae, giving a total of 35 ipd patients. we developed a real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect serotypes represented in the 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine. a blinded evaluation comparing se ... | 2010 | 20810803 |
| mutations affecting leptospira interrogans lipopolysaccharide attenuate virulence. | leptospira interrogans is the causative agent of leptospirosis. lipopolysaccharide (lps) is the major outer membrane component of l. interrogans. it is the dominant antigen recognized during infection and the basis for serological classification. the structure of lps and its role in pathogenesis are unknown. we describe two defined mutants of l. interrogans serovar manilae with transposon insertions in the lps locus. mutant m895 was disrupted in gene la1641 encoding a protein with no known homol ... | 2010 | 20807198 |
| transcriptional response of leptospira interrogans to iron limitation and characterization of a perr homolog. | leptospirosis is a globally significant zoonosis caused by leptospira spp. iron is essential for growth of most bacterial species. since iron availability is low in the host, pathogens have evolved complex iron acquisition mechanisms to survive and establish infection. in many bacteria, expression of iron uptake and storage proteins is regulated by fur. l. interrogans encodes four predicted fur homologs; we have constructed a mutation in one of these, la1857. we conducted microarray analysis to ... | 2010 | 20805337 |
| diversity and abundance of zoonotic pathogens and indicators in manures of feedlot cattle in australia. | the occurrence of 10 pathogens and three fecal indicators was assessed by quantitative pcr in manures of australian feedlot cattle. most samples tested positive for one or more pathogens. for the dominant pathogens campylobacter jejuni, listeria monocytogenes, giardia spp., cryptosporidium spp., and eaea-positive escherichia coli, 10² to 10⁷ genome copies g⁻¹ (dry weight) manure were recovered. | 2010 | 20802080 |
| obstacles of multiplex real-time pcr for bacterial 16s rdna: primer specifity and dna decontamination of taq polymerase. | background: the detection of a broad range of bacteria by pcr is applied for the screening of blood and blood products with special attention to platelet concentrates. for practical use it is desirable that detection systems include gram-positive, gram-negative and non-gram-stainable bacteria. it is quite challenging to achieve high sensitivity along with a clear negative control with pcr reagents, because especially taq polymerase is contaminated with traces of bacterial dna. methods: bacterial ... | 2010 | 20737013 |
| overoxidation of 2-cys peroxiredoxin in prokaryotes: cyanobacterial 2-cys peroxiredoxins sensitive to oxidative stress. | in eukaryotic organisms, hydrogen peroxide has a dual effect; it is potentially toxic for the cell but also has an important signaling activity. according to the previously proposed floodgate hypothesis, the signaling activity of hydrogen peroxide in eukaryotes requires a transient increase in its concentration, which is due to the inactivation by overoxidation of 2-cys peroxiredoxin (2-cys prx). sensitivity to overoxidation depends on the structural gglg and yf motifs present in eukaryotic 2-cy ... | 2010 | 20736168 |
| evaluation of the use of selective pcr amplification of lps biosynthesis genes for molecular typing of leptospira at the serovar level. | leptospirosis is an important epidemic zoonosis worldwide. currently, there are more than 250 leptospira pathogenic serovars known that can potentially infect humans. conventional classification of leptospires with the serovar as the basic taxon, based on serological recognition of lipopolysaccharide (lps) composition does not correlate well with species determination, based on general genomic features. here, we investigate the selective amplification of polymorphic regions from the lps biosynth ... | 2011 | 20721667 |
| increased immunogenicity to lipl32 of leptospira interrogans when expressed as a fusion protein with the cholera toxin b subunit. | leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonosis in the world. the development of a recombinant leptospira vaccine remains a challenge. in this study, we cloned the leptospira interrogans open reading frame (orf) coding the external membrane protein lipl32, an immunodominant antigen found in all pathogenic leptospira, downstream of the highly immunogenic cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) orf. expression and assembly of the ctb-lipl32 fusion protein into oligomeric structures of pentameric size w ... | 2011 | 20721666 |
| expanding the diagnostic use of pcr in leptospirosis: improved method for dna extraction from blood cultures. | leptospirosis is a neglected zoonosis of ubiquitous distribution. symptoms are often non-specific and may range from flu-like symptoms to multi-organ failure. diagnosis can only be made by specific diagnostic tests like serology and pcr. in non-endemic countries, leptospirosis is often not suspected before antibiotic treatment has been initiated and consequently, relevant samples for diagnostic pcr are difficult to obtain. blood cultures are obtained from most hospitalized patients before antibi ... | 2010 | 20711446 |
| leptospirosis presenting in a woman with fulminant hepatic failure from wilson's disease: a case report. | we report an unusual case of wilson's disease that was revealed by presentation of leptospirosis. the prompt detection of this potentially life-threatening disease highlights the importance of careful investigation. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of leptospirosis involving the development of fulminant liver failure due to wilson's disease. | 2010 | 20698945 |
| intergenic transposable elements are not randomly distributed in bacteria. | insertion sequences (iss) are mobile genetic elements in bacterial genomes. in general, intergenic is elements are probably less deleterious for their hosts than intragenic iss, simply because they have a lower likelihood of disrupting native genes. however, since promoters, shine-dalgarno sequences, and transcription factor binding sites are intergenic and upstream of genes, i hypothesized that not all neighboring gene orientations (ngos) are selectively equivalent for is insertion. to test thi ... | 2010 | 20697140 |
| toll-like receptor agonists: are they good adjuvants? | therapeutic immunization leading to cancer regression remains a significant challenge. successful immunization requires activation of adaptive immunity, including tumor specific cd4 t cells and cd8 t cells. generally, the activation of t cells is compromised in patients with cancer because of immune suppression, loss of tumor antigen expression, and dysfunction of antigen-presenting cells. antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (dcs) are key for the induction of adaptive antitumor immu ... | 2010 | 20693851 |
| cross-reactivity of antibodies against leptospiral recurrent uveitis-associated proteins a and b (lrua and lrub) with eye proteins. | infection by leptospira interrogans has been causally associated with human and equine uveitis. studies in our laboratories have demonstrated that leptospiral lipoprotein lrua and lrub are expressed in the eyes of uveitic horses, and that antibodies directed against lrua and lrub react with equine lenticular and retinal extracts, respectively. these reactivities were investigated further by performing immunofluorescent assays on lenticular and retinal tissue sections. incubation of lens tissue s ... | 2010 | 20689825 |
| serosurvey for canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus, leptospira interrogans, and toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging canids in scandinavia and svalbard. | prevalence of antibodies reactive to canine distemper virus (cdv), canine adenovirus type 1 (cav-1), leptospira interrogans serovars canicola and icterohaemorrhagiae, and toxoplasma gondii were examined in free-ranging scandinavian canids. sampling included 275 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from mainland norway, 60 arctic foxes (vulpes lagopus) from the high-arctic islands of svalbard, and 98 wolves (canis lupus) from the joint swedish-norwegian population. methods used included virus neutralization ... | 2010 | 20688639 |
| pathogen dynamics and morbidity of striped skunks in the absence of rabies. | parasites have the potential to influence the population dynamics of mammalian hosts, either as a single devastating pathogen or as a community effect. striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) are typically host to rabies, which often regulates population numbers. we assessed micro- and macroparasite dynamics in striped skunk populations in the absence of rabies, to determine if a single pathogen, or community, was responsible for a majority of skunk deaths. we monitored mortality due to pathogens, an ... | 2010 | 20688627 |
| preliminary characterization of mus musculus-derived pathogenic strains of leptospira borgpetersenii serogroup ballum in a hamster model. | human and animal leptospirosis caused by leptospira spp. belonging to serogroup ballum has increased worldwide in the past decade. we report the isolation and serologic and molecular characterization of four l. borgpetersenii serogroup ballum isolates obtained from mus musculus, and preliminary virulence studies. these isolates are useful for diagnosis of leptospirosis and for epidemiologic studies of its virulence and pathogenic mechanisms. | 2010 | 20682877 |
| differences in clinical manifestations of imported versus autochthonous leptospirosis in austria and germany. | leptospirosis, a zoonosis occurring worldwide, has a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. recently, various countries observed an increase of severe anicteric cases. in austria and germany, growing numbers of imported cases are notified in addition to autochthonous infections. the aim of this study was to assess whether imported and autochthonous cases differ in clinical manifestations and outcome. we retrospectively analyzed 24 imported and 35 autochthonous cases treated in six infectious ... | 2010 | 20682876 |
| leptospira serovar as prognostic factor. | 2010 | 20678345 | |
| genotyping of leptospira interrogans strains from argentina by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva). | leptospirosis outbreaks occur regularly in argentina and other south american countries, but little is known about their epidemiological relationships. application of new molecular tools, such as the multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) is limited by scant available data on regional strains. we have analyzed the genetic diversity of a collection of 31 strains of leptospira interrogans isolated in argentina during the past five decades from humans and animals, including a ... | 2011 | 20674025 |
| infectious causes of stillbirth: a clinical perspective. | untreated infection may cause stillbirth by several mechanisms, including direct fetal infection, placental damage, and severe maternal illness. many bacteria, viruses, and protozoa have been associated with stillbirth. in developed countries, up to 24% of stillbirths have been attributed to infection, although with increased availability of sophisticated diagnostics and rigorous screening, it appears likely that higher numbers may actually be associated with infection. in developed countries, a ... | 2010 | 20661048 |
| the expression and functions of toll-like receptors in atherosclerosis. | inflammation drives atherosclerosis. both immune and resident vascular cell types are involved in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. the phenotype and function of these cells are key in determining the development of lesions. toll-like receptors are the most characterised innate immune receptors and are responsible for the recognition of exogenous conserved motifs on pathogens, and, potentially, some endogenous molecules. both endogenous and exogenous tlr agonists may be present in athe ... | 2010 | 20652007 |
| experimental leptospira interrogans serovar kennewicki infection of horses. | little information is available about experimental induction of leptospirosis in horses. | 2010 | 20649749 |
| nuclear receptors and inflammation control: molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological relevance. | tissue inflammation is a tightly regulated process that normally serves to recruit the immune system to sites of infection and injury and to facilitate tissue repair processes. when an inflammatory state is excessive or prolonged, local and systemic damage to host tissues can result in loss of normal physiological functions. here, we briefly review recent studies that advance our understanding of signaling pathways involved in initiation of inflammatory responses at the level of transcription an ... | 2010 | 20631355 |
| the hpk2-rrp2 two-component regulatory system of treponema denticola: a potential regulator of environmental and adaptive responses. | treponema denticola levels in the gingival crevice become elevated as periodontal disease develops. oral treponemes may account for as much as 40% of the total bacterial population in the periodontal pocket. the stimuli that trigger enhanced growth of t. denticola, and the mechanisms associated with the transmission of these signals, remain to be defined. we hypothesize that the t. denticola open reading frames tde1970 (histidine kinase) and tde1969 (response regulator) constitute a functional t ... | 2010 | 20618698 |