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the enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli effector espw triggers actin remodeling in a rac1-dependent manner.enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) is a diarrheagenic pathogen that colonizes the gut mucosa and induces attaching-and-effacing lesions. ehec employs a type iii secretion system (t3ss) to translocate 50 effector proteins that hijack and manipulate host cell signaling pathways, which allow bacterial colonization and subversion of immune responses and disease progression. the aim of this study was to characterize the t3ss effector espw. we found espw in the sequenced o157:h7 and non-o157 eh ...201728630074
in vitro anti-oxidant and anti-microbial potentiality investigation of different fractions of caryota urens leaves.caryota urens is a member of the arecaceae family and a common plant in the southeast asian region. this plant has been reported as an anti-microbial agent in recent years. thus, we aimed to find out the mic (minimum inhibitory concentration) against different pathogenic microorganism.201628536384
virulotyping of shigella spp. isolated from pediatric patients in tehran, iran.shigellosis is a considerable infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality among children worldwide. in this survey the prevalence of four important virulence genes including ial, ipah, set1a, and set1b were investigated among shigella strains and the related gene profiles identified in the present investigation, stool specimens were collected from children who were referred to two hospitals in tehran, iran. the samples were collected during 3 years (2008-2010) from children who were sus ...201728218003
rational design of reversible inhibitors for trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatases.in some organisms, environmental stress triggers trehalose biosynthesis that is catalyzed collectively by trehalose 6-phosphate synthase, and trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase (t6pp). t6pp catalyzes the hydrolysis of trehalose 6-phosphate (t6p) to trehalose and inorganic phosphate and is a promising target for the development of antibacterial, antifungal and antihelminthic therapeutics. herein, we report the design, synthesis and evaluation of a library of aryl d-glucopyranoside 6-sulfates to se ...201728192710
antimicrobial assay and genetic screening of selected freshwater cyanobacteria and identification of a biomolecule dihydro-2h-pyran-2-one derivative.explorations of freshwater cyanobacteria as antimicrobial (bacteria, fungi and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) strains) drug resource using bioassay, nrps (non-ribosomal polypeptide synthetase) and pks (polyketide synthase) genes, as well as in silico approach.201728004519
shigellosis in nepal: 13 years review of nationwide surveillance.shigella is a major cause of gastroenteritis especially in children. in developing countries, the incidence is frequent and results are often life threatening. changing epidemiology and emerging antibiotic resistance warrants continuous monitoring of susceptibility. the present study highlights the changing epidemiology and drug resistance patterns of shigella isolated at different hospitals of nepal over a period of 13 years (jan. 2003-dec. 2015).201627814742
the first report of a fully sequenced resistance plasmid from shigella boydii.the purpose of this study was to characterize mechanisms of plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance in shigella boydii. s. boydii strain 2246 with resistance to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and azithromycin was isolated from a human case of watery diarrhea in a chinese public hospital. resistance in strain 2246 to ceftriaxone and azithromycin was attributable to the presence of blactx-m-14, and erm(b) and mph(a), respectively, which were co-located on a multidrug-resistant (mdr) plasmid p2246-ct ...201627766094
structure and genetics of the o-antigens of escherichia coli o182-o187.o-polysaccharides (opss) were obtained by mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharides of escherichia coli o182-o187, and their structures were established by sugar analysis, smith degradation, and (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy. in addition to the monosaccharides that occur often in e. coli opss (d-glc, d-gal, d-man, d-glcnac, d-galnac, d-glca, l-fuc, d-rib), a number of less common components were identified as the ops constituents, including 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-l-quinovose and 4-deoxy-4- ...201627710814
a review on sero diversity and antimicrobial resistance patterns of shigella species in africa, asia and south america, 2001-2014.shigella, gram negative bacterium, is responsible for shigellosis/bacillary dysentery. it is a global concern although it predominates in developing countries. these are shigella dysenteriae, shigella flexneri, shigella boydii and shigella sonnei. drug resistance by shigella species is another headache of the world. therefore; this study aimed to review distribution of shigella serogroups and their antimicrobial patterns carried out in africa, asia and south america.201627576729
molecular characterisation of quinolone-resistant shigella strains isolated in tehran, iran.over the past few years, the number of shigella strains resistant to nalidixic acid has increased and has made the selection of effective antimicrobial therapy more difficult. the purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of quinolone resistance in shigella strains. shigella strains isolated from 1100 diarrhoeal patients in tehran, iran, were assessed for their susceptibility to nalidixic acid prior to pcr-rflp and sequence analysis of their quinolone resistance genes. amo ...201627436462
bacterial assessment of food handlers in sari city, mazandaran province, north of iran.food handlers with poor personal hygiene could be potential sources of infection due to pathogenic bacteria. this study was designed to determine the prevalence of bacterial infestation among the food handlers attending the public health center laboratory in sari, northern iran for annual check-up. this study was performed from september 2013 to august 2014. stool samples, fingernail specimens of both hands and nasal swabs were collected from 220 male and female food handlers of different jobs, ...201727435639
shigella diversity and changing landscape: insights for the twenty-first century.shigella is a pathovar of escherichia coli comprising four groups, shigella flexneri, shigella sonnei, shigella dysenteriae, and shigella boydii, each of them, with the exception of s.sonnei, comprising several serotypes. shigella accounts for the majority of dysentery causing infections occurring world-wide each year. recent advancements in the shigella field have led to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying host epithelial cell invasion and immune cell function manipula ...201627148494
structure and gene cluster of the o-antigen of enterobacter cloacae g3421.the o-polysaccharide was isolated by mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide of enterobacter cloacae g3421 and studied by sugar analysis along with 1d and 2d (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy. in addition, partial solvolysis with anhydrous trifluoroacetic acid was applied, which cleaved selectively the α-l-rhamnopyranosidic linkages. the following structure of the branched hexasaccharide repeating unit was established. the o-polysaccharide studied shares the β-l-rhap-(1→4)-α-l-rhap-(1→2)-α ...201627131290
genome diversity of shigella boydii.italic! shigella boydiiis one of the four italic! shigellaspecies that causes disease worldwide; however, there are few published studies that examine the genomic variation of this species. this study compares genomes of 72 total isolates; 28 italic! s. boydiifrom bangladesh and the gambia that were recently isolated as part of the global enteric multicenter study (gems), 14 historical italic! s. boydiigenomes in the public domain and 30 italic! escherichia coliand italic! shigellareference geno ...201627056949
antibacterial activity of a novel fatty acid (14e, 18e, 22e, 26e)-methyl nonacosa-14, 18, 22, 26 tetraenoate isolated from amaranthus spinosus.amaranthus spinosus linn. (amaranthaceae), commonly known as ''spiny pigweed'', is used in both indian traditional system and folk medicine for treatment of infectious diseases for a long time in several traditional herbal medicinal preparations. a novel fatty acid [(14e, 18e, 22e, 26e)-methyl nonacosa-14, 18, 22, 26 tetraenoate] is the major metabolite present.201627043360
synthesis of newer 1,2,3-triazole linked chalcone and flavone hybrid compounds and evaluation of their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities.the present study was carried out in an attempt to synthesize a new class of antimicrobial and antiplasmodial agents by copper catalyzed click chemistry to afford 25 compounds 10-14(a-e) of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole derivatives of chalcones and flavones. the structures of the newly synthesized compounds were established by elemental analysis, ir, (1)h nmr, (13)c nmr and mass spectral data. the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against gram positiv ...201626922227
development of a cost-effective vaccine candidate with outer membrane vesicles of a tola-disrupted shigella boydii strain.our previous studies on outer membrane vesicles based vaccine development against shigellosis, revealed the inability of shigella to release significant amount of vesicles naturally, during growth. disruption of tola, one of the genes of the tol-pal system of gram negative bacterial membrane, has increased the vesicle release rate of a shigella boydii type 4 strain to approximately 60% higher. we also noticed the vesicles, released from tola-disrupted strain captured more ompa protein and lipopo ...201626878295
in vitro probiotic characterization of lactobacillus strains from fermented radish and their anti-adherence activity against enteric pathogens.in this study, we evaluated the probiotic properties of lactobacillus plantarum, lactobacillus pentosus, and lactobacillus fermentum strains isolated from fermented radish. all the strains survived the simulated oro-gastrointestinal transit condition and showed significantly higher adherence to caco-2 cells compared with the probiotic strain lactobacillus rhamnosus gg. the strains showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, autoaggregation, and coaggregation capacity with pathogens. furthermor ...201526382558
simultaneous quantification of escherichia coli o157:h7 and shigella boydii using a visual-antibody-macroarray.being high throughput, rapid, automated, economical, convenient to operate and highly sensitive, protein arrays have been widely used in the analysis of tumor markers and veterinary drug residues. pathogenic microbes also can be detected qualitatively by dna array or protein array; however, their high throughput detection and quantification remains a big obstacle. to evaluate the potentiality of protein arrays for multiple quantitative detection of microorganisms with naked eye examination witho ...201526300105
intracellular and membrane-damaging activities of methyl gallate isolated from terminalia chebula against multidrug-resistant shigella spp.shigella spp. (shigella dysenteriae, shigella flexneri, shigella boydii and shigella sonnei) cause bacillary dysentery (shigellosis), which is characterized by bloody mucous diarrhoea. although a variety of antibiotics have been effective for treatment of shigellosis, options are becoming limited due to globally emerging drug resistance. in the present study, in vitro antibacterial activity of methyl gallate (mg) isolated from terminalia chebula was determined by performing mic, minimal bacteric ...201526272388
structure and genetics of the o-antigen of escherichia coli o169 related to the o-antigen of shigella boydii type 6.the o-polysaccharide (o-antigen) of escherichia coli o169 was studied by sugar analysis along with 1d and 2d (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy. the following structure of the branched hexasaccharide repeating unit was established: [formula: see text] the o-polysaccharide of e. coli o169 differs from that of shigella boydii type 6 only in the presence of a side-chain glucose residue. a comparison of the o-antigen biosynthesis gene clusters between the galf to gnd genes in the genomes of the two bac ...201526232763
molecular genotyping of shigella sonnei strains isolated from children with bloody diarrhea using pulsed field gel electrophoresis on the total genome and pcr-rflp of ipah and ipabcd genes.identification, understanding of antibiotic sensitivity patterns and molecular characterization of genetic elements of shigella species are important because of both epidemiological and clinical indications in developing countries.201525789126
stress tolerant virulent strains of cronobacter sakazakii from food.cronobacter sakazakii is considered as an emerging foodborne pathogen. the aim of this study was to isolate and characterize virulent strains of cronobacter sakazakii from food samples of bangladesh.201425723712
optimization of electrically active magnetic nanoparticles as accurate and efficient microbial extraction tools.food defense requires the means to efficiently screen large volumes of food for microbial pathogens. even rapid detection methods often require lengthy enrichment steps, making them impractical for this application. there is a great need for rapid, sensitive, specific, and inexpensive methods for extracting and concentrating microbial pathogens from food. in this study, an immuno-magnetic separation (ims) methodology was developed for escherichia coli o157:h7, using electrically active magnetic ...201525664527
shigella outer membrane protein pssp-1 is broadly protective against shigella infection.in developing countries, shigella is a primary cause of diarrhea in infants and young children. although antibiotic therapy is an effective treatment for shigellosis, therapeutic options are narrowing due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. thus, preventive vaccination could become the most efficacious approach for controlling shigellosis. we have identified several conserved protein antigens that are shared by multiple shigella serotypes and species. among these, one antigen induced cros ...201525651919
characterization and complete genome sequence of a novel n4-like bacteriophage, psb-1 infecting shigella boydii.shigellosis is one of major foodborne pathogens in both developed and developing countries. although antibiotic therapy is considered an effective treatment for shigellosis, the imprudent use of antibiotics has led to the increase of multiple-antibiotic-resistant shigella species globally. in this study, we isolated a virulent podoviridae bacteriophage (phage), psb-1, that infects shigella boydii. one-step growth analysis revealed that this phage has a short latent period (15 min) and a large bu ...201425283727
molecular characterization of serologically atypical provisional serovars of shigella isolates from kolkata, india.during 2000-2004, 13 shigella strains that were untypable by commercially available antisera were isolated from children <5 years of age with acute diarrhoea in kolkata. these strains were subsequently identified as shigella dysenteriae provisional serovar 204/96 (n = 3), shigella dysenteriae provisional serovar e23507 (n = 1), shigella dysenteriae provisional serovar i9809-73 (n = 1), shigella dysenteriae provisional serovar 93-119 (n = 1), shigella flexneri provisional serovar 88-893 (n = 6) a ...201425261061
isolation and development of bioluminescent reporter phages for bacterial dysentery.shigellosis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, most notably amongst children. moreover, there is a global increase in the occurrence of multidrug-resistant isolates, including the epidemic and pandemic shigella dysenteriae type 1 strain. we developed a bioluminescent reporter phage assay to facilitate detection and simultaneously determine antibiotic susceptibility. a shigella flexneri phage (shfl25875) was isolated from environmental wastewater and characterized by dna ...201525252629
analgesic, antibacterial and central nervous system depressant activities of albizia procera leaves.to ascertain analgesic, antibacterial and central nervous system (cns) depressant activities of ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and carbon tetrachloride fractions of methanol extract of albizia procera (a. procera) leaves.201425182551
purification of a novel chitin-binding lectin with antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities from a bangladeshi cultivar of potato (solanum tuberosum).a new chitin-binding lectin was purified from a bangladeshi cultivar 'deshi' of potato (solanum tuberosum l.) through anion-exchange and affinity chromatographies using a chitin column. sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) showed the molecular mass of the lectin as 20,000 daltons. this molecular mass was almost half of the molecular masses of chitin-binding lectins derived from other potatoes. the lectin showed both bactericidal and growth-inhibiting activities a ...201424980018
development of 23 individual taqman® real-time pcr assays for identifying common foodborne pathogens using a single set of amplification conditions.most of the acute intestinal diseases are caused by foodborne pathogens with infants and elderly people being at major risk. the aim of this study was to develop a procedure to simultaneously detect 20 foodborne pathogens in complex alimentary matrices such as milk, cheese and meat. the list of targets include, among the others, listeria spp., salmonella spp., shigella spp., escherichia coli spp., campylobacter spp., clostridium spp. and staphylococcus aureus. the accuracy of detection was deter ...201424929880
antibacterial activities and in vitro anti-inflammatory (membrane stability) properties of methanolic extracts of gardenia coronaria leaves.this work is carried out with gardenia coronaria leaves that belong to the family rubiaceae, which is a small-to-medium-sized but tall, deciduous tree, 7.6-9 m high on an average. leaves are used for the treatment of rheumatic pain and bronchitis. the leaf of the plant consists of coronalolide, coronalolic acid, coronalolide methyl ester, ethyl coronalolate acetate triterpenes (secocycloartanes), and so forth. methanol extract from the leaves of gardenia coronaria was completely screened for mem ...201424695677
searchdogs bacteria, software that provides automated identification of potentially missed genes in annotated bacterial genomes.we report the development of searchdogs bacteria, software to automatically detect missing genes in annotated bacterial genomes by combining blast searches with comparative genomics. having successfully applied the approach to yeast genomes, we redeveloped searchdogs to function as a standalone, downloadable package, requiring only a set of genbank annotation files as input. the software automatically generates a homology structure using reciprocal blast and a synteny-based method; this is follo ...201424659774
role of porin proteins in acquisition of transferrin iron by enteropathogens.acquisition of iron from key innate immune defence proteins such as transferrin (tf) and lactoferrin is an important mechanism by which pathogenic bacteria obtain essential iron for growth within their host. bacterial species that do not produce siderophores often use specific tf-binding proteins, the best characterized being the neisseriaceae-type tf-binding proteins tbpa and tbpb. previous work from our laboratory has shown that siderophore-producing enteric species such as escherichia coli al ...201324089578
protective immunity by oral immunization with heat-killed shigella strains in a guinea pig colitis model.the protective efficacy of and immune response to heat-killed cells of monovalent and hexavalent mixtures of six serogroups/serotypes of shigella strains (shigella dysenteriae 1, shigella flexneri 2a, s. flexneri 3a, s. flexneri 6, shigella boydii 4, and shigella sonnei) were examined in a guinea pig colitis model. a monovalent or hexavalent mixture containing 1 × 10(7) of each serogroup/serotype of heat-killed shigella cells was administered orally on days 0, 7, 14 and 21. on day 28, the immuni ...201324033533
characterization and complete genome sequence of the shigella bacteriophage psf-1.shigellosis is a global health problem, and shigella flexneri is the major cause of this disease. in this study, we isolated a virulent siphoviridae bacteriophage (phage), psf-1, that infects s. flexneri. this phage was isolated from the han river in korea and was found to infect s. flexneri, shigella boydii, and shigella sonnei. one-step growth analysis revealed that this phage has a short latent period (10 min) and a large burst size (86.86 pfu/cell), indicating that psf-1 has good host infect ...201324012542
escherichia albertii, a newly emerging enteric pathogen with poorly defined properties.escherichia albertii is a newly emerging enteric pathogen that has been associated with sporadic infections among humans and birds. selected coliform isolates were screened for allelic variation in 2 housekeeping genes (lysp and mdh) specific for e. albertii. the 48 strains that were identified as e. albertii were tested for 15 virulence markers and biochemical and serogical properties. all e. albertii strains were non-motile, fermented d-glucose (with gas), d-mannitol, and d-mannose, but failed ...201323938305
oxalis corniculata (oxalidaceae) leaf extract exerts in vitro antimicrobial and in vivo anticolonizing activities against shigella dysenteriae 1 (nt4907) and shigella flexneri 2a (2457t) in induced diarrhea in suckling mice.in this study, the extract of a green leafy vegetable oxalis corniculata (oxalidaceae) was evaluated for its in vitro antibacterial and in vivo anti colonizing effect against common intestinal pathogenic bacteria. methanolic extract (80%) of oxalis corniculata (oxalidaceae) leaf contained a polyphenol content of 910 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry weight and the yield was 8%. the flavonoid content was 2.353 g quercetin equivalent per 100 g of the extract. in vitro studies indicated tha ...201323909903
patterning bacterial communities on epithelial cells.micropatterning of bacteria using aqueous two phase system (atps) enables the localized culture and formation of physically separated bacterial communities on human epithelial cell sheets. this method was used to compare the effects of escherichia coli strain mg1655 and an isogenic invasive counterpart that expresses the invasin (inv) gene from yersinia pseudotuberculosis on the underlying epithelial cell layer. large portions of the cell layer beneath the invasive strain were killed or detached ...201323785519
development of a dna macroarray for simultaneous detection of multiple foodborne pathogenic bacteria in fresh chicken meat.a dna macroarray was developed to provide the ability to detect multiple foodborne pathogens in fresh chicken meat. probes targeted to the 16s rrna and genus- and species-specific genes, including fimy, ipah, prfa, and uspa, were selected for the specific detection of salmonella spp., shigella spp., listeria monocytogenes, and escherichia coli, respectively. the combination of target gene amplification by pcr and a dna macroarray in our system was able to distinguish all target bacteria from pur ...201323754709
multi-serotype outer membrane vesicles of shigellae confer passive protection to the neonatal mice against shigellosis.recently, we have demonstrated, immunization of adult female mice with outer membrane vesicles (omvs) of shigella boydii type 4 protected their offspring passively from shigellosis. in our present study, we have advanced our research by formulating multi-serotype outer membrane vesicles (momvs), mixing the omvs of shigella dysenteriae 1 δstx, shigella flexneri 2a, 3a and 6, s. boydii type 4 and shigella sonnei to achieve a broad spectrum protection against shigellosis. adult mice were immunized ...201323684822
design, synthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel benzothiazole analogs.in an attempt to design and synthesize a new class of antimicrobials, dialkyne substituted 2-aminobenzothiazole was reacted with various substituted aryl azides to generate a small library of 20 compounds (3a-t) by click chemistry. structures of the newly synthesized compounds were established on the basis of spectral data. these compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against gram+ bacteria (staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus faecalis), gram- bacteria (salmonella typhi, esc ...201323567952
recombinant heat shock protein 60 (hsp60/groel) of salmonella enterica serovar typhi elicits cross-protection against multiple bacterial pathogens in mice.heat shock proteins (hsps) or stress proteins are recognized as protective antigens against a wide range of bacterial diseases. conservation of hsps across different life forms also appears to contribute to the antigenicity of these proteins. due to their high sequence homology, there exists an immunological cross-recognition between different bacterial species. in the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of recombinant groel of salmonella enterica serovar typhi as a vaccine candidate agains ...201323474314
shigella strains are not clones of escherichia coli but sister species in the genus escherichia.shigella species and escherichia coli are closely related organisms. early phenotyping experiments and several recent molecular studies put shigella within the species e. coli. however, the whole-genome-based, alignment-free and parameter-free cvtree approach shows convincingly that four established shigella species, shigella boydii, shigella sonnei, shigella felxneri and shigella dysenteriae, are distinct from e. coli strains, and form sister species to e. coli within the genus escherichia. in ...201223395177
chemical and antimicrobial studies on the essential oil from salvia santolinifolia boiss.in view of the reputation of genus salvia in folklore medicine and its abundance in our region, the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from s. santolinifolia boiss. was analyzed. chemical analysis, using gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry, retention indices and c-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has resulted in identification of 116 constituents, comprising about 97% of the total constituents. out of these 116, 78 constituents are ...201323261726
phage inactivation of foodborne shigella on ready-to-eat spiced chicken.shigellosis, also called bacillary dysentery, is an infectious disease caused by shigella species, including shigella flexneri, shigella dysenteriae, shigella sonnei, and shigella boydii. infection with s. flexneri can result in epidemics, and shigella-contaminated food is often the source of infection, such as ready-to-eat spiced chicken and duck. therefore, we investigated the ability of shigella phages to inhibit pathogenic shigella spp. in ready-to-eat spiced chicken. food samples were inocu ...201323243250
in vitro development and analysis of escherichia coli and shigella boydii azithromycin-resistant mutants.the aim of this study was to develop and analyze in vitro azithromycin (azm)-resistant mutants of escherichia coli and shigella boydii. three clinical isolates of e. coli and one s. boydii isolated from feces samples collected from children under 5 years of age with diarrhea in lima, peru were inoculated onto mueller-hinton plates containing increasing serial dilutions of azm ranging from their specific minimal inhibitory concentration (2 or 4 mg/l) to 64 mg/l. from these plates, 16 azm-resistan ...201323176550
evidence of interspecies o antigen gene cluster transfer between shigella boydii 15 and escherichia fergusonii.an environmental bacterial isolate, iso10, previously found to show serological cross-reactivity with type-specific shigella boydii 15 antisera was subjected to further molecular and serological analyses that revealed interspecies transfer of the o antigen gene cluster. western blot analysis of iso10 cell surface extracts and purified lipopolysaccharides demonstrated strong cross-reactivity with s. boydii 15-specific monovalent antisera and a lipopolysaccharide gel banding profile similar to tha ...201223030400
a genomic island in salmonella enterica ssp. salamae provides new insights on the genealogy of the locus of enterocyte effacement.the genomic island encoding the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee) is an important virulence factor of the human pathogenic escherichia coli. lee typically encodes a type iii secretion system (t3ss) and secreted effectors capable of forming attaching and effacing lesions. although prominent in the pathogenic e. coli such as serotype o157:h7, lee has also been detected in citrobacter rodentium, e. albertii, and although not confirmed, it is likely to also be in shigella boydii. previous phyloge ...201222860002
studies on shigella boydii infection in caenorhabditis elegans and bioinformatics analysis of immune regulatory protein interactions.shigella boydii causes bacillary dysentery or shigellosis and generates a significant burden in the developing nations. s. boydii-mediated infection assays were performed at both physiological and molecular levels using caenorhabditis elegans as a host. continuous exposure of worms to s. boydii showed a reduced life span indicating the pathogenicity of shigella. quantitative real-time pcr analysis was performed to analyze the expression and regulation of host specific candidate-antimicrobial gen ...201222841995
outer membrane vesicles of shigella boydii type 4 induce passive immunity in neonatal mice.like most other gram-negative bacteria, shigella releases outer membrane vesicles (omvs) into the surrounding environment during growth. in this study, we have exploited omvs of shigella as a protective immunogen in a mice model against shigellosis. distinctive vesicle secretion was noticed from different shigella strains. among them, shigella boydii type 4 (bch612) was secreting relatively higher amounts. we immunized female adult mice orally with 32 μg of purified shigella boydii type 4 (bch61 ...201222762732
comparison of minimum inhibitory concentration of water soluble extracts of eugenia jambolana lam. (fam. myrtaceae) barks of different ages on dysentery and diarrhoea forming micro - organisms.a preliminary investigations was carried out to study the antibacterial activity of the water soluble extracts of five and ten years old barks of eugenia jambolana lam. (fam. myrtaceae) on dysentery and diarrhoea forming micro organisms. it was observed that the barks of young plants have a better inhibitory effect on micro - organisms like salmonella viballerup, shigella dysenteriae 10, shigella boydii 5, sgigella dysenteriae 2.198522557509
antimicrobial action of the leaf extract of lagerstroemia parviflora roxb.the benzene extract of the leaves of lagerstroemia paviflora roxb was tested for its minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) against gram positive staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, klebsiella pneumoniae, streptococcus pneumoniae, lactobacillus arabinosus and gram negative strains e.coli, shigella dysenteriae, shigella sonnei, shigella boydii, salmonella typhimurium, proteus mirabilis and vibrio cholerae. further the zones of inhibition produced by the crude extract agains ...200222557054
antimicrobial activity of the mycotoxin citrinin obtained from the fungus penicillium citrinum.the mycotoxin citrinin was obtained from the fungus penicillium citrinum. it was tested for it's minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) against some gram positive strains viz. staphylococcus aureus, bacillus pumilus, bacillus subtillis, bacillus cereus, klebsiella pneumoniae, streptococcus pneumoniae, lactobacillus arabinosus and gram negative strains e.coli, shigella dysenteriae, shigella sonnei, shigella boydii, salmonella typhimurium, proteus mirabilis and vibrio cholerae. further the zones o ...200222557053
antimicrobial potency of the leaf - stalk extract of curcuma longa (linn).the methanolic extract of the leaf-stalk of curcuma longa linn, was tested for its minimum inhibitor concentration (mic) against gram positive-staphylococcus aureus, bacillus pumilus, bacillus subtilis, klebsiella pnemoniae, bacillus cereus, streptococcus pneumoniae, lactobacillus arabinosus and gram negative e.coli, shigella dysenteriae, shigella sonnei, shigella boydii, salmonella typhimurium, proteus mirabilis, and vibrio cholerae strains, further, the ones of inhibition produced by the crude ...200022557005
evaluation of food protective property of five natural products using fresh-cut apple slice model.the present study evaluated the antioxidant (aa), antimicrobial and preservation effects of five plant derived natural products viz., rosmarinic acid (ra), p-coumaric acid (pca), trans-cinnamic acid (tca), hydroxyphenyllactic acid (hpa) and caffeic acid (ca) along with synthetic compounds (ascorbic acid, gallic acid, citric acid and bha) on fresh cut apple slices. antimicrobial efficacy of these compounds against bacillus licheniformis, pseudomonas vulgaris, shigella boydii, salmonella typhi, st ...201222530437
effect of bovine lactoferrin on the minimum inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for clinical shigella spp. strains.here, we determined the effect of bovine lactoferrin (blf) on the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in shigella . using a microdilution method, the mic was determined in the presence or absence of bovine lactoferrin (10 mg/ml) on 88 shigella strains (56 shigella flexneri , 15 shigella boydii , 13 shigella sonnei , and 4 shigella dysenteriae ) previously isolated from peruvian children <2 years old. a fold change of 2 or more in mic values was ...201222397495
antimicrobial-resistant shigella infections from iran: an overlooked problem?in this study, we wanted to assess the level of antimicrobial resistance, the presence of genes encoding resistance to cephalosporins and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (pmqr), and genetic relatedness among shigella isolates obtained from iranian patients.201222345385
molecular characterizations of cytolethal distending toxin produced by providencia alcalifaciens strains isolated from patients with diarrhea.cytolethal distending toxins (cdts), which block eukaryotic cell proliferation by acting as inhibitory cyclomodulins, are produced by diverse groups of gram-negative bacteria. active cdt is composed of three polypeptides--cdta, cdtb, and cdtc--encoded by the genes cdta, cdtb, and cdtc, respectively. we developed a pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for the detection and differentiation of five alleles of cdtb (cdt-i through cdt-v) in escherichia coli and used the assay to investi ...201222252871
Atypical Shigella boydii 13 encodes virulence factors seen in attaching and effacing Escherichia coli.Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) is a foodborne pathogen that causes watery diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis. In this study, we identified StcE, a secreted zinc metalloprotease that contributes to intimate adherence of EHEC to host cells, in culture supernatants of atypical Shigella boydii 13 (Shigella B13) strains. Further examination of the Shigella B13 strains revealed that this cluster of pathogens does not invade but forms pedestals on HEp-2 cells similar to EHEC and enteropathogenic E. col ...201122126649
neurological manifestations of shigellosis in children in southwestern iran. 201122115119
[Etiological aspects of acute gastroenteritis--a ten-year review (1.01. 2001-31.12.2010)].Acute gastroentritis is one of the most common diseases in humans, and continues to be a significant cause of morbidity worldwide.201122046776
convergent synthesis of the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the o-antigen of shigella boydii type 9.a convenient synthesis of the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the o-antigen of shigella boydii type 9 has been achieved in excellent yield using a [2 + 2] block glycosylation strategy. tempo-mediated selective oxidation of the primary alcohol of the tetrasaccharide derivative 8 to the carboxylic group followed by deprotection of the functional groups furnished target tetrasaccharide 1 as its 4-methoxyphenyl glycoside in high yield.201121977201
emergence of a novel shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o serogroup cross-reacting with shigella boydii type 10.this is the first report of the isolation of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) strains whose o antigens were genetically and serologically identical to those of shigella boydii type 10, from human feces. the novel stec o serogroup may be widespread in japan and associated with diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis.201121865424
lipopolysaccharide core structures and their correlation with genetic groupings of shigella strains; a novel core variant in shigella boydii type 16.bacteria shigella, the cause of shigellosis, evolved from intestinal bacteria escherichia coli. based on structurally diverse o-specific polysaccharide chains of the lipopolysaccharides (o-antigens), three from four shigella species are subdivided into multiple serotypes. the central oligosaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide called core is usually conserved within genus but five core types called r1-r4 and k-12 have been recognized in e. coli. structural data on the shigella core are limited to ...201121752864
a shigella boydii bacteriophage which resembles salmonella phage vii.abstract: background: lytic bacteriophages have been applied successfully to control the growth of various foodborne pathogens. sequencing of their genomes is considered as an important preliminary step to ensure their safety prior to food applications. results: the lytic bacteriophage, phisbom-ag3, targets the important foodborne pathogen, shigella. it is morphologically similar to phage vii of salmonella enterica serovar typhi and a series of phages of acinetobacter calcoaceticus and rhizobium ...201121595934
effects of probiotic fermentation on the enhancement of biological and pharmacological activities of codonopsis lanceolata extracted by high pressure treatment.this study was designed to evaluate the enhancement of antioxidant, antimicrobial, enzymatic, cytotoxic, and cognitive activities of codonopsis lanceolata extracted by high pressure treatment followed by probiotic fermentation. dried c. lanceolata samples were subjected to 400mpa for 20min and then fermented with bifidobacterium longum b6 (hpe-blf) and lactobacillus rhamnosus (hpe-lrf) at 37°c for 7days. compared to conventional extraction (ce-nf, 6.69mg gae/g), the phenol amounts of hpe-blf and ...201121543255
effect of nacl on the biofilm formation by foodborne pathogens.this study was designed to evaluate the effect of nacl on the biofilm formation of listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, shigella boydii, and salmonella typhimurium. the biofilm cells were cultured in media containing different nacl concentrations (0% to 10%) for 10 d of incubation at 37 °c using a 24-well polystyrene microtiter plate, collected by swabbing methods, and enumerated using plate count method. the attachment and detachment kinetic patterns were estimated according to the mo ...201021535614
a unique arabinose 5-phosphate isomerase found within a genomic island associated with the uropathogenicity of escherichia coli cft073.previous studies showed that deletion of genes c3405 to c3410 from pai-metv, a genomic island from escherichia coli cft073, results in a strain that fails to compete with wild-type cft073 after a transurethral cochallenge in mice and is deficient in the ability to independently colonize the mouse kidney. our analysis of c3405 to c3410 suggests that these genes constitute an operon with a role in the internalization and utilization of an unknown carbohydrate. this operon is not found in e. coli k ...201121498648
dissemination of ndm-1 positive bacteria in the new delhi environment and its implications for human health: an environmental point prevalence study.not all patients infected with ndm-1-positive bacteria have a history of hospital admission in india, and extended-spectrum β-lactamases are known to be circulating in the indian community. we therefore measured the prevalence of the ndm-1 gene in drinking water and seepage samples in new delhi.201121478057
genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance in shigella dysenteriae and shigella boydii strains isolated from children aged <5 years in egypt.summarydiversity within shigella dysenteriae (n=40) and shigella boydii (n=30) isolates from children living in egypt aged <5 years was investigated. shigella-associated diarrhoea occurred mainly in summer months and in children aged <3 years, it commonly presented with vomiting and fever. serotypes 7 (30%), 2 (28%), and 3 (23%) accounted for most of s. dysenteriae isolates; 50% of s. boydii isolates were serotype 2. s. dysenteriae and s. boydii isolates were often resistant to ampicillin, chlor ...201121470441
a comparison of disease caused by shigella and campylobacter species: 24 months community based surveillance in 4 slums of karachi, pakistan.despite the efforts of the international community diarrheal diseases still pose a major threat to children in children less than five years of age. bacterial diarrhea has also emerged as a public health concern due to the proliferation of drug resistant species in many parts of the world. there is a paucity of population-based data about the incidence of shigellosis and campylobacter infections in pakistan. we report country specific results for shigella diarrhea that were derived from a multic ...201121338955
arginine-dependent acid-resistance pathway in shigella boydii.ability to survive the low ph of the human stomach is considered be an important virulent determinant. it was suggested that the unique acid tolerance of shigella boydii 18 cdph, the strain implicated in a 1998 outbreak, may have played an important role in surviving the acidic food (bean salad). the strain was capable of inducing arginine-dependent acid-resistance (adar) pathway. this pathway was assumed to be absent in shigella sp. here, we have examined occurrence and efficacy of adar pathway ...201021136041
comparison of conventional culture methods and fta filtration-nested pcr for the detection of shigella boydii and shigella sonnei on tomato surfaces.detection of shigella boydii ui02 and shigella sonnei ui05 artificially inoculated onto tomatoes was evaluated using enrichment protocols of the u.s. food and drug administration's bacteriological analytical manual (bam) and the american public health association's compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of food (cmmef), enrichment in enterobacteriaceae enrichment (ee) broth supplemented with 1.0 microg/ml novobiocin and incubated at 42 degrees c, and fta filtration-nested pcr. ...200521132967
[antibacterial antibodies in human immunoglobulins and sera: past and present].to measure levels of several types of antibacterial antibodies in preparations of normal human immunoglobulin as well as in samples of donor sera obtained in 1965 and 2009.201021061576
biochemical characterization of udp-gal:glcnac-pyrophosphate-lipid β-1,4-galactosyltransferase wfed, a new enzyme from shigella boydii type 14 that catalyzes the second step in o-antigen repeating-unit synthesis.the o antigen is the outer part of the lipopolysaccharide (lps) in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and contains many repeats of an oligosaccharide unit. it contributes to antigenic variability and is essential to the full function and virulence of bacteria. shigella is a gram-negative human pathogen that causes diarrhea in humans. the o antigen of shigella boydii type 14 consists of repeating oligosaccharide units with the structure [→6-d-galpα1→4-d-glcpaβ1→6-d-galpβ1→4-d-galpβ1→4-d ...201021057010
research progress in shigella in the postgenomic era.gram-negative, facultative intracellular anaerobes of the genus shigella, the principal etiologic agents of shigellosis, continue to pose a threat to public health. shigellosis causes 1.1 million deaths with over 164 million annual cases. the shigella spp. can be divided into four serogroups: shigella dysenteriae, shigella flexneri, shigella boydii and shigella sonnei. the completion of seven shigella genome sequences of representative strains from each of the shigella species has introduced an ...201021046319
antibacterial properties of essential oils and methanol extracts of sweet basil ocimum basilicum occurring in bangladesh.the antibacterial potential of essential oils and methanol extracts of sweet basil ocimum basilicum l. (lamiaceae) was evaluated for controlling the growth range of food-borne pathogenic bacteria. essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation from the leaves and stems were analyzed by gc-ms. fifty-seven compounds representing 94.9 and 96.1% of the total leaf and stem oils, respectively, were identified, of which methyl chavicol (36.7 and 29.9%), gitoxigenin (9.3 and 10.2%), trimethoquinol (10.3 ...201020645791
the type iii effectors nlee and nleb from enteropathogenic e. coli and ospz from shigella block nuclear translocation of nf-kappab p65.many bacterial pathogens utilize a type iii secretion system to deliver multiple effector proteins into host cells. here we found that the type iii effectors, nlee from enteropathogenic e. coli (epec) and ospz from shigella, blocked translocation of the p65 subunit of the transcription factor, nf-kappab, to the host cell nucleus. nf-kappab inhibition by nlee was associated with decreased il-8 expression in epec-infected intestinal epithelial cells. ectopically expressed nlee also blocked nuclear ...201020485572
phenotypic characterization and genomic analysis of the shigella sonnei bacteriophage sp18.a novel bacteriophage that infects shigella sonnei was isolated from the gap river in korea, and its phenotypic and genomic characteristics were investigated. the virus, called sp18, showed morphology characteristic of the family myoviridae, and phylogenetic analysis of major capsid gene (gp23) sequences classified it as a t4-like phage. based on host spectrum analysis, it is lytic to s. sonnei, but not to shigella flexneri, shigella boydii or members of the genera escherichia and salmonella. py ...201020437154
bacteriological and parasitological assessment of food handlers in the omdurman area of sudan.pathogenic organisms are thought to be widely distributed among food handlers. this study was designed to assess the prevalence of carriers of some pathogenic bacteria and intestinal parasites among food handlers in the city of omdurman, sudan.201020434126
characterisation of multidrug-resistant salmonella typhimurium 4,[5],12:i:- dt193 strains carrying a novel genomic island adjacent to the thrw trna locus.in 2006, monophasic, multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica spp. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- strains appeared as a novel serotype in germany, associated with large diffuse outbreaks and increased need for hospitalisation. the emerging 4,[5],12:i:- strains isolated from patients in germany belong mainly to phage type dt193 according to the anderson phage typing scheme for s. typhimurium (stm) and exhibit at least a tetra-drug resistance. the strains have been shown to harbour stm-specific gifs ...201020303825
new enterovirulent escherichia coli serogroup 64474 showing antigenic and genotypic relationships to shigella boydii 16.studies based on the analysis of housekeeping genes indicate that escherichia coli and all shigella species, except for shigella boydii type 13, belong to a single species. this study analysed the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of 23 e. coli strains isolated in different countries from faecal specimens taken from children with diarrhoea. strains were identified using the vitek system and typed with rabbit sera obtained against 186 somatic and 53 flagellar e. coli antigens and against 4 ...201020075111
combined effects of probiotic fermentation and high-pressure extraction on the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antimutagenic activities of deodeok (codonopsis lanceolata).this study was designed to evaluate the combined effects of probiotic fermentation and high-pressure extraction (hpe) on the functional properties of codonopsis lanceolata. the ground c. lanceolata samples were anaerobically fermented with lactobacillus acidophilus adh, bifidobacterium longum b6, lactobacillus rhamnosus gg, or lactobacillus paracasei at 37 degrees c for 10 days and subjected to 500 mpa at 50 degrees c for 30 min. the extraction yields of c. lanceolata samples were noticeably inc ...201020000575
immobilization of bacteriophages on modified silica particles.bacteriophages are selective anti-bacterial agents, which are receiving increasing acceptance by regulatory agencies for use both in the food industry and in clinical settings for biocontrol. while immobilized phage could be particularly useful to create antimicrobial surfaces, current immobilization strategies require chemical bioconjugation to surfaces or more difficult processes involving modification of their head proteins to express specific binding moieties, for example, biotin or cellulos ...201019945158
analysis of a temporal cluster of shigella boydii isolates in mpumalanga, south africa, november to december 2007.shigellosis is a global human health problem. the disease is most prevalent in developing countries with poor access to safe potable water and sanitation. shigella boydii is of particular epidemiological importance in developing nations such as african and asian countries. in the present study, we report on the analysis of a temporal cluster of 29 s. boydii serotype 2 strains, isolated in the mpumalanga province of south africa (sa) over the period of november to december 2007.200919749451
the escherichia coli o149 rfb gene cluster and its use for the detection of porcine e. coli o149 by real-time pcr.pcr or hybridization assays are widely used for the identification and detection of various escherichia coli serogroups and serotypes. this study explored this approach for the detection of e. coli o149 in pigs, a dominant serogroup among those associated with porcine post-weaning diarrhea (pwd) worldwide. for this purpose, we sequenced the o antigen (rfb) gene cluster of a representative enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec) o149:h10 strain and identified a 2kbp region specific for the o149 rfb gene c ...201019733452
assessment of cell surface properties and adhesion potential of selected probiotic strains.to evaluate the physicochemical cell surface and adhesive properties of selected probiotic strains for human use.200919725886
evaluation of antibacterial activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of thespesia populnea flower extracts.flavonoids which were reported as having many pharmacological activities, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, chemoprevention activities and they possess strong antiproliferative effects related to inhibition of cell cycle progression and apoptosis induction. on the basis of this thespesia populnea (l.) sol. ex correa (family-malvaceae) was selected and it is having the major composition of flavonoids and the antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of thespesia populnea flowers was inves ...200919553175
the expression of lipopolysaccharide by strains of shigella dysenteriae, shigella flexneri and shigella boydii and their cross-reacting strains of escherichia coli.strains of shigella dysenteriae, shigella flexneri and shigella boydii express lipopolysaccharides, that enable the serotyping of strains based on their antigenic structures. certain strains of s. dysenteriae, s. flexneri and s. boydii are known to share epitopes with strains of escherichia coli; however, the lipopolysaccharide profiles of the cross-reacting organisms have not been compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) lipopolysaccharides profiling. in ...200919222579
frequency of isolation of various subtypes and antimicrobial resistance of shigella from urban slums of karachi, pakistan.shigellosis remains a major public health problem in developing countries. antimicrobial resistance has complicated the empirical treatment. knowledge of serotypes is crucial in vaccine development, as cross-protection between various serotypes is limited. therefore we conducted a prospective study to determine the frequency of isolation of shigella serotypes and antimicrobial resistance.200919135399
antifungal and antibacterial activities of mexican tarragon (tagetes lucida).mexican tarragon (tagetes lucida cv. asteraceae: campanulatae) is an important, nutritious plant and an effective herbal medicine. seven coumarins, 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin (4), umbelliferone (7-hydroxycoumarin) (5), scoparone (6,7-dimethoxycoumarin) (7), esculetin (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin) (11), 6-hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin (12), herniarin (7-methoxycoumarin) (13), and scopoletin (6-methoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin) (14), and three flavonoids, patuletin (18), quercetin (19), and quercetagetin (20), were iso ...200619127719
molecular detection of all 34 distinct o-antigen forms of shigella.shigella is the cause of shigellosis or bacillary dysentery, the occurrence of which is estimated to be 165 million cases per year worldwide, resulting in 1.1 million deaths. rapid and reliable assays for detecting and identifying shigella in food, environmental and clinical samples are therefore necessary. shigella species are traditionally identified by their o antigens. this study developed a dna microarray targeting o-serotype-specific genes to detect all 34 distinct o-antigen forms of shige ...200919074655
characterization of shigella spp. by antimicrobial resistance and pcr detection of ipa genes in an infantile population from porto velho (western amazon region), brazil.the incidence of shigella spp. was assessed in 877 infants from the public hospital in rondônia (western amazon region, brazil) where shigella represents the fourth cause of diarrhea. twenty-five isolates were identified: 18 were shigella flexneri, three shigella sonnei, three shigella boydii and one shigella dysenteriae. with the exception of s. dysenteriae, all shigella spp. isolated from children with diarrhea acquired multiple antibiotic resistances. pcr detection of ipa virulence genes and ...200819057826
characterization of endemic shigella boydii strains isolated in iran by serotyping, antimicrobial resistance, plasmid profile, ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.shigellosis is one of the major causes of morbidity in children with diarrhea in iran. the present study was undertaken to characterize apparently sporadic shigella boydii strains isolated from pediatric patients in iran.200818755045
occurrence and characteristics of the cytolysin a gene in shigella strains and other members of the family enterobacteriaceae.cytolysin a (clya, hlye, shea) is a hemolytic pore-forming toxin found in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi a. in the present study, analysis of several shigella strains revealed that they harbor only nonfunctional clya gene copies that have been inactivated either by the integration of insertion sequence (is) elements (shigella dysenteriae, shigella boydii, and shigella sonnei strains) or by a frameshift mutation (shigella flexneri). shigella dysenteriae and ...200818754791
antimicrobial resistance in shigella species isolated in dakar, senegal (2004-2006).from may 2004 to october 2006, a prospective study was carried out in dakar, senegal, to update information about the antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella spp. isolated from stool specimens. among the 165 non-duplicate strains collected, 81 (49%) were identified as shigella flexneri, 75 (45%) as shigella sonnei, 5 (3%) as shigella boydii, and 4 (2%) as shigella dysenteriae. disk diffusion testing revealed that the majority of isolates were resistant to sulphonamides, trimethoprim-sulfamethox ...200818653976
shigella isolates of nepal: changes in the incidence of shigella subgroups and trends of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.shigellosis is an important cause of bloody diarrhoea in all age groups, especially in children. a retrospective study was done to analyse the pattern of shigella isolates and the antimicrobial susceptibility trend of these shigella isolated at different hospitals of nepal from jan, 2003- dec, 2005.200718603983
molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant shigella species isolated from epidemic and endemic cases of shigellosis in india.shigella species represent one of the growing numbers of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in developing countries. fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of shigella dysenteriae type 1 and shigella flexneri type 2a emerged in india during 2002 and 2003, respectively. sixty strains of shigella from different parts of india were analysed for antimicrobial susceptibility, the presence of the qnr plasmid, mutations in the quinolone resistance determining regions (qrdrs), fluoroquinolone accumulation, and ...200818566144
role of rna polymerase sigma-factor (rpos) in induction of glutamate-dependent acid-resistance of escherichia albertii under anaerobic conditions.escherichia albertii is a potential enteric food-borne pathogen with poorly defined genetic and biochemical properties. acid resistance is perceived to be an important property of enteric pathogens, enabling them to survive passage through stomach acidity so that they may colonize the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. we analyzed glutamate-dependent acid-resistance pathway (gdar) in five e. albertii strains that have been identified so far. we observed that the strains were unable to induce gdar ...200818422618
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