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research note: effects of escherichia coli co-infection on the protective efficacy assessment of two common infectious bronchitis vaccines.avian infectious bronchitis (ib), a highly contagious disease hazardous to the poultry industry, is caused by an etiological agent called the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). some ibv strains (ibvs) alone usually do not cause high mortality in field conditions if not with secondary pathogens including escherichia coli (e. coli). herein, we established an ibv and e. coli co-infection model to evaluate the protective efficacy of two ibv vaccine strains against a new emerging genotype gvi-1 with ...202134358949
aspects of antigen-antibody interaction of chicken infectious bronchitis virus determined by surface plasmon resonance.authors performed investigation on antigen-antibody interaction of chicken infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv) by a method based on the surface plasmon resonance (spr). presence of space-size effect related to a difference between antigen and antibody particle sizes has been theoretically grounded and experimentally proven. herewith, the difference between responses of the spr-sensor to specific and non-specific interactions is considerably less (up to 6.3 times) than the expected one (8 - 1 ...202134358781
isolation and characterization of a novel chicken astrovirus in china.chicken astrovirus (castv) is associated with kidney disease and visceral gout, runting and stunting syndrome, and white chick hatchery disease, causing economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. in this study, 55.6% of 36 clinical samples from guangdong province in china were positive for castv, but negative for other common enteric viruses, including avian nephritis virus, infectious bronchitis virus, fowl adenovirus group i, newcastle disease virus, chicken parvovirus, reovirus, and r ...202134352410
seroprevalences of specific antibodies against avian pathogens in free-ranging ring-necked pheasants (phasianus colchicus) in northwestern germany.infectious diseases in captive pheasants (phasianus colchicus) are well known, but there is a lack of knowledge about occurrence and distribution of pathogens in free-ranging pheasants in germany. we investigated 604 sera from hunted pheasants and 152 sera from wild caught pheasants between 2011 to 2015, with the aim to determine the prevalence of specific antibodies against different viruses: avian influenza virus (aiv) of subtypes h5, h7, h9, paramyxovirus type 1 (pmv-1), avian encephalomyelit ...202134347834
infectious bronchitis virus prevalence, characterization, and strain identification in california backyard chickens.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes significant losses in the poultry industry throughout the world. here we characterize the lesions of infectious bronchitis (ib) and ibv prevalence and identify the circulating strains in small flocks in california. backyard chickens (bycs) submitted to the davis (northern california; norcal) and san bernardino (southern california; socal) branches of the california animal health and food safety laboratory system from january through march 2019 were includ ...202134339139
viral metagenomic analysis of japanese quail (coturnix japonica) with enteritis in the republic of korea.we performed viral metagenomics analysis of japanese quail affected with enteritis to elucidate the viral etiology. metagenomics generated 21,066,442 sequence reads via high-throughput sequencing, with a mean length of 136 nt. enrichment in viral sequences suggested that at least three viruses were present in quail samples. coronavirus and picornavirus were identified and are known as pathogens causing quail enteritis that match the observed morphology. abundant reads of coronavirus from quail s ...202134339120
two newly isolated gvi lineage infectious bronchitis viruses in china show unique molecular and pathogenicity characteristics.during 2016 to 2020, gvi-1 type infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains were sporadically reported across china, indicating a new epidemic trend of the virus. here we investigated the molecular characteristics and pathogenicity of two newly isolated gvi-1 type ibv virus strains (ck/ch/tj1904 and ck/ch/np2011) from infected chicken farms in china. genetic evolution analysis of the s1 gene showed the highest homology with the gvi-1 representative strain, tc07-2. phylogenetic analysis and recombi ...202134293479
the efficacy of a live attenuated tw i-type infectious bronchitis virus vaccine candidate.infectious bronchitis (ib) is a highly contagious avian disease caused by infection with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), which seriously affects the development of the global poultry industry. the distribution of tw i-type ibv in china has increased in recent years, becoming a widespread genotype. we previously isolated a tw i-type ibv strain termed ck/ch/gd/gz14 in 2014, but its pathogenicity and possibility for vaccine development were not explored. therefore, this research aimed to develop ...202134251605
black soldier fly (hermetia illucens l.) larval diet improves cd8+ lymphocytes proliferation to eliminate chicken coronavirus at an early infection stage.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), belonging to gammacoronavirus, is an economically important respiratory virus affecting poultry industry worldwide. the virus can infect chickens at all ages, whereas young chickens (less than 15 day old) are more susceptible to it. the present study was conducted to investigate effects of dietary supplementation of black soldier fly (hermetia illucens l.) larvae (bsfl) on immune responses in ibv infected 10-day-old chickens. bsfl were ground to powder an ...202134237662
surveillance on respiratory diseases reveals enzootic circulation of both h5 and h9 avian influenza viruses in small-scale commercial layer farms of bangladesh.poultry production in bangladesh has been experiencing h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) and h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) for the last 14 years. vaccination of chickens against h5 hpai is in practice since the end of 2012. subsequently, the official reporting of hpai outbreaks gradually decreased. however, the true extent of circulation of avian influenza virus (aiv) in commercial poultry production is not clear. to explore this, we conducted active surveillance in 422 ...202134219385
genetic and pathogenic characterization of qx(gi-19)-recombinant infectious bronchitis viruses in south korea.infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs) are evolving continuously via genetic drift and genetic recombination, making disease prevention and control difficult. in this study, we undertook genetic and pathogenic characterization of recombinant ibvs isolated from chickens in south korea between 2003 and 2019. phylogenetic analysis showed that 46 ibv isolates belonged to gi-19, which includes nephropathogenic ibvs. ten isolates formed a new cluster, the genomic sequences of which were different from t ...202134204473
replication and vaccine protection of multiple infectious bronchitis virus strains in pheasants (phasianus colchicus).this study demonstrates that infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strain m41, which is pathogenic for chickens, is nonpathogenic for pheasants. however, m41 replicated in the respiratory tracts of most inoculated pheasants and the virus was shed from their respiratory tracts in the early stages of infection (4 and 8 dpc). similarly, the attenuated ibv h120 vaccine strain also replicated and the virus was shed from their respiratory tracts of most inoculated pheasants, whereas the pheasant coronavir ...202134182190
proteomic analysis of chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in response to an inactivated ibv + ndv poultry vaccine.inactivated poultry vaccines are subject to routine potency testing for batch release, requiring large numbers of animals. the replacement of in vivo tests for cell-based alternatives can be facilitated by the identification of biomarkers for vaccine-induced immune responses. in this study, chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells were stimulated with an inactivated vaccine for infectious bronchitis virus and newcastle disease virus, as well as inactivated infectious bronchitis virus only, an ...202134135356
the contribution of the immune response to enhanced colibacillosis upon preceding viral respiratory infection in broiler chicken in a dual infection model.colibacillosis in chickens caused by avian pathogenic escherichia coli (apec) is known to be aggravated by preceding infections with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), newcastle disease virus (ndv) and avian metapneumovirus (ampv). the mechanism behind these virus-induced predispositions for secondary bacterial infections is poorly understood. here we set out to investigate the immunopathogenesis of enhanced respiratory colibacillosis after preceding infections with these three viruses. broilers ...202134126552
genetic and pathogenic characterization of a novel recombinant avian infectious bronchitis virus derived from gi-1, gi-13, gi-28, and gi-19 strains in southwestern china.avian infectious bronchitis (ib), caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), is an acute and highly contagious disease that is extremely harmful to the poultry industry throughout the world. the cross-using of different attenuated live vaccine strains has led to the occurrence of diverse ibv serotypes. in this study, we isolated an ibv strain from a chicken farm in southwest china and designated it ck/ch/scmy/160315. construction of a phylogenetic tree based on full s1 gene sequence anal ...202134116353
distribution and molecular characterization of avian infectious bronchitis virus in southern china.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is causing considerable economic losses in the world poultry industry. the main difficulty of prevention and control of ib disease is the numerous genotypes and serotypes. the genetic analysis of ibv was mainly based on the s1 gene which played an important role in infectivity. in the study, one hundred and thirty-nine strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus were isolated from chickens showing signs of disease in southern china during the period from ...202134116347
identification of novel t-cell epitopes on infectious bronchitis virus n protein and development of a multi-epitope vaccine.cellular immune responses play a key role in the control of viral infection. the nucleocapsid (n) protein of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a major immunogenic protein that can induce protective immunity. to screen for potential t-cell epitopes on ibv n protein, 40 overlapping peptides covering the entirety of the n protein were designed and synthesized. four t-cell epitope peptides were identified by gamma interferon (ifn-γ) enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (elispot), intracellular cytoki ...202134105997
transcriptome analysis of primary chicken cells infected with infectious bronchitis virus strain k047-12 isolated in korea.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), an avian coronavirus, is highly contagious. chickens with ibv infection develop acute pathogenesis in multiple organs, including the respiratory and urogenital tracts. frequent recombination in the spike (s) glycoprotein gene has made vaccine strategies ineffective. to understand ibv pathogenesis, we analyzed the genetic distance between korean ibv isolates and other coronaviruses, including sars-cov-2. to obtain comprehensive information about early immune res ...202134089367
effect of dietary stevia-based sweetener on body weight and humoral immune response of broiler chickens.steviol glycosides extracted from the leaves of stevia rebaudiana bertoni have been of much consideration recently because of their beneficial effects on health, raising the possibilities for improving farm animals' health. although some studies on stevia's dietary effect on body weight gain are available, few studies have been conducted to evaluate stevioside supplementation on immune response in broilers. this experiment aimed to analyze how a stevia-based sweetener can affect broiler chickens ...202134083940
molecular characterization of 4/91 infectious bronchitis virus leading to studies of pathogenesis and host responses in laying hens.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) initially establishes the infection in the respiratory tract and then spreads to other tissues depending on its virulence. during 2011-2018, the 4/91 ibv strain was isolated from poultry flocks affected by decreased egg production and quality in eastern canada. one of the canadian 4/91 ibv isolates, ibv/ck/can/17-038913, was propagated in embryonated chicken eggs and molecularly characterized using whole genome sequencing. an in vivo study in laying hens was con ...202134069486
carbonized lysine-nanogels protect against infectious bronchitis virus.in this study, we demonstrate the synthesis of carbonized nanogels (cngs) from an amino acid (lysine hydrochloride) using a simple pyrolysis method, resulting in effective viral inhibition properties against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). the viral inhibition of cngs was studied using both in vitro (bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) and pseudorabies virus (prv)) and in ovo (ibv) models, which indicated that the cngs were able to prevent virus attachment on the cell membrane and penetration ...202134063782
impact of nematode infections on non-specific and vaccine-induced humoral immunity in dual-purpose or layer-type chicken genotypes.nematode infections may induce immune-modulatory effects and influence host-immune responses to other pathogens. the aim of the study was to investigate whether a mixed nematode-infection influences non-specific and vaccine-induced humoral immunity against newcastle disease virus (ndv), infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), and avian metapneumovirus (ampv) in already vaccinated hens of a dual-purpose (lohmann dual, ld) or a layer genotype (lohmann brown plus; lb). until 17 weeks-of-age, ld (n = 70) ...202134046445
interplay of the ubiquitin proteasome system and the innate immune response is essential for the replication of infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is the only coronavirus known to infect poultry. the replication and pathogenesis of ibv are poorly understood, mainly because of the unavailability of a robust cell culture system. here, we report that an active ubiquitin proteasome system (ups) is necessary for efficient replication of ibv in vero cells. synthesis of ibv-specific rna as well as viral protein is hampered in the presence of chemical inhibitors specific for the ups. like other coronaviruses, ibv ...202134037855
near-complete genome sequence of gi-17 lineage infectious bronchitis virus, circulating in iowa.avian infectious bronchitis virus (avibv) is the causative agent of a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens which results in significant economic losses in the poultry industry. here, we report a near-complete genome sequence of the strain, designated ia1162/2020, identified in tracheal swabs from chickens in iowa in 2020.202134016687
immunogenicity and efficacy of a bivalent vaccine against infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis (ib) is a highly contagious viral disease and is responsible for considerable economic losses in the poultry industry, worldwide. to mitigate the ib-associated losses, multiple vaccines are being applied in the sector with variable successes and thus necessitating the development of a potent vaccine to protect against the ib in the poultry. in the present study, we investigated a bivalent live attenuated vaccine consisting of ib virus (ibv) strain h120 (gi-1 lineage) and d2 ...202133992864
chlorogenic acid is a positive regulator of mda5, tlr7 and nf-κb signaling pathways mediated antiviral responses against gammacoronavirus infection.chlorogenic acid (cga) is a phenolic compound that has been well studied for its antiviral, anti-inflammatory and immune stimulating properties. this research was aimed to focus on the antiviral properties of cga on infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in vivo and in vitro for the very first time. the outcome of in vitro experiments validated that, out of five previously reported antiviral components, cga significantly reduced the relative mrna expression of ibv-n in cek cells. at high concentratio ...202133971495
effects of a combination of mass and dutch variant as an inactivated vaccine against variant 2 avian infectious bronchitis virus challenge.the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of inactivated vaccines combining mass and dutch variants as vaccine boosters after h120 priming on inhibiting variant 2 viral load in the kidneys (as the target organ) and reducing fecal shedding. ciliostasis score and antibody response were investigated as well. a total of 150 specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicken were divided into six groups. all groups were vaccinated with a single dose of attenuated h120 vaccine except for two (no vaccine group ...202133964420
virulence properties of gi-23 infectious bronchitis virus isolated in poland and efficacy of different vaccination strategies.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is one of the most important poultry pathogens, leading significant economic losses worldwide. ibv is characterised by highly genetic, serotype, and pathotypic variability. despite extensive immunoprophylaxis strategies, the emergence of new genetic lineages is frequently observed in the field, causing disease control to be more complicated. in the last decade, the spread of variants assigned to the gi-23 lineage of ibv (formerly known as var2) started from midd ...202133926018
detection of laryngotracheitis virus in poultry flocks with respiratory disorders in slovenia.infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) is an acute, highly contagious infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract in chickens and other poultry species that causes significant economic losses in countries worldwide. between 2017 and 2019, seven outbreaks of mild to severe respiratory disorders with high suspicion of ilt occurred in commercial and backyard poultry flocks in slovenia. in all submissions, infection with ilt virus (iltv) was confirmed by pcr, which is the first report of ilt in sl ...202133921858
host immune response to infectious bronchitis virus q1 in two commercial broiler chicken lines.this study investigated the pathogenesis of infectious bronchitis virus (gammacoronavirus) strain q1 in two commercial broiler chicken lines, and the host immune response to infection. chicks from each line were grouped into either infected or control. following q1 infection at day-old, fast (line-a) and slow (line-b) growing chicks were monitored for clinical signs and body weights. at 3, 7, 9, 14, 21 and 28 days post infection (dpi), five birds were humanely euthanised, and trachea, kidney and ...202133892367
transcriptome based analysis of apoptosis genes in chickens co-infected with avian infectious bronchitis virus and pathogenic escherichia coli.infection with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and avian pathogenic escherichia coli (apec) is an important respiratory infection worldwide. apoptosis is a physiological process of cell death that occurs as part of normal development and responds to a variety of physiological and pathophysiological stimuli. the identification of molecular mechanisms of action or inaction of key apoptotic proteins is important. this study aimed to investigate apoptotic related genes in the trachea tissue of inf ...202133889358
health surveillance of penguins in the barton peninsula on king george island, antarctica.samples from 29 adult gentoo (pygoscelis papua), chinstrap (pygoscelis antarcticus), and adélie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) at the king sejong station on nar̢ ebski point, king george island, antarctica, were investigated to detect antibodies to avian influenza, newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, mycoplasma, and salmonella. antibodies were identified from one gentoo penguin and one chinstrap penguin against infectious bronchitis virus; from o ...202133872350
comparison of tracheal and choanal cleft swabs and poultry dust samples for detection of newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus genome in vaccinated meat chicken flocks.this study assessed different methods (tracheal and choanal cleft swabs from individual birds, and poultry dust as a population level measure) to evaluate the shedding kinetics of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) genome in meat chicken flocks after spray vaccination at hatchery. dust samples and tracheal and choanal cleft swabs were collected from four meat chicken flocks at 10, 14, 21 and 31 days post vaccination (dpv) and tested for ibv and ndv genome copies ...202133861761
the experimental infection with a field isolate of the infectious bronchitis virus from eastern saudi arabia resulted in seroconversion of the challenged birds with no apparent clinical diseases.the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is still one of the major respiratory viral pathogens of chickens. the ibv infection resulted in a wide range of clinical syndromes in the affected chickens, including respiratory, renal, gonads affections as well as generalized infections. despite the intensive application of various commercial vaccines against the virus, many outbreaks are still reported in chickens worldwide. several studies reported the circulation of several strains and genotypes of the ...202133846693
an unusual case of haemorrhagic bursa in a pullet flock associated with a genogroup 2 infectious bursal disease virus.an unusual case of infectious bursal disease (ibd) was observed in eight-week-old commercial caged pullets. this flock (house 1) exhibited a one-day spike in mortality. on gross necropsy examination, enlarged, diffusely haemorrhagic bursas were observed. this lesion has been frequently described in cases of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv). a five-week-old caged pullet flock (house 2) in an adjacent building did not display haemorrhagic bursa lesions. microscopic examinatio ...202133823706
factor influences for diagnosis and vaccination of avian infectious bronchitis virus (gammacoronavirus) in chickens.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a major economic problem in commercial chicken farms with acute multiple-system infection, especially in respiratory and urogenital systems. a live-attenuated and killed vaccine is currently immunized to control ibv infection; however, repeated outbreaks occur in both unvaccinated and vaccinated birds due to the choice of inadequate vaccine candidates and continuous emergence of novel infectious bronchitis (ib) variants and failure of vaccination. however, si ...202133809420
recombination events shape the genomic evolution of infectious bronchitis virus in europe.infectious bronchitis of chicken is a high morbidity and mortality viral disease affecting the poultry industry worldwide; therefore, a better understanding of this pathogen is of utmost importance. the primary aim of this study was to obtain a deeper insight into the genomic diversity of field infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains using phylogenetic and recombination analysis. we sequenced the genome of 20 randomly selected strains from seven european countries. after sequencing, we created ...202133804824
research note: an overview on distribution of fowl adenoviruses.fowl adenoviruses (fadv), detected during routine diagnostic investigations from 38 countries (5 continents) over a decade, were partially sequenced and grouped by phylogenetic analysis. the partial polymerase gene nucleotide sequences of the 365 fowl adenovirus isolates resulted in the following species distribution: 11% fadv-a; 3% fadv-b; 2% fadv-c; 34% fadv-d; and 50% fadv-e. noticeably, only 79 of the detected strains could be associated with adenovirus-specific pathologic conditions: 62 (79 ...202133773159
detection and characterization of chicken astrovirus associated with hatchery disease in commercial day-old turkeys in southwestern nigeria.infectious diseases are a major obstacle to profitable poultry production in nigeria due to the mortality and severe economic losses they cause. in particular, they are a potent threat to attainment of the food security goals of government and national self-sufficiency in food production. thus, there is a need for continuous monitoring of the nation's poultry population for these diseases. as part of an ongoing investigation of enteric viruses associated with poor performance or hatchery disease ...202133759002
emetine suppresses sars-cov-2 replication by inhibiting interaction of viral mrna with eif4e.emetine is a fda-approved drug for the treatment of amebiasis. previously we demonstrated the antiviral efficacy of emetine against some rna and dna viruses. in this study, we evaluated the in vitro antiviral efficacy of emetine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and found it to be a low nanomolar (nm) inhibitor. interestingly, emetine exhibited protective efficacy against lethal challenge with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv; a chicken coronavirus) in the embr ...202133711336
thiazolidines: potential anti-viral agents against avian influenza and infectious bronchitis viruses.viral outbreaks are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in livestock and human populations. lack of good vaccines and poor control measures along with natural viral genetic drifting and shifting are the common causes of new viral strains and outbreaks. the current study reports the synthesis of some 2-aryl substituted thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acids 1a-h and their 3-acetyl 2a and 3-benzoyl derivatives 3a. two important poultry viruses: avian influenza virus (aiv; a/chicken/italy/1994/h9n2) ...202033643596
in silico prediction of linear b-cell epitopes for s1 protein of two iranian 793/b isolates and their changes after 90 serial passaging.neutralizing, serotype-specific, and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) are induced by epitopes in the s1 protein. most changes in the virus genome due to mutation and recombination during serial passaging in embryonated chicken eggs occur in the s1 gene. in the current study, we tried to predict the potential linear b-cell epitopes of the s1 subunit of two iranian 793/b isolates and then we analyzed their changes at passage level 90 due to mutations ...202033643589
development and application of a novel triplex protein microarray method for rapid detection of antibodies against avian influenza virus, newcastle disease virus, and avian infectious bronchitis virus.avian influenza virus (aiv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), and avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) inflict immense damage on the global poultry industry annually. serological diagnostic methods are fundamental for the effective control and prevention of outbreaks caused by these viruses. in this study, a novel triplex protein microarray assay was developed and validated for the rapid and simultaneous visualized detection of antibodies against aiv, ndv, and ibv in chicken sera. the aiv nucle ...202133576898
nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus infection altered the metabolome profile and immune function of the bursa of fabricius in chicken.infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious, acute viral respiratory disease of chickens, regardless of the strain, and its infection may lead to considerable economic losses to the poultry industry. new nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (nibv) strains have increasingly emerged in recent years; hence, evaluating their infection-influenced immune function changes and the alteration of metabolite profiling is important. initially, chickens were randomly distributed into two groups: the ...202133553290
a peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibodies against avian infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes substantial loss to the poultry industry despite extensive vaccination. assessing the antibody response is important for the development and evaluation of effective vaccines. we have developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of ibv-specific antibodies, using a synthetic peptide based on a conserved sequence in the ibv spike protein. this peptide-based elisa (pelisa) specifically detects antibodies to different genotypes of i ...202133553284
analysis of chicken macrophage functions and gene expressions following infectious bronchitis virus m41 infection.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a pathogenic coronavirus with high morbidity and mortality in chicken breeding. macrophages with normal biofunctions are essential for host immune responses. in this study, the hd11 chicken macrophage cell line and chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages (pbmcs-mφ) were infected with ibv at multiplicity of infection (moi) of 10. the dynamic changes of their biofunctions, including cell viability, pathogen elimination function, phagocytic ...202133509253
peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pelisa) as a possible alternative to the neutralization test for evaluating the immune response to ibv vaccine.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a coronavirus, is one of the most important poultry pathogens worldwide due to its multiple serotypes and poor cross-protection. vaccination plays a vital role in controlling the disease. the efficacy of vaccination in chicken flocks can be evaluated by detecting neutralizing antibodies with the neutralization test. however there are no simple and rapid methods for detecting the neutralizing antibodies.202133494765
identification and analysis of long non-coding rnas and mrnas in chicken macrophages infected with avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a gamma coronavirus that severely affects the poultry industry worldwide. long non-coding rnas (lncrnas), a subset of non-coding rnas with a length of more than 200 nucleotides, have been recently recognized as pivotal factors in the pathogenesis of viral infections. however, little is known about the function of lncrnas in host cultured cells in response to ibv infection.202133472590
design and characterization of a dna vaccine based on spike with consensus nucleotide sequence against infectious bronchitis virus.avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes severe economic losses in the poultry industry, but its control is hampered by the continuous emergence of new genotypes and the lack of cross-protection among different ibv genotypes. we designed a new immunogen based on a spike with the consensus nucleotide sequence (s_con) that may overcome the extraordinary genetic diversity of ibv. s_con was cloned into a pvax1 vector to form a new ibv dna vaccine, pv-s_con. pv-s_con could be correc ...202133466810
infectious bronchitis virus prevalence, characterization and strain identification in california backyard chickens.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes significant losses in the poultry industry throughout the world. here we characterize the lesions of infectious bronchitis (ib), ibv prevalence and identify the circulating strains in small flocks in california. backyard chickens (bycs) submitted to the davis (northern california; norcal) and san bernardino (southern california; socal) branches of the california animal health and food safety laboratory system from january through march 2019 were included ...202133400768
the v617i substitution in avian coronavirus ibv spike protein plays a crucial role in adaptation to primary chicken kidney cells.the naturally isolated avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) generally cannot replicate in chicken kidney (ck) cells. to explore the molecular mechanism of ibv adapting to ck cells, a series of recombinant viruses were constructed by chimerizing the s genes of ck cell-adapted strain h120 and non-adapted strain ibyz. the results showed that the s2 subunit determines the difference in cell tropism of the two strains. after comparing the amino acid sequences of s protein of ck cell-ad ...202033391226
coronavirus endoribonuclease ensures efficient viral replication and prevents protein kinase r activation.coronavirus (cov) nsp15 is an endoribonuclease conserved throughout the cov family. the enzymatic activity and crystal structure of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) nsp15 are undefined, and the protein's role in replication remains unclear. we verified the uridylate-specific endoribonuclease (endou) activity of ibv and found that the endou active sites were located in the c-terminus of nsp15 and included his223, his238, lys278 and tyr334. we further constructed an infectious clone of the ibv-rs ...202033361429
infectious bronchitis virus in egypt: genetic diversity and vaccination strategies.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a highly evolving avian pathogen that has increasingly imposed a negative impact on poultry industry worldwide. in the last 20 years, ibv has been continuously circulating among chicken flocks in egypt causing huge economic losses to poultry production. multiple ibv genotypes, namely, gi-1, gi-13, gi-16, and gi-23 have been reported in egypt possessing different genetic and pathogenic features. different vaccine programs are being used to control the spread o ...202033348570
infectious bronchitis virus associated with nephropathy lesions in diagnostic cases from commercial broiler chickens in california.in march 2019, the california animal health and food safety laboratory (cahfs), turlock branch, received two submissions of broiler chickens from commercial flocks reporting increased mortality. submissions consisted of either white or brown broilers. submitted chickens appeared depressed with ruffled feathers. at necropsy, moderate to severely enlarged and pale kidneys were observed, with gross lesions indicative of dehydration. microscopically, renal tubules were degenerated and distended with ...202033347556
effects of amino acid-bound zinc and manganese feed additives on mhc haplotype chickens challenged with infectious bronchitis coronavirus.major histocompatibility complex (mhc) congenic chicken lines have been used as a model to study infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) immune responses in chickens. zinc (zn) and manganese (mn) are trace minerals that act as enzyme cofactors in cellular reactions. in addition, zn is an important modulator of immune responses, especially in the respiratory tract. zinc and zn + mn amino acid complex supplements were tested to alleviate the effects of an ibv challenge using relatively resistant and sus ...202033347551
infectious bronchitis virus: identification of gallus gallus apn high-affinity ligands with antiviral effects.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a coronavirus, causes infectious bronchitis (ib) with high morbidity and mortality, and gives rise to huge economic losses for the poultry industry. aminopeptidase n (apn) may be one of the ibv functional receptors. in this study, gallus gallus apn (gapn) protein was screened by phage-displayed 12-mer peptide library. two high-affinity peptides h (hdylyytftgnp) and t (tkfsppsfwylh) to gapn protein were selected for in depth characterization of their anti-ibv ...202033340637
pathological effect of infectious bronchitis disease virus on broiler chicken trachea and kidney tissues.this study aimed to investigate the pathological effects of the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) on chicken trachea and kidney tissues and also desired to diagnose the virus genome using a molecular tool.202033281357
evaluation of the antigen relatedness and efficacy of a single vaccination with different infectious bronchitis virus strains against a challenge with malaysian variant and qx-like ibv strains.the predominant infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains detected in chickens in malaysia are the malaysian variant (mv) and qx-like, which are associated with respiratory distress, nephropathy, and high mortality. on the other hand, the antigenic relatedness and efficacy of ibv vaccines against these 2 field ibv strains are not well characterized.202033263227
molecular epidemiology and genotyping of infectious bronchitis virus and avian metapneumovirus in backyard and commercial chickens in jimma zone, southwestern ethiopia.poultry production plays a relevant role in the ethiopian economy and represents a source of poverty alleviation for several social classes. infectious diseases can therefore significantly impact the economy and welfare. despite infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and avian metapneumovirus (ampv) being present, the knowledge of their epidemiology and impact is extremely limited. in the present work, a cross-sectional study based on 500 tracheal swabs collected from 50 intensive and backyard unvacc ...202033255570
gammacoronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus and alphacoronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus exploit a cell-survival strategy via upregulation of cfos to promote viral replication.coronaviruses have evolved a variety of strategies to optimize cellular microenvironment for efficient replication. in this study, we report the induction of ap-1 transcription factors by coronavirus infection based on genome-wide analyses of differentially expressed genes in cells infected with avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). most members of the ap-1 transcription factors were subsequently found to be upregulated during the course of ibv and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ...202033239458
experimental study of forsythoside a on prevention and treatment of avian infectious bronchitis.forsythoside a is the main active ingredient in the chinese medicine forsythia suspensa, which has antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidation, and immunoregulatory effects. it is reported that forsythoside a can significantly inhibit the replication of the avian infectious bronchitis virus(ibv) in cells, but there is no report in chickens. the present study aimed to investigate the effect of forsythoside a on ibv-m41, experiments were designed using 120 chickens at 12 days of age. the chickens ...202033234322
a highly pathogenic recombinant infectious bronchitis virus with adaptability in cultured cells.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) of gi-19 (qx), gi-7 (tw), gi-13 (4/91) and gi-1 (mass) lineages have been frequently detected in china in recent years. here, an ibv strain, referred as gd17/04, was isolated from the dead yellow feather chicken vaccinated with h52 and 4/91 vaccines, whose genome sequence was obtained through high-throughput sequencing. then it has been confirmed by the rdp and simplot analysis that gd17/04 is a recombinant strain deriving from yx10, 4/91, tw 2575/98 and h52 str ...202033207263
the emergence of q1 genotype of avian infectious bronchitis virus in iran, 2019: the first report.avian infectious bronchitis (ib) is an infectious viral disease of chickens. the effective protection of chickens against many different infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) variants is not achieved unless the circulating genotypes in the region are identified and the cross-protection of the potential of vaccines in use is assessed.202033178303
comparative trachea transcriptome analysis between avian infectious bronchitis virus and avian pathogenic e. coli individual infection and co-infection in spf chickens.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and avian pathogenic escherichia coli (apec) are two important respiratory pathogens in the chicken. the co-infection can lead to chronic complications and considerable economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. in the present study, we compared differential transcriptional profiles in the trachea tissue of three infected groups (ibv, apec, and co-infection) with the control group to investigate transcriptome profile changes at the early stage of t ...202033151740
the chicken mhc: insights into genetic resistance, immunity, and inflammation following infectious bronchitis virus infections.the chicken immune system has provided an immense contribution to basic immunology knowledge by establishing major landmarks and discoveries that defined concepts widely used today. one of many special features on chickens is the presence of a compact and simple major histocompatibility complex (mhc). despite its simplicity, the chicken mhc maintains the essential counterpart genes of the mammalian mhc, allowing for a strong association to be detected between the mhc and resistance or susceptibi ...202033147703
genetic and antigenic heterogeneity of gi-1/massachusetts lineage infectious bronchitis virus variants recently isolated in china.four gi-1/massachusetts-type (gi-1/mass-type) infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains were isolated and the complete genomes of these isolates, coupled with the mass-type live-attenuated vaccine h120 and the mass-type pathogenic m41 strains, were sequenced in the present study. our results show that isolates ljl/140820 and i0306/17 may be derived from the ma5 (another mass-type live-attenuated vaccine strain) and h120 vaccine strains, respectively. the i1124/16 strain was found to be a m41 var ...202033142461
novel cyclovirus identified in broiler chickens with transmissible viral proventriculitis in china.in october 2018, an outbreak of transmissible viral proventriculitis (tvp) occurred in 30-day-old commercial broiler chickens on a farm in weifang, china. tvp, an infectious viral disease characterized by runting and stunting, is associated with many viruses, and has a significant economic impact on the global poultry industry. tvp is diagnosed according to clinical symptoms, gross and histological lesions, and negative pcr results for pathogenic bacteria, avian leukosis virus subgroup j, marek' ...202033134354
a label-free electrochemical assay for coronavirus ibv h120 strain quantification based on equivalent substitution effect and aunps-assisted signal amplification.a label-free electrochemical strategy is proposed combining equivalent substitution effect with aunps-assisted signal amplification. according to the differences of s1 protein in various infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains, a target dna sequence that can specifically recognize h120 rna forming a dna-rna hybridized double-strand structure has been designed. then, the residual single-stranded target dna is hydrolyzed by s1 nuclease. therefore, the content of target dna becomes equal to the c ...202033094371
coronavirus: proteomics analysis of chicken kidney tissue infected with variant 2 (is-1494)-like avian infectious bronchitis virus.avian infectious bronchitis virus is one of the most important gammacoronaviruses, which causes a highly contagious disease. in this study, we investigated changes in the proteome of kidney tissue of specific-pathogen-free (spf) chickens that were infected with an isolate of the nephrotropic variant 2 genotype (is/1494/06) of avian coronavirus. twenty 1-day-old spf white leghorn chickens were randomly divided into two groups, each comprising 10 chickens, which were kept in separate positive-pres ...202033083914
viral variant visualizer (vvv): a novel bioinformatic tool for rapid and simple visualization of viral genetic diversity.here a bioinformatic pipeline vvv has been developed to analyse viral populations in a given sample from next generation sequencing (ngs) data. to date, handling large amounts of data from ngs requires the expertise of bioinformaticians, both for data processing and result analysis. consequently, vvv was designed to help non-bioinformaticians to perform these tasks. by providing only the ngs data file, the developed pipeline generated consensus sequences and determined the composition of the vir ...202033080244
development and immunogenic potentials of chitosan-saponin encapsulated dna vaccine against avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus.infectious bronchitis (ib) is an economically important disease of poultry that also serve as model for the understanding of other coronaviruses associated diseases. ib is considered as a major challenge to the poultry industry worldwide as a result of its effect on egg production, weight gain as well as mortality. different ibv genotypes continue to emerge, thus, the need for broad based vaccines to curb the disease. based on bioinformatic data obtained in this study, sets of monovalent (either ...202033068733
phylogenetic analysis of infectious bronchitis virus circulating in southern china in 2016-2017 and evaluation of an attenuated strain as a vaccine candidate.avian infectious bronchitis (ib) is a highly contagious viral respiratory disease, caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), that poses an important economic threat to the poultry industry. in recent years, genotypes gi-7, gi-13, and gi-19 have been the most prevalent ibv strains in china. however, in this study, we found that most ibv strains from southern china in 2016-2017 belonged to genotype gvi-1. this genotype, for which there is no vaccine, has been reported sporadically in the region ...202033067648
development of a recombinant thermostable newcastle disease virus (ndv) vaccine express infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) multiple epitopes for protecting against ibv and ndv challenges.newcastle disease (nd) and infectious bronchitis (ib) are two highly contagious diseases that severely threaten the poultry industry. the goal of this study is to prevent these two diseases and reduce the vaccine costs during storage and transportation. in this study, we design a thermostable recombinant newcastle disease virus (ndv) candidate live vaccine strain designated as rls-t-hn-t/b, which expresses the multiple epitope cassette of the identified infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) (s-t/b). ...202033019497
treatment with exogenous trypsin expands in vitro cellular tropism of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.the gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes a highly contagious and economically important respiratory disease in poultry. in the laboratory, most ibv strains are restricted to replication in ex vivo organ cultures or in ovo and do not replicate in cell culture, making the study of their basic virology difficult. entry of ibv into cells is facilitated by the large glycoprotein on the surface of the virion, the spike (s) protein, comprised of s1 and s2 subunits. previous researc ...202033003350
a bio-safe multiple antigenic peptide (map) enzyme-linked immunoassay for the detection of antibodies to infectious bronchitis virus in chickens.the objective of the study was to develop a bio-safe synthetic peptide elisa for the detection of antibodies against the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) using a novel multiple antigenic peptide approach (map). after initial elisa optimization, diagnostic sensitivity (dsn) and specificity (dsp) for the linear peptides were determined using receiver operator curve (roc) analysis. the peptide ibvp1 showed 90.44% dsn and 88.64% dsp at roc cut off 22.8% while ibvp2 showed 88.24% dsn and 85.23% dsp ...202032999814
research note: rapid detection of avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus with real-time fluorescence-based recombinase-aided amplification.in this study, specific primers and fluorescent probes were designed to target the thymidine kinase (tk) gene sequence of avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv). through specificity and sensitivity tests, a real-time fluorescence-based recombinase-aided amplification (rf-raa) method for detecting iltv was established. the results showed that the method was specific and could be used to accurately detect iltv, and there was no cross-reaction with newcastle disease virus (ndv), avian infl ...202032988516
efficacy of commercial polyvalent avian infectious bronchitis vaccines against chinese qx-like and tw-like strain via different vaccination strategies.the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is an acute and highly contagious disease, which affects chickens of all ages. vaccination is the most important way to control this disease. nevertheless, novel variant strains are constantly reported because of the lack of proofreading capabilities of rna polymerase and high frequency of homologous rna recombination. cross-protection studies has demonstrated that the vaccines could provide great protective effects against viruses of same serotype or genoty ...202032988513
infectious bronchitis coronavirus infection in chickens: multiple system disease with immune suppression.in the early 1930s, infectious bronchitis (ib) was first characterized as a respiratory disease in young chickens; later, the disease was also described in older chickens. the etiology of ib was confirmed later as being due to a coronavirus: the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). being a coronavirus, ibv is subject to constant genome change due to mutation and recombination, with the consequence of changing clinical and pathological manifestations. the potential use of live attenuated vaccines f ...202032987684
development of hibit-tagged recombinant infectious bronchitis coronavirus for efficient in vitro and in vivo viral quantification.coronaviruses (covs) are enveloped (+) ssrna viruses of veterinary and medical importance. because recombinant covs with reporter proteins fused with viral proteins are usually non-viable or unstable, a small and quantifiable epitope tag would be beneficial to cov research. in this study, we integrated the nanoluc binary technology to the reverse genetics of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a prototypic gammacoronavirus. the 11-amino-acid hibit tag was inserted to the spike (s) or membrane (m) ...202032983065
immunopathogenesis of infectious bronchitis virus q1 in specific pathogen free chicks.the immunopathogenesis of avian coronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) q1, was investigated in specific pathogen free chicks. following infection, chicks exhibited respiratory clinical signs and reduced body weight. oropharyngeal (op) and cloacal (cl) swabs were collected at intervals and found to be rt-pcr positive, with a greater number of partial-s1 amino acid changes noted in cl swabs compared to op swabs. in tissue samples, ibv viral load peaked 9 days post infection (dpi) in the tr ...202032980469
coronavirus interactions with the cellular autophagy machinery.the covid-19 pandemic, caused by the sars-cov-2 virus, is the most recent example of an emergent coronavirus that poses a significant threat to human health. virus-host interactions play a major role in the viral life cycle and disease pathogenesis, and cellular pathways such as macroautophagy/autophagy prove to be either detrimental or beneficial to viral replication and maturation. here, we describe the literature over the past twenty years describing autophagy-coronavirus interactions. there ...202032964796
characterization of s1 gene sequence variations of attenuated qx-like and variant infectious bronchitis virus strains and the pathogenicity of the viruses in specific-pathogen-free chickens.besides the vaccine strains, the malaysian variant (mv) and qx-like are the predominant ibvs detected on commercial poultry farms. these two virus strains are distinct based on genomic and pathogenicity studies. in this study, we determined the sequence of the s1 gene and compared the pathogenicity of serial passage 70 (p70) of malaysian qx-like (qx/p70) and mv (mv/p70) strains with that of their respective wild-type viruses. the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the complete s1 genes of qx ...202032964293
molecular survey of respiratory and immunosuppressive pathogens associated with low pathogenic avian influenza h9n2 subtype and virulent newcastle disease viruses in commercial chicken flocks.the study was carried out in 48 poultry flocks to elucidate the roles of various complicating pathogens involved along with newcastle disease (nd)/ low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) outbreaks. necropsy was conducted and samples were collected for the isolation of newcastle disease virus (ndv), influenza a virus, infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), pathogenic bacteria; molecular detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), fowl adeno virus (fav), chicken anaemia virus (cav), mycopla ...201732908424
molecular identification of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from respiratory diseases in some iranian broiler flocks.infectious bronchitis (ib) is an acute, highly contagious disease associated with respiratory signs in young chickens and reduced egg production and quality in layers. the purpose of this study was to isolate and identify the infectious bronchitis virus in broiler flocks with respiratory diseases in four provinces of iran. the specimens from forty ib suspected flocks from different regions of isfahan, east azerbaijan, golestan, and khuzestan provinces were collected, and the trachea, lung, and c ...202032892307
vaccine design of coronavirus spike (s) glycoprotein in chicken: immunoinformatics and computational approaches.infectious bronchitis (ib) is a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens and produces economic loss within the poultry industry. this disease is caused by a single stranded rna virus belonging to cronaviridae family. this study aimed to design a potential multi-epitopes vaccine against infectious bronchitis virus spike protein (s). protein characterization was also performed for ibv spike protein.202032869000
replicase 1a gene plays a critical role in pathogenesis of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is an important pathogen threatening poultry production worldwide. here, two recombinant ibvs (ryn-1a-ayn and ryn-1b-ayn) were generated in which orf1a or orf1b of the virulent yn genome were replaced by the corresponding regions from the attenuated strain ayn. the pathogenicity and virulence of ribvs were evaluated in ovo and in vivo. the results revealed that mutations in the orf1a gene during passage in embryonated eggs caused the decreased ...202032853833
sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of infectious bronchitis virus variant strain from an outbreak in egg-layer flocks in baghdad, iraq.infectious bronchitis (ib) has an influential economic impact on the poultry industry, causing huge losses each year due to the condemnation of infected chickens. despite the use of many kinds of vaccines in iraq, it is common to find ib problems in vaccinated chickens. information about the strains that affect iraqi chickens is very limited. therefore, we aimed to detect the currently circulating strains of ib virus that cause frequent outbreaks in egg layers despite the use of vaccination agai ...202032848311
transient dominant selection for the modification and generation of recombinant infectious bronchitis coronaviruses.we have developed a reverse genetics system for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in which a full-length cdna corresponding to the ibv genome is inserted into the vaccinia virus genome under the control of a t7 promoter sequence. vaccinia virus as a vector for the full-length ibv cdna has the advantage that modifications can be introduced into the ibv cdna using homologous recombination, a method frequently used to insert and delete sequences from the vaccinia virus genome. ...202032833211
isolation and propagation of coronaviruses in embryonated eggs.the embryonated egg is a complex structure comprised of an embryo and its supporting membranes (chorioallantoic, amniotic, and yolk). the developing embryo and its membranes provide a diversity of cell types that allow for the successful replication of a wide variety of different viruses. within the family coronaviridae the embryonated egg has been used as a host system primarily for two avian coronaviruses within the genus gammacoronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and turkey coronavir ...202032833208
whole-genome sequencing protocols for ibv and other coronaviruses using high-throughput sequencing.this chapter reports the high-throughput sequencing protocol for sequencing coronaviruses and other positive strand viruses to produce a dataset of significant depth of coverage. the protocol describes sequencing of infectious bronchitis virus propagated in embryonated eggs and harvested in the allantoic fluid. the protocol is composed of three main steps-enrichment of the allantoic fluid using ultracentrifugation, extraction of total rna from allantoic fluid, and library preparation from total ...202032833204
construction of an infectious bronchitis virus vaccine strain carrying chimeric s1 gene of a virulent isolate and its pathogenicity analysis.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a member of genus gamma-coronavirus in the family coronaviridae, causing serious economic losses to the poultry industry. reverse genetics is a common technique to study the biological characteristics of viruses. so far, there is no bac reverse genetic system available for rescue of ibv infectious clone. in the present study, a new strategy for the construction of ibv infectious cdna clone was established. the full-length genomic cdna of ibv vaccine strain h1 ...202032813067
the characterization of chifitms in avian coronavirus infection in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro.the coronaviruses are a large family of enveloped rna viruses that commonly cause gastrointestinal or respiratory illnesses in the infected host. avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen of chickens that can affect the kidneys and reproductive systems resulting in bird mortality and decreased reproductivity. the interferon-inducible transmembrane (ifitm) proteins are activated in response to viral infections and represent a class of cellular ...202032785186
heat shock protein member 8 is an attachment factor for infectious bronchitis virus.although infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is the first coronavirus identified, little is known about which membrane protein of host cells could interact with ibv spike protein and facilitate the infection by the virus. in this study, by using a monoclonal antibody to the s1 protein of ibv m41 strain, we found that heat shock protein member 8 (hspa8) could interact with spike protein of ibv. hspa8 was found to be present on the cell membrane and chicken tissues, with highest expression level in ...202032765462
risks and disease aetiologies of compromised performance in commercial broilers kept at lower stocking density and limited antimicrobial use.the health status of broilers raised at lower stocking density and limited antimicrobial use (but routine anticoccidials) was assessed in order to identify prevalent causes of disease, mortality and reduced performance. "dead-on-farm"(dof) broilers from 145 commercial flocks were investigated at two different time points (tp1:7-14 and tp2:28-35 days of age); per sampling, 6-10 dof broilers were selected for post-mortem investigation and gross pathomorphological changes were assessed from 2717 bi ...202032746625
evaluation of the reproductive system development and egg-laying performance of hens infected with tw i-type infectious bronchitis virus.the prevalence of tw i-type infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) has been increasing rapidly, and it has become the second most common genotype of ibv in china threatening the poultry industry. in this study, 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free (spf) chickens infected with tw i-type ibv were continuously observed for 200 days. tw i-type ibv affected the respiratory, urinary, and female reproductive systems, resulting in a mortality rate of 10% as well as a decrease in egg quantity and an increase in i ...202032736651
multiple novel non-canonically transcribed sub-genomic mrnas produced by avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.coronavirus sub-genomic mrna (sgmrna) synthesis occurs via a process of discontinuous transcription involving complementary transcription regulatory sequences (trss), one (trs-l) encompassing the leader sequence of the 5' untranslated region (utr), and the other upstream of each structural and accessory gene (trs-b). several coronaviruses have an orf located between the n gene and the 3'-utr, an area previously thought to be non-coding in the gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) du ...202032720890
effect of restricted feed intake in broiler breeder hens on their stress levels and the growth and immunology of their offspring.the prenatal environment has been shown to have significant effects on the lifelong health of offspring in humans and other species. such effects have not been studied extensively in avian species but could prove important, especially in the case of severe feed restriction imposed on broiler breeder hens to prevent obesity and reduce rate of lay. feed restriction can potentially affect not only nutrient supply to the embryo but stress hormone levels within the hen. this study investigated the im ...201832704710
sequence analysis and pathogenicity of avian orthoavulavirus 1 strains isolated from poultry flocks during 2015-2019.newcastle disease (nd) causes severe economic losses in poultry industry worldwide. egyptian poultry industry suffered from severe economic losses since the isolation of velogenic newcastle disease virus (vndv) genotype viid in 2011 and up till now despite the use of different vaccination programs. so, this study aimed to isolate and characterize the vndv from a total of 120 poultry flocks from ten provinces in the egyptian delta region with a history of respiratory manifestation, high mortaliti ...202032698866
a closed-tube, single-step, real time, reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for infectious bronchitis virus detection in chickens.infectious bronchitis (ib) is a viral infection of the chicken respiratory tract that causes substantial economic burden on the industry. simple, specific and rapid diagnosis of this disease is critical for the initiation of appropriate control measures. conventional molecular diagnostic methods require a relatively sophisticated equipment and skilled staff. here we describe a rapid, simple, semi-quantative, closed-tube, single-step, real-time- reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal ampl ...202032687868
temperature sensitivity: a potential method for the generation of vaccines against the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.the gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a highly contagious economically important respiratory pathogen of domestic fowl. reverse genetics allows for the molecular study of pathogenic determinants to enable rational vaccine design. the recombinant ibv (ribv) beau-r, a molecular clone of the apathogenic beaudette strain, has previously been investigated as a vaccine platform. to determine tissues in which beau-r could effectively deliver antigenic genes, an in vivo study in chic ...202032674326
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