Publications

virulence-associated factors in vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 and v. mimicus strains isolated in ornamental fish species.	during recent decades, ornamental fish have proven to be one of the fastest growing categories of pets in europe. in this framework, we evaluated both the potential pathogenic and zoonotic risks caused by 53 vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 and a vibrio mimicus strain isolated from ornamental fish species mostly originating from south-east asia countries between 2000 and 2015 in italy. all the strains were firstly identified at species level by biochemical, phylogenetic and mass spectrometry (mat ...	2017	28677232
in vitro anti-oxidant and anti-microbial potentiality investigation of different fractions of caryota urens leaves.	caryota urens is a member of the arecaceae family and a common plant in the southeast asian region. this plant has been reported as an anti-microbial agent in recent years. thus, we aimed to find out the mic (minimum inhibitory concentration) against different pathogenic microorganism.	2016	28536384
occurrence and virulence properties of vibrio and salinivibrio isolates from tropical lagoons of the southern caribbean sea.	the vibrionaceae are gram-negative bacteria present in marine and estuarine environments worldwide, including several species known as important pathogens to humans and aquatic organisms. the aim of this research was to investigate the occurrence and virulence properties of vibrio and salinivibrio isolated from lagoons at cuare wildlife refuge and margarita island in the southern caribbean sea. water, plankton and oyster samples were collected during october 2011 and march 2012 and examined by s ...	2017	28324231
vibrio mimicus as the rare cause of acute diarrheal illness.	vibrio mimicus, although named for having many of the same virulent factors as vibrio cholera, is a rare cause of significant gastrointestinal illness. like many of the vibrio species, the strongest risk factor for v. mimicus infection is seafood consumption. after consuming crabs, a 64-year-old male presented with a three day history of voluminous, non-bloody, water diarrhea. the severity of the diarrhea caused the patient to have orthostatic hypotension and acute kidney injury, which improved ...	2017	28045686
identification of three novel b-cell epitopes of vmh protein from vibrio mimicus by screening a phage display peptide library.	vibrio mimicus is the causative agent of ascites disease in fish. the heat-labile hemolytic toxin designated vmh is an immunoprotective antigen of v. mimicus. however, its epitopes have not been well characterized. here, a commercially available phage displayed 12-mer peptide library was used to screen epitopes of vmh protein using polyclonal rabbit anti-rvmh protein antibodies, and then five positive phage clones were identified by sandwich and competitive elisa. sequences analysis showed that ...	2016	27863546
screening a phage display library for two novel ompu-binding peptides with adhesion antagonistic activity against vibrio mimicus.	vibrio mimicus is a pathogen that causes ascites disease in fish. we have previously demonstrated that the outer membrane protein u (ompu) is an important adhesin in v. mimicus. here eight specific ompu-binding phage clones, which presented three different ompu-binding peptides (designated p1, p2, p3), were screened from a commercially available phage displayed 12-mer peptide library using rompu protein as target. then, synthetic ompu-binding peptides were measured for their adhesion antagonisti ...	2016	27832083
complete genome sequence of vibrio mimicus strain sccf01 with potential application in fish vaccine development.		2016	27763808
corrigendum to "immunological responses of customised probiotics-fed marron, cherax tenuimanus, (smith 1912) when challenged with vibrio mimicus" [fish shellfish immunol. 35 (2) (2013) 262-270].		2016	27475718
regulation of vibrio mimicus metalloprotease (vmp) production by the quorum-sensing master regulatory protein, luxr.	vibrio mimicus is an estuarine bacterium, while it can cause severe diarrhea, wound infection, and otitis media in humans. this pathogen secretes a relatively important toxin named v. mimicus metalloprotease (vmp). in this study, we clarified regulation of the vmp production according to the quorum-sensing master regulatory protein named luxr. first, the full length of luxr gene, encoding luxr, was detected in v. mimicus strain e-37, an environmental isolate. next, the putative consensus binding ...	2016	27160384
enterobacteria and vibrio from macrobrachium amazonicum prawn farming in fortaleza, ceará, brazil.	to investigate the isolation of enterobacteria associated with macrobrachium amazonicum (m. amazonicum) farming and evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of vibrio strains.	2016	26851782
molecular and genomic characterization of vibrio mimicus isolated from a frozen shrimp processing facility in mexico.	vibrio mimicus is a gram-negative bacterium responsible for diseases in humans. three strains of v. mimicus identified as v. mimicus 87, v. mimicus 92 and v. mimicus 93 were isolated from a shrimp processing facility in guaymas, sonora, mexico. the strains were analyzed using several molecular techniques and according to the cluster analysis they were different, their similarities ranged between 51.3% and 71.6%. eric-pcr and rapd (vmh390r) were the most discriminatory molecular techniques for th ...	2016	26730584
developing universal genetic tools for rapid and efficient deletion mutation in vibrio species based on suicide t-vectors carrying a novel counterselectable marker, vmi480.	despite that vibrio spp. have a significant impact on the health of humans and aquatic animals, the molecular basis of their pathogenesis is little known, mainly due to the limited genetic tools for the functional research of genes in vibrio. in some cases, deletion of target dnas in vibrio can be achieved through the use of suicide vectors. however, these strategies are time-consuming and lack universality, and the widely used counterselectable gene sacb does not work well in vibrio cells. in t ...	2015	26641275
vibrio spp. from macrobrachium amazonicum prawn farming are inhibited by moringa oleifera extracts.	to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial potential of extracts of stem, leaves, flowers, pods and seeds of moringa oleifera (m. oleifera) against vibrio spp. from hatchery water and the prawn macrobrachium amazonicum.	2015	26614991
highly diverse recombining populations of vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus in french mediterranean coastal lagoons.	vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio cholerae are ubiquitous to estuarine and marine environments. these two species found in mediterranean coastal systems can induce infections in humans. environmental isolates of v. cholerae (n = 109) and v. parahaemolyticus (n = 89) sampled at different dates, stations and water salinities were investigated for virulence genes and by a multilocus sequence-based analysis (mlsa). v. cholerae isolates were all ctxa negative and only one isolate of v. parahaemolyti ...	2015	26236294
gbpa as a novel qpcr target for the species-specific detection of vibrio cholerae o1, o139, non-o1/non-o139 in environmental, stool, and historical continuous plankton recorder samples.	the vibrio cholerae n-acetyl glucosamine-binding protein a (gbpa) is a chitin-binding protein involved in v. cholerae attachment to environmental chitin surfaces and human intestinal cells. we previously investigated the distribution and genetic variations of gbpa in a large collection of v. cholerae strains and found that the gene is consistently present and highly conserved in this species. primers and probe were designed from the gbpa sequence of v. cholerae and a new taq-based qpcr protocol ...	2015	25915771
defensive effects of human intestinal antimicrobial peptides against infectious diseases caused by vibrio mimicus and v. vulnificus.	of human pathogenic vibrio species, v. mimicus causes gastroenteritis whereas v. vulnificus causes fatal septicemia after consumption of contaminated seafood. these two pathogens produce hemolytic toxins termed v. mimicus hemolysin (vmh) and v. vulnificus hemolysin (vvh), respectively. these toxins elicit the cytolysis of various eukaryotic cells, as well as erythrocytes. the human intestine secretes cationic antimicrobial peptides (amps) to prevent infectious diseases. paneth cells in the small ...	2014	25744216
outer membrane protein u (ompu) mediates adhesion of vibrio mimicus to host cells via two novel n-terminal motifs.	vibrio mimicus (v.mimicus) is a causative agent of ascites disease in aquatic animals. our previous studies have demonstrated that the outer membrane protein u (ompu) from v.mimicus is an immunoprotective antigen with six immunodominant linear b-cell epitopes. although the n-terminus of ompu contains potential binding motifs, it remained unclear whether ompu possesses adhesion function. here, the adhesive capacity of recombinant ompu and v.mimicus to epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (epc) cells wa ...	2015	25742659
architecture of the superintegron in vibrio cholerae: identification of core and unique genes.	vibrio cholerae, the etiologic agent of cholera, is indigenous to aquatic environments. the v. cholerae genome consists of two chromosomes; the smallest of these harbors a large gene capture and excision system called the superintegron (si), of ~120 kbp. the flexible nature of the si that results from gene cassette capture, deletion and rearrangement is thought to make it a hotspot of v. cholerae diversity, but beyond the basic structure it is not clear if there is a core genome in the si and if ...	2013	25580216
the master activator of inca/c conjugative plasmids stimulates genomic islands and multidrug resistance dissemination.	dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes occurs mostly by conjugation, which mediates dna transfer between cells in direct contact. conjugative plasmids of the inca/c incompatibility group have become a substantial threat due to their broad host-range, the extended spectrum of antimicrobial resistance they confer, their prevalence in enteric bacteria and their very efficient spread by conjugation. however, their biology remains largely unexplored. using the inca/c conjugative plasmid pvcr94δ ...	2014	25340549
first pediatric case of chromobacterium haemolyticum causing proctocolitis.	bloody diarrhea in children is usually due to either infectious or inflammatory etiology, but infection is far more common than inflammatory bowel disease in children worldwide. if, however, the patient has unfavorable response to antibiotics and a definite infectious agent has yet to be identified; colonoscopy should be performed. the current patient presented with acute onset of mucous bloody diarrhea. stool culture was initially identified as vibrio mimicus and later identified as aeromonas s ...	2014	25252051
identification of capsule, biofilm, lateral flagellum, and type iv pili in vibrio mimicus strains.	vibrio mimicus is a bacterium that causes gastroenteritis; it is closely related to vibrio cholerae, and can cause acute diarrhea like cholera- or dysentery-type diarrhea. it is distributed worldwide. factors associated with virulence (such as hemolysins, enterotoxins, proteases, phospholipases, aerobactin, and hemagglutinin) have been identified; however, its pathogenicity mechanism is still unknown. in pathogenic vibrio species such as v. cholerae, vibrio. parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificu ...	2014	25246027
construction of chimeric human epidermal growth factor containing short collagen-binding domain moieties for use as a wound tissue healing agent.	among the various human growth factors, epidermal growth factor (hegf, consisting of 53 amino acids) has various effects on cell regeneration, stimulation of proliferation, migration of keratinocytes, formation of granulation tissues, and stimulation of fibroblast motility, which are important for wound healing. owing to their multiple activities, egfs are used as pharmaceutical and cosmetic agents. however, their low productivity, limited target specificity, and short half-life inhibit their ap ...	2015	25152055
a novel extracellular protease of vibrio mimicus that mediates maturation of an endogenous hemolysin.	vibrio mimicus, a human pathogen that causes gastroenteritis, produces an enterotoxic hemolysin as a virulence factor. the hemolysin is secreted extracellularly as an inactive protoxin and converted to a mature toxin through removal of the n-terminal propeptide, which comprises 151 amino acid residues. in this study, a novel protease having the trypsin-like substrate specificity was purified from the bacterial culture supernatant. the n-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified protein was id ...	2014	25040152
isolation and screening of probiotic candidates from marron, cherax cainii (austin, 2002) gastrointestinal tract (git) and commercial probiotic products for the use in marron culture.	six strains of bacteria including bacillus mycoides (a10) and shewanella species (a12) isolated from healthy marron intestine, bacillus species (pm1), bacillus subtilis (pm3), bacillus sp. (pm4) and bacillus sp. (aq) from commercial probiotic products were investigated for probiotic potential in marron culture. antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated pm3 and pm4 were susceptible to all nine antibiotics evaluated. a10, a12 and aq were resistant to class penicillins, whereas pm1 was resistant to ...	2015	24917311
design and evaluation of a tandemly arranged outer membrane protein u (ompu) multi-epitope as a potential vaccine antigen against vibrio mimicus in grass carps (ctenopharyngodon idella).	vibrio mimicus (v. mimicus) is an extracellular pathogen that causes ascites disease in aquatic animals. in our previous studies, the outer membrane protein u (ompu) of v. mimicus has been proven to be a protective antigen, and several mimotopes of the protein were identified. here, a tandemly arranged multi-epitope peptide (named 6epis) was designed with six mimotopes and heterologously expressed. then, the immunoprotection efficacy of recombinant 6epis (r6epis) was evaluated in grass carps (ct ...	2014	24751414
vibrio parahaemolyticus and its specific bacteriophages as an indicator in cockles (anadara granosa) for the risk of v. parahaemolyticus infection in southern thailand.	correlation between the numbers of vibrio parahaemolyticus and its specific bacteriophages in cockles was investigated from june 2009 to may 2010 in hat yai, songkhla, thailand. cockles obtained monthly from a local market were sampled to determine the numbers of v. parahaemolyticus and bacteriophages that could form plaques on ten strains of pandemic and nonpandemic v. parahaemolyticus. in addition, v. parahaemolyticus isolates from clinical samples from hat yai hospital over the same period we ...	2014	24682339
vibrio mimicus are the reservoirs of the heat-stable enterotoxin gene (nag-st) among species of the genus vibrio.	using a 0.27 kb dna probe specific for the heat-stable enterotoxin gene (nag-st) of vibrio cholerae non-o1, 1109 strains representing 17 species of the genus vibrio, isolated from clinical and environmental sources were examined. the nag-st gene was preponderantly associated with strains classified as v. mimicus; 16.8% of these strains hybridized. it was more frequent in the clinical isolates (22.6%) than in the environmental isolates (13.7%). the incidence of nag-st gene-positive strains of v. ...	1994	24420888
relationship of aquatic environmental factors with the abundance of vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio mimicus and vibrio vulnificus in the coastal area of guaymas, sonora, mexico.	members of the genus vibrio are common in aquatic environments. among them are v. cholerae, v. vulnificus, v. parahaemolyticus and v. mimicus. several studies have shown that environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen, are involved in their epidemiology. therefore, the main objective of this study is to determine if there is a correlation between the presence/amount of v. cholerae, v, vulnificus, v. parahaemolyticus and v. mimicus and the environmental conditions ...	2013	24334844
development of a selective and differential medium for capsulated lactococcus garvieae.	a selective and differential medium termed 'lg agar' was developed for the isolation and presumptive identification of lactococcus garvieae that results in black colonies with red halos. in this study, all 14 strains of l. garvieae and only 9 of the 148 strains representing 38 other species were able to grow on the lg agar. the nine viable strains on lg agar plates (including enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium, lactococcus lactis, vibrio fluvialis, vibrio furnissii, vibrio mimicus and v ...	2014	24033791
immunological responses of customised probiotics-fed marron, cherax tenuimanus, (smith 1912) when challenged with vibrio mimicus.	a two-phased experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of customised probiotics on marron physiology. during the first phase marron were fed probiotic supplemented feed for 70 days, while in phase two the same marron were challenged with vibrio mimicus and their physiological responses were investigated for 4 days post-challenged. the experiment was carried out in a purpose-built room, designed for aquaculture research, using 18 of 250 l cylindrical plastic t ...	2013	23643874
in vitro and in vivo bactericidal activity of vitex negundo leaf extract against diverse multidrug resistant enteric bacterial pathogens.	to investigate in vitro and in vivo antibacterial potentials of vitex negundo (v. negundo) leaf extracts against diverse enteric pathogens.	2013	23608373
dietary organic selenium improves growth, survival and resistance to vibrio mimicus in cultured marron, cherax cainii (austin, 2002).	to determine the effects of dietary organic selenium (os) supplementation on the growth performance and immune competence of marron, cherax cainii (austin, 2002), a group of marron were fed 0.2 g kg(-1) of sel-plex(®) supplemented basal diet and then compared with another group (control) of marron fed basal diet without any supplementation. after 90 days of feeding, final weight, average weekly gains (awg), relative gain rate (rgr), specific growth rate (sgr), survival, total and differential ha ...	2013	23603239
hemolytic and urease activities in vibrios isolated from fresh and frozen oysters.	the present study aimed to survey the vibrio microbiota of oysters (crassostrea rhizophorae) obtained from restaurants in fortaleza, state of ceará, brazil, and to identify virulence factors.	2013	23563836
draft genome sequence of vibrio mimicus strain caim 602t.	vibrio mimicus is a gram-negative bacterium associated with gastrointestinal diseases in humans around the world. we report the complete genome sequence of the vibrio mimicus strain caim 602(t) (cdc1721-77, lmg 7896(t), atcc 33653(t)).	2013	23516211
genome sequence and comparative genomics analysis of a vibrio cholerae o1 strain isolated from a cholera patient in malaysia.	the genome sequence analysis of a clinical vibrio cholerae vc35 strain from an outbreak case in malaysia indicates multiple genes involved in host adaptation and a novel na(+)-driven multidrug efflux pump-coding gene in the genome of vibrio cholerae with the highest similarity to vma_001754 of vibrio mimicus vma223.	2012	23209200
identiﬁcation and immunogenicity of immunodominant mimotopes of outer membrane protein u (ompu) of vibrio mimicus from phage display peptide library.	vibrio mimicus (v. mimicus) is the causative agent of ascites disease in aquatic animals. outer membrane protein u (ompu) is an important antigen of v. mimicus, but its protective epitopes are still unclear. a random 12-mer phage-displayed peptide library was used to screen and identify immunodominant mimotopes of the ompu protein in v. mimicus by panning against purified ompu-specific polyclonal antibody. then the immunogenicity and immunoprotection in fish of these mimotopes was evaluated. nin ...	2013	23178262
rapid and sensitive quantification of vibrio cholerae and vibrio mimicus cells in water samples by use of catalyzed reporter deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization combined with solid-phase cytometry.	a new protocol for rapid, specific, and sensitive cell-based quantification of vibrio cholerae/vibrio mimicus in water samples was developed. the protocol is based on catalyzed reporter deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization (card-fish) in combination with solid-phase cytometry. for pure cultures, we were able to quantify down to 6 v. cholerae cells on one membrane with a relative precision of 39% and down to 12 cells with a relative precision of 17% after hybridization with the horseradi ...	2012	22885749
examining the fish microbiome: vertebrate-derived bacteria as an environmental niche for the discovery of unique marine natural products.	historically, marine invertebrates have been a prolific source of unique natural products, with a diverse array of biological activities. recent studies of invertebrate-associated microbial communities are revealing microorganisms as the true producers of many of these compounds. inspired by the human microbiome project, which has highlighted the human intestine as a unique microenvironment in terms of microbial diversity, we elected to examine the bacterial communities of fish intestines (which ...	2012	22574119
vibrio mimicus infection associated with crayfish consumption, spokane, washington, 2010.	we report a cluster of severe diarrheal disease caused by vibrio mimicus infection among four persons who had consumed leftover crayfish the day after a private crayfish boil. gastrointestinal illness caused by vibrio mimicus has not been reported previously in washington state. three cases were laboratory confirmed by stool culture; using pcr, isolates were found to have ctx genes that encode cholera toxin (ct). two of the cases were hospitalized under intensive care with a cholera-like illness ...	2012	22488068
structural variation of the superintegron in the toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 el tor.	to understand the genetic structures and variations of the superintegron (si) in vibrio cholerae isolated in the seventh cholera pandemic.	2011	22365393
Detection and characterization of pathogenic vibrios in shellfish by a Ligation Detection Reaction-Universal Array approach.	Vibrios are a group of major foodborne pathogens widely distributed in marine environment. Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus are the pathogenic species of Vibrio that pose the greatest threat to human health. However, other vibrios, e.g. Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio mimicus and Grimontia hollisae, apparently less relevant in the group of foodborne pathogens, have been sporadically found in outbreaks. For seafood safety and economic purposes, a rapid and powerful met ...	2011	22177227
erratum: variation in epitopes of the b subunit of vibrio cholerae non-o1 and vibrio mimicus cholera toxins.		1990	22049941
genome sequencing reveals unique mutations in characteristic metabolic pathways and the transfer of virulence genes between v. mimicus and v. cholerae.	vibrio mimicus, the species most similar to v. cholerae, is a microbe present in the natural environmental and sometimes causes diarrhea and internal infections in humans. it shows similar phenotypes to v. cholerae but differs in some biochemical characteristics. the molecular mechanisms underlying the differences in biochemical metabolism between v. mimicus and v. cholerae are currently unclear. several v. mimicus isolates have been found that carry cholera toxin genes (ctxab) and cause cholera ...	2011	21731695
design and validation of a novel multiplex real-time pcr assay for vibrio pathogen detection.	three species--vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus--account for the majority of vibrio infections in humans. rapid and accurate identification of vibrio species has been problematic because phenotypic characteristics are variable within species. additionally, biochemical identification and confirmation require 2 or more days to complete. rapid and sensitive molecular techniques for the detection of vibrio pathogens would be useful for the surveillance and management o ...	2011	21669071
[identification of vibrio mimicus bacteriophages].	lysogeny was studied in vibrio mimicus; the indicator v. cholerae el tor strain was selected to identify phages. new v. mimicus phages were obtained and identified, which had a morphological similarity and an antigen affinity for morphological group i cholerae phages. phage differentiation revealed that morphological group i v. mimicus phages showed certain differences manifested as their lytic activity against v. cholerae strain 1322-69 of serovar 37 while this property was absent in cholerae p ...	2011	21574461
development of a single base extension-tag microarray for the detection of pathogenic vibrio species in seafood.	in this study, a single base extension-tag array on glass slides (sbe-tags) microarray was established to detect the seven leading seafood-borne pathogens, including vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio cholerae, vibrio vulnificus, vibrio mimicus, vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio anguillarum, and vibrio harveyi. three multiplex pcr assays were developed to specifically target the following species with individual gene markers, which are aads, tdh, and trh for v. parahaemolyticus; col, toxr, and vvh for v ...	2010	21161212
identification and characterization of a vibrio mimicus gene encoding the heme/hemoglobin receptor.	the present authors have previously reported that vibrio mimicus expresses 77-kda and 80-kda outer membrane proteins in response to iron-limited conditions, and that the 77-kda protein serves as the receptor for ferriaerobactin. in this study, it was found that v. mimicus can use heme and hemoglobin as iron sources. furta was then applied to v. mimicus 7pt to obtain candidate gene fragments involved in utilization of heme and hemoglobin. one furta-positive clone was shown to contain a partial ge ...	2010	21118298
presence of genes for type iii secretion system 2 in vibrio mimicus strains.	vibrios, which include more than 100 species, are ubiquitous in marine and estuarine environments, and several of them e.g. vibrio cholerae, v. parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus and v. mimicus, are pathogens for humans. pathogenic v. parahaemolyticus strains possess two sets of genes for type iii secretion system (t3ss), t3ss1 and t3ss2. the latter are critical for virulence of the organism and be classified into two distinct phylogroups, t3ss2α and t3ss2β, which are reportedly also found in patho ...	2010	21110901
comparative genomics of clinical and environmental vibrio mimicus.	whether vibrio mimicus is a variant of vibrio cholerae or a separate species has been the subject of taxonomic controversy. a genomic analysis was undertaken to resolve the issue. the genomes of v. mimicus mb451, a clinical isolate, and vm223, an environmental isolate, comprise ca. 4,347,971 and 4,313,453 bp and encode 3,802 and 3,290 orfs, respectively. as in other vibrios, chromosome i (c-i) predominantly contains genes necessary for growth and viability, whereas chromosome ii (c-ii) bears gen ...	2010	21078967
notes from the field: vibrio mimicus infection from consuming crayfish --- spokane, washington, june 2010.	on june 24, 2010, the spokane (washington) regional health district (srhd) was notified of two hospitalized patients under intensive care with severe dehydration whose stool specimens yielded vibrio mimicus. cdc was asked to assist with the environmental and epidemiologic investigation. investigators learned that both persons had consumed crayfish on june 20, 2010. the previous day, live crayfish obtained from an online seafood company had been boiled and served warm at a party. the chef reporte ...	2010	21030943
dietary medicinal plant extracts improve growth, immune activity and survival of tilapia oreochromis mossambicus.	the effects of supplementing diets with acetone extract (1% w/w) from four medicinal plants (bermuda grass cynodon dactylon, h(1), beal aegle marmelos, h(2), winter cherry withania somnifera, h(3) and ginger zingiber officinale, h(4)) on growth, the non-specific immune response and ability to resist pathogen infection in tilapia oreochromis mossambicus were assessed. in addition, the antimicrobial properties of the extract were assessed against vibrio alginolyticus, vibrioparahaemolyticus, vibri ...	2009	20735646
discovery of novel vibrio cholerae vsp-ii genomic islands using comparative genomic analysis.	this report describes vibrio seventh pandemic island ii (vsp-ii) and three novel variants revealed by comparative genomics of 23 vibrio cholerae strains and their presence among a large and diverse collection of v. cholerae isolates. three vsp-ii variants were reported previously and our results demonstrate the presence of three novel vsp-ii in clinical and environmental v. cholerae marked by major deletions and genetic rearrangements. a new vsp-ii cluster was found in the seventh pandemic v. ch ...	2010	20528940
interaction between vibrio mimicus and acanthamoeba castellanii.	vibrio mimicus is a gram-negative bacterium, which causes gastroenteritis and is closely related to vibrio cholerae. the environmental reservoir of this bacterium is far from defined. acanthamoeba as well as vibrio species are found in diverse aquatic environments. the present study was aimed to investigate the ability of a. castellanii to host v. mimicus, the role of bacterial protease on interaction with a. castellanii and to disclose the ability of cysts to protect intracellular v. mimicus. c ...	2010	20454692
identification of non-coding rnas in environmental vibrios.	the discovery of non-coding rna (ncrna) has been mainly limited to laboratory model systems and human pathogenic bacteria. in this study, we begin to explore the ncrna diversity in four recently sequenced environmental vibrio species (vibrio alginolyticus 40b, vibrio communis 1da3, vibrio mimicus vm573 and vibrio campbellii baa-1116) by performing in silico searches using infernal and rfam for the identification of putative ncrna-encoding genes. this search method resulted in the identification ...	2010	20447992
in vitro antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of plant nephelium longan.	the petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of ethanol extract of leaf and stem from the plant nephelium longan (fam-sapindaceae) was subjected to antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activity. all the fractions showed potent antioxidant activity, of which the ethyl acetate and chloroform fraction of leaf demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity with the ic50 value of 44.28 and 44.31 microg ml(-1), respectively. the petroleum ether extracts (500 microg disc(-1)) of lea ...	2010	20415149
[simultaneous detection of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 by real-time quantitative pcr].	targeting the specific o-antigen gene cluster, a taq-man real-time fluorescence pcr assay was developed to detect 01 and o139 vibrio cholera concurrently and avoid frequently occurred false positives.	2010	20364601
occurrence of the vibrio cholerae seventh pandemic vsp-i island and a new variant.	using comparative genomics, we identified a new variant of the vibrio seventh pandemic island-i (vsp-i). results of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) screening for both known vsp-i variants indicate that the novel variant is present only in non-o1/non-o139 strains of v. cholerae and vibrio mimicus. comparative genomics revealed little sequence divergence in the seventh pandemic vsp-i; however, a second insertion site located on the smaller chromosome was identified. although the seventh pandemic v ...	2010	20141327
rapid identification and characterization of vibrio species using whole-cell maldi-tof mass spectrometry.	vibrio identification by means of traditional microbiological methods is time consuming because of the many biochemical tests that have to be performed to distinguish closely related species. this work aimed at evaluating the use of maldi-tof mass spectrometry for the rapid identification of vibrio (v.) spp. as an advantageous application to rapidly discriminate the most important vibrio spp. and distinguish vibrio spp. from closely related bacterial species like photobacterium damselae and grim ...	2010	20059616
development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for sensitive and rapid detection of the tdh and trh genes of vibrio parahaemolyticus and related vibrio species.	thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and tdh-related hemolysin (trh) are the major virulence determinants of vibrio parahaemolyticus. trh is further differentiated into trh1 and trh2 on the basis of genetic and phenotypic differences. we developed a novel and highly specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for sensitive and rapid detection of the tdh, trh1, and trh2 genes of v. parahaemolyticus. the lamp assay was designed for both combined and individual detection of the tdh, ...	2010	19966027
[development of taqman real-time pcr in detection of aeromonas hydrophila].	to develop a taqman real-time pcr for the detection of aeromonas hydrophila.	2009	19954074
validation of a method for the detection of five species, serogroups, biotypes and virulence factors of vibrio by multiplex pcr in fish and seafood.	in this work a sequential multiplex pcr system was designed and validated for the detection of most frequent foodborne pathogen vibrio species in fish and seafood (vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, vibrio alginoliticus and vibrio mimicus). the method proposed functions in a hierarchical way, being composed of an end-point multiplex pcr to detect the presence of dna belonging to the studied species, followed by multiplex pcr and fragment analysis allowing the viability ...	2010	19913702
simultaneous differential detection of human pathogenic and nonpathogenic vibrio species using a multiplex pcr based on gyrb and pnta genes.	to develop a multiplex pcr targeting the gyrb and pnta genes for vibrio species differentiation.	2010	19891709
rna colony blot hybridization method for enumeration of culturable vibrio cholerae and vibrio mimicus bacteria.	a species-specific rna colony blot hybridization protocol was developed for enumeration of culturable vibrio cholerae and vibrio mimicus bacteria in environmental water samples. bacterial colonies on selective or nonselective plates were lysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate, and the lysates were immobilized on nylon membranes. a fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probe targeting a phylogenetic signature sequence of 16s rrna of v. cholerae and v. mimicus was hybridized to rrna molecules immobilized ...	2009	19561182
dietary supplementation of mannan oligosaccharide improves the immune responses and survival of marron, cherax tenuimanus (smith, 1912) when challenged with different stressors.	three trials were conducted to determine the effects of mannan oligosaccharide (bio-mos ) on the immune responses of marron. in the first trial marron were challenged with vibrio mimicus infection, in the second with nh3 exposure and in the third, the marron were exposed to air during a simulated live transportation trial. for v. mimicus infection and live transportation trials, marron (10.44 +/- 0.20 g and 4.44 +/- 0.20 g initial weights, respectively) were fed three different diets containing ...	2009	19539033
mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysm infected by vibrio mimicus: report of a case.	this report describes a case of a mycotic aneurysm of the infrarenal abdominal aorta infected by vibrio mimicus, which is the only such case ever reported in the literature. the 80-year-old male patient was first treated for gastroenteritis for 7 days. two months later, he was admitted to the hospital and the aneurysm was diagnosed by three-dimensional computed tomography. the aneurysm was excised and the restoration was done using a 16-mm dacron straight graft. the cultivation of the excised an ...	2009	19198993
modulation of vibrio mimicus hemolysin through limited proteolysis by an endogenous metalloprotease.	vibrio mimicus is a causative agent of human gastroenteritis and food poisoning, and this species produces an enterotoxic hemolysin (v. mimicus hemolysin) as a virulence determinant. vibrio mimicus hemolysin is secreted as an 80 kda precursor, which is later converted to the 66 kda mature toxin through removal of an n-terminal propeptide via cleavage of the arg151-ser152 bond. in this article, we investigate the role of the endogenous metalloprotease (v. mimicus protease) in the maturation of v. ...	2009	19143841
expression of a fusion protein containing human epidermal growth factor and the collagen-binding domain of vibrio mimicus metalloprotease.	human epidermal growth factor (hegf) is a polypeptide of 53 amino acids, is an important autocrine/paracrine factor in the human body, and is used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. we constructed a fusion hegf protein with a collagen-binding domain (cbd) composed of 33 amino acids from vibrio mimicus metalloprotease (vmcbd). the cbd segment of the metalloprotease was fused at the c terminus of the hegf protein. the recombinant fusion protein was expressed in escherichia coli and pu ...	2009	18931974
an incidence of large foodborne outbreak associated with vibrio mimicus.		2009	18925423
vibrio porteresiae sp. nov., a diazotrophic bacterium isolated from a mangrove-associated wild rice (porteresia coarctata tateoka).	two facultatively anaerobic, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (strains mssrf30(t) and mssrf31) were isolated from a mangrove-associated wild rice (porteresia coarctata tateoka). these strains were determined to be nitrogen-fixers using the acetylene reduction assay and by pcr detection of a nifh gene amplicon. phylogenetic analyses based on 16s rrna gene sequences indicated that the novel strains were most closely related to vibrio fluvialis lmg 7894(t) (96.8 % gene sequence similarity), vibrio furnissi ...	2008	18599703
a methoxylated fatty acid isolated from the brown seaweed ishige okamurae inhibits bacterial phospholipase a2.	a methoxylated fatty acid that inhibits phospholipase a(2) (pla(2); ec 3.1.1.4) was purified from the brown seaweed ishige okamurae. approximately 8.1 mg of the inhibitory compound, 7-methoxy-9-methylhexadeca-4,8-dienoic acid, was isolated from 1 kg of i. okamurae powder. recombinant pla(2) derived from the pathogenic bacterium vibrio mimicus was used as the target enzyme. the methoxylated fatty acid compound competitively inhibited pla(2) with a ki value of 3.9 microg/ml. the concentrations req ...	2008	18570268
improvement of innate immune responses and defense activity in mitten crab (eriocheir sinensis) by oral administration of beta-glucan.	the beta-glucan (bg), extracted from saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall, was orally administrated to the mitten crab (eriocheir sinensis) at 0, 1, 5 and 10 g bg/kg diet for 28 days, followed by a challenge with vibrio mimicus by intramuscular injection. growth, phenoloxidase, superoxide dismutase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activity were monitored after 14 and 28 days. the results showed an immunomodulatory effect and protection against v. mimicus by dietary supplementation of bg. ...	2008	18568402
identification of vibrio cholerae and vibrio mimicus by multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa).	vibrio cholerae and vibrio mimicus have similar phenotypes and genomes making rapid differentiation of these two species difficult. the first standard multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa) scheme for the identification of these species is described. a collection of 45 representative isolates from different geographical regions and hosts was examined using segments of the housekeeping genes pyrh, reca and rpoa. overall, the closest phylogenetic neighbours of these species were vibrio furnissii and ...	2008	18319466
rapid and specific identification of 5 human pathogenic vibrio species by multiplex polymerase chain reaction targeted to dnaj gene.	a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method, specifically designed for application in routine diagnostic laboratories, was developed for identifying 5 human pathogen vibrio species: vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, vibrio mimicus, and vibrio alginolyticus. this assay directed toward the dnaj gene was tested on a total of 355 strains representing 13 vibrio species and 17 non-vibrio species. specific pcr fragments were produced in isolates belonging to the 5 targ ...	2007	17614235
catecholamine-induced stimulation of growth in vibrio species.	to evaluate the effect of norepinephrine (ne) and related compounds on the growth of bacteria, we have examined the effect of the neuroendocrine hormone ne and related compounds on the growth of vibrio parahaemolyticus and other human-pathogenic vibrio species (vibrio cholerae, vibrio vulnificus, and vibrio mimicus).	2007	17576228
proteolytic activation of vibrio mimicus (vm) major outer membrane protein haemagglutinin (ha) with vm-ha/protease: implication for understanding bacterial adherence.	vibrio mimicus (vm) haemagglutinins (has), such as an extracellular ha/protease (vm-ha/protease) and a major outer membrane protein-ha (vm-ompha), have been recognized as the putative adherence factors for the bacterium. however, the mechanism by which has coordinate the adherence function of the bacterium remains as yet unknown. we report herein the positive interaction between vm-ha/protease and vm-ompha resulting in significant enhancement of the haemagglutinating ability. in this interaction ...	2006	17116978
identification of vibrio isolates by a multiplex pcr assay and rpob sequence determination.	vibrio, a diverse genus of aquatic bacteria, currently includes 72 species, 12 of which occur in human clinical samples. of these 12, three species--vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus-account for the majority of vibrio infections in humans. rapid and accurate identification of vibrio species has been problematic because phenotypic characteristics are variable within species and biochemical identification requires 2 or more days to complete. to facilitate the identifi ...	2007	17093013
microwave irradiation for shortening the processing time of samples of flagellated bacteria for scanning electron microscopy.	microwave irradiation (mwi) has been applied to the development of rapid methods to process biological samples for scanning electron microscopy (sem). in this paper we propose two simple and quick techniques for processing bacteria (proteus mirabilis and vibrio mimicus) for sem using mwi. in the simplest methodology, the bacteria were placed on a cover-glass, air-dried, and submitted to conductivity stain. the reagent used for the conductivity stain was the mordant of a light microscopy staining ...	2004	17061527
haemolysin produced by vibrio mimicus activates two cl- secretory pathways in cultured intestinal-like caco-2 cells.	haemolysin (vmh) is a virulent factor produced by vibrio mimicus, a human pathogen that causes diarrhoea. as intestinal epithelial cells are the primary targets of haemolysin, we investigated its effects on ion transport in human colonic epithelial caco-2 cells. vmh increased the cellular short circuit current (isc), used to estimated ion fluxes, and 125i efflux of the cells. the vmh-induced increases in isc and 125i efflux were suppressed by depleting ca2+ from the medium or by pretreating the ...	2007	17026482
isolation of vibrio mimicus from a case of acute diarrhoea--a case report.	over a four months period (june to september, 2003) 111 stool samples from cases of acute diarrhoea were screened for vibronaceae in department of microbiology, smt. n. h. l. municipal medical college, ahmedabad. all the isolates were identified by standard laboratory technique. a total of 36 species belonging to vibrionaceae were isolated. phage typing of all these vibronaceae were done at national institute of cholera and enteric disease, kolkata. out of 36 isolates, 35 were vibrio cholereae a ...	2006	17001922
development of monoclonal antibodies for simple identification of vibrio alginolyticus.	the present study was aimed to produce monoclonal antibodies (mabs) for simple and specific identification of vibrio alginolyticus infection in shrimp.	2006	16965376
presence of luxs/ai-2 based quorum-sensing system in vibrio mimicus : luxo controls protease activity.	presence of the quorum-sensing regulation system in vibrio mimicus was investigated. the culture supernatants of v. mimicus strains were found to possess ai-2 autoinducer like activity, and the strains were found to harbor the genes which are homologous to luxs, luxo, and luxr of v. harveyi. these genes of v. harveyi have been shown to be important components of v. harveyi-like quorum-sensing system. the luxo gene homologue known to encode luxo, the central component of the regulation system, wa ...	2006	16714849
pcr-based identification of vibrio cholerae and the closely related species vibrio mimicus using the large chromosomal ori sequence of vibrio cholerae.	the bacterial chromosomal replication origin (ori) sequences are a highly conserved essential genetic element. in this study, the large chromosomal replication origin sequence of vibrio cholerae (oricivc) has been targeted for identification of the organism, including the biotypes of serogroup o1. the oricivc sequence-based pcr assay specifically amplified an 890 bp fragment from all the v. cholerae strains examined. a point mutation in the oricivc sequence of the classical biotype of o1 serogro ...	2006	16553836
high prevalence of vibrio cholerae non-o1 carrying heat-stable-enterotoxin-encoding genes among vibrio isolates from a temperate-climate river basin of central italy.	vibrio spp. of clinical interest from the arno river basin (tuscany, italy) were investigated in this study. vibrios were isolated from 70% of water samples. vibrio cholerae non-o1 was the most prevalent species (82% of isolates), followed by vibrio mimicus (10%) and vibrio metschnikovii (8%). recovery of vibrios was correlated with temperature, ph, and various indicators of municipal pollution. none of the 150 vibrio isolates carried ctx-related genomic sequences, whereas 18 (14.6%) of the 123 ...	1997	16535661
ecology of vibrio mimicus in aquatic environments.	[this corrects the article on p. 2077 in vol. 55.].	1990	16348134
use of oligonucleotide array for identification of six foodborne pathogens and pseudomonas aeruginosa grown on selective media.	identification of presumptive foodborne pathogens grown on selective media may take one to several days and requires a different battery of biochemical tests for each microorganism. a molecular identification method was developed in which universal primers were used to amplify the 16s to 23s rdna intergenic spacer of target microorganisms, and pcr products were hybridized to a panel of species-specific oligonucleotides that were immobilized on a nylon membrane. the seven target microorganisms we ...	2005	16300063
organization of the ctx prophage in environmental isolates of vibrio mimicus.	the organization of the ctx prophage in environmental strains of vibrio mimicus was investigated. sixteen hundred non-sucrose fermenting vibrios were examined for ctx gene by hybridization. out of 1,600 isolates, 6 v. mimicus isolates contained ctxa gene. the organization of ctx prophage was determined by rflp using ctxa probe. the ctx prophage integrated at a single site in v. mimicus genome which was present as a single copy flanked by at least a single rs element. ribotype pattern revealed th ...	2005	16113506
biochemical characterization of a cambialistic superoxide dismutase isozyme from diatom thallassiosira weissflogii: cloning, expression, and enzyme stability.	a cdna clone of 1081 bp encoding a second putative superoxide dismutase (sod) from diatom thallassiosira weissflogii was cloned by the polymerase chain reaction technique. the cdna encodes a protein of 286 amino acid residues. alignment of the truncated sod sequence containing 217 amino acid residues with mn-sods from vibrio mimicus and escherichia coli, as well as two fe-sods from e. coli and photobacterium leiognathi, this sod showed greater homology to mn-sod. the residues required to coordin ...	2005	16076113
selectivity and specificity of a chromogenic medium for detecting vibrio parahaemolyticust.	the thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (tcbs) used in the most-probable-number method for detecting vibrio parahaemolyticus cannot differentiate growth of v. parahaemolyticus from vibrio vulnificus or vibrio mimicus. this study examined the selectivity and specificity of bio-chrome vibrio medium (bcvm), a chromogenic medium that detects v. parahaemolyticus on the basis of the formation of distinct purple colonies on the medium. a panel consisting of 221 strains of bacteria, including 17 ...	2005	16013386
[pathogenic factors of vibrios with special emphasis on vibrio vulnificus].	bacteria of the genus vibrio are normal habitants of the aquatic environment and play roles for biocontrole of aquatic ecosystem, but some species are believed to be human pathogens. these species can be classified into two groups according to the types of diseases they cause: the gastrointestinal infections and the extraintestinal infections. the pathogenic species produce various pathogenic factors including enterotoxin, hemolysin, cytotoxin, protease, siderophore, adhesive factor, and hemaggl ...	2005	15997210
the faxwxxt motif in the carboxyl terminus of vibrio mimicus metalloprotease is involved in binding to collagen.	we have shown previously that the c-terminal region of the extracellular metalloprotease of vibrio mimicus (vmc) is essential for collagenase activity. here, we demonstrate that deletion of 100 amino acids, but not 67 amino acids, from the c-terminus of the intact vmc protein (vmc61) abolished the collagenase activity. the intervening 33-amino acid region contains a repeated faxwxxt motif that is essential for insoluble type i collagen binding; the isolated 33-amino acid peptide bound to insolub ...	2005	15848196
characterization of fe/mn-superoxide dismutase from diatom thallassiosira weissflogii: cloning, expression, and property.	a cdna clone of 1114 bp encoding a putative mn-superoxide dismutase (mn-sod) from diatom thallassiosira weissflogii was cloned by the pcr technique. nucleotide sequence analysis of this cdna clone revealed that it was translated into 201 amino acid residues. when the sequence was compared with mn-sods from vibrio mimicus and escherichia coli, as well as two fe-sods from e. coli and photobacterium leiognathi, this sod showed higher homology to mn-sod. the amino acid residues required to coordinat ...	2005	15740026
molecular typing of epidemic and nonepidemic vibrio cholerae isolates and differentiation of v. cholerae and v. mimicus isolates by pcr-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis.	to examine the utility of polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) analysis to differentiate epidemic and nonepidemic vibrio cholerae isolates as well as to differentiate v. cholerae and vibrio mimicus isolates.	2005	15715856
a hemolysin of vibrio mimicus (vmh) stimulates cells to produce atp and cyclic amp which appear to be secretory mediators.	the hemolysin of vibrio mimicus(vmh) is a pore-forming toxin with both enterotoxic and hemolytic activity. the hemolysis by vmh is induced by creation of pores in the membrane of erythrocyte; however, the mechanism for the enterotoxic action of vmh has remained unclear. in order to clarify the mechanism, we incubated t84 cells (a human colon carcinoma cell line) with vmh and found that the levels of atp and cyclic amp of culture medium increased after exposure of the cells to vmh. subsequently, ...	2005	15665456
molecular evolution of vibrio pathogenicity island-2 (vpi-2): mosaic structure among vibrio cholerae and vibrio mimicus natural isolates.	vibrio cholerae is a gram-negative rod that inhabits the aquatic environment and is the aetiological agent of cholera, a disease that is endemic in much of southern asia. the 57.3 kb vibrio pathogenicity island-2 (vpi-2) is confined predominantly to toxigenic v. cholerae o1 and o139 serogroup isolates and encodes 52 orfs (vc1758 to vc1809), which include homologues of an integrase (vc1758), a restriction modification system, a sialic acid metabolism gene cluster (vc1773-vc1783), a neuraminidase ...	2005	15632448
evolutionary genetic analysis of the emergence of epidemic vibrio cholerae isolates on the basis of comparative nucleotide sequence analysis and multilocus virulence gene profiles.	vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is a natural inhabitant of the aquatic ecosystem. we examined a unique collection of v. cholerae clinical and environmental isolates of widespread geographic distribution recovered over a 60-year period to determine their evolutionary genetic relationships based on analysis of two housekeeping genes, malate dehydrogenase (mdh) and a chaperonin (groel). in addition, the phylogenetic distribution of 12 regions associated with virulence was determine ...	2004	15472325
the ability of two different vibrio spp. bacteriophages to infect vibrio harveyi, vibrio cholerae and vibrio mimicus.	to determine the host range of the vibrio harveyi myovirus-like bacteriophage (vhml) and the cholera toxin conversion bacteriophage (ctx phi) within a range of vibrio cholerae and v. mimicus and v. harveyi, v. cholerae and v. mimicus isolates respectively.	2004	15357715
distribution of virulence-associated genes in vibrio mimicus isolates from clinical and environmental origins.	distribution of virulence-associated genes in vibrio mimicus was studied including the toxin genes ctxa, tdh, st and vmh and the genes necessary for regulation of toxin production, toxr, toxs, toxt, tcpa and tcpp. approximately half of clinical v. mimicus isolates possessed one or more genes encoding v. cholerae enterotoxic factors such as ctxa, tdh and st. all of the clinical and environmental isolates possessed vmh encoding v. mimicus hemolysin (vmh). the ctxa encoding cholera toxin was detect ...	2004	15272201
identification and characterization of two contiguous operons required for aerobactin transport and biosynthesis in vibrio mimicus.	in response to iron deprivation, vibrio mimicus produces aerobactin as a major siderophore. application of the fur titration assay to a v. mimicus genomic dna library followed by further cloning of the surrounding regions led to the identification of two adjacent, iron-regulated operons. one contains three genes encoding homologs of the escherichia coli fhucdb and the other, five genes encoding homologs of the e. coli iucabcd iuta. construction of the v. mimicus polar disruptants in the respecti ...	2004	15215626
use of reca as an alternative phylogenetic marker in the family vibrionaceae.	this study analysed the usefulness of reca gene sequences as an alternative phylogenetic and/or identification marker for vibrios. the reca sequences suggest that the genus vibrio is polyphyletic. the high heterogeneity observed within vibrios was congruent with former polyphasic taxonomic studies on this group. photobacterium species clustered together and apparently nested within vibrios, while grimontia hollisae was apart from other vibrios. within the vibrios, vibrio cholerae and vibrio mimi ...	2004	15143042
accuracy of six commercially available systems for identification of members of the family vibrionaceae.	six commercially available bacterial identification products were tested with vibrio alginolyticus (12 strains), v. cholerae (30 strains), photobacterium (vibrio) damselae (10 strains), v. fluvialis (10 strains), v. furnissii (4 strains), v. hollisae (10 strains), v. metschnikovii (9 strains), v. mimicus (10 strains), v. parahaemolyticus (30 strains), and v. vulnificus (10 strains) to determine the accuracy of each system for identification. the products included api 20e, crystal e/nf, microscan ...	2003	14662957