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differential expression of chemosensory-protein genes in midguts in response to diet of spodoptera litura.while it has been well characterized that chemosensory receptors in guts of mammals have great influence on food preference, much remains elusive in insects. insect chemosensory proteins (csps) are soluble proteins that could deliver chemicals to olfactory and gustatory receptors. recent studies have identified a number of csps expressed in midgut in lepidoptera insects, which started to reveal their roles in chemical recognition and stimulating appetite in midgut. in this study, we examined exp ...201728331183
parasitism rates and sex ratios of a parasitoid wasp: effects of herbivore and plant quality.we studied interactions among collards, brassica oleracea var. acephala, the diamondback moth (dbm), plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: yponomeutidae) and its parasitoid diadegma insulare (hymenoptera: ichneumonidae) by manipulating plant nitrogen (n) concentrations in field and laboratory experiments. parasitoid abundance strongly reflected dbm abundance and was related to total leaf n. parasitism rates were high (70.7%) and density-independent. wasp sex ratios varied markedly (3-93% female) in ...199028313016
resource concentration hypothesis: effect of host plant patch size on density of herbivorous insects.the resource concentration hypothesis (root 1973) predicts that specialist herbivorous insects should be more abundant in large patches of host plants, because the insects are more likely to find and stay longer in those patches. between august 1989 and january 1990 we experimentally tested root's hypothesis by analyzing the numerical response of four species of herbivorous insects associated with patches of 4, 16, 64 and 225 cabbage plants, brassica oleracea var. capitata. in addition, we studi ...199528306995
phytophagy of the predator podisus nigrispinus (dallas, 1851) (hemiptera: pentatomidae) fed on prey and brassicaceae.the purpose of this study was to investigate the development and reproduction of the zoophytophagous predator podisus nigrispinus (dallas) (heteroptera: pentatomidae) fed kale, broccoli and cabbage affects its. nymphs and adults of this predator were fed on larvae of plutella xylostella (l.) (lepidoptera: plutellidae) as prey with kale, cabbage, or broccoli. in the nymph period, the duration and prey consumption were similar with all the brassicacea cultivar. however, nymph viability was higher ...201728300944
natural variation in life history strategy of arabidopsis thaliana determines stress responses to drought and insects of different feeding guilds.plants are sessile organisms and, consequently, are exposed to a plethora of stresses in their local habitat. as a result, different populations of a species are subject to different selection pressures leading to adaptation to local conditions and intraspecific divergence. the annual brassicaceous plant arabidopsis thaliana is an attractive model for ecologists and evolutionary biologists due to the availability of a large collection of resequenced natural accessions. accessions of a. thaliana ...201728295823
various bioactivity and relationship of structure-activity of matrine analogues.for the first time, the botanic source natural product matrine was reported to have more potent inhibitory activity against tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) than the commercial virucide ribavirin. on the basis of the structural diversity modification strategy, a series of matrine derivatives was synthesized and systematically evaluated for their antiviral activity against tmv, fungicidal activity, and insecticidal activity. as a result, compounds 3 (inhibitory rate 67.3%, 69.5%, 63.7%, 63.0% at 500 μg ...201728248103
possible insecticidal mechanisms mediated by immune-response-related cry-binding proteins in the midgut juice of plutella xylostella and spodoptera exigua.cry toxins are insecticidal toxin proteins produced by a spore-forming gram-positive bacterium bacillus thuringiensis. interactions between the cry toxins and the receptors from midgut brush border membrane vesicles (bbmvs), such as cadherin, alkaline phosphatase, and aminopeptidase, are key steps for the specificity and insecticidal activity of cry proteins. however, little is known about the midgut juice proteins that may interfere with cry binding to the receptors. to validate the hypothesis ...201728231709
parasitised caterpillars suffer reduced predation: potential implications for intra-guild predation.intra-guild predation (igp) is an important phenomenon structuring ecological communities and affects the success of biological control. here we show that parasitism by the koinobiont wasp cotesia vestalis is associated with behavioural changes in its larval host (diamondback moth, plutella xylostella) that reduce risk of igp. compared with unparasitised caterpillars, parasitised p. xylostella moved less frequently to new feeding patches on plants and were less likely to fall from the plant. wol ...201728230205
global identification of micrornas associated with chlorantraniliprole resistance in diamondback moth plutella xylostella (l.).the diamondback moth (dbm), plutella xylostella (l.), is one of the most serious cruciferous pests and has developed high resistance to most insecticides, including chlorantraniliprole. previous studies have reported several protein-coding genes that involved in chlorantraniliprole resistance, but research on resistance mechanisms at the post-transcription level is still limited. in this study, a global screen of micrornas (mirnas) associated with chlorantraniliprole resistance in p. xylostella ...201728098189
isolation of insecticidal components in inula salsoloides ostenf. and characterisation of their activities.the ethanol extract from inula salsoloides (turcz.) ostenf was found to cause high mortality against plutella xylostella l. (lepidoptera: plutellidae). the active components were isolated and identified. two compounds were obtained and identified to be inulasalsolin and taraxasterol. both compounds showed anti-feedant effects against third instar larvae of p. xylostella with afc50 of 0.030 and 0.053 mg/ml and insecticidal activities with lc50 of 0.19 and 0.49 mg/ml, respectively. the two compoun ...201628004584
in vitro interaction of metarhizium anisopliae ma9236 and beauveria bassiana bb9205 with heterorhabditis bacteriophora hni0100 for the control of plutella xylostella.the diamondback moth (plutella xylostella) is a major pest of broccoli crops in colombia. to control p. xylostella, we evaluated the interaction of beauveria bassiana bb9205 and metarhizium anisopliae ma9236 with heterorhabditis bacteriophora hni0100 and its bacterial symbiont photorhabdus luminescens hni0100. we used antagonism and disk diffusion assays with fungal extracts to test the interaction between symbiotic bacterium and fungi. p. luminescens inhibited the growth of b. bassiana and m. a ...201627995045
resistance mutation conserved between insects and mites unravels the benzoylurea insecticide mode of action on chitin biosynthesis.despite the major role of chitin biosynthesis inhibitors such as benzoylureas (bpus) in the control of pests in agricultural and public health for almost four decades, their molecular mode of action (moa) has in most cases remained elusive. bpus interfere with chitin biosynthesis and were thought to interact with sulfonylurea receptors that mediate chitin vesicle transport. here, we uncover a mutation (i1042m) in the chitin synthase 1 (chs1) gene of bpu-resistant plutella xylostella at the same ...201627930336
conserved chemosensory proteins in the proboscis and eyes of lepidoptera.odorant-binding proteins (obps) and chemosensory proteins (csps) are endowed with several different functions besides being carriers for pheromones and odorants. based on a previous report of a csp acting as surfactant in the proboscis of the moth helicoverpa armigera, we revealed the presence of orthologue proteins in two other moths plutella xylostella and chilo suppressalis, as well as two butterflies papilio machaon and pieris rapae, using immunodetection and proteomic analysis. the unusual ...201627877091
the stress-responsive and host-oriented role of nonribosomal peptide synthetases in an entomopathogenic fungus, beauveria bassiana.beauveria bassiana infects a number of pest species and is known to produce insecticidal substances, such as the nonribosomal peptides (nrps) beauvericin and bassianolide. however, most nrps and their biological roles in b. bassiana remain undiscovered. to identify nrps that potentially contribute to pathogenesis, the 21 predicted nrp synthetases (nrpss) or nrps-like proteins of b. bassiana arsef 2860 were primarily ranked into three functional groups: basic metabolism (7 nrpss), pathogenicity ( ...201727840396
gamma irradiation on canola seeds affects herbivore-plant and host-parasitoid interactions.as an agricultural modernization, gamma irradiation is an important method for enhancing crop yield and quality. nevertheless, its use can alter other plant traits such as nutrition and resistance to different biotic/abiotic stresses that consequently affect plant-insect interactions. a tritrophic system was utilized based on two canola mutant lines produced through gamma irradiation (rgs 8-1 and talaye 8-3). plutella xylostella (l.), as a worldwide pest of brassicaceae and cotesia vestalis (hol ...201627838875
effects of population-related variation in plant primary and secondary metabolites on aboveground and belowground multitrophic interactions.insects feeding on aboveground and belowground tissues can influence each other through their shared plant and this is often mediated by changes in plant chemistry. we examined the effects of belowground root fly (delia radicum) herbivory on the performance of an aboveground herbivore (plutella xylostella) and its endoparasitoid wasp (cotesia vestalis). insects were reared on three populations of wild cabbage (brassica oleracea) plants, exhibiting qualitative and quantitative differences in root ...201627795618
brevicoryne brassicae aphids interfere with transcriptome responses of arabidopsis thaliana to feeding by plutella xylostella caterpillars in a density-dependent manner.plants are commonly attacked by multiple herbivorous species. yet, little is known about transcriptional patterns underlying plant responses to multiple insect attackers feeding simultaneously. here, we assessed transcriptomic responses of arabidopsis thaliana plants to simultaneous feeding by plutella xylostella caterpillars and brevicoryne brassicae aphids in comparison to plants infested by p. xylostella caterpillars alone, using microarray analysis. we particularly investigated how aphid fee ...201727771762
molecular cloning and characterization of α-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor from rhizome of ligusticum chuanxiong.to clone and characterize a novel bi-functional α-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor (lasi) from the rhizome of ligusticum chuanxiong, a traditional chinese medicine.201727752792
design, synthesis and biological evaluation of α-aminophosphonate derivatives containing a pyrazole moiety.acetylcholinesterase (ache) is a key enzyme which present in the central nervous system of living organisms. organophosphorus pesticides (ops) that serve as insecticides are ache inhibitors which have been used widely in agriculture. a series of novel ops containing pyrazole moiety have been designed and synthesized. the biological evaluation indicated compound 4e appeared 81% larvicidal activity against plutella xylostella at the concentration of 0.1 mg/l and the inhibition of ache by compound ...201627725363
characterization and expression profiling of atp-binding cassette transporter genes in the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.).atp-binding cassette (abc) transporters are one of the major transmembrane protein families found in all organisms and play important roles in transporting a variety of compounds across intra and extra cellular membranes. in some species, abc transporters may be involved in the detoxification of substances such as insecticides. the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.), a destructive pest of cruciferous crops worldwide, is an important species to study as it is resistant to many types of in ...201627678067
n6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine exhibits insecticidal activity against plutella xylostella via adenosine receptors.the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella, is one of the most important pests of cruciferous crops. we have earlier shown that n6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine (hea) exhibits insecticidal activity against p. xylostella. in the present study we investigated the possible mechanism of insecticidal action of hea on p. xylostella. hea is a derivative of adenosine, therefore, we speculated whether it acts via p. xylostella adenosine receptor (pxador). we used rnai approach to silence pxador gene and used ...201627668428
atmospheric transformation of plant volatiles disrupts host plant finding.plant-emitted volatile organic compounds (vocs) play important roles in plant-insect interactions. atmospheric pollutants such as ozone (o3) can react with vocs and affect the dynamics and fidelity of these interactions. however, the effects of atmospheric degradation of plant vocs on plant-insect interactions remains understudied. we used a system comprising brassica oleracea subsp. capitata (cabbage) and the specialist herbivore plutella xylostella to test whether o3-triggered voc degradation ...201627651113
genome-wide association analysis reveals distinct genetic architectures for single and combined stress responses in arabidopsis thaliana.plants are commonly exposed to abiotic and biotic stresses. we used 350 arabidopsis thaliana accessions grown under controlled conditions. we employed genome-wide association analysis to investigate the genetic architecture and underlying loci involved in genetic variation in resistance to: two specialist insect herbivores, pieris rapae and plutella xylostella; and combinations of stresses, i.e. drought followed by p. rapae and infection by the fungal pathogen botrytis cinerea followed by infest ...201727604707
translational control of host gene expression by a cys-motif protein encoded in a bracovirus.translational control is a strategy that various viruses use to manipulate their hosts to suppress acute antiviral response. polydnaviruses, a group of insect double-stranded dna viruses symbiotic to some endoparasitoid wasps, are divided into two genera: ichnovirus (iv) and bracovirus (bv). in iv, some cys-motif genes are known as host translation-inhibitory factors (htif). the genome of endoparasitoid wasp cotesia plutellae contains a cys-motif gene (cp-tsp13) homologous to an htif known as te ...201627598941
proteolytic activation of bacillus thuringiensis cry2ab through a belt-and-braces approach.proteolytic processing of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crystal toxins by insect midgut proteases plays an essential role in their insecticidal toxicities against target insects. in the present study, proteolysis of bt crystal toxin cry2ab by plutella xylostella l. midgut proteases (pxmj) was evaluated. both trypsin and chymotrypsin were identified involving the proteolytic activation of cry2ab and cleaving cry2ab at arg(139) and leu(144), respectively. three cry2ab mutants (r139a, l144a, and r139 ...201627598769
systemic stereoselectivity study of flufiprole: stereoselective bioactivity, acute toxicity and environmental fate.in this study, the stereoselectivity of flufiprole enantiomers in regards to their bioactivity, acute toxicity and environmental fate is reported for the first time. four types of representative insects (plutella xylostella, nilaparvata lugens, mythimna separata and acyrthosiphon pisum) were used to investigate enantioselective bioactivity. acute toxicities of flufiprole enantiomers toward two non-target organisms were also evaluated. moreover, stereoselective degradation in four vegetables unde ...201627585281
interactive effects of cabbage aphid and caterpillar herbivory on transcription of plant genes associated with phytohormonal signalling in wild cabbage.plants are commonly attacked by a variety of insect herbivores and have developed specific defenses against different types of attackers. at the molecular level, herbivore-specific signalling pathways are activated by plants in response to attackers with different feeding strategies. feeding by leaf-chewing herbivores predominantly activates jasmonic acid (ja)-regulated defenses, whereas feeding by phloem-sucking herbivores generally activates salicylic acid (sa)-regulated defenses. when challen ...201627530535
proteomics-based identification of midgut proteins correlated with cry1ac resistance in plutella xylostella (l.).the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.), is a worldwide pest of cruciferous crops and can rapidly develop resistance to many chemical insecticides. although insecticidal crystal proteins (i.e., cry and cyt toxins) derived from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) have been useful alternatives to chemical insecticides for the control of p. xylostella, resistance to bt in field populations of p. xylostella has already been reported. a better understanding of the resistance mechanisms to bt should be ...201627521921
screening of metarhizium anisopliae uv-induced mutants for faster growth yields a hyper-virulent isolate with greater uv and thermal tolerances.the insect pathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae is an important insect biological control agent commercialized for use worldwide. fungal infection is percutaneous, and rapid germination and growth has been linked to virulence. using a simple in vitro growth screen to isolate mutants with increased virulence, m. anisopliae sm04 conidia were exposed to uv radiation for 20, 40, and 60 min, and mutants were subsequently screened for more rapid growth on standard potato dextrose agar. from a scre ...201627521024
degradation of acephate by enterobacter asburiae, bacillus cereus and pantoea agglomerans isolated from diamondback moth plutella xylostella (l), a pest of cruciferous crops.acephate-degrading bacterial isolates were isolated from the larval gut of diamondback moth plutella xylostella, a notorious pest of cruciferous crops worldwide that has developed resistance to insecticides. partial 16s rrna gene sequencing identified the isolates as bacillus cereus (px-b.c.or), enterobacter asburiae (pxe), and pantoae agglomerans (px-pt.ag.jor). all isolates grew on minimal media (mm) in the presence of acephate at 100 and 200 ppm, with maximum growth at 200 ppm. lc-ms analyses ...201627498509
plant-mediated interactions between two herbivores differentially affect a subsequently arriving third herbivore in populations of wild cabbage.plants are part of biodiverse communities and frequently suffer from attack by multiple herbivorous insects. plant responses to these herbivores are specific for insect feeding guilds: aphids and caterpillars induce different plant phenotypes. moreover, plants respond differentially to single or dual herbivory, which may cascade into a chain of interactions in terms of resistance to other community members. whether differential responses to single or dual herbivory have consequences for plant re ...201627492059
dynamics of glucosinolate-myrosinase system during plutella xylostella interaction to a novel host lepidium latifolium l.plutella xylostella l. is a notorious pest of cruciferous crops causing worldwide losses of $4-5 billion per year. developing classical biological control to this pest include an introduction of host plants that act as natural enemies showing deviation from the preference-performance regimen in the evolutionary ecology of plant-insect interactions. the present study was designed to understand the role of glucosinolate-myrosinase system during p. xylostella interactions with a novel host. adult m ...201627457978
the comparative analysis of complete genome sequences from two south african betabaculoviruses: phthorimaea operculella granulovirus and plutella xylostella granulovirus.the complete genomes of two novel south african betabaculovirus isolates, namely phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (phopgv-sa) and plutella xylostella granulovirus (plxygv-sa), were sequenced and compared to the respective reference isolates phopgv-1346 and plxygv-k1. for both isolates, the genome size and guanine-cytosine (gc) content were similar to those of the respective reference genomes. however, numerous-single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) and several insertions/deletions were obser ...201627456426
an anionic defensin from plutella xylostella with potential activity against bacillus thuringiensis.insect defensins, are cationic peptides that play an important role in immunity against microbial infection. in the present study, an anionic defensin from plutella xylostella, (designated as pxdef) was first cloned and characterized. amino acid sequence analysis showed that the mature peptide owned characteristic six-cysteine motifs with predicted isoelectric point of 5.57, indicating an anionic defensin. quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that pxdef was significan ...201627443911
bacillus thuringiensis resistance in plutella - too many trees?plutella xylostella was the first insect for which resistance to bacillus thuringiensis was reported in the field, yet despite many studies on the nature of this resistance phenotype its genetic and molecular basis remains elusive. many different factors have been proposed as contributing to resistance, although in many cases it has not been possible to establish a causal link. indeed, there are so many studies published that it has become very difficult to 'see the wood for the trees'. this art ...201627436736
cotesia vestalis parasitization suppresses expression of a plutella xylostella thioredoxin.thioredoxins (trxs) are a family of small, highly conserved and ubiquitous proteins involved in protecting organisms against toxic reactive oxygen species. in this study, a typical thioredoxin gene, pxtrx, was isolated from plutella xylostella. the full-length cdna sequence is composed of 959 bp containing a 321 bp open reading frame that encodes a predicted protein of 106 amino acids, a predicted molecular weight of 11.7 kda and an isoelectric point of 5.03. pxtrx was mainly expressed in larval ...201627376399
synthesis and biological activities of novel 1,3,4-thiadiazole-containing pyrazole oxime derivatives.a new library of 1,3,4-thiadiazole-containing pyrazole oximes was designed and synthesized. their acaricidal and insecticidal activities were evaluated. bioassay results indicated that some target compounds exhibited good acaricidal and insecticidal properties. especially, compound 8m had 80% acaricidal activity against tetranychus cinnabarinus at the concentration of 50μg/ml, compound 8f displayed 100% insecticidal activities against aphis craccivora at the concentration of 50μg/ml, compounds 8 ...201627324978
identification and molecular characterization of two serine proteases and their potential involvement in prophenoloxidase activation in plutella xylostella.the proteolytic activation of prophenoloxidase (propo) is a humoral defense mechanism in insects and crustaceans. phenoloxidase (po) is produced as an inactive precursor namely, propo and is activated via specific proteolytic cleavage by propo-activating proteinase. the current research reports two novel serine proteinase genes (pxsp1-768 bp and pxsp2-816 bp) from plutella xylostella, encoding 255 and 271 amino acid residues, respectively. tissue distribution analyses by semiquantitative reverse ...201627306978
cotesia vestalis teratocytes express a diversity of genes and exhibit novel immune functions in parasitism.some endoparasitoid wasps lay eggs that produce cells called teratocytes. in this study, we sequenced and analyzed the transcriptome of teratocytes from the solitary endoparasitoid cotesia vestalis (braconidae), which parasitizes larval stage plutella xylostella (plutellidae). results identified many teratocyte transcripts with potential functions in affecting host immune defenses, growth or metabolism. characterization of teratocyte-secreted venom-like protein 8 (tsvp-8) indicated it inhibits m ...201627254821
evidence for common horizontal transmission of wolbachia among butterflies and moths.wolbachia is one of the most widespread bacteria on earth. previous research on wolbachia-host interactions indicates that the bacterium is typically transferred vertically, from mother to offspring, through the egg cytoplasm. although horizontal transmission of wolbachia from one species to another is reported to be common in arthropods, limited direct ecological evidence is available. in this study, we examine horizontal transmission of wolbachia using a multilocus sequence typing (mlst) strai ...201627233666
a viral histone h4 suppresses insect insulin signal and delays host development.parasitization by an endoparasitoid wasp, cotesia plutellae, alters host development of plutella xylostella by extending larval period and preventing metamorphosis. insulin signal plays a crucial role in mediating insect development and controlling blood sugar level in insects. in this study, three insulin-like peptide genes (pxilp1-3) were predicted from the genome of p. xylostella. however, only pxilp1 was confirmed to be expressed in p. xylostella. starvation suppressed the expression level o ...201627216029
cloning, expression, purification, and insecticidal activity of a novel cry1na3 toxin from bacillus thuringiensis brc-zyr2.bacillus thuringiensis produces a variety of insecticidal crystal proteins (icps). genome sequencing is a promising strategy for detecting and identifying b. thuringiensis icps, which are of great interest to the biocontrol field. in this study, a novel icp gene was cloned from b. thuringiensis brc-zyr2 based on genomic data from 454 gs-flx titanium sequencing and an analysis of the results using the b. thuringiensis toxin_scanner (http://bcam.hzaubmb.net/bttoxin_scanner/index.php). cry1na3 desi ...201627170729
bottom-up mechanisms generate the same temporal pattern of attack by a specialist and a generalist caterpillar on short-lived plants.the local population dynamics of insect herbivores in ephemeral patches of short-lived plants are poorly known. we investigated whether a specialist and a generalist caterpillar exhibit contrasting temporal patterns of attack during plant development and also assessed bottom-up forces related to plant ontogeny that govern such population trends. immature stages of the polyphagous trichoplusia ni (hübner) and the oligophagous plutella xylostella (l.) were sampled throughout the development of cab ...201627106819
genome-wide host-pathogen interaction unveiled by transcriptomic response of diamondback moth to fungal infection.genome-wide insight into insect pest response to the infection of beauveria bassiana (fungal insect pathogen) is critical for genetic improvement of fungal insecticides but has been poorly explored. we constructed three pairs of transcriptomes of plutella xylostella larvae at 24, 36 and 48 hours post treatment of infection (hpti) and of control (hptc) for insight into the host-pathogen interaction at genomic level. there were 2143, 3200 and 2967 host genes differentially expressed at 24, 36 and ...201627043942
oviposition preference of cabbage white butterflies in the framework of costs and benefits of interspecific herbivore associations.when deciding where to oviposit, herbivorous insects consider: (i) the plant's value as a food source, (ii) the risks of competing with con- and heterospecific herbivores, and (iii) the risks of parasitism and predation on the host plant. the presence of con- and/or heterospecific competitors would further affect the oviposition preference, because the preceding herbivores induce direct/indirect defences in plants against forthcoming herbivores, and thereby alter oviposition decisions. in previo ...201527019738
detection of carboxylesterase and esterase activity in culturable gut bacterial flora isolated from diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (linnaeus), from india and its possible role in indoxacarb degradation.diamondback moth (dbm), plutella xylostella (linnaeus), is a notorious pest of brassica crops worldwide and is resistant to all groups of insecticides. the insect system harbors diverse groups of microbiota, which in turn helps in enzymatic degradation of xenobiotic-like insecticides. the present study aimed to determine the diversity of gut microflora in dbm, quantify esterase activity and elucidate their possible role in degradation of indoxacarb. we screened 11 geographic populations of dbm i ...201626991291
synthesis and bioactivities of novel pyrazole oxime derivatives containing a 5-trifluoromethylpyridyl moiety.in this study, in order to find novel biologically active pyrazole oxime compounds, a series of pyrazole oxime derivatives containing a 5-trifluoromethylpyridyl moiety were synthesized. preliminary bioassays indicated that most title compounds were found to display good to excellent acaricidal activity against tetranychus cinnabarinus at a concentration of 200 μg/ml, and some designed compounds still showed excellent acaricidal activity against tetranychus cinnabarinus at the concentration of 10 ...201626927054
the ifchit1 chitinase gene acts as a critical virulence factor in the insect pathogenic fungus isaria fumosorosea.the filamentous fungus, isaria fumosorosea, is a promising insect biological control agent. chitinases have been implicated in targeting insect cuticle structures, with biotechnological potential in insect and fungal control. the i. fumosorosea chitinase gene, ifchit1, was isolated and determined to encode a polypeptide of 423 amino acids (46 kda, pi = 6.53), present as a single copy in the i. fumosorosea genome. a split marker transformation system was developed and used to construct an ifchit1 ...201626910039
aromatic glucosinolate biosynthesis pathway in barbarea vulgaris and its response to plutella xylostella infestation.the inducibility of the glucosinolate resistance mechanism is an energy-saving strategy for plants, but whether induction would still be triggered by glucosinolate-tolerant plutella xylostella (diamondback moth, dbm) after a plant had evolved a new resistance mechanism (e.g., saponins in barbara vulgaris) was unknown. in b. vulgaris, aromatic glucosinolates derived from homo-phenylalanine are the dominant glucosinolates, but their biosynthesis pathway was unclear. in this study, we used g-type ( ...201626904055
potential of entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents of diamondback moth (lepidoptera: plutellidae) and compatibility with chemical insecticides.the objectives were to evaluate the efficiency of entomopathogenic fungi against plutella xylostella (l.) and the compatibility of the most virulent isolates with some of the insecticides registered for use on cabbage crops. pathogenicity tests used isolates of beauveria bassiana, metarhizium rileyi, isaria fumosorosea, isaria sinclairii, and lecanicillium muscarium standardized at a concentration of 10(7) conidia/ml. cabbage leaf discs were immersed in these suspensions, and after evaporation o ...201626850733
diamondback moth (lepidoptera: plutellidae) exhibits oviposition and larval feeding preferences among crops, wild plants, and ornamentals as host plants.diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.) (lepidoptera: plutellidae), is an agricultural pest with high reproductive potential, widespread distribution, and high resistance to different types of insecticides. although diamondback moth is a common research subject, questions remain regarding its spatial and temporal host plant usage patterns and preferences within agroecosystems. we examined the adult oviposition and larval feeding preferences of the diamondback moth to assess the potential of a ...201626834144
novel hydrazone derivatives containing pyridine amide moiety: design, synthesis, and insecticidal activity.a series of novel hydrazone derivatives containing pyridine amide moiety were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their insecticidal activity. bioassays indicated that some of the target compounds exhibited good insecticidal activities against nilaparvata lugens (n. lugens), plutella xylostella (p. xylostella), mythimna separata (m. separata), helicoverpa armigera (h. armigera), pyrausta nubilalis (p. nubilalis), and culex pipiens pallens (c. pipiens pallens). in particular, compound 5j rev ...201626832221
efficacy of bacillus thuringiensis (var. kurstaki) against diamondback moth (plutella xylostella l.) eggs and larvae on cabbage under semi-controlled greenhouse conditions.the efficacy of bacillus thuringiensis (var. kurstaki) (btk) against the diamondback moth (dbm) on cabbage was studied at botswana college of agriculture, gaborone, botswana. using five concentrations of btk: 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 g/l, bioassays were conducted against dbm eggs and second instar larvae at 30°c ± 5°c. each treatment was replicated three times. probit analysis was used to determine the ld50 and ld90 values for the treatments against eggs and larvae. when the treatments were assessed a ...201526816488
identification of proteasome alpha6 subunit associated with deltamethrin resistance in drosophila melanogaster kc cells.differential expression of the proteasome alpha6 (prosalpha6) was previously reported between plutella xylostella strains that are resistant or susceptible to the pesticide deltamethrin (dm). this finding indicated that the prosalpha6 may be involved in dm resistance. in this article, qpcr analysis revealed that the prosalpha6 was also significantly upregulated in drosophila kc cells treated with dm. to better understand the contribution of prosalpha6 in dm resistance, rna interference, heterolo ...201626764169
determining the drift potential of venturi nozzles compared with standard nozzles across three insecticide spray solutions in a wind tunnel.previous research has sought to adopt the use of drift-reducing technologies (drts) for use in field trials to control diamondback moth (dbm) plutella xylostella (l.) (lepidoptera: plutellidae) in canola (brassica napus l.). previous studies observed no difference in canopy penetration from fine to coarse sprays, but the coverage was higher for fine sprays. dbm has a strong propensity to avoid sprayed plant material, putting further pressure on selecting technologies that maximise coverage, but ...201626732308
genome-wide identification and expression profiling of serine proteases and homologs in the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.).serine proteases (sps) are crucial proteolytic enzymes responsible for digestion and other processes including signal transduction and immune responses in insects. serine protease homologs (sphs) lack catalytic activity but are involved in innate immunity. this study presents a genome-wide investigation of sps and sphs in the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.), a globally-distributed destructive pest of cruciferous crops.201526653876
cecropins from plutella xylostella and their interaction with metarhizium anisopliae.cecropins are the most potent induced peptides to resist invading microorganisms. in the present study, two full length cdna encoding cecropin2 (px-cec2) and cecropin3 (px-cec3) were obtained from p. xylostella by integrated analysis of genome and transcriptome data. qrt-pcr analysis revealed the high levels of transcripts of px-cecs (px-cec1, px-cec2 and px-cec3) in epidermis, fat body and hemocytes after 24, 30 and 36 h induction of metarhizium anisopliae, respectively. silencing of spätzle an ...201526544076
dominant inheritance of field-evolved resistance to fipronil in plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae).a field-collected strain (hf) of plutella xylostella (l.) showed 420-fold resistance to fipronil compared with a susceptible laboratory strain (roth). the hf-r strain, derived from the hf strain by 25 generations of successive selection with fipronil in the laboratory, developed 2,200-fold resistance to fipronil relative to the roth strain. the f(1) progeny of the reciprocal crosses between hf-r and roth showed 640-fold (r♀ × s♂) and 1,380-fold (r♂ × s♀) resistance to fipronil, indicating resist ...201626511983
how different genetically manipulated brassica genotypes affect life table parameters of plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae).the fitness of plutella xylostella l. on different genetically manipulated brassica plants, including canola's progenitor (brassica rapa l.), two cultivated canola cultivars (opera and rgs003), one hybrid (hyula401), one gamma-ray mutant-rgs003, and one transgenic (pf) genotype was compared using two-sex and female-based life table parameters. all experiments were conducted in a growth chamber at 25±1°c, 65±5% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (l:d) h. there were significant differenc ...201526470162
synergistic effect of combining plutella xylostella granulovirus and bacillus thuringiensis at sublethal dosages on controlling of diamondback moth (lepidoptera: plutellidae).plutella xylostella granulovirus (pxgv) and bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are both entomo-pathogens to the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.). the purpose of the present study was to measure the effect of the combination of pxgv and bt at sublethal dosages on the development and mortality of diamondback moth in a laboratory setting. bt and pxgv exhibited synergistic effect on diamondback moth larval mortality and effectively controlled diamondback moth populations with low dose combination ...201526453707
genome wide discovery of long intergenic non-coding rnas in diamondback moth (plutella xylostella) and their expression in insecticide resistant strains.long non-coding rnas (lncrnas) play important roles in genomic imprinting, cancer, differentiation and regulation of gene expression. here, we identified 3844 long intergenic ncrnas (lincrna) in plutella xylostella, which is a notorious pest of cruciferous plants that has developed field resistance to all classes of insecticides, including bacillus thuringiensis (bt) endotoxins. further, we found that some of those lincrnas may potentially serve as precursors for the production of small ncrnas. ...201526411386
toxicity of lavandula angustifolia oil constituents and spray formulations to insecticide-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant plutella xylostella and its endoparasitoid cotesia glomerata.plutella xylostella is one of the most serious insect pests of cruciferous crops. this study was conducted to determine the toxicity of 21 constituents from lavandula angustifolia essential oil (la-eo) and another 16 previously known la-eo constituents and the toxicity of six experimental spray formulations containing the oil (1-6 g l(-1) sprays) to susceptible ks-px and pyrethroid-resistant jj-px p. xylostella larvae, as well as to its endoparasitoid cotesia glomerata adults.201626350499
the presence of bt-transgenic oilseed rape in wild mustard populations affects plant growth.the adventitious presence of transgenic plants in wild plant populations is of ecological and regulatory concern, but the consequences of adventitious presence are not well understood. here, we introduced bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac (bt)-transgenic oilseed rape (bt osr, brassica napus) with various frequencies into wild mustard (brassica juncea) populations. we sought to better understand the adventitious presence of this transgenic insecticidal crop in a wild-relative plant population. we ass ...201526338267
novel genetic factors involved in resistance to bacillus thuringiensis in plutella xylostella.the widespread and sustainable exploitation of the entomopathogen bacillus thuringiensis (bt) in pest control is threatened by the evolution of resistance. although resistance is often associated with loss of binding of the bt toxins to the insect midgut cells, other factors have been implicated. here we used suppressive subtractive hybridization and gene expression suppression to identify additional molecular components involved in bt-resistance in plutella xylostella. we isolated transcripts f ...201526335439
the novel abc transporter abch1 is a potential target for rnai-based insect pest control and resistance management.insect pests cause serious crop damage and develop high-level resistance to chemical insecticides and bacillus thuringiensis (bt) insecticidal cry toxins. a new promising approach for controlling them and overcoming this resistance is rna interference (rnai). the rnai-based insect control strategy depends on the selection of suitable target genes. in this study, we cloned and characterized a novel abc transporter gene pxabch1 in diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.). phylogenetic analysis s ...201526333918
identification and genome organization of saponin pathway genes from a wild crucifer, and their use for transient production of saponins in nicotiana benthamiana.the ability to evolve novel metabolites has been instrumental for the defence of plants against antagonists. a few species in the barbarea genus are the only crucifers known to produce saponins, some of which make plants resistant to specialist herbivores, like plutella xylostella, the diamondback moth. genetic mapping in barbarea vulgaris revealed that genes for saponin biosynthesis are not clustered but are located in different linkage groups. using co-location with quantitative trait loci (qt ...201526333142
a single type of cadherin is involved in bacillus thuringiensis toxicity in plutella xylostella.cadherins have been described as one the main functional receptors for the toxins of the entomopathogenic bacterium, bacillus thuringiensis (bt). with the availability of the whole genome of plutella xylostella, different types of cadherins have been annotated. in this study we focused on determining those members of the cadherin-related proteins that potentially play a role in the mode of action of bt toxins. for this, we mined the genome of p. xylostella to identify these putative cadherins. t ...201526331576
interactions between bt-bioinsecticides and podisus nigrispinus (dallas) (hemiptera: pentatomidae), a predator of plutella xylostella (l.) (lepidoptera: plutellidae).bioinsecticides are being increasingly used to protect vegetable crops against herbivores, but data on the side effects of such strategy on the third trophic level are still required. we investigated the influence of the bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd-1 strain and of the commercial bioinsecticide agree® on the biological aspects of the predator podisus nigrispinus (dallas) (hemiptera: pentatomidae) when feeding on plutella xylostella (l.) (lepidoptera: plutellidae)-infected larvae. on ...201526277793
chemical composition and insecticidal activities of essential oils against diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.) (lepidoptera: yponomeutidae).five himalayan plants namely, acorus calamus, cedrus deodara, aegle marmelos, tagetes minuta and murraya koenigii were used for the extraction of essential oils through hydrodistillation and the major volatile constituents as identified by gc and gc-ms techniques were β-asarone (91.1%), β-himachalene (45.8%), limonene (59.5%), z-ocimene (37.9%) and α-pinene (54.2%), respectively. essential oils were tested for their insecticidal properties against larvae of diamondback moth, plutella xylostella ...201626264423
generation-based life table analysis reveals manifold effects of inbreeding on the population fitness in plutella xylostella.understanding how inbreeding affects fitness is biologically important for conservation and pest management. despite being a worldwide pest of many economically important cruciferous crops, the influence of inbreeding on diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.), populations is currently unknown. using age-stage-specific life tables, we quantified the inbreeding effects on fitness-related traits and demographic parameters of p. xylostella. egg hatching rate, survival and fecundity of the inbred ...201526227337
synthesis and biological activity evaluation of novel α-amino phosphonate derivatives containing a pyrimidinyl moiety as potential herbicidal agents.to find novel high-activity and low-toxicity herbicide lead compounds with novel herbicidal mode of action, series of novel α-amino phosphonate derivatives containing a pyrimidinyl moiety, i, ii, iii, and iv, were designed and synthesized by lewis acid (magnesium perchlorate) catalyzed mannich-type reaction of aldehydes, amines, and phosphites. their structures were clearly identified by spectroscopy data (ir, (1)h nmr, (31)p nmr, ei-ms) and elemental analyses. the bioassay [in vitro, in vivo (g ...201526222653
purification of the insecticidal cry2ad protein from a bt-isolated brc-hzp10 strain and toxin assay to the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.).the present study aims to characterize the cry2ad toxin protein isolated from a bacillus thuringiensis strain, brc-hzp10, which have a potential insecticidal activity against larvae of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.). the crude bt toxin proteins were isolated and purified by cation exchange chromatography, then equilibrated with 0.2 m naoh buffer, ph 4.0, followed by ultraviolet detection at 280 nm and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. a refined cry2ad tox ...201526214446
characterization and biotoxicity of hypnea musciformis-synthesized silver nanoparticles as potential eco-friendly control tool against aedes aegypti and plutella xylostella.two of the most important challenges facing humanity in the 21st century comprise food production and disease control. eco-friendly control tools against mosquito vectors and agricultural pests are urgently needed. insecticidal products of marine origin have a huge potential to control these pests. in this research, we reported a single-step method to synthesize silver nanoparticles (agnp) using the aqueous leaf extract of the seaweed hypnea musciformis, a cheap, nontoxic and eco-friendly materi ...201526184431
pest control and resistance management through release of insects carrying a male-selecting transgene.development and evaluation of new insect pest management tools is critical for overcoming over-reliance upon, and growing resistance to, synthetic, biological and plant-expressed insecticides. for transgenic crops expressing insecticidal proteins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis ('bt crops') emergence of resistance is slowed by maintaining a proportion of the crop as non-bt varieties, which produce pest insects unselected for resistance. while this strategy has been largely successful, ...201526179401
molecular cloning and characterization of gloverin from the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella l. and its interaction with bacterial membrane.gloverin restricted to lepidoptera is known to be a glycine-rich and heat stable antimicrobial protein. the current research reports a 650 bp full-length cdna encoding gloverin from plutella xylostella (pxglo) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and rapid amplification of cdna ends. pxglo transcript was detected in both developmental stages and several tissues of 4th instar naïve larvae of p. xylostella with higher levels in the fat bodies. the mrna levels of pxglo increased appre ...201526178746
identification and antifeedant activities of limonoids from azadirachta indica.four new limonoids, azadiraindins a-d (1-4, resp.), together with seven known analogs, were isolated from the meoh extract of azadirachta indica. the structures of 1-4 were elucidated by nmr and ms spectroscopic analyses, and the relative configuration of 1 was determined by single-crystal x-ray crystallography. the compounds isolated in comparatively large amount were evaluated for their antifeedant activities against plutella xylostella; the antifeedant rate of 10 was 90.6% and the corrected m ...201526172324
sub-lethal effects of vip3a toxin on survival, development and fecundity of heliothis virescens and plutella xylostella.the assessment of sub-lethal effects is important to interpret the overall insecticide efficacy in controlling insect pest populations. in addition to the lethal effect, sub-lethal effects may also occur in exposed insects. vegetative insecticidal proteins (vips) have shown a broad spectrum of insecticidal activity against many insect pest species. in this study the sub-lethal effects of the bacillus thuringiensis vegetative insecticidal toxin vip3a on the development and reproduction of helioth ...201526162322
cry proteins from bacillus thuringiensis active against diamondback moth and fall armyworm.biopesticides based on bacillus thuringiensis and genetically modified plants with genes from this bacterium have been used to control plutella xylostella (l.) and spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith). however, the selection pressure imposed by these technologies may undermine the efficiency of this important alternative to synthetic insecticides. toxins with different modes of action allow a satisfactory control of these insects. the purpose of this study was to characterize the protein and gene ...201526070631
the effects of the presence of bt-transgenic oilseed rape in wild mustard populations on the rhizosphere nematode and microbial communities.the adventitious presence of transgenic crops in wild plant populations is of ecological and regulatory concern. in this context, their effects on non-target, below-ground organisms are not well understood. here, we introduced, at various frequencies, bt-transgenic oilseed rape (osr, brassica napus) into wild mustard (brassica juncea) populations in the presence and absence of the target herbivore (plutella xylostella). the impacts on soil nematode and microbial communities were assessed in this ...201526047860
utilizing associational resistance for biocontrol: impacted by temperature, supported by indirect defence.associational herbivore resistance is potentiated by neighbouring heterogenic plant species that impact a focal plant's attraction to herbivores or the damage that they cause. one mechanism to confer associational resistance is believed to be exposure to neighbour-emitted volatiles, the receivers of which range from intra- and interspecific neighbour plants to higher-trophic-level insects. in previous studies the passive adsorption of neighbour-emitted semivolatiles has been reported, but little ...201526022675
bacteria abundance and diversity of different life stages of plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae), revealed by bacteria culture-dependent and pcr-dgge methods.microbial abundance and diversity of different life stages (fourth instar larvae, pupae and adults) of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella l., collected from field and reared in laboratory, were investigated using bacteria culture-dependent method and pcr-dgge analysis based on the sequence of bacteria 16s rrna v3 region gene. a large quantity of bacteria was found in all life stages of p. xylostella. field population had higher quantity of bacteria than laboratory population, and larval g ...201526013400
genome-wide characterization and expression profiling of immune genes in the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.).the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.), is a destructive pest that attacks cruciferous crops worldwide. immune responses are important for interactions between insects and pathogens and information on these underpins the development of strategies for biocontrol-based pest management. little, however, is known about immune genes and their regulation patterns in p. xylostella. a total of 149 immune-related genes in 20 gene families were identified through comparison of p. xylostella genome ...201525943446
bacterial cooperation causes systematic errors in pathogen risk assessment due to the failure of the independent action hypothesis.the independent action hypothesis (iah) states that pathogenic individuals (cells, spores, virus particles etc.) behave independently of each other, so that each has an independent probability of causing systemic infection or death. the iah is not just of basic scientific interest; it forms the basis of our current estimates of infectious disease risk in humans. despite the important role of the iah in managing disease interventions for food and water-borne pathogens, experimental support for th ...201525909384
characterization and expression profiling of glutathione s-transferases in the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.).glutathione s-transferases (gsts) are multifunctional detoxification enzymes that play important roles in insects. the completion of several insect genome projects has enabled the identification and characterization of gst genes over recent years. this study presents a genome-wide investigation of the diamondback moth (dbm), plutella xylostella, a species in which the gsts are of special importance because this pest is highly resistant to many insecticides.201525887517
mapk signaling pathway alters expression of midgut alp and abcc genes and causes resistance to bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin in diamondback moth.insecticidal crystal toxins derived from the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are widely used as biopesticide sprays or expressed in transgenic crops to control insect pests. however, large-scale use of bt has led to field-evolved resistance in several lepidopteran pests. resistance to bt cry1ac toxin in the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.), was previously mapped to a multigenic resistance locus (btr-1). here, we assembled the 3.15 mb btr-1 locus and found high-level resistan ...201525875245
influences of cry1ac broccoli on larval survival and oviposition of diamondback moth.larval survival and oviposition behavior of three genotypes of diamondback moth, plutella xylostella l. (lepidoptera: plutellidae), (homozygous cry1ac-susceptibile, cry1ac-resistant, and their f1 hybrids), on transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) broccoli expressing different levels of cry1ac protein were evaluated in laboratory. these bt broccoli lines were designated as relative low, medium, and high, respectively, according to the cry1ac content. untransformed brocccoli plants were used as c ...201525843583
site-specific cassette exchange systems in the aedes aegypti mosquito and the plutella xylostella moth.genetically engineered insects are being evaluated as potential tools to decrease the economic and public health burden of mosquitoes and agricultural pest insects. here we describe a new tool for the reliable and targeted genome manipulation of pest insects for research and field release using recombinase mediated cassette exchange (rmce) mechanisms. we successfully demonstrated the established φc31-rmce method in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, which is the first report of rmce in mo ...201525830287
superfamily of genes encoding g protein-coupled receptors in the diamondback moth plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae).g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) are the largest and most versatile superfamily of cell membrane proteins, which mediate various physiological processes including reproduction, development and behaviour. the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae), is one of the most notorious insect pests, preferentially feeding on cruciferous plants. p. xylostella is not only one of the world's most widespread lepidopteran insects, but has also developed resistance to nearly all cla ...201525824261
quantitative trait loci mapping of partial resistance to diamondback moth in cabbage (brassica oleracea l).the resistance to diamondback moth insect in cabbage is governed by many minor loci in quantitative nature, and at least four genetic loci should be incorporated in marker-assisted breeding program for developing partially resistant dbm cabbage cultivars. the diamondback moth (dbm), plutella xylostella (l.), is the most destructive insect infesting cruciferous plants worldwide. earlier studies have reported that the glossy leaves of cabbage are associated with resistance to this insect. however, ...201525805317
characterization and expression of the cytochrome p450 gene family in diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.).cytochrome p450 monooxygenases are present in almost all organisms and can play vital roles in hormone regulation, metabolism of xenobiotics and in biosynthesis or inactivation of endogenous compounds. in the present study, a genome-wide approach was used to identify and analyze the p450 gene family of diamondback moth, plutella xylostella, a destructive worldwide pest of cruciferous crops. we identified 85 putative cytochrome p450 genes from the p. xylostella genome, including 84 functional gen ...201525752830
two adenine nucleotide translocase paralogues involved in cell proliferation and spermatogenesis in the silkworm bombyx mori.mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase (ant) specifically acts in adp/atp exchange through the mitochondrial inner membrane. this transporter protein thereby plays a significant role in energy metabolism in eukaryotic cells. most mammals have four paralogous ant genes (ant1-4) and utilize these paralogues in different types of cells. the fourth paralogue of ant (ant4) is present only in mammals and reptiles and is exclusively expressed in testicular germ cells where it is required for meio ...201525742135
high resistance of transgenic cabbage plants with a synthetic cry1ia8 gene from bacillus thuringiensis against two lepidopteran species under field conditions.plutella xylostella (linnaeus) has become the most destructive pest in cabbage throughout the world. cry1ia8 cabbage has been developed to reduce pest attacks. to gain a better understanding of the efficacy of cry1ia8 cabbage, a homozygous cry1ia8 cabbage line a14-5 was produced, and its resistance to p. xylostella, pieris rapae (linnaeus) and other lepidopteran pests was evaluated in the field in 2011, 2012 and 2013.201625721816
trade-off between thermal tolerance and insecticide resistance in plutella xylostella.fitness costs associated with resistance to insecticides have been well documented, usually at normal temperature conditions, in many insect species. in this study, using chlorpyrifos-resistant homozygote (rr) and chlorpyrifos-susceptible homozygote (ss) of resistance ace1 allele of plutella xylostella (dbm), we confirmed firstly that high temperature experience in pupal stage influenced phenotype of wing venation in insecticide-resistant and insecticide-susceptible plutella xylostella, and ss d ...201525691976
lack of fitness costs and inheritance of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin in a near-isogenic strain of plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae).resistance to bacillus thuringiensis (bt) formulations in insects may be associated with fitness costs. a lack of costs enables resistance alleles to persist, which may contribute to the rapid development and spread of resistance in populations.201625684167
evaluation of alternative plutella xylostella control by two isaria fumosorosea conidial formulations - oil-based formulation and wettable powder - combined with bacillus thuringiensis.entomopathogenic fungi are potential candidates for controlling the diamondback moth plutella xylostella (l.) (lepidoptera: plutellidae). the control efficacy of two isaria fumosorosea conidial formulations - wettable powder and oil-based formulation - combined with bacillus thuringiensis against p. xylostella was tested.201525641869
the endoparasitoid, cotesia vestalis, regulates host physiology by reprogramming the neuropeptide transcriptional network.endoparasitoids develop inside another insect by regulating host immunity and development via maternal factors injected into hosts during oviposition. prior results have provided insights into parasitism-induced immunosuppression, including the neuropeptide accumulation in parasitized insects. nonetheless, our understanding of neuropeptide influence on host development and behavior is not yet complete. we posed the hypothesis that parasitization alters expression of genes encoding pro-neuropepti ...201525640113
down-regulation of a novel abc transporter gene (pxwhite) is associated with cry1ac resistance in the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.).biopesticides or transgenic crops based on cry toxins from the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) effectively control agricultural insect pests. the sustainable use of bt biopesticides and bt crops is threatened, however, by the development of cry resistance in the target pests. the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.), is the first pest that developed resistance to a bt biopesticide in the field, and a recent study has shown that the resistance of p. xylostella to cry1ac is caused ...201525636859
molecular cloning and characterization of a β-1,3-glucan recognition protein from plutella xylostella (l.).the β-glucan recognition proteins (βgrps) play a significant role as important pattern recognition proteins (prps) for recognizing conserved surface determinants of pathogens and trigger complex signaling pathways in invertebrates. in the present study, a full-length cdna 1793bp encoding 479 amino acids and βgrp1 was obtained from plutella xylostella by reverse transcription pcr (rt-pcr) (designed as p×βgrp1) which showed significant similarities with other insect's βgrps. the transcription leve ...201525617616
quantification of plant surface metabolites by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry imaging: glucosinolates on arabidopsis thaliana leaves.the localization of metabolites on plant surfaces has been problematic because of the limitations of current methodologies. attempts to localize glucosinolates, the sulfur-rich defense compounds of the order brassicales, on leaf surfaces have given many contradictory results depending on the method employed. here we developed a matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization (maldi) mass spectrometry protocol to detect surface glucosinolates on arabidopsis thaliana leaves by applying the maldi matri ...201525600688
the midgut cadherin-like gene is not associated with resistance to bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry1ac in plutella xylostella (l.).the gram-positive bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) produces cry toxins that have been used to control important agricultural pests. evolution of resistance in target pests threatens the effectiveness of these toxins when used either in sprayed biopesticides or in bt transgenic crops. although alterations of the midgut cadherin-like receptor can lead to bt cry toxin resistance in many insects, whether the cadherin gene is involved in cry1ac resistance of plutella xylostella (l.) remains uncl ...201525595643
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